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{{Short description|City in Araucanía, Chile}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name           = Temuco
|other_name              = 
|native_name             = 
|image_skyline           = Vista Temuco.jpg
|imagesize               = 250px
|image_caption           = View of Temuco from [[Cerro Ñielol]]
|image_flag              = 
|flag_alt                = Flag
|image_shield            = Escudo de Temuco.svg
|shield_alt              = Coat of arms
|image_map               = Comuna de Temuco.svg
|map_caption             = Map of Temuco commune in Araucanía Region
|map_alt                 = Map of Temuco commune in Araucanía Region
|pushpin_map             = Chile
|pushpin_map_narrow      = yes
|pushpin_label_position  = bottom
|pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Chile
|subdivision_type        = Country
|subdivision_name        = {{CHL}}
|subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of Chile|Region]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Araucanía Region|Araucanía]]
|subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Chile|Province]]
|subdivision_name2       = [[Cautín Province|Cautín]]
|government_footnotes    = <ref name="Munitel">{{Cite web |url = http://www.temucochile.com/ |title = Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades |access-date = 7 February 2011 |language = es |archive-date = 31 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171231195824/http://www.temucochile.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Official">{{Cite web |url = http://www.temucochile.com/ |title = Municipality of Temuco |access-date = 7 February 2011 |language = es |archive-date = 31 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171231195824/http://www.temucochile.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
|government_type         = [[Municipality]]
|leader_title            = [[Alcalde]]
|leader_party            = [[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]]
|leader_name             = Roberto Neira Aburto
|established_title2      = Founded
|established_date2       = 24 February 1881
|settlement_type         = [[List of cities in Chile|City]] and [[Communes of Chile|Commune]]
|unit_pref               = Metric
|area_footnotes          = <ref name="INE">{{cite web |url= http://resultados.censo2017.cl/ |title= Resultados CENSO 2017 |work=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute of Chile]]|access-date=20 October 2024|language=es}}</ref>
|area_total_km2          = 464.0
|population_footnotes    = <ref name="INE"/>
|population_total        = 282415
|population_as_of        = 2017 Census
|population_density_km2  = auto
|population_blank1_title = Urban
|population_blank1       = 263165
|population_blank2_title = Rural
|population_blank2       = 19250
|population_demonym      = Temucan
|demographics_type1      = Sex
|demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/>
|demographics1_title1    = Men
|demographics1_info1     = 134,289
|demographics1_title2    = Women
|demographics1_info2     = 148,126
|timezone                = [[Time in Chile|CLT]]
|utc_offset              = −4
|timezone_DST            = [[Time in Chile|CLST]]
|utc_offset_DST          = −3
|coordinates             = {{coord|38|44|S|72|40|W|region:CL-AR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m             = 360
|postal_code_type        = 
|postal_code             = 
|area_code               = 56 + 45
|blank_name              = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info              = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|website                 = [https://www.temuco.cl/ Official website] {{in lang|es}}
|footnotes               = 
}}

'''Temuco''' ({{IPA|es|teˈmuko}}) is a [[List of cities in Chile|city]] and [[Communes of Chile|commune]], [[capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Cautín Province]] and of the [[Araucanía Region]] in southern [[Chile]]. The city is located {{convert|670|km|0|abbr=off}} south of [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]. The city grew out from a fort of the same name established in 1881 during [[Occupation of Araucanía|Chile's invasion of Araucanía]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bengoa |first=José |author-link=José Bengoa |title=Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX |year=2000 |edition=Seventh |publisher=[[LOM Ediciones]] |isbn=956-282-232-X|pages=280–281}}</ref> Temuco lies in the middle of the historic [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]], a traditional land of the indigenous [[Mapuche]].

Temuco's central place in Araucanía with easy access to the Andean valleys, lakes and coastal areas makes it a hub for tourism, agricultural, livestock and forestry operations as well as a communication and trade centre for the numerous small towns of Araucanía. Temuco has recently been regarded as a university city as it houses two large universities: [[University of the Frontier]] and [[Temuco Catholic University]]. Nobel laureates [[Gabriela Mistral]] and [[Pablo Neruda]] both lived in Temuco for some time.

==Etymology==
[[File:Arrayan luma apiculata.jpg|thumb|left|Luma apiculata]]
The word Temuco comes from the [[Mapudungun]] language, meaning "temu water"; "''temu''" is the common name of two native trees of the family Myrtaceae, ''[[Luma apiculata]]'' (also known as arrayán in Spanish) and ''[[Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii]]''. Both species are characterized by their orange-reddish bark and by having aromatic fruits and leaves which are commonly used by the [[Mapuche]] for medicinal purposes. While ''Blepharocalyx cruckschankii'' is endangered, ''Luma apiculata'' is relatively common and in Temuco it is possible to see it in the Cerro Ñielol Natural Monument (in its natural state) as well as in city gardens and sidewalks. The blend between the words "''temu''" and "''co''" (water), probably reflects the fact that these trees frequently grow beside water bodies.

==History==
{{see also|Mapuche uprising of 1881}}
The area around Temuco began to be settled by non-indigenous Chileans in the mid-1870s, when for example [[Labranza]] began to be settled.<ref>Gobierno Regional de la Araucanía (GORE). 2011. Labranza. Huellas en el camino. Historia de mi localidad. Santiago de Chile: Comité de Desarrollo Local de Labranza.</ref><ref name=estudios>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Dynamics in an Indigenous Territory: Transformation of Mapuche Ways of Living in lof Rengalil, Labranza (Araucanía Region, Chile) |journal=Revista de Estudios Sociales |last1=Núñez |first1=Amapola |volume=80 |pages=75–96 |last2=Riquelme Maulén |first2=Wladimir |doi=10.7440/res80.2022.05 |year=2022 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Urban Dynamics in an Indigenous Territory: Transformation of Mapuche Ways of Living in lof Rengalil, Labranza (Araucanía Region, Chile) |last3=Salazar |first3=Gonzalo |last4=Maturana |first4=Francisco |last5=Morales |first5=Mauricio|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The city was founded by Chilean army on 24 February 1881, as a fort during the [[Occupation of the Araucanía]]. [[Manuel Recabarren]], in charge of the project, named the place Fuerte (Fort) Recabarren.

Formed as a military encampment, Temuco had in its origins the attributes of a camp, and a year after its founding, the first major streets started to form in the downtown area.

On 15 April 1888, the first city officers were elected including the first mayor José del Rosario Muñoz. The city grew quickly; a census in 1895 indicated a population of 7,708 people, and when Cautin was declared a province, Temuco became its capital, with its population by that time of 16,037 people.

Chilean poetry has deep roots in Temuco. Nobel laureates [[Gabriela Mistral]] and [[Pablo Neruda]] (Neftalí Reyes) both lived in Temuco. Mistral was the principal of an all-girls school where Neruda would visit her and show her his first verses when he was around 15 years old.
[[File:Centro Temuco.jpg|thumb|Temuco Downtown.]]
In 2010 Temuco was affected by the [[2010 Chile earthquake|earthquake on 27 February]] centered {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} to the north. It was one of the most affected regions of Chile besides Santiago, Concepcion, Valparaíso and others.{{Clarify |date=February 2011}} The earthquake registered 8.8 M<sub>w</sub> on the [[moment magnitude scale]]. Though landlocked Temuco avoided the tsunamis the earthquake caused, many very strong aftershocks throughout the country followed, including a 7.1 M<sub>W</sub> earthquake {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of the city.<ref name="USGS">
{{cite web
 |url          = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0000y49.php#details
 |title        = Magnitude 7.1 - ARAUCANIA, CHILE
 |access-date  = February 10, 2011
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110316004046/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0000y49.php#details
 |archive-date = March 16, 2011
}}</ref> 
Nowadays, Temuco is a fast growing city with diversified commerce and services.
[[File:2023-02-17 Friday 13.34.27 (UTC-3) Tucapel neighborhood (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Tucapel neighborhood.]]
[[File:2019-09-04 Wednesday 14.03.42 (UTC-4) CONADI (Temuco).jpg|thumb|[[CONADI]]'s national subdirectorate of Temuco.]]

==Demographics==

According to the 2017 [[census]] by the [[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]] (''INE''), Temuco had a communal population of 282,415 (134,289 men and 148,126 women). Of these, 263,165 (93.2%) lived in [[urban area]]s and 19,250 (6.8%) in [[rural area]]s. The population grew by 15.11% (37,068 persons) between the 2002 and 2017 censuses.<ref name="INE"/> The ''INE'' projected the 2024 population to be 309,696,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcn.cl/siit/reportescomunales/comunas_v.html?anno=2024&idcom=9101|title=Reporte Comunal 2024: Temuco|work=[[Library of the National Congress of Chile]]|access-date=20 October 2024|language=es}}</ref> The [[Greater Temuco]] [[metropolitan area]], including the neighbouring commune of [[Padre Las Casas, Chile|Padre Las Casas]], has a population of 410,520 people, which makes it the second largest city south of Santiago (behind [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]]), and the sixth largest in the country.<ref name=INE/> One of the distinctive features of Temuco is the strong presence of the [[Mapuche]] culture, who make up 23.1% of the population in the Temuco commune, and numerous German immigrant colonies (9.8%). Temuco proper has a population of 227,086.{{When|date=February 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
[[File:2022-06-05 Sunday 12.02.08 UTC-4 Ampliación Amanecer Neighborhood's Community Center (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Cult of Reconcíliate con Dios Evangelistic Church, in Ampliación Amanecer Neighborhood's Community Center.]]
The locals are called ''temuquenses''. The inhabitants have diverse origins. Temuco has a high percentage of people of [[Basque people|Basque]] ancestry, as well as [[Castilian people|Castilian]] and other [[Spaniards|Spanish]] nationalities. There is a substantial indigenous component, mainly [[Mapuche]], accounting for 13% of the population of Temuco, which makes it the city of [[Chile]] with the largest indigenous presence.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} 
There is also a large percentage of ''temuquences'' directly descended from [[European emigration|European immigrants]], many of whom arrived during 1883–1901 after the pacification of [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]]. The main European sources are Switzerland, Spain, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Others, less numerous and from many other parts of Europe such as the Netherlands, Austria, [[Croatia]], [[Armenia]], Greece, Portugal, etc., arrived after that first migration, especially during the World Wars. During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1930s), a large percentage of [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Asturians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Galicians]], [[Navarrese]] and [[Basques]] reached a significant number of immigrants from Europe (mainly Spain).

There are also small communities of Jews, from Russia, Poland, [[North Macedonia|Macedonia]], Hungary, as well as [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] Europe in general, and [[Arabs]], from [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Palestine]]. This immigration from Europe and, to a lesser extent, Jewish and Arabic areas helps to explain the various clubs, schools, and sections of the city of Temuco. There are [[East Asia]]n colonies of Chinese, Japanese and Koreans in Temuco, dating back to the end of the [[Korean War]] in the 1950s when thousands of Korean refugees settled through U.N. relocation programs to Chile.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

===Notable people===
* [[Yanara Aedo]], professional footballer
* [[Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt]], composer
* [[Rosa Catrileo]], member of the [[Constitutional Convention (Chile)|Constitutional Convention]] and [[indigenous land rights|land rights]] advocate
* [[Fuad Chahín]], politician, former president of the [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|Christian Democratic Party]]
*[[Herminia Aburto Colihueque]], Mapuche activist and politicial pioneer
* [[María José Ferrada]], children's author and journalist
* [[Dagoberto Godoy]], aviator
* [[Fabiola Letelier]], lawyer and human rights advocate
* [[Marcelo Moren Brito]], member of [[Pinochet dictatorship|Pinochet's]] [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|secret police]], convicted of [[crimes against humanity]]
* [[Pablo Neruda]], 1971 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* [[Leonor Oyarzún]], former first lady of Chile
* [[Andrea Parra]], politician
* [[Natalia Riffo]], politician in [[Bachelet administration]] and psychologist
* [[Karina Riquelme Viveros]], human rights lawyer<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2018|title=Chile: Lawyer Intimidated During Trial of Policemen|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AMR2287912018ENGLISH.pdf|website=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305133934/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AMR2287912018ENGLISH.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jorge Saffirio]], politician<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Diputado Jorge Saffirio pide que se implemente un plan estratégico ante déficit de 38 mil millones que tiene la Universidad de la Frontera – Temuco Televisión |url=https://temucotelevision.cl/web/2024/11/24/diputado-jorge-saffirio-pide-que-se-implemente-un-plan-estrategico-ante-deficit-de-38-mil-millones-que-tiene-la-universidad-de-la-frontera/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |language=es-CL}}</ref>
* [[Marcelo Salas]], retired footballer, chairman of local football club Deportes Temuco
* [[Luis Salvadores Salvi]], Chilean basketball player
* [[Raúl Sohr]], journalist, sociologist and writer
* [[Tanza Varela]], actress and model
* [[Ena von Baer]], journalist and right-wing politician

==Geography==
[[File:Llaima eruption1.jpg|thumb|300px|Llaima volcano located in the Andes as seen from Temuco valley]]

Temuco is located in a valley in the center-south of Chile, equidistant between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the [[Andes]] to the east. [[Geomorphology|Morphologically]], the city placement corresponds to [[Cautín River]]-originated fluvial land masses that developed in a crushed form between two hills, Ñielol (350m) and Conunhueno (360m).

== Economy ==

[[File:Edificio Capital Temuco.jpg|thumb|303x303px|[[Edificio Capital]] in Temuco, seen from the ground.]]
Although the region of La Araucanía is the poorest in Chile,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latercera.com/earlyaccess/noticia/la-araucania-tiene-ingresos-casi-30-inferiores-al-promedio-del-pais-y-el-menor-nivel-de-empleo/SUPGNRIGEBECDAWNBEZI22QDAI/|title=La Araucanía tiene ingresos casi 30% inferiores al promedio del país y el menor nivel de empleo|access-date=2022-08-06|last=Cárdenas|first=Rodrigo|date=2021-07-14|website=La Tercera}}</ref> the city of Temuco concentrates most of the region’s wealth, paradoxically positioning it as a wealthy city on par with [[Antofagasta]], [[Punta Arenas]], and [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]. This is evident from per capita consumption figures in both supermarkets and shopping centers.
Its metropolitan area hosts internationally recognized factories such as [[Colchones Rosen|Rosen]] and [[Surlat]], among others—especially linked to the furniture industry.
Temuco also has the largest [[shopping mall]] in southern Chile, located in the [[Avenida Alemania (Temuco)|Avenida Alemania]] district. It was built by a typical representative of the city’s [[German immigration to Chile|German community]], businessman [[Horst Paulmann]]—one of the largest retailers in [[Hispanic America]], and number one in [[Argentina]] with [[Jumbo (hipermercado)|Jumbo]]. He began to build his fortune just a few blocks from where Portal Temuco stands today, in what was once Las Brisas, the region’s first supermarket, where the [[Cencosud]] retail empire was born.
According to the National Training and Employment Service (SENCE), there are 79 Technical Training Organizations in the region, 52 of which are concentrated in Temuco.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-05 |title=Región de La Araucanía. Diagnóstico de Las Capacidades Y Oportunidades de Desarollo de La Ciencia, La Tecnología Y La Innovación |url=https://www.conicyt.cl/regional/files/2013/06/La-Araucania.pdf |website=CONICYT}}<!-- auto-translated from unknown (Italian or Spanish) by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

== International Relations ==
The city of Temuco hosts a number of international relations institutions, such as the Regional Unit for International Affairs (URAI) of the [[Regional Government of La Araucanía]], which is responsible for the analysis and management of the region’s bilateral and multilateral relations with [[Latin America]] and the rest of the world; the Regional Unit for Investment Promotion and Attraction (Invest Araucanía); the Planning, Decentralization and International Relations Commission of the Regional Council of La Araucanía; the regional office of the [[National Migration Service]]; the regional office of the [[General Directorate for Export Promotion]] (ProChile); the Department of Migration and International Police of the [[Investigations Police of Chile|Investigations Police]]; and the Migrant Office of the Municipality of Temuco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geonodo.ide.subdere.gov.cl/R00/map/502?zoom=4.546135420056858&center=-5999233.776175784,-4241234.315908879|title=Oficina Migrante Adheridas al Sello Migrante|access-date=2025-02-21|website=geonodo.ide.subdere.gov.cl}}</ref>

=== Internationalization in Higher Education ===
In terms of international relations and higher education, the main actors in Temuco are the Temuco UniverCiudad initiative,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.temucouniverciudad.cl/|title=Temuco Univerciudad|access-date=2025-02-21|lang=es}}</ref> the Directorate of Internationalization<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cooperacion.ufro.cl/|title=Dirección de Internacionalización |access-date=2025-02-21|website=cooperacion.ufro.cl}}</ref> and the Confucius Institute of the [[University of La Frontera]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://institutoconfucio.ufro.cl/|title=Instituto Confucio|access-date=2025-02-21|website=institutoconfucio.ufro.cl|lang=es-CL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009121816/https://institutoconfucio.ufro.cl/|archive-date=9 October 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the International Relations Office of the [[Catholic University of Temuco]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internacional.uct.cl/|title=Dirección Internacional UCT - Fortaleciendo el sello UCT|access-date=2025-02-21|website=Dirección de Relaciones Internacionales UC Temuco|lang=es-CL}}</ref>

=== Consulates ===
Due to the large number of European immigrant descendants, various honorary consulates have been established in Temuco to assist the population. Their main functions are to facilitate procedures related to nationality and visas. They operate voluntarily to provide a closer service to those who require consular assistance. It is worth noting that Temuco is the fifth Chilean city with the largest number of consulates, only surpassed by [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Valparaíso]], [[Concepción (Chile)|Concepción]] and [[Punta Arenas]].

==== By Historical and Immigration Significance ====

*{{GER}}: Honorary Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany (Honorary Consul: Carl Friedrich Fingerhuth Vorwerk)
*{{AUT}}: Honorary Consulate of Austria, under the consular jurisdiction of Valdivia (Honorary Consul: Dr. Marcos Iampaglia)
*{{ESP}}: Honorary Consulate of Spain (Honorary Consul: Antonio Gomá Segú)
*{{FRA}}: Honorary Consulate of the French Republic (Honorary Consul: Carl Friedrich Fingerhuth Vorwerk)
*{{ITA}}: Honorary Consulate of the Italian Republic (Honorary Consul: Italo Capurro Vattuone)
*{{SUI}}: Helvetic Honorary Consulate of La Araucanía (Honorary Consul: Marianne Fiala Beutler)
*{{NLD}}: Honorary Consulate of the Netherlands (Honorary Consul: Germán Nicklas Wickel)
*{{ISR}}: Honorary Consulate of Israel (Honorary Consul: Mario Alberto Hasson Russo)
*{{GBR}}: Honorary Consulate of the United Kingdom, under the consular jurisdiction of [[Puerto Montt]] (Honorary Consul: John Kenyon)

==== Other Consulates of the Americas and Oceania ====

*{{ARG}}: Honorary Consulate of the Argentine Republic (Honorary Consul: María Teresa Kralika)
*{{BRA}}: Honorary Consulate of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Honorary Consul: Gilka Nese de Castro Cerqueira)
*{{CRI}}: Consulate of Costa Rica in Temuco (Honorary Consul: Humberto Manuel Toro Martínez-Conde)
*{{HON}}: Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Honduras (Honorary Consul: José Ulises Valderrama Méndez)
*{{NZL}}: Honorary Consulate of New Zealand
*{{PER}}: Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Peru (upcoming)

=== Commerce ===

Commerce in Temuco is concentrated mainly in two areas (unlike most cities where it is centralized downtown): the Avenida Alemania district and the Downtown Sector. The latter has seen significant growth due to the [[gentrification]] of San Martín and O’Higgins avenues, marked by the opening of new commercial establishments.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/bitacora/article/view/63192|title=Las urbanizaciones cerradas en la ciudad intermedia. El caso de Temuco (Chile), 2005-2014|last1=Rojo Mendoza|first1=Félix|last2=Jara Rojas|first2=Tatiana|date=2019-01-01|journal=Bitácora Urbano Territorial|volume=29|issue=1|pages=79–90|access-date=2022-08-06|issn=2027-145X|doi=10.15446/bitacora.v29n1.63192|last3=Frick Raggi|first3=Juan Pablo|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Downtown Temuco features numerous galleries, department stores, cinemas, food courts, the [[Mercado Modelo (Temuco)|Municipal Market]], and the Pinto Fair (with about 600 commercial stalls), along with various services. Avenida Alemania hosts the Mall Portal Temuco, Mall Mirage, several strip centers, museums, the casino, and multiple commercial outlets.
The city’s economy is closely linked to the development of the service, tourism, and convention industries. It also stands out for its manufacturing sectors—particularly wood products (especially furniture), mattresses (Rosen), beverage bottling (CCU), and retail trade with neighboring communes.
Temuco also showcases traditional [[Mapuche culture]] through its handicrafts, such as wooden carvings (like the [[Indio pícaro]]), musical instruments, clothing, and [[Mapuche silverwork]], all of which are highly valued by tourists visiting the city.

== Environment ==

The city is surrounded by a landscape typical to central-southern Chile, consisting mostly of plantations of exotic species used in forestry along with prairies. The original ecosystem of the area consisting in temperate forest is present mostly in the Ñielol hill. Given that burning wood is the primary source of heat during the cold months in Temuco, air pollution is a recurrent problem during autumn and winter. As a consequence, Air quality in Temuco is the third lowest in Chile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2015/02/680-616914-9-ranking-de-ciudades-contaminadas-coyhaique-y-osorno-lideran-malos-indices.shtml|title=News report February 2015|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701101935/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2015/02/680-616914-9-ranking-de-ciudades-contaminadas-coyhaique-y-osorno-lideran-malos-indices.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://santiagotimes.cl/2013/06/13/air-pollution-worsens-in-southern-chilean-city-of-temuco/|title=Air pollution worsens in southern Chilean city of Temuco|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422205254/https://santiagotimes.cl/2013/06/13/air-pollution-worsens-in-southern-chilean-city-of-temuco/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Climatologically, Temuco lies at the border of Chile's central valley Mediterranean region, albeit with a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csb''). Through the year, cyclonic and anticyclonic influences alternate, with a distinct drier summer period (although not as dry as Santiago or other central valley cities, receiving just enough precipitation to avoid a Mediterranean climate classification). Its mean annual temperature is {{convert|13|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with highest median during the warmest month of {{convert|23.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} and lowest median during the coldest month of {{convert|3.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} (Ciren-Corfo, 1992). Annual mean rain during 1961-1990 (Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, 1991) was {{convert|1157|mm|in|1}} (Capelli de Steffens et al., 1997).

{{Weather box
|location = Temuco ([[Maquehue Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan record high C = 38.0
|Feb record high C = 42.0
|Mar record high C = 35.1
|Apr record high C = 32.0
|May record high C = 24.1
|Jun record high C = 20.8
|Jul record high C = 20.7
|Aug record high C = 23.1
|Sep record high C = 26.8
|Oct record high C = 30.2
|Nov record high C = 34.4
|Dec record high C = 36.4
|year record high C = 42.0
|Jan high C = 25.0
|Feb high C = 25.5
|Mar high C = 23.0
|Apr high C = 18.3
|May high C = 14.6
|Jun high C = 12.0
|Jul high C = 11.7
|Aug high C = 13.3
|Sep high C = 15.5
|Oct high C = 17.6
|Nov high C = 19.7
|Dec high C = 22.3
|year high C = 18.2
|Jan mean C = 17.1
|Feb mean C = 17.3
|Mar mean C = 15.5
|Apr mean C = 12.4
|May mean C = 10.3
|Jun mean C = 8.5
|Jul mean C = 7.8
|Aug mean C = 8.7
|Sep mean C = 9.9
|Oct mean C = 11.6
|Nov mean C = 13.4
|Dec mean C = 15.4
|year mean C = 12.3
|Jan low C = 9.2
|Feb low C = 9.0
|Mar low C = 8.1
|Apr low C = 6.5
|May low C = 6.0
|Jun low C = 4.9
|Jul low C = 3.9
|Aug low C = 4.2
|Sep low C = 4.3
|Oct low C = 5.7
|Nov low C = 7.2
|Dec low C = 8.5
|year low C = 6.5
|Jan record low C = -0.2
|Feb record low C = -1.9
|Mar record low C = -2.0
|Apr record low C = -4.0
|May record low C = -5.4
|Jun record low C = -6.9
|Jul record low C = -8.1
|Aug record low C = -6.7
|Sep record low C = -4.3
|Oct record low C = -3.0
|Nov record low C = -2.4
|Dec record low C = -0.2
|year record low C = -8.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 27.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 34.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 43.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 85.6
|May precipitation mm = 148.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 209.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 156.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 135.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 86.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 81.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 57.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 49.0
|year precipitation mm = 1114.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 3.6
|Feb precipitation days = 3.6
|Mar precipitation days = 5.5
|Apr precipitation days = 8.6
|May precipitation days = 12.5
|Jun precipitation days = 16.5
|Jul precipitation days = 15.3
|Aug precipitation days = 14.6
|Sep precipitation days = 10.8
|Oct precipitation days = 9.6
|Nov precipitation days = 7.2
|Dec precipitation days = 6.0
|year precipitation days = 114.0
|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 87
|Jun humidity = 88
|Jul humidity = 87
|Aug humidity = 84
|Sep humidity = 81
|Oct humidity = 79
|Nov humidity = 78
|Dec humidity = 75
|year humidity = 80
|Jan sun = 303.8
|Feb sun = 265.6
|Mar sun = 226.3
|Apr sun = 147.0
|May sun = 111.6
|Jun sun = 75.0
|Jul sun = 89.9
|Aug sun = 124.0
|Sep sun = 171.0
|Oct sun = 179.8
|Nov sun = 210.0
|Dec sun = 272.8
|year sun = 2176.8
|Jand sun = 9.8
|Febd sun = 9.4
|Mard sun = 7.3
|Aprd sun = 4.9
|Mayd sun = 3.6
|Jund sun = 2.5
|Juld sun = 2.9
|Augd sun = 4.0
|Sepd sun = 5.7
|Octd sun = 5.8
|Novd sun = 7.0
|Decd sun = 8.8
|yeard sun = 6.0
|source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile<ref name=climatenormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221324/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/380013
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/380013
| title = Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| access-date = 30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=records>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221613/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/380013
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/380013
| title = Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Maquehue, Temuco Ad. (380013)
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| access-date = 30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name = DMC>{{cite web
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180012/http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf
| archive-date = 3 March 2016
| url = http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf
| title = Estadisca Climatologica Tomo II
| access-date = December 25, 2012
| publisher = Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil
| language = es
| date = March 2001}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (precipitation days 1991–2020),<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230806112818/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Maquehueaerodromotemuco_85743.csv
| archive-date = 6 August 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Maquehueaerodromotemuco_85743.csv
| title = Maquehue Aerodromo Temuco Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 6 August 2023}}</ref> Universidad de Chile (sunshine hours only)<ref name = UDC>{{cite web
| url = https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2008/2/ME716/1/material_docente/bajar?id_material=201902
| title = Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraídas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia))
| work = Elementos Para La Creación de Un Manual de Buenas Prácticas Para Instalaciones Solares Térmicas Domiciliarias
| publisher = Universidad de Chile
| language = es
| format = PDF
| page = 81
| access-date = 21 January 2015
| date = September 2007
| archive-date = 4 January 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200104001124/https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2008/2/ME716/1/material_docente/bajar?id_material=201902
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=April 2012}}

==Administration==
As a commune, Temuco is a third-level [[administrative division of Chile]] administered by a [[municipal council]], headed by an [[alcalde]] who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Miguel Becker Alvear ([[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]]).<ref name="Munitel"/><ref name="Official"/>

Within the [[electoral divisions of Chile]], Temuco is represented in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] by Germán Becker (RN) and René Saffirio ([[Christian Democratic Party|PDC]]) as part of the 50th electoral district, together with [[Padre Las Casas, Chile|Padre Las Casas]]. The commune is represented in the [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] by José Garcia Ruminot (RN) and Eugenio Tuma Zedan ([[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]]) as part of the 15th senatorial constituency (Araucanía-South).

==Sports==
Temuco, is as well known as "La ciudad del deporte" which means, the city of sports. Temuco hosts one of the newest as well as biggest stadiums in the country, the "German Becker" stadium; home to the local soccer team "Deportes Temuco".<ref>{{cite web | title=Estadio Germán Becker Baechler | website=CDT - Pasion Imbatible | url=https://www.clubdeportestemuco.cl/estadio-german-becker-baechler/ | language=es | access-date=2023-08-14 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814005140/https://www.clubdeportestemuco.cl/estadio-german-becker-baechler/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

This stadium has hosted numerous local sports events, as well as international ones. They are as follows:
*FIFA U20 Women's World Cup in 2008
*WORLD RUGBY's U20 RUGBY WORLD TROPHY in 2013
*AMERICAN CUP's in 2015

Temuco was also one of the host cities of the official [[1959 Basketball World Cup]], where [[Chile national basketball team|Chile]] won the bronze medal. Further to that, Temuco has numerous gyms and parks where people can go on their leisure time.

==Transportation==
{{see also|Temuco Train Station}}
[[File:Rodoviario de Temuco.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal Rodoviario.]]
[[File:2023-01-25 Wednesday 08.31.49 (UTC-3) Caupolicán avenue (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Caupolicán Avenue.]]
[[File:2022-05-04 Wednesday 19.17.42 (UTC-4) Manuel Recabarren and Francisco Salazar avenues (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Crossing of Manuel Recabarren and Francisco Salazar avenues, in Amanecer quarter.]]
[[File:2023-03-17 Friday 14.18.00 (UTC-3) General Cruz Street, crossing of Francisco Bilbao (Temuco).jpg|thumb|General Cruz Street.]]
[[File:Avenida Valparaíso, al norte de Guacolda, Temuco.jpg|thumb|Valparaíso Avenue.]]
[[Buses]] and [[Share taxi|collective taxis]] are the most popular modes of mass transit. The bus fare is CLP$150 for students and $450 for adults; the ''colectivos'' charge $500 ($650 at night). {{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

[[La Araucanía Airport]] is commercial air terminal for Temuco located to the south of the city, near the town of [[Freire, Chile|Freire]], about 20 minutes south of Temuco.

The [[train|railroad]] connects Temuco with Victoria to the north and points in between.

Temuco does not have a [[rapid transit]] rail system.

Long-haul buses run from the Terminal Rodoviario de la Araucania,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/chile/the-lakes-district/temuco/transport/transportation-travel-services/terminal-rodoviario | title=Sur Chico travel | access-date=26 September 2015 | archive-date=27 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927223105/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/chile/the-lakes-district/temuco/transport/transportation-travel-services/terminal-rodoviario | url-status=live }}</ref> at the northern approach to town.

Private transport by car is commonly used which causes traffic congestion at peak hours.

The recent proliferation of bike lanes has placed transportation by bicycle as an emerging trend. By 2017, {{cvt|35|km}} of bike lanes are expected to be operative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masmunicipios.cl/noticias/araucania/temuco/la-araucania-contara-con-35-kilometros-de-ciclovias-para-el-ano-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124221538/www.masmunicipios.cl/noticias/araucania/temuco/la-araucania-contara-con-35-kilometros-de-ciclovias-para-el-ano-2017|archive-date=2019-11-24|title=La Araucanía Contrará Con 35 Kilómetros de Ciclovías Para El Año 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Edificio Marsano de 1923 - Frente.JPG|thumb|Marsano building beside Feria Pinto|alt=Edificio Marsano de 1923 - Frente.JPG]]

==Important places==
* '''Cerro Ñielol'''
The Ñielol Hill houses the original temperate forest at this latitude in southern Chile as it was before the Spanish people colonised it. Currently, it has the status of natural monument and as such, it is a protected area. It has also a special meaning for the [[Mapuche]] people living in the Region, housing near the top a ceremonial area called La Patagua. We can also find a restaurant at the top of the Hill and a viewpoint of the east side of the city and Padre Las Casas, across the river. It is easily accessed by foot or car. The [[Southern Andean Volcano Observatory]] has its office there.

* '''Central market'''
The central market is one of the best places to get Mapuche crafts. It has a meat market and shops selling woodcrafts, artifacts, wool knits, and similar goods. A fire has recently affected its structure. Reconstruction is planned, but the original market is currently closed.

* '''Feria Pinto'''
One of the most traditional places in the city. Fresh fruits and vegetables are sold here in a daily basis. People from the city and from rural nearby towns come here for trade.
[[File:2019-09-13 Friday 18.23.17 UTC-3 Malmus Mansion (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Campus Menchaca Lira Campus of [[Temuco Catholic University]], located in Alemania Avenue.]]
* '''Alemania Avenue'''
Is the principal artery in Temuco. Here we can find The Araucaria Museum building (19th century Chilean style); the Menchaca Lira Campus of Art Building (a [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] Style building, recently restored); The English Alley, where we can find the [[Red Cross]] Building and not long ago a blue house which was dismantled to be rebuilt elsewhere (as a Heritage recovery project by the school of architecture of a known University of Temuco), both [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] styled.
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:40438441873dea7e644vo.jpeg|thumb|Blue House at English Alley|210px]]  -->
Recently, Alemania Av. has become an important commercial centre. Several restaurants, night clubs, pubs, bistros, pharmacies, boutiques, banks, supermarkets and two shopping malls have been opened there. There is also a Casino and a five stars hotel in the same avenue.

* '''Anibal Pinto Square'''
The core of Downtown Temuco is the Main Square Anibal Pinto. Temuco's Main Square is the only one in [[Chile]] that was not built with a water fountain in its centre; an art gallery was built in 1981 as part of a total renewal. Compared to other main squares of southern Chile, Temuco's looks very modern. It was named one of Chile's most beautiful plazas.
It is a tradition, in all [[Creole peoples|creole]] cities in Chile, that some specific buildings must be in front of the main square; in Temuco, this tradition has been broken. Main Squares are supposed to be surrounded by: a [[Cathedral]] (which is in front of Temuco's main square, as traditionally), the [[Municipality]] (which also, is located in front of the square), a [[Theatre]] (there used to be a film theatre in front of it), a [[Fire Station]] (there is not a fire station in front of the square, as it should), a [[School]] (there is no school in front of the main square), and a [[Bank]] (there are four banks around the main square).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

* [http://www.temuco.cl Ilustre Municipalidad de Temuco]
* [http://www.mercadotemuco.cl Mercado Municipal de Temuco]

{{Communes in Araucanía Region}}
{{Large cities of Chile}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Temuco| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Chile]]
[[Category:Capitals of Chilean regions]]
[[Category:Capitals of Chilean provinces]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1881]]
[[Category:Populated places in Cautín Province]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in Chile]]