View source for Tenrikyo

{{short description|Japanese new religion}}
{{distinguish|Tengrism}}
{{Infobox religion
| icon                = Tenrikyo emblem.svg
| icon_width          = 30px
| icon_alt            = 
| name                = Tenrikyo
| native_name         = 天理教
| native_name_lang    = ja
| image               = Tenrikyo Church Headquarters.jpg
| imagewidth          = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = [[Tenrikyo Church Headquarters]] in [[Tenri, Nara]]
| abbreviation        = 
| type                = [[Japanese new religion]]
| main_classification = 
| orientation         = 
| scripture           = {{hlist|''[[Ofudesaki]]''|''[[Mikagura-uta]]''|''[[Osashizu]]''}}
| theology            = [[Tenrikyo theology]] (primarily features of [[monotheism]])
| polity              = 
| governance          = 
| structure           = 
| leader_title        = [[Shinbashira (Tenrikyo)|Shinbashira]]
| leader_name         = [[Nakayama Zenji]]
| leader_title1       = 
| leader_name1        = 
| leader_title2       = 
| leader_name2        = 
| leader_title3       = 
| leader_name3        = 
| fellowships_type    = 
| fellowships         = 
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| division_type       = 
| division            = 
| division_type1      = 
| division1           = 
| division_type2      = 
| division2           = 
| division_type3      = 
| division3           = 
| associations        = Tenrikyo Young Men's Association, Tenrikyo Women's Association
| full_communion      = 
| area                = Worldwide
| language            = Japanese (main); also English, Portuguese, Spanish, various others
| liturgy             = [[Service (Tenrikyo)|Service]]
| headquarters        = [[Tenrikyo Church Headquarters]]
| territory           = 
| possessions         = 
| founder             = [[Nakayama Miki]]
| founded_date        = 1838
| founded_place       = [[Tenri, Nara]]
| independence        = 1908 (exclusion from [[State Shinto]])
| reunion             = 
| recognition         = 
| separated_from      = 
| branched_from       = [[Shinto]]
| merger              = 
| absorbed            = 
| separations         = [[Honmichi]], [[Honbushin]], [[Tenrin-Ō Meisei Kyōdan]], [[Daehancheolligyo|Daehan Cheolligyo]]
| merged_into         = 
| defunct             = 
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| members             = <!-- or | number_of_followers = -->
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| ministers           = 
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| churches            = 
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| aid                 = 
| hospitals           = [[Tenri Hospital]]
| nursing_homes       = 
| primary_schools     = Tenri Elementary School
| secondary_schools   = Tenri Middle School, Tenri High School
| tax_status          = 
| tertiary            = [[Tenri University]]
| seminaries          = [[Tenri Seminary]]
| other_names         = 
| publications        = Publications by [[Tenrikyo Doyusha]]
| website             = {{URL|https://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/}}
| website_title1      = 
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}}
{{Tenrikyo sidebar}}
{{Nihongo|'''Tenrikyo'''|[[wikt:天|天]][[wikt:理|理]][[wikt:教|教]]|Tenrikyō}} is a [[Japanese new religions|Japanese new religion]] which is neither strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]] nor [[pantheistic]],<ref>Fukaya, Tadamasa (1973). ''The Fundamental Doctrines of Tenrikyo'' (天理教の根本教義). Tenri, Japan: Tenrikyo Overseas Mission Department; printed by Tenri-Jihosha ([[:ja:天理時報社|天理時報社]]). (April 1973 revision of 1960 original.)</ref> originating from the teachings of a 19th-century woman named [[Nakayama Miki]], known to her followers as "Oyasama".<ref>Fukaya, Tadamasa, "The Fundamental Doctrines of Tenrikyo," Tenrikyo Overseas Mission Department, Tenri-Jihosha, 1960, p.2</ref> Followers of Tenrikyo believe that God of Origin, God in Truth,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrine of Tenrikyo|date=1954|publisher=Tenrikyo Church Headquarters|page=3|edition=2006}}</ref> known by several names including "Tsukihi,"<ref>{{cite book|title=Ofudesaki: The Tip of the Writing Brush|date=1998|publisher=Tenrikyo Church Publishers|location=Tenri, Nara, Japan|page=205, VIII-4|edition=2012}}</ref> "[[Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto]]"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrine of Tenrikyo|date=1954|publisher=Tenrikyo Church Headquarters|location=Tenri, Nara, Japan|page=29|edition=2006, Fourth|quote=We call out the name Tenri-O-no-Mikoto in praise and worship of God the Parent.}}</ref> and "Oyagamisama"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrine of Tenrikyo|date=1954|publisher=Tenrikyo Church Headquarters|location=Tenri, Nara, Japan|page=3|edition=Tenth, 2006}}</ref> revealed divine intent through Miki Nakayama as the Shrine of God<ref>"I wish to receive Miki as the Shrine of God." The Doctrine of Tenrikyo, Tenrikyo Church Headquarters, 2006, p.3.</ref> and to a lesser extent the roles of the Honseki [[Izo Iburi]] and other leaders. Tenrikyo's worldly aim is to teach and promote the [[Joyous Life]], which is cultivated through acts of charity and mindfulness called {{Transliteration|ja|hinokishin}}.

The primary operations of Tenrikyo today are located at [[Tenrikyo Church Headquarters]], which supports 16,833 locally managed churches in Japan,<ref name="sknk">Japanese Ministry of Education. ''Shuukyou Nenkan, Heisei 14-nen'' (宗教年鑑平成14年). 2002.</ref> the construction and maintenance of the {{Transliteration|ja|[[oyasato-yakata]]}} and various community-focused organisations. It has 1.75 million followers in Japan<ref name="sknk"/> and is estimated to have over 2 million worldwide.<ref>Stuart D. B. Picken. ''Historical dictionary of Shinto''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. p. 223. {{ISBN|0-8108-4016-2}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
The ultimate spiritual aim of Tenrikyo is the construction of the [[Kanrodai]], a divinely ordained pillar in an ''[[axis mundi]]'' called the Jiba, and the correct performance of the Kagura ritual around the Kanrodai, which will bring about the salvation of all human beings. The idea of the Jiba as the origin of earthly creation is called {{Transliteration|ja|moto-no-ri}}, or the principle of origin. A pilgrimage to the Jiba is interpreted as a return to one's origin, and is thus also known as {{nihongo|"returning to O-Jiba"|おぢば帰り|o-jiba gaeri}}.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book | last=Rossetti Ambros | first=Barbara | last2=Smith | first2=Timothy | title=Handbook of East Asian New Religious Movements | chapter=Tenrikyō | publisher=Brill | date=2018 | isbn=978-90-04-36297-0 | doi=10.1163/9789004362970_004 | pages=33–51}}</ref> As such, the greeting {{Transliteration|ja|okaeri nasai}} ({{lang|ja|お帰りなさい}} 'welcome home') can be seen at many hotels and guesthouses in [[Tenri, Nara|Tenri City]].

Other key teachings include:
* {{nihongo3|Joyous Acceptance||[[Tannō]]}} (堪能) – a constructive attitude towards troubles, illness and difficulties
* {{Transliteration|ja|[[Jūzen-no-Shugo]]}} (十全の守護) – ten principles involved in the creation, which exist in {{nihongo3|two-in-one relationships||Futatsu Hitotsu}} and are considered to be applied continuously throughout the universe

===Joyous Life===
{{see also|Joyous Life}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Tenrikyo manga.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Frame from a Tenrikyo [[manga]]. The translation of the text is roughly, "Just being alive makes me happy! What a waste it would be not to show some initiative!"]] -->
The Joyous Life in Tenrikyo is defined as charity and abstention from greed, selfishness, hatred, anger, covetousness, miserliness, grudge bearing, and arrogance. Negative tendencies are not known as [[sin]]s in Tenrikyo, but rather as "dust" that can be swept away from the mind through {{Transliteration|ja|hinokishin}} (ひのきしん or 日の寄進) and prayer. {{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}}, voluntary effort, is performed not out of a desire to appear selfless, but out of gratitude for {{Transliteration|ja|kashimono-karimono}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sawai |first1=Makoto |title=Salvation Through Saving Others: toward a Tenrikyo-Muslim Comparative Theology for Japan Today |journal=International Journal of Asian Christianity |date=3 September 2020 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=216–217 |doi=10.1163/25424246-00302008 |s2cid=234632794 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijac/3/2/article-p211_211.xml#d243023857e384 |access-date=27 July 2022 |issn=2542-4246|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and {{nihongo3|providence||shugo}}.

===Ontology===
One of the most basic teachings of Tenrikyo is {{Transliteration|ja|kashimono-karimono}} (貸物借物 or 貸し物借り物), meaning "a thing lent, a thing borrowed". The thing that is lent and borrowed is the human body. Tenrikyo followers think of their minds as things that are under their own control, but their bodies are not completely under their control.<ref>[[The Doctrine of Tenrikyo]] Chapter 7: A Thing Lent, A Thing Borrowed pp. 50–57</ref>

===God===
{{see also|God in Tenrikyo}}

The sacred name of the [[monotheism|single]] [[God]] and [[creator deity|creator]] of the entire universe in Tenrikyo is {{nihongo|Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto|天理王命}}. Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto created humankind so that humans may live joyously and to partake in that joy. The body is a thing borrowed, but the mind alone is one's own, thus it is commonly accepted that Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto is not omnipotent.

Other gods are considered instruments, such as the Divine Providences, and were also created by Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto.

Tenrikyo's doctrine names four properties of Tenri-O-no-Mikoto: as the God who became openly revealed in the world, as the creator who created the world and humankind, as the sustainer and protector who gives existence and life to all creation, and as the savior whose intention in becoming revealed is to save all humankind.<ref>A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms, p.110.</ref>

Through her scriptures (the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Mikagura-uta]]}}, {{Transliteration|ja|[[Ofudesaki]]}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|[[Osashizu]]}}), Nakayama conveyed the concept of the divine to her followers in steps:<ref>Tenrikyo, Its History and Teachings, 47-8.</ref><ref>Fukaya, Yoshikazu. Words of the Path: A Guide to Tenrikyo Terms and Expressions 4–5.</ref>

*Firstly as {{nihongo3|{{lit|spirit/god/deity}}|神|Kami}}. {{Transliteration|ja|[[Kami]]}} was a familiar term for her followers since they commonly referred to the spirits of the [[ethnic religion]] of [[Shinto]], which were worshipped and venerated in [[Japan]]. To differentiate this divinity from the Shinto spirits, Oyasama clarified its characteristics with phrases such as {{nihongo3|"God of Origin"|元の神|moto no kami}} and {{nihongo3|"God in Truth"|実の神|jitsu no kami}}.<ref>''A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms,'' 105, 108–9.</ref><ref>The ''Doctrine of Tenrikyo'' opens with the line, "I am God of Origin, God in Truth."</ref>
*Secondly as {{nihongo3|{{lit|Moon-Sun}}|月日|Tsukihi}}. The moon and sun could be understood as visual manifestations of the divine. Just as those bodies impartially give the world light and warmth at all times of the day, the workings of the divine are also impartial and constant.<ref>''A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms,'' 454-5.</ref>
*Finally as {{nihongo3|{{lit|Parent}}|{{not a typo|をや}}|Oya}}. The relationship between the divine and human beings is the mutual feeling of love between a parent and his or her children. The divine does not want to command and punish human beings, but rather to guide and nurture them so that they may live joyfully and cheerfully together. {{Transliteration|ja|Oya}} (親) is both paternal and maternal, not simply one or the other.<ref>''A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms,'' 274-5.</ref><ref>''Tenrikyo Christian Dialogue,'' 55.</ref>

These steps have been described as an "unfolding in the revelation of God's nature in keeping with the developing capacity of human understanding, from an all-powerful God, to a nourishing God, and finally to an intimate God."<ref>Kisala, Robert (2001). "Images of God in Japanese New Religions." Bulletin of the Nanzan Institute for Religion & Culture, 25, p. 23.</ref>

Followers use the phrase {{nihongo|"God the Parent"||Oyagami-sama}} (親神様) to refer to God, and the divine name "Tenri-O-no-Mikoto" when praising or worshipping God through prayer or ritual.<ref>A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms, p.109.</ref>

===Causality===
====Comparison to karmic belief====
{{see also|Karma}}
The concept of {{nihongo3|"causality"|いんねん (因縁)|innen}} in Tenrikyo is a unique understanding of [[karma|karmic belief]]. Although causality resembles karmic beliefs found in religious traditions originating in ancient India, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], Tenrikyo's doctrine does not claim to inherit the concept from these traditions and differs from their explanations of karma in a few significant ways.

Broadly speaking, karma refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma Karma] Encyclopædia Britannica (2012)</ref> In other words, a person's good intent and good deed contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deed contribute to bad karma and future suffering.<ref>Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd Edition, {{ISBN|0-415-93672-1}}, Hindu Ethics, pp 678</ref> Causality and karma are interchangeable in this sense;<ref>Kisala, Robert. "Contemporary Karma: Interpretations of Karma in Tenrikyō and Risshō Kōseikai." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Mar., 1994), pp. 73–91: "In accord with traditional karmic understanding, it is the accumulation of bad innen that is offered as the explanation for present suffering."</ref> throughout life a person may experience good and bad causality. In Tenrikyo, the concept is encapsulated in the farming metaphor, "every seed sown will sprout."<ref>Fukaya, Yoshikazu. "Every Seed Sown Will Sprout." ''Words of the Path.'' [http://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/en/newsletter/html/tt5/innen.html online link]</ref> Karma is closely associated with the idea of [[Reincarnation|rebirth]],<ref name=jamesloch>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 351–352</ref> such that one's past deeds in the current life and in all previous lives are reflected in the present moment, and one's present deeds are reflected in the future of the current life and in all future lives.<ref name=jbowker>"Karma" in: John Bowker (1997), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press.</ref> This understanding of rebirth is upheld in causality as well.<ref>Kisala, p.77. "...traditional karmic beliefs in personal responsibility, extending over innumerable lifetimes, are upheld in doctrines concerning individual innen."</ref>

Tenrikyo's [[ontology]], however, differs from older karmic religious traditions such as Buddhism. In Tenrikyo, the human person is believed to consist of [[mind]], [[Human body|body]], and [[soul]]. The mind, which is given the freedom to sense, feel, and act by God the Parent, ceases to function at death. On the other hand, the soul, through the process of {{nihongo3|{{lit|to make a fresh start}}|出直し|denaoshi}}, takes on a new body lent from God the Parent and is reborn into this world. Though the reborn person has no memory of the previous life, the person's thoughts and deeds leave their mark on the soul and are carried over into the new life as the person's causality.<ref name="Kisala, p.77">Kisala, p.77.</ref> As can be seen, Tenrikyo's ontology, which rests on the existence of a single creator deity (God the Parent), differs from Buddhist ontology, which does not contain a creator deity. Also Tenrikyo's concept of salvation, which is to live the Joyous Life in this existence and therefore does not promise a liberated afterlife outside of this existence, differs from Buddhist concepts of [[saṃsāra]] and [[nirvana]].<ref>''Tenrikyo-Christian Dialogue'', p. 429-430.</ref>

===="Original causality"====
At the focal point of Tenrikyo's ontological understanding is the positing of {{nihongo|"original causality," or "causality of origin"|もとのいんねん (元の因縁)|moto no innen}}, which is that God the Parent created human beings to see them live the Joyous Life (the salvific state) and to share in that joy. Tenrikyo teaches that the Joyous Life will eventually encompass all humanity, and that gradual progress towards the Joyous Life is even now being made with the guidance of divine providence. Thus the concept of original causality has a [[teleological]] element, being the gradual unfolding of that which was ordained at the beginning of time.<ref name="Kisala, p.77"/>

===="Individual causality"====
Belief in individual causality is related to the principle of original causality. Individual causality is divine providence acting to realize the original causality of the human race, which through the use of suffering guides individuals to realize their causality and leads them to a change of heart and active cooperation towards the establishment of the Joyous Life, the world that was ordained at the beginning of time.<ref>Kisala, p.77-8.</ref>

Tenrikyo's doctrine explains that an individual's suffering should not be perceived as punishment or [[retributive justice]] from divine providence for past misdeeds, but rather as a sign of encouragement from divine providence for the individual to reflect on the past and to undergo a change of heart. The recognition of the divine providence at work should lead to an attitude of {{nihongo3|"joyous acceptance" in Tenrikyo gloss|たんのう (堪能)|tannō}}, a Japanese word that indicates a state of satisfaction. {{Transliteration|ja|Tannō}} is a way of settling the mind – it is not to merely resign oneself to one's situation, but rather to actively "recognize God's parental love in all events and be braced by their occurrence into an ever firmer determination to live joyously each day."<ref>Doctrine of Tenrikyo, Tenrikyo Church HQ, 61.</ref> In other words, Tenrikyo emphasizes the importance of maintaining a positive inner disposition, as opposed to a disposition easily swayed by external circumstance.<ref>Kisala, p.78.</ref>

===="Three causalities"====
In addition, ''The Doctrine of Tenrikyo'' names {{nihongo|three causalities|さんいんねん (三因縁)|san innen}} that are believed to predetermine the founding of Tenrikyo's teachings. More precisely, these causalities are the fulfillment of the promise that God made to the models and instruments of creation, which was that "when the years equal to the number of their first born had elapsed, they would be returned to the Residence of Origin, the place of original conception, and would be adored by their posterity."<ref>''The Doctrine of Tenrikyo'', p.20.</ref> The "Causality of the Soul of Oyasama" denotes that Miki Nakayama had the soul of the original mother at creation (Izanami-no-Mikoto), who conceived, gave birth to, and nurtured humankind. The "Causality of the Residence" means that the Nakayama Residence, where [[Tenrikyo Church Headquarters]] stands, is the place that humankind was conceived. The "Causality of the Promised Time" indicates that October 26, 1838 – the day when God became openly revealed through Miki Nakayama – marked the time when the years equal to the number of first-born humans (900,099,999) had elapsed since the moment humankind was conceived.<ref>''A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms,'' p.436.</ref>

==Texts==
===Scriptures===
The {{nihongo|three scriptures|三原典|sangenten}} of Tenrikyo are the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Ofudesaki]]}}, {{Transliteration|ja|[[Mikagura-uta]]}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|[[Osashizu]]}}.

The {{nihongo3|"Tip of the Writing Brush"|おふでさき|Ofudesaki}} is the most important Tenrikyo scripture. A 17-volume collection of 1,711 {{Transliteration|ja|[[waka (poetry)|waka]]}} poems, the {{Transliteration|ja|Ofudesaki}} was composed by the foundress of Tenrikyo, Miki Nakayama, from 1869 to 1882.

The {{nihongo3|"The Songs for the Service"|みかぐらうた|Mikagura-uta}} is the text of the {{nihongo|[[Service (Tenrikyo)|Service]]||otsutome}}, a religious [[ritual]] that has a central place in Tenrikyo.{{efn|The importance of the Service to Tenrikyo followers can be appreciated if one understands that the main theme of the {{Transliteration|ja|Ofudesaki}}, the most important of the three Tenrikyo scriptures, has been described as "a development toward the perfection of {{Transliteration|ja|Tsutome}}, the Service, through which, alone, human salvation can be realized."<ref>See Inoue and Eynon, ''A Study of the Ofudesaki'', xix.</ref>}} During the Service, the text to the {{Transliteration|ja|Mikagura-uta}} is sung together with dance movements and musical accompaniment, all of which was composed and taught by Nakayama.

The {{nihongo3|"Divine Directions"|おさしづ|Osashizu}} is a written record of oral revelations given by [[Izo Iburi]]. The full scripture is published in seven volumes (plus an index in three volumes) and contains around 20,000 "divine directions" delivered between January 4, 1887 and June 9, 1907.<ref>Tenrikyo Overseas Department, trans. 2010. ''A Glossary of Tenrikyo Terms'', p. 72. Note: This work presents an abridged translation of the ''Kaitei Tenrikyo jiten'', compiled by the Oyasato Institute for the Study of Religion and published in 1997 by Tenrikyo Doyusha Publishing Company.</ref>

According to [[Shozen Nakayama]], the second {{Transliteration|ja|Shinbashira}} (the spiritual and administrative leader of Tenrikyo), the {{Transliteration|ja|Ofudesaki}} "reveal[s] the most important principles of the faith," the Mikagura-uta "come[s] alive through singing or as the accompaniment" to the Service, and the Osashizu "gives concrete precepts by which the followers should reflect on their own conduct."<ref>"The Various Forms of Verbal Evolution in Tenrikyo Doctrine" that was presented at the 10th Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions held in Marburg in 1960.</ref>

===Supplemental texts to the scriptures===
The {{nihongo|supplemental texts to the scriptures|準原典|jungenten}} constitute three officially sanctioned texts which, along with the scriptures, are used to instruct students and adherents of Tenrikyo. They are required texts for students enrolling in Tenrikyo's seminary programs, such as the three-month {{nihongo|"Spiritual Development Course"|修養科|Shuyoka}}.

''[[The Doctrine of Tenrikyo]]'' is Tenrikyo's official [[doctrine]], which explains the basic teachings of Tenrikyo. ''[[The Life of Oyasama|The Life of Oyasama, Foundress of Tenrikyo]]'' is Tenrikyo's official [[hagiography]] of Miki Nakayama. The ''[[Anecdotes of Oyasama|Anecdotes of Oyasama, Foundress of Tenrikyo]]'' is an official authorized [[anthology]] of anecdotes about Nakayama that were passed down orally by her first followers and later written down and verified.

===Other texts===
{{Further|Tenrikyo creation myth#Composition}}

The ''kōki'' (こふき or 後紀) are manuscripts of creation narratives dictated by Nakayama Miki that are not part of the official canon of Tenrikyo scriptures. Today, they are rarely read and circulated. The ''[[Doroumi Kōki]]'' is one such ''kōki'' (古記); there are also various other ''kōki'' texts that were composed from 1881 up until Nakayama Miki's death in 1887.<ref name="Murakami explanation">{{Cite book |title=Honmichi fukei jiken: tennōsei o taiketsu shita minshū shūkyō ほんみち不敬事件 : 天皇制と対決した民衆宗教 |publisher=講談社 |year=1974 |author=Murakami, Shigeyoshi 村上重良 |language=ja |pages=268}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{see also|Tenrikyo Church Headquarters}}
Tenrikyo is subdivided into many different groups with common goals but differing functions. These range from the {{nihongo3|{{lit|large church}}|大教会|Daikyōkai}}, to disaster relief corps, medical staff and hospitals, universities, museums, libraries, and various schools.

[[Tenri Judo]] is renowned as a successful competition style of [[Judo]] that has produced many champions, while there are also other sporting and arts interest groups within Tenrikyo.

==History==
[[File:Tenrikyomeiji.png|thumb|Tenri-kyo sermon in Tokyo, as depicted in an 1899 book.]]
{{See also|History of Tenrikyo}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
In Tenrikyo tradition, [[Nakayama Miki]] was chosen as the Shrine of God in 1838, after her son and husband began suffering from serious ailments. The family called a Buddhist monk to exorcise the spirit causing the ailments. When the monk temporarily left and asked Nakayama to take over, she was possessed by the One god (Tenri-O-no-Mikoto), who demanded that Nakayama be given to God as a shrine. Nakayama's husband gave in to this request three days later.

Nakayama's statements and revelations as Shrine of God were supplemented by [[Izo Iburi]], one of her earliest followers, who developed a position of revelatory leadership as her deputy, answering questions from followers and giving "timely talks". His position, which is no longer held in Tenrikyo, was called {{Transliteration|ja|Honseki}}. The revelatory transmissions of the {{Transliteration|ja|Honseki}} were written down and collected in large, multi-volume works called {{Transliteration|ja|[[Osashizu]]}}. Following Izo's death, a woman called {{Transliteration|ja|Onmae}} partially carried on this role for a while, although it appears that she did not have the actual title of {{Transliteration|ja|Honseki}}. Since then, Tenrikyo itself has never had a {{Transliteration|ja|Honseki}}, although some Tenrikyo splinter groups believe that the revelatory leadership passed from Iburi to their particular founder or foundress.

Nakayama's eldest son obtained a license to practice branch of Shinto, but did so against his mother's wishes. Tenrikyo was designated as one of the thirteen groups included in [[Sect Shinto]] between 1908 and 1945, due to the implementation of Heian policy under [[State Shinto]].<ref>[https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2789 The Formation of Sect Shinto in Modernizing Japan] Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 29/3-4, Inoue Nobutaka, pp. 406, 416–17</ref> During this time, Tenrikyo became the first new religion to do social work in Japan, opening an orphanage, a public nursery and a school for the blind.<ref>Isaku Kanzaki. "Present Day Shintoism". In Paul S. Meyer (ed.), ''[https://archive.org/details/japanchristian26unknuoft The Japan Mission Year Book 1928]''. Tokyo: Japan Advertiser Press, 1928.</ref>

Although Tenrikyo is now completely separate from Shinto and Buddhism organizationally, it still shares many of the traditions of Japanese religious practice. For instance, many of the objects used in Tenrikyo religious services, such as {{Transliteration|ja|[[hassoku]]}} and {{Transliteration|ja|[[sanpo]]}}, were traditionally used in Japanese ritual, and the method of offering is also traditional.

===Timeline===
{{see also|Timeline of Tenrikyo}}
* 1798, April 18 ([[lunar calendar]]) – [[Miki Nakayama]] was born.
* 1838, December 12 (October 26, [[lunar calendar]]) – God was revealed to Nakayama at the Mishima Shrine.
* 1854 – Nakayama begins to administer the Grant for Safe Childbirth, and thus begins to recruit her first followers.
* 1866 – First chapters of {{Transliteration|ja|Ofudesaki}} appear.
* 1887, January 26 ([[lunar calendar]])  – the death of Nakayama.
* 1908 – official recognition as one of the thirteen branches of Sect Shinto.

==Religious services==
{{see also|Service (Tenrikyo)}}
[[Image:Tsukinamisai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Instruments used to perform {{Transliteration|ja|Otsutome}}]]
{{listen
| type        = music
| filename    = Tsutome evening.ogg
| title       = Evening Service
| description = Audio recording of the Evening Service performed at the Tenrikyo Church Headquarters
}}
{{listen
| type        = music
| filename    = Tenrikyo-service-music2012.ogg
| title       = Service music
| description = Music being performed during a local Tenrikyo daily service
}}
Tenrikyo utilises traditional musical instruments in its {{nihongo3|{{lit|service or duty}}|おつとめ|otsutome}}, such as {{Transliteration|ja|[[hyoshigi]]}} (wooden clappers), {{Transliteration|ja|chanpon}} (cymbals), {{Transliteration|ja|surigane}} (small gong), {{Transliteration|ja|[[taiko]]}} (large drum), {{Transliteration|ja|[[tsuzumi]]}} (shoulder drum), {{Transliteration|ja|[[Flute|fue]]}} (bamboo flute), {{Transliteration|ja|[[shamisen]]}}, {{Transliteration|ja|[[kokyū]]}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|[[koto (musical instrument)|koto]]}}. These are used to play music from the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Mikagura-uta]]}}, a body of music, dances and songs created by Nakayama. Most of the world's foremost authorities on {{Transliteration|ja|[[gagaku]]}} music (the ancient classical Shinto music of the imperial court of Japan) are also Tenrikyo followers, and {{Transliteration|ja|gagaku}} music is actively promoted by Tenrikyo, although, strictly speaking, the {{Transliteration|ja|Mikagura-uta}} and {{Transliteration|ja|gagaku}} are separate musical forms.

The {{Transliteration|ja|hyoshigi}}, {{Transliteration|ja|chanpon}}, {{Transliteration|ja|surigane}}, {{Transliteration|ja|taiko}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|fue}} were traditionally the men's instruments but are now acceptable for women to play. The {{Transliteration|ja|shamisen}}, {{Transliteration|ja|kokyū}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|koto}} were traditionally women's instruments and, although not very popular, are now acceptable for men to play as well.

===Daily services===
The {{Transliteration|ja|[[Otsutome]]}} ({{lang|ja|おつとめ}} or {{lang|ja|お勤め}}) or daily service consists of the performance of the seated service and, optionally, the practice of a chapter or two of the 12 chapters of {{nihongo3|{{lit|hand dance}}||Teodori}} ({{lang|ja|てをどり}} or {{lang|ja|手踊り}}) or {{Transliteration|ja|[[Yorozuyo]]}}. The daily service is performed twice a day; once in the morning and then in the evening. The service times are adjusted according to the time of sunrise and sunset but may vary from church to church. Service times at the Jiba in Tenri City go by this time schedule and adjust in the changing of seasons.

Instruments used in the daily service are the {{Transliteration|ja|hyoshigi}}, {{Transliteration|ja|chanpon}}, {{Transliteration|ja|surigane}}, {{Transliteration|ja|taiko}}, and {{Transliteration|ja|[[kazutori]]}} (a counter, to count the 21 times the first section is repeated). The {{Transliteration|ja|hyoshigi}} is always played by the head minister of the church or mission station. If the head minister is not present, anyone may take their place.

The daily service does not need to be performed at a church. It can be done at any time and anywhere, so long as the practitioner faces the direction of the Jiba, or "home of the parent".

The purpose of the daily service, as taught by Nakayama, is to sweep away the [[Eight Mental Dusts]] of the mind.

==={{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}}===
{{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}} ({{lang|ja|ひのきしん}} or {{lang|ja|日の寄進}}) ({{lit|daily service}}) is a spontaneous action that is an expression of gratitude and joy for being allowed to "borrow" his or her body from God the Parent. Such an action ideally is done as an act of religious devotion out of a wish to help or bring joy to others, without any thought of compensation. {{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}} can range from helping someone to just a simple smile to brighten another person's day. Examples of common {{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}} activities that are encouraged include cleaning public bathrooms and parks among other such acts of community service. Doing the work that others want to do least are considered sincere in the eyes of God.

{{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}} is a method of "sweeping" the "mental dusts" that accumulate in a person's mind. The "mental dusts" are referring to the [[Eight Mental Dusts]]. The official translations of these dusts are: {{nihongo|Miserliness||Oshii}}, {{nihongo|Covetousness||Hoshii}}, {{nihongo|Hatred||Nikui}}, {{nihongo|Self-love||Kawai}}, {{nihongo|Grudge-bearing||Urami}}, {{nihongo|Anger||Haradachi}}, {{nihongo|Greed||Yoku}}, and {{nihongo|Arrogance||Kouman}}.<ref>[http://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/eng/?page_id=129 Mental Dusts] Tenrikyo International Website</ref>

The Tenrikyo Young Men's Association and Tenrikyo Women's Association are Tenrikyo-based groups that perform group activities as public service. To participate in such groups may be considered {{Transliteration|ja|Hinokishin}}.

===Monthly services===
[[Image:Montsuki.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tenrikyo service performers wearing traditional {{Transliteration|ja|montsuki}} [[kimono]] after a monthly service.]]
{{Transliteration|ja|[[Tsukinamisai]]}} (月次祭) or the monthly service is a performance of the entire {{Transliteration|ja|Mikagura-uta}}, the sacred songs of the service, which is the service for world salvation. Generally, mission headquarters and grand churches (churches with 100 or more others under them) have monthly services performed on the third Sunday of every month; other churches perform on any other Sunday of the month. The monthly service at the Jiba is performed on the 26th of every month, the day of the month in which Tenrikyo was first conceived – October 26, 1838.

Instruments used in the monthly service are all of those aforementioned. Performers also include dancers – three men and three women – and a singer. Performers wear traditional {{Transliteration|ja|montsuki}} [[kimono]], which may or may not be required depending on the church.

===Divine Grant of {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}}===
{{Main|Sazuke}}
[[Image:Administering the Sazuke.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A {{Transliteration|ja|[[Yoboku]]}} administering the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Sazuke]]}} on a follower.]]
The Divine Grant of {{Transliteration|ja|[[Sazuke]]}} is a healing prayer in which one may attain through attending the nine {{nihongo|''[[Besseki]]''|別席|}} lectures. When one receives the Divine Grant of {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}}, one is considered a {{nihongo3|{{lit|useful timber}}||[[Yoboku]]}} ({{lang|ja|用木}}). The {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}} is to be administered to those who are suffering from illness to request God's blessings for a recovery. However, recovery requires the sincere effort from both the recipient and the administrator of the {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}} to clean their minds of "mental dust." Only with pure minds then can the blessings be received by the recipient through the {{Transliteration|ja|Yoboku}} administering the {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}}. It is taught that when God accepts the sincerity of the person administering the {{Transliteration|ja|Sazuke}} and the sincerity of the person to whom it is being administered, a wondrous salvation will be bestowed. This is accomplished through having the recipient be aware of the [[eight dusts|mental dusts]] and the teachings of Tenrikyo to remedy their dusty minds.

[[Image:Tenrikyo homeshrine.JPG|thumb|right|170px|A typical in-house shrine]]
[[File:天理教台北安樂教會.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Tenrikyo shrine at [[Banqiao District]], [[New Taipei City]].]]

==Tenrikyo centers outside Japan==
In recent years Tenrikyo has spread outside Japan, with foreign branches centered primarily in Southeast Asia and the Americas.<ref>''Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten'' entry for Tenrikyo.</ref> Tenrikyo maintains centers in:<ref name="Tenrikyo-access">{{cite web | title=Tenrikyo | website=Tenrikyo | date=2021-09-26 | url=https://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/eng/#access | language=ja | access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><ref name="Tenrikyo-access-jp">{{cite web | title=海外の地域拠点 | website=天理教・はじめてのかたへ | url=https://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/jpn/network_domestic/network_oversea/ | language=ja | access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref>

* Argentina: [[Buenos Aires]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenrikyo.com.ar|title=Tenrikyo Buenos Aires|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226192121/http://tenrikyo.com.ar/|archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref>
* Australia: [[Calamvale]],<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" /> [[Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenrikyo.org.au|title=Tenrikyo Melbourne Shinyu Church|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
* Brazil: [[Bauru]],<ref>[http://www.tenrikyo.org.br Igreja Tenrikyo]</ref> [[Recife]]<ref>[https://nordestehoyo.wordpress.com/ Igreja Tenrikyo Hoyo do Nordeste]</ref>
* Canada: [[Vancouver]]{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* [[Republic of Congo]]: [[Brazzaville]]<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" /> (see [[:fr:Tenrikyō au Congo|French Wikipedia article]])
* Colombia: [[Cali]],<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" /> [[Bogotá]], [[Medellín]]{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* France: [[Paris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenrikyo.fr|title=Tenrikyo Europe Centre|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> [[Antony, France|Antony]]<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* Hong Kong<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* Kenya<ref name="sermon2019">{{cite web | title=Maintaining Our Focus on Oyasama – Tenrikyo Mission Headquarters in America & Canada | website=Tenrikyo Mission Headquarters in America & Canada | url=https://tenrikyoamericacanada.org/sermons/april-2019-dendocho-monthly-service-sermon | access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>
* Mexico: [[Mexico City]]<ref>[http://www.tenrikyo.org.mx Asociación Religiosa Tenrikyo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131090608/http://tenrikyo.org.mx/ |date=2009-01-31 }}</ref>
* Philippines: [[Manila]] (in [[Makati]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/en/newsletter/html/200712/philippines.html|title=Tenrikyo Mission Center in the Philippines }}</ref>
* Singapore<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* South Korea: [[Gimhae]]<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* Taiwan: [[Taipei]]<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* Thailand: [[Bangkok]]<ref name="Tenrikyo-access" />
* United Kingdom: [[Leeds]],{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} [[London]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.btconnect.com/tenrikyo/|title=Tenrikyo UK Centre Official Homepage|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
* United States: [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] (US headquarters), [[Honolulu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenrikyo-hawaii.com|title=Tenrikyo Mission Headquarters of Hawaii – One world, one family.|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>  [[Seattle]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenrikyo.com|title=Tenrikyo in America and Canada|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> [[New York City]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenri.org|title=TENRI CULTURAL INSTITUTE|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tenrikyo Churches and Fellowships in the America and Canada Diocese|url=http://tenrikyo.com/OurDioceseChurches.html|website=tenrikyo.com|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==Notable followers==
* [[Avram Davidson]] – American writer of [[speculative fiction]] and [[crime fiction]]
* [[Ayaka Hirahara]] – Japanese pop singer
* [[Naoki Matsuyo]] – Japanese [[association football]]er
* [[Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin]] – American {{Transliteration|ja|[[shakuhachi]]}} player

==Schisms==
Below is a non-exhaustive list of religious movements and organizations that are derived from Tenrikyo.<ref name="Forbes"/><ref name="w880">{{cite web | title=天理教団史と分派史 | website=rendaico.jp | url=http://www.rendaico.jp/nakayamamiyuki/omithisonogoden/bunpashico.htm | language=ja | access-date=2025-05-10}}</ref> They are considered to be [[heresy|heresies]] by the Tenrikyo Church Headquarters in Tenri.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite thesis |ref=none |last= Forbes |first= Roy Tetsuo |date= 2005 |title= Schism, orthodoxy and heresy in the history of Tenrikyō : three case studies |url= https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/e66d96e2-112f-478f-a17b-e31174258fb7 |publisher= University of Hawai'i Department of Religion}}</ref>

*{{Nihongo|Tenrin-Ō Kyōkai|[[:ja:転輪王教会|転輪王教会]]|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Imai Sōjirō|今井惣治郎<!--Q131911541-->|}}, who claimed to have received a divine revalation in 1866
*{{Nihongo|[[Tenrin-Ō Meisei Kyōdan]]|天輪王明誠教団|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Oku Rokubē|奥六兵衛<!--Q131911775-->|}} in 1881
*{{Nihongo|Daidōkyō|[[:ja:大道教|大道教]]|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Iida Iwajirō|飯田岩治郎<!--Q131911334-->|}} in 1897 (who also founded the {{Nihongo|Tenrikyō Heian Shikyōkai|天理教平安支教会|}} and claimed to have received divine revelations from 1894–1897)
*{{Nihongo|[[Ibaragi Ippa]]|茨木一派|}}, also called {{Nihongo|Shindōkai|真道会|}} today, founded by {{Nihongo|Ibaragi Mototaka|茨木基敬<!--Q131911783-->|}}, but did not materialize it into an organized religious movement
*{{Nihongo|[[Honmichi]]|ほんみち|}}, founded by [[Ōnishi Aijirō]] in 1913
**{{Nihongo|[[Honbushin]]|ほんぶしん|}}, founded by [[Ōnishi Tama]] in 1961
**{{Nihongo|[[Tenri Sanrinkō]]|天理三輪講|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Katsu Hisano|勝ヒサノ|}} in 1933. Currently defunct.
***{{Nihongo|[[Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho]]|天理神の打開場所, 天理神之打開場所|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Watanabe Yoso|渡辺ヨソ|}} in 1934. Currently defunct.
****{{Nihongo|Tenri Kami no Uchiwake Basho|天理神之打分場所|}}, currently defunct.
****{{Nihongo|[[Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho]]|天理神之口明場所, 天理神之口開場所|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Yamada Umejirō|山田梅次郎|}} in 1937. Currently defunct.
*****{{Nihongo|[[Ōkanmichi]]|おうかんみち|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Egami Toshitane|江上寿胤|}} in 1946
******{{Nihongo|[[Kanrodai (Japanese New Religion)|Kanrodai]]|甘露台|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Asano Hiroshi|浅野博|}} in 1952
******{{Nihongo|[[Kanrodai Reiri Shidōkai]]|甘露台霊理斯道会|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Saitō Toshio|斎藤年男|}} in 1975
***{{Nihongo|[[Sanri Sanfukugen]]|三理三腹元|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Ishiishikawa Komakichi|石々川駒吉|}} in 1936, currently defunct.
***{{Nihongo|[[Kami Ichijōkyō]]|神一条教|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Yonetani Kuni|米谷クニ|}} in 1942
***{{Nihongo|[[Sekai Shindokyo]]|世界心道教|}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Aida Hide|会田ヒデ|}} in 1944
*{{nihongo|Taidōkyō|太道教}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Nakamura Shige|中村シゲ|}} in 1940
*{{nihongo|Shizen Shindō|自然真道}}, founded by {{Nihongo|Maeshima Reiki|前島麗祈|}} in 1942

Around the turn of the 20th century, {{Nihongo|[[Ide Kuniko]]|[[:ja:井出国子|井出国子]]|}} (1863–1947) founded her own Tenrikyo-derived religion. Asahi Jinja (朝日神社) in [[Miki, Hyōgo]] is dedicated to Ide Kuniko.<ref>{{cite web | title=朝日神社教祖 – 井出国子 | date=2022-11-20 | url=https://ide-kuniko.com/ | language=ja | access-date=2025-04-27}}</ref>

Most Tenrikyo-derived religions, including [[Honmichi]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=ほんみち概観 |publisher=ほんみち教義部 |year=1972 |author=ほんみち教義部編 |language=ja}}</ref> [[Honbushin]], and [[Kami Ichijokyo]],<ref>{{Cite book |author=米谷千恵子 |title=神一條：人間甘露台 |publisher=三学出版 |date=1984 |isbn=4-87906-117-4 |language=ja}}</ref> consider the [[Ofudesaki]] and [[Mikagura-uta]] to be their primary sacred scriptures, and to some extent also the [[Osashizu]]. They also typically have their own additional doctrinal texts. These religions consider [[Nakayama Miki]] to be their spiritual founder but reject the authority of the Tenrikyo church in Tenri.<ref name="Forbes"/>

==See also==
* [[Japanese new religions]]
* [[Religion in Japan]]
* [[Tenri University]]
* [[Chinese salvationist religions]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.tenrikyo.or.jp/ Tenrikyo International Website]
* [https://wrldrels.org/2015/03/22/tenrikyo/ "Tenrikyō" from World Religions & Spirituality Project]

{{Tenrikyo bottom|state=collapsed}}
{{Sect Shinto}}
{{Japanese new religions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tenrikyo| ]]
[[Category:1838 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:Religion in Japan]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1838]]
[[Category:Japanese new religions]]
[[Category:Shinto new religious movements]]
[[Category:13 Shinto Sects]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 20th century]]