View source for Terauchi Masatake

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Japan from 1916 to 1918}}
{{family name hatnote|Terauchi|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Marshal]] [[Kazoku|Count]]
| name                = Terauchi Masatake
| native_name         = {{nobold|寺内 正毅}}
| native_name_lang    = ja
| image               = Masatake Terauchi 2.jpg
| office              = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| monarch             = [[Emperor Taishō|Taishō]]
| term_start          = 9 October 1916
| term_end            = 29 September 1918
| predecessor         = [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
| successor           = [[Hara Takashi]]
| office2             = [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister2      = ''Himself''
| term_start2         = 9 October
| term_end2           = 16 December 1916
| predecessor2        = [[Taketomi Tokitoshi]]
| successor2          = [[Kazue Shōda]]
| office3             = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| status3             = Acting
| primeminister3      = ''Himself''
| term_start3         = 9 October
| term_end3           = 21 November 1916
| predecessor3        = [[Ishii Kikujirō]]
| successor3          = [[Motono Ichirō]]
| primeminister4      = Katsura Tarō
| term_start4         = 14 July
| term_end4           = 27 August 1908
| predecessor4        = [[Hayashi Tadasu]]
| successor4          = [[Komura Jutarō]]
| office5             = [[Governor-General of Chōsen|Governor-General of Korea]]
| monarch5            = [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]]<br>Taishō
| term_start5         = 1 October 1910
| term_end5           = 9 October 1916
| predecessor5        = Himself (as [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea|Resident-General]])
| successor5          = [[Hasegawa Yoshimichi]]
| office6             = [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea#List of Japanese residents-general|Resident-General of Korea]]
| monarch6            = Meiji
| termstart6          = 30 May
| termend6            = 1 October 1910
| predecessor6        = [[Sone Arasuke]]
| successor6          = Himself (as Governor-General)
| office7             = [[Army Ministry|Minister of the Army]]
| primeminister7      = {{ubl|Katsura Tarō|Saionji Kinmochi}}
| term_start7         = 27 March 1902
| term_end7           = 30 August 1911
| predecessor7        = [[Kodama Gentarō]]
| successor7          = [[Ishimoto Shinroku]]
| office8             = [[Inspectorate General of Military Training#List of Inspectors-General of Military Training|Inspector-General of Military Training]]
| termstart8          = 14 January 1904
| termend8            = 9 May 1905
| monarch8            = Meiji
| successor8          = [[Nishi Kanjirō]]
| predecessor8        = [[Nozu Michitsura]]
| termstart9          = 22 January 1898
| termend9            = 25 April 1900
| monarch9            = Meiji
| predecessor9        = ''Position established''
| successor9          = [[Nozu Michitsura]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1852|2|5|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi, Chōshū Domain]], Japan
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1919|11|3|1852|2|5|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Tokyo]], Japan
| signature           = TerauchiM kao.png
| party               = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Terauchi Tani|<!--unknown-->|1890|end=died}}<br>{{marriage|Terauchi Taki|1890|reason=<!--earliest-->}}
| children            = [[Hisaichi Terauchi]]
| relatives           = [[Hideo Kodama]] (son-in-law)
| allegiance          = [[Empire of Japan]]
| branch              = [[Imperial Japanese Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1871–1910
| rank                = Field Marshal (''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'') [[File:元帥徽章.svg|25px]]
| battles             = [[Boshin War]]<br>[[Satsuma Rebellion]]<br>[[First Sino-Japanese War]]<br>[[Russo-Japanese War]]
| awards              = [[Order of the Rising Sun]]<br>[[Order of the Golden Kite]]<br>[[Order of the Bath]]
}}
'''Terauchi Masatake''' ({{langx|ja|寺内 正毅}}), [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] (5 February 1852 – 3 November 1919), was a Japanese military officer and politician.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Terauchi Masatake" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 964|page=964}}.</ref>  He was a ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'' (or [[Marshal]]) in the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and the [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister of Japan]] from 1916 to 1918.

==Military career==
Terauchi Masatake was born in Hirai Village, [[Suo Province]] (present-day [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi city]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]]), and was the third son of Utada Masasuke, a [[samurai]] in the service of [[Chōshū Domain]]. He was later adopted by a relative on his mother's side of the family, Terauchi Kanuemon, and changed his family name to "Terauchi".

As a youth, he was a member of the [[Kiheitai]] militia from 1864, and fought in the [[Boshin War]] against the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] from 1867, most notably at the [[Battle of Hakodate]]. After the victory at Hakodate, he travelled to [[Kyoto]], where he joined the [[Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)|Ministry of War]] and was drilled by French instructors in Western weaponry and tactics. He became a member of [[Emperor Meiji]]'s personal guard in 1870 and travelled with the Emperor to [[Tokyo]]. He left military service in 1871 to pursue language studies, but was recalled with the formation  the fledgling [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1871 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant after attending the Army's Toyama School. He was appointed to the staff of the new [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]] in 1873. He fought in the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] in 1877 and was injured and lost his right hand during the [[Battle of Tabaruzaka]]. His [[physical disability]] did not prove to be an impediment to his future military and political career.

In 1882, he was sent to France as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Prince Kan'in Kotohito]] and was appointed a  [[military attaché]] the following year. He remained in France for studies until 1886. On his return to Japan, he was appointed deputy secretary to the Minister of the Army. In 1887, he became commandant of the Army Academy. In 1891, he was chief of staff to the [[IJA 1st Division]] and in 1892 was Chief of the First Bureau (Operations) of the [[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff]].

With the start of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894, Terauchi was appointed Secretary of Transportation and Communication for the [[Imperial General Headquarters]], which made him responsible for all movement of troops and supplies during the war. In 1896, he was assigned command of the IJA 3rd Infantry Brigade.  In 1898, he was promoted to become the first [[Inspectorate General of Military Training|Inspector General of Military Training]], which he made one of the three highest positions in the army. In 1900, he became Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and went to China to personally oversee Japanese force during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]

==Political career==
[[File:Generals Terauchi and Kodama at Russo-Japanese War.jpg|thumb|left|Gensui Count Terauchi Masatake (left) with General [[Kodama Gentarō]] (right) in 1904]]
Terauchi was appointed as [[Army Ministry|Minister of the Army]] in 1901, during the first [[Katsura Tarō|Katsura administration]]. The [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) occurred during his term in office. After the Japanese victory in the war, he was ennobled with the title of ''danshaku'' ([[baron]]) in the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage. He was also made a chairman of the [[South Manchurian Railway Company]] in 1906.In 1907, in recognition of the four wars he had served in, his peerage title was elevated to that of ''shishaku'' ([[viscount]]),

He continued in office as Army Minister under the first [[Saionji Kinmochi|Saionji administration]] and the second Katsura administration from July 1908 to August 1911.

==Governor-General of Korea (1910–1916)==
Following the assassination of former [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Itō Hirobumi]] in [[Harbin]] by a Korean nationalist, [[An Jung-geun]] in October 1909, Terauchi was appointed to replace [[Sone Arasuke]] as the third and last [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea]] in May 1910. As Resident-General, he executed the [[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty]] in August of the same year, and he thus became the first Japanese [[Governor-General of Korea]]. In this position, he reported directly to the Emperor and as [[proconsul]] had wide-ranging powers ranging from legislative, administrative, and judicial to effect changes and reforms. The annexation of Korea by Japan and subsequent policies introduced by the new government was highly unpopular with the majority of the Korean population, and Terauchi (who concurrently maintained his position as Army Minister) employed military force to maintain control. However, he preferred to use the deep historical and cultural ties between Korea and Japan as justification for the eventual goal of complete assimilation of Korea into the Japanese mainstream. To this end, thousands of schools were built across Korea. Although this contributed greatly to an increase in literacy and the educational standard, the curriculum was centered on [[Japanese language]] and [[Japanese history]], with the intent of assimilation of the populace into loyal subjects of the [[Empire of Japan]].

Other of Terauchi's policies also had noble goals but [[unforeseen consequence]]s. For example, [[land reform]] was desperately needed in Korea. The Korean land ownership system was a complex system of absentee landlords, partial owner-tenants, and cultivators with traditional but without legal proof of ownership. Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted [[cadastral survey]]s that reestablished ownership by basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). Ownership was denied to those who could not provide such written documentation (mostly lower class and partial owners, who had only traditional verbal "cultivator rights"). Although the plan succeeded in reforming land ownership/taxation structures, it added tremendously to Korean hostility, bitterness, and resentment towards Japanese administration by enabling a huge amount of Korean land (roughly 2/3 of all privately owned lands by some estimates) to be seized by the government and sold to Japanese developers.

In recognition of his work in Korea, his title was raised to that of ''hakushaku'' ([[count]]) in 1911.

[[Isabel Anderson]], who visited Korea and met Count Terauchi in 1912, wrote as follows:<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41722 Isabel Anderson, "The Spell of Japan", Boston, 1914, p.15.]</ref>
{{blockquote|The Japanese Governor-General, Count Terauchi, is a very strong and able man, and under his administration many improvements have been made in Korea. This has not always been done without friction between the natives and their conquerors, it must be confessed, but the results are certainly astonishing. The government has been reorganized, courts have been established, the laws have been revised, trade conditions have been improved and commerce has increased. Agriculture has been encouraged by the opening of experiment stations, railroads have been constructed from the interior to the sea-coast, and harbours have been dredged and lighthouses erected. Japanese expenditures in Korea have amounted to twelve million dollars yearly. |Isabel Anderson|The Spell of Japan, 1914}}

For reference, the $12 million figure in Anderson's book is roughly equivalent to $373.1 million in 2023.<ref>CPI Inflation Calculator. https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1913?amount=12000000</ref>

==Premiership (1916–1918)==
{{Infobox premiership
| image        = Portrait of Masatake Terauchi.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Okada Saburōsuke]]
| name         = Premiership of Terauchi Masatake
| party        = [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces|Military]] ([[Imperial Japanese Army|Army]])
| monarch      = [[Emperor Taishō]]
| seat         = [[Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei]]
| constituency = 
| term_start  = 9 October 1916
| term_end    = 29 September 1918
| cabinet     =[[Terauchi Cabinet]]
| election    = [[1917 Japanese general election|1917]]
| predecessor = [[Ōkuma Shigenobu#Second premiership|Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
| successor   = [[Hara Takashi#Premiership (1918–1921)|Hara Takashi]]
| seal         = Emblem of the Government of Japan.svg
| seal_caption = Emblem of the Government of Japan
}}
{{seealso|Terauchi Cabinet}}
In June 1916, Terauchi  he received his promotion to the largely ceremonial rank of ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'' (or [[Field Marshal]]). In October, he became Prime Minister, and concurrently held the cabinet posts of  [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] and [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]]. His cabinet consisted solely of career bureaucrats as he distrusted career civilian politicians.

During his tenure, Terauchi pursued an aggressive foreign policy. He oversaw the [[Nishihara Loans]] (made to support the Chinese warlord [[Duan Qirui]] in exchange for confirmation of Japanese claims to parts of [[Shandong Province]] and increased rights in [[Manchuria]]) and the [[Lansing–Ishii Agreement]] (recognizing Japan's special rights in China). Terauchi upheld Japan's obligations to the [[United Kingdom]] under the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] in [[World War I]], dispatching ships from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Mediterranean]], and seizing control of German colonies in [[Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory|Qingdao]] and the [[South Seas Mandate|Pacific Ocean]]. After the war, Japan joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the [[Siberian Intervention]] (whereby Japan sent troops into [[Siberia]] in support of [[White movement|White Russian]] forces against the [[Bolshevik]] [[Red Army]] in the [[Russian Revolution]]).

In September 1918, Terauchi resigned his office, due to the [[Rice Riots of 1918|rice riots]] that had spread throughout Japan due to [[inflation]]; he died the following year.

His decorations included the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (1st class) and [[Order of the Golden Kite]] (1st Class).

The [[billiken]] doll, which was a [[Kewpie]]-like fad toy invented in 1908 and was very popular in Japan, lent its name to the Terauchi administration, partly due to the doll's uncanny resemblance to Count Terauchi's bald head.

==Legacy==
Terauchi's eldest son, [[Count]] [[Hisaichi Terauchi|Terauchi Hisaichi]], was the commander of the Imperial Japanese Army's [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] during [[World War II]]. The 2nd Count Terauchi also held the rank of ''Gensui'' (or [[Marshal]]) like his father. Terauchi's eldest daughter married Count [[Hideo Kodama]], the son of General [[Kodama Gentaro]].

==Honours==
''From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia''

===Peerages===
*[[Viscount]] (21 September 1907) <ref>『官報』第7272号「授爵敍任及辞令」September 23, 1907</ref>
*[[Count]] (21 April 1911)<ref>『官報』第8347号「授爵・叙任及辞令」April 22, 1911。</ref>

===Japanese decorations===
* 1892 – [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Sacred Treasure]] [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第2828号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1892</ref>
* 1894 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class 
* 1895 – [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Golden Kite]] [[Order of the Golden Kite]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895</ref>
* 1895 –  [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895</ref>
* 1899 - [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 2Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Sacred Treasure]] Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class <ref>『官報』第4754号「叙任及辞令」May 10, 1899</ref>
* 1901 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun<ref>『官報』第2612号「叙任及辞令」April 19, 1921</ref>
* 1901 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class <ref>『官報』第5487号「叙任及辞令」October 15, 1901</ref>
* 1906 – [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 1Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Golden Kite]] Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class<ref>『官報』号外「叙任及辞令」January 28, 1907</ref>
* 1906 – [[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers<ref>『官報』号外「叙任及辞令」January 28, 1907</ref>
* 1919 – [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Chrysanthemum]] Grand Cordon of the  Order of the Chrysanthemum (posthumous)

===Foreign decorations (partial list)===
* 1886 – [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Chevalier <ref>『官報』第779号「叙任及辞令」February 9, 1886</ref>
* 1891 – [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Officier <ref>『官報』第2485号「叙任及辞令」October 9, 1891</ref>
* 1894 – [[File:Order of the Medjidie - Ribbon bar.svg|50px|link=Order of the Medjidie]] Ottoman Empire - [[Order of the Medjidie]], Commandeur <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1897</ref>
* 1897  – [[File:RUS Order św. Stanisława (baretka).svg|50px|link=Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] - Russia - [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]], 1st class <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>
* 1897 – [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Commandeur <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>
* 1906 – [[Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB) (15 March 1906)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27913|page=3323|date=15 May 1906}}</ref>
* 1907 – [[File:Order of the Dragon of Annam Knight ribbon.svg|50px|link=Order of the Dragon of Annam]] Annam - [[Order of the Dragon of Annam]], Commander <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>

==Popular culture==
* Portrayed by Lee Young-seok in the 2015 film ''[[Assassination (2015 film)|Assassination]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Albert M. Craig|Craig, Albert M.]] ''Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/482814571 OCLC 482814571]
*Duus, Peter. ''The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 (Twentieth-Century Japan - the Emergence of a World Power''. University of California Press (1998). {{ISBN|0-520-21361-0}}.
* Dupuy, Trevor N. ''[[Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography]]''. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1992. {{ISBN|0-7858-0437-4}}
* [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] and [[Gilbert Rozman]], eds. (1986). ''Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|9780691054599}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12311985  OCLC 12311985]
*  ____________. (2000). ''The Making of Modern Japan.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|9780674003347}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600  OCLC 44090600]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC 58053128]

==External links==
{{commons category|Terauchi Masatake}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kodama Gentarō]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of War of Japan|War Minister]]|years=March 1902&nbsp;– August 1911}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ishimoto Shinroku]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hayashi Tadasu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=July 1908&nbsp;– August 1908}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Komura Jutarō]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sone Arasuke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Resident-General of Korea|Resident General of Korea]]|years=May 1910&nbsp;– October 1910}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself<br><small>''{{nowrap|as [[Governor-General of Korea|Governor General of Korea]]}}''</small>}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=[[Resident-General of Korea|Resident General of Korea]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of Korea|Governor General of Korea]]|years=October 1910&nbsp;– October 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hasegawa Yoshimichi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ishii Kikujirō]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=October 1916&nbsp;– November 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Motono Ichirō]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Taketomi Tokitoshi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]]|years=October 1916&nbsp;– December 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kazue Shōda]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Japan]]|years=October 1916&nbsp;– September 1918}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hara Takashi]]}}
|-
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before=none | title=[[Inspectorate General of Military Training|Inspector-General of Military Training]] | years=January 1898&nbsp;– April 1900 | after=[[Nozu Michitsura]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Nozu Michitsura]]| title=[[Inspector-General of Military Training]] | years=January 1904&nbsp;– May 1905 | after=[[Nishii Hiroshi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}
{{Japanese foreign ministers}}
{{Japanese finance ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terauchi, Masatake}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Yamaguchi (city)]]
[[Category:People of the Meiji era]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Japan]]
[[Category:Governors-general of Chōsen]]
[[Category:Japanese Residents-General of Korea]]
[[Category:Japanese amputees]]
[[Category:Military attachés for Japan]]
[[Category:Marshals of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Imperial Japanese Army]]
[[Category:Japanese people of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:People of the Boshin War]]
[[Category:Japanese people of World War I]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Dragon of Annam]]
[[Category:Japanese politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Japanese people of the Russian Civil War]]