View source for Textured vegetable protein

{{Short description|Defatted soy flour food product}}
{{Distinguish|Hydrolyzed vegetable protein}}

[[Image:Textured vegetable protein.jpg|thumb|right|Dry TVP flakes are an inexpensive protein source when purchased in bulk and can be added to a variety of [[vegetarian]] dishes or used as a meat extender or supplement to bulk out a meat dish.]]
[[Image:Soja texturiert.jpg|thumb|right|Textured soy chunks]]

'''Textured''' or '''texturized vegetable protein''' ('''TVP'''), also known as '''textured soy protein''' ('''TSP'''), '''soy meat''', or '''soya chunks''', is a [[defatted]] [[soy flour]] product, a by-product of extracting [[soybean]] oil. It is often used as a [[meat analogue]] or [[meat extender]]. It is quick to cook, with a [[protein]] content comparable to some [[animal]]-derived [[meats]].

TVP may be produced from any protein-rich seed meal left over from vegetable oil production.<ref name=Foote/> Specifically, a wide range of [[legume|pulse seeds]] besides soybean, including lentils, peas, and [[faba bean]]s, may be used for TVP production.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kim |first=Taehoon |date=May 2018 |title=Texturization of Pulse Proteins: Peas, Lentils, and Faba Beans |type=PhD |hdl=1969.1/173522}}</ref> Peanut-based TVP is produced in China where [[peanut oil]] is a popular cooking oil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peanut Textured Vegetable Protein(TVP), Rapid rehydration & excellent water absorption |url=http://www.frozensweetpumpkin.com/sale-11746695-peanut-textured-vegetable-protein-tvp-rapid-rehydration-excellent-water-absorption.html |website=www.frozensweetpumpkin.com |access-date=2022-03-13 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129044933/https://www.frozensweetpumpkin.com/sale-11746695-peanut-textured-vegetable-protein-tvp-rapid-rehydration-excellent-water-absorption.html }}</ref>

==History==
Textured vegetable protein was invented by the agricultural commodities and food processing company [[Archer Daniels Midland]] in the 1960s; the company owns the name "textured vegetable protein" and the acronym TVP as registered trademarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/textured-vegetable-protein-tvp-vs-textured-soy-protein-tsp-20053.html|title=Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP) vs. Textured Soy Protein (TSP)| last=Decker| first=Fred| publisher=NationalGeographic.com| page=1| access-date=May 20, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527154247/http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/textured-vegetable-protein-tvp-vs-textured-soy-protein-tsp-20053.html| archive-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref>  Archer Daniels Midland had developed a textured soy protein isolate made with an extruder in the shape of rods or tubes. The soy protein isolate was produced in a small pilot plant and sold for use in [[Chili con carne|chili]], but the product was not commercially successful.  By 1968, TVP was widely used in a variety of food products, and consumption skyrocketed after 1971, when TVP was approved for use in school lunch programs.  By 1980, similar products were being produced by rival companies, but Archer Daniels Midland remained the leader in TVP production.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/archer_daniels_midland.php|title=Archer Daniels Midland Company|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|author-link=William Shurtleff |last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|author-link2=Akiko Aoyagi|publisher=Soy Info Center|page=1|access-date=May 19, 2013}}</ref>

==Manufacturing process==
TVP is usually made from high protein soy flour (approx. 50% [[soy protein]]) or concentrate (approx. 70% protein), but can also be made from [[cottonseed]], [[wheat]], and [[oat]]s.  It is [[Food extrusion|extruded]] into various shapes (chunks, flakes, nuggets, grains, and strips) and sizes, exiting the nozzle while still hot and expanding as it does so.  The defatted [[thermoplastic]] proteins are heated to {{convert|150-200|C|F|sigfig=2}}, which [[denaturation (biochemistry)|denatures]] them into a fibrous, insoluble, porous network that can soak up as much as three times its weight in liquids.  As the pressurized molten protein mixture exits the extruder, the sudden drop in pressure causes rapid expansion into a puffy solid that is then dried.<ref name=Foote>{{Cite book|author= Foote R |title=Food preparation and cooking |publisher=Stanley Thornes |location=Cheltenham |year=1996 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=vRcidxIUWYMC&pg=PA393 393]|isbn=0-7487-2566-0 }}</ref>

Many TVP producers use [[hexane]] to separate soy fat from soy protein, and trace amounts of the solvent are left after manufacturing. But the [[animal testing on rodents|rodent studies]] that have been done suggest it would be almost impossible to get enough hexane from TVP to cause harm.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/04/is_your_veggie_burger_killing_you.html | title = Is Your Veggie Burger Killing You? | access-date = 2012-03-23 | author = Brian Palmer | work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> Measured levels of residual hexane in TVP are around 20 parts per million;<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cornucopia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/behindthebean_color_final.pdf | title = Behind the Bean The Heroes and Charlatans of the Natural and Organic Soy Foods Industry | access-date = 2019-03-12 | work = Cornucopia Institute | date = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> and studies in rodents suggest that 5 g/kg is the minimum dose at which undesirable effects may be observed.

==Properties==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2015}}
{{nutritional value
| name = Textured vegetable protein, dry
| water = 6.24 g
| alcohol = 0 g
| caffeine = 0 mg
| cholesterol = 0 mg
| source = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2707451/nutrients USDA FoodData Central] <!-- archive URL: https://archive.today/20250127175632/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2707451/nutrients; metadata from source: "Data Type: Survey (FNDDS); FDC ID: 2707451; Food Code: 41440000; Start Date: 1/1/2021; End Date: 12/31/2023; Food Category: Soy and meat-alternative products; FDC Published: 10/31/2024" -->
| kJ = 
| protein = 51.1 g
| fat = 3.33 g
| kcal = 366
| carbs = 32.9 g
| fiber = 17.5 g
| satfat = 0.136 g <!-- SFA 14:0: 0.003 g, SFA 16:0: 0.1 g, SFA 18:0: 0.034 g -->
| monofat = 0.208 g <!-- MUFA 16:1: 0.003 g, MUFA 18:1: 0.206 g -->
| polyfat = 0.533 g <!-- PUFA 18:2: 0.47 g, PUFA 18:3: 0.063 g -->
| serving_size = 100 g <!-- these numbers are for 100 g; the portion sizes listed are: 1 cup, NFS / 68 g / 10010; 1 cup, coarse grain / 68 g / 10041; 1 cup, fine grain / 120 g / 10077; and Quantity not specified / 17 g / 90000 -->
| sugars = 16.42 g
| vitE_mg = 0.12
| vitK_ug = 4.1
| calcium_mg = 338
| iron_mg = 7.34
| magnesium_mg = 313
| phosphorus_mg = 726
| potassium_mg = 2480
| sodium_mg = 2
| zinc_mg = 4.44
| manganese_mg = 
| copper_mg = 1.51
| selenium_ug = 45.8
| choline_mg = 11.3
| vitC_mg = 0
| vitA_ug = 2
| betacarotene_ug = 24
| thiamin_mg = 0.542
| riboflavin_mg = 0.298
| niacin_mg = 3.43
| pantothenic_mg = 
| vitB6_mg = 0.618
| folate_ug = 305
| vitB12_ug = 0
| note = 
}}

TVP can be made from soy flour or concentrate, containing 50% and 70% soy protein, respectively; they have a mild beany flavor.  Both require rehydration before use, sometimes with flavoring added in the same step.  TVP is [[Food extrusion|extruded]], causing a change in the structure of the soy protein which results in a fibrous, spongy matrix, similar in texture to meat.  In its dehydrated form, TVP has a shelf life of longer than a year, but will spoil within several days after being hydrated.  In its flaked form, it can be used similarly to ground meat.

==Nutrition==
Dried textured vegetable protein is 6% water, 51% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], 33% [[carbohydrate]]s, and 3% [[fat]] (table). In a {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|adj=on|abbr=off}} reference amount, it provides {{convert|327|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]], and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of several [[B vitamins]], including [[folate]] (76% DV), and [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]], especially [[copper in biology|copper]], [[zinc in biology|zinc]], [[phosphorus in biology|phosphorus]], [[magnesium in biology|magnesium]], and [[iron in biology|iron]] (40–168% DV; table).

Textured soy protein is a source of soy [[phytoestrogens]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reinli |first1=K. |first2=G. |last2=Block |year=1996 |title=Phytoestrogen content of foods—a compendium of literature values |journal=Nutrition and Cancer |volume=26 |issue= 2|pages=123–148 |doi=10.1080/01635589609514470 |pmid=8875551 }}</ref> The processing required to arrive at defatted soy flour does not remove a lot of isoflavones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=Suqin |last2=Duncan |first2=Alison M. |last3=Yang |first3=Raymond |last4=Marcone |first4=Massimo F. |last5=Rajcan |first5=Istvan |last6=Tsao |first6=Rong |title=Tracking isoflavones: From soybean to soy flour, soy protein isolates to functional soy bread |journal=Journal of Functional Foods |date=January 2009 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.013|doi-access=free }}</ref> The process of extrusion cooking in making TVP reduces the concentration of antinutritional factors such as [[phytate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baune |first1=Marie-Christin |last2=Terjung |first2=Nino |last3=Tülbek |first3=Mehmet Çağlar |last4=Boukid |first4=Fatma |title=Textured vegetable proteins (TVP): Future foods standing on their merits as meat alternatives |journal=Future Foods |date=December 2022 |volume=6 |article-number=100181 |doi=10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100181|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Feijão tropeiro vegano, polenta, e arroz.jpg|thumb|A meal using TVP]]
{{Original research section|date=July 2015}}
As much as 50% protein when dry, TVP can be rehydrated at a 2:1 ratio, which drops the percentage of protein to an approximation of [[ground meat]] at 16%. TVP is primarily used as a meat substitute due to its very low cost at less than a third the price of ground beef<ref name = Clark/><ref>{{Cite book| author=Riaz MN |title=Soy applications in food | publisher= [[CRC Press]] | location = Boca Raton |year=2006 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=MyaYPGhJQk0C&pg=PA155 155–84] |isbn=0-8493-2981-7 }}</ref> and, when cooked together, will help retain more nutrients from the meat by absorbing juices normally lost.<ref name = Clark>{{Cite book|vauthors=Clark JD, Valentas KJ, Levine L |title=Food processing operations and scale-up |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=New York |year=1991 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n0G-3Y0x8csC&pg=PA134 134–7] |isbn=0-8247-8279-8 }}</ref>

Textured vegetable protein is a versatile substance; different forms allow it to take on the texture of whatever ground meat it is substituting.<ref>[https://www.yourdailyvegan.com/tvp/ ''T.V.P.'']; Your Daily Vegan;</ref> Using TVP, one can make [[vegetarian]] or [[vegan]] versions of traditionally meat-based dishes, such as [[chili con carne]], [[spaghetti bolognese]], [[sloppy joe]]s, [[taco]]s, [[hamburger|burger]]s, or [[burrito]]s.

Soy<ref>[https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/support/symptoms-and-side-effects/cancer-nutrition-services/nutrition-and-prevention/all-about-soy ''All About Soy'']; Rogel Cancer Center – Support;</ref> protein can also be used as a low cost and high nutrition [[meat extender|extender]] in [[Comminution|comminuted]] meat and poultry products, and in tuna salads.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Hoogenkamp |first=Henk W. |title=Soy protein and formulated meat products |publisher=CABI Pub |location=Wallingford, Oxon, UK |year=2005 |isbn=0-85199-864-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IRIRBOd_oTcC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Joseph G. Endres |title=Soy Protein Products |publisher=AOCS Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-893997-27-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNa1vS0sZYC }}</ref>  Food service, retail and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such "extended" products. Extension may result in diminished flavor, although extra seasoning can suffice, but fat and cholesterol levels are decreased. TVP being used by itself as a substitute has no fat at all,<ref>{{cite web | title=How Many Calories in TVP| url=http://www.calorieking.com/foods/calories-in-vegetarian-foods-tvp-textured-vegetable-protein-dry_f-ZmlkPTk1MzA2.html| website=Calorie King| publisher=2018 CalorieKing Wellness Solutions, Inc.| access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> and can be effectively seasoned to taste like red meat.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Textured vegetable protein can be found in [[Health food store|health food stores]] and larger [[supermarket]]s, usually in the bulk section. TVP is also very lightweight and is often used in [[backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]] [[recipe]]s. Because of its relatively low cost, high protein content, and long shelf life,<ref>[https://www.usaemergencysupply.com/information-center/all-about/all-about-textured-vegetable-protein ''All About Textured Vegetable Protein'']; USA Emergency Supply WebPage</ref> TVP is often used in prisons and schools, as well as for [[disaster preparedness]]. Those with [[soy allergy]], however, should avoid TVP.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Textured vegetable protein}}
{{Portal|Food}}
* {{Annotated link|List of meat substitutes}}
* {{Annotated link|Mycoprotein}}
* {{Annotated link|Seitan}}
* {{Annotated link|Soy curls}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=History of Soy Flour, Grits and Flakes (510 CE to 2013): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|author-link1=William Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|author-link2=Akiko Aoyagi|edition=illustrated|year=2013|publisher=Soyinfo Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhJcAgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-928914-63-1|access-date=24 April 2014}}

{{Soy|state=collapsed}}
{{Archer Daniels Midland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Textured Vegetable Protein}}
[[Category:Meat substitutes]]
[[Category:Soy-based foods]]
[[Category:Archer Daniels Midland]]