View source for The Day the Music Died

{{Short description|1959 American plane crash}}
{{About|the plane crash}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Accident
| image           = The Day the Music Died.jpg
| image_upright   = 1.25
| alt             = A tangled mass of metal with a wing and landing gear wheel barely recognizable, on a snowy field
| caption         = The wreckage of the Bonanza at the crash site
| date            = {{Start date and age|1959|02|03}}
| summary         = Crashed following loss of control in poor weather at night
| site            = [[Grant Township, Cerro Gordo County, Iowa]], U.S.
| coords          = {{coord|43|13|13.3|N|93|22|53.1|W|region:US-IA_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-zoom = 3
| plane1_image    = Beech 35 N3188V Jan1949 (11124699236).jpg
| plane1_caption  = A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
| aircraft_type   = [[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
| operator        = Dwyer Flying Service, [[Mason City, Iowa]], U.S.
| tail_number     = N3794N
| origin          = [[Mason City Municipal Airport]], Iowa, U.S.
| destination     = [[Hector International Airport|Hector Airport]], North Dakota, U.S.
| occupants       = 4
| passengers      = 3 ([[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]], [[The Big Bopper]])
| crew            = 1
| fatalities      = 4
| survivors       = 0
}}

On February 3, 1959, American [[rock and roll]] musicians [[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]], and [[The Big Bopper|"The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson]] were all killed in a plane crash near [[Clear Lake, Iowa]], together with pilot Roger Peterson.{{efn|This was one of three notable aviation incidents to occur on this date; the other two were the crash of [[American Airlines Flight 320]] in [[New York City]] (which knocked the story of the Clear Lake crash down the headlines in the newspapers) and the near crash of [[Pan Am Flight 115]] near [[Newfoundland]].}}<ref name=ergappo>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t_xVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5287%2C450904 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Rock 'n' roll singers die in air crash |date=February 3, 1959 |page=1A |access-date=October 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812000853/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t_xVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5287,450904 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=rrtrpbb>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=flNYAAAAIBAJ&pg=6401%2C3799730 |work=Bend Bulletin |location=Oregon |agency=UPI |title=Stars of rock 'n' roll troupe die in crash which claims 4 lives |date=February 3, 1959 |page=1 |access-date=October 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812000851/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=flNYAAAAIBAJ&pg=6401,3799730 |url-status=live }}</ref> The event became known as "'''The Day the Music Died'''" after singer-songwriter [[Don McLean]] referred to it as such in his 1971 song "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]".

At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Tommy Allsup]], and [[Carl Bunch]], were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" [[concert tour|tour]] across the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]]. Rising artists Valens, Richardson and vocal group [[Dion and the Belmonts]] had joined the tour as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of [[influenza|flu]] and even [[frostbite]].

After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by the conditions on the tour buses, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in [[Moorhead, Minnesota]]. Richardson, suffering from flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a [[coin toss]]. Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, pilot Peterson lost control of the light aircraft, a [[Beechcraft Bonanza]], which crashed into a cornfield, killing all four on board.

The event has since been mentioned or referenced in various media. Various monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is held at the [[Surf Ballroom]], the venue that hosted the artists' last performances.

==Background==
In November 1958, [[Buddy Holly]] terminated his association with [[The Crickets]]. According to [[Paul Anka]], Holly realized he needed to go back on [[concert tour|tour]] again for two reasons: he needed cash because the Crickets' manager [[Norman Petty]] had apparently stolen money from him, and he wanted to raise funds to move to [[New York City]] to live with his new wife, [[María Elena Holly]], who was pregnant (although he already lived in New York when he started the tour).<ref name="Anka_Page88">{{cite book |last1=Anka |first1=Paul |last2=Dalton |first2=David |title=My Way: An Autobiography |date=2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=9781250035202 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nK3YhlaflSQC&pg=PA88 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412030609/https://books.google.com/books?id=nK3YhlaflSQC&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref> Holly signed up with [[General Artists Corporation]] (GAC) because "he knew they were planning a British tour and he wanted to be in on that."<ref name="Anka_Page90">{{cite book |last1=Anka |first1=Paul |last2=Dalton |first2=David |title=My Way: An Autobiography |date=2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=9781250035202 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nK3YhlaflSQC&pg=PA90 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412030608/https://books.google.com/books?id=nK3YhlaflSQC&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, Holly assembled a band consisting of [[Waylon Jennings]] (bass), [[Tommy Allsup]] (guitar) and [[Carl Bunch]] (drums), with the opening vocals of [[Frankie Sardo]]. The tour was set to cover twenty-four [[Midwest]]ern cities in as many days{{mdash}}there were no off days. New hit artist [[Ritchie Valens]], [[The Big Bopper|"The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson]] and the vocal group [[Dion and the Belmonts]] joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.<ref name="Suddath">{{cite magazine |last=Suddath |first=Claire |title=The Day the Music Died |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1876542,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=December 22, 2020 |date=February 3, 2009 |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826140119/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1876542,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA10 10]}}

[[File:Winter Dance Party Tour Schedule, 1959.svg|thumb|<!--left|-->Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959]]
The tour began in [[Milwaukee]] on January 23, 1959, with the performance in [[Clear Lake, Iowa]] on February 2 being the eleventh of the twenty-four scheduled events. The amount of travel required soon posed a serious problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled. Instead of systematically circling around the Midwest through a series of venues in close proximity to one another, the tour erratically zigzagged back and forth across the region, with distances between some tour stops exceeding {{convert|400|mi}}. As there were no off days, the bands had to travel most of each day, frequently for ten to twelve hours in freezing mid-winter temperatures. Most of the [[Interstate Highway System]] had not yet been built, so the routes between tour stops required far more driving time on narrow two-lane rural highways than would now be the case on modern expressways.

GAC, which booked the tour,{{sfn|Lehmer|2004|p=82}} received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:

{{blockquote|They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map{{nbsp}}... The tour from hell—that's what they named it—and it's not a bad name.|Bill Griggs, music historian and founder of the Buddy Holly Memorial Society<ref name="startribune.com">{{Cite news|last=Huey|first=Pamela|date=February 3, 2009|title=Buddy Holly: The tour from hell|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/2009-buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815061916/https://www.startribune.com/2009-buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/|archive-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>}}

The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced frequently. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first eleven days of the tour—"reconditioned [[school buses]], not good enough for school kids."<ref name="startribune.com"/> The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no [[road crew]] assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the harsh weather, which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from {{cvt|20|F}} to as low as {{cvt|−36|F}}. When the bus was delayed in departing [[Duluth, Minnesota]] late on January 31, Valens suggested chartering a plane, but a replacement bus arrived in time.<ref name=amburn235/>

In the early morning hours of February 1, while traveling from Duluth to a matinee performance in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], the bus's heating system broke down and its engine froze, leaving the musicians stranded on a remote stretch of [[U.S. Route 51 in Wisconsin|U.S. Highway 51]] near [[Pine Lake, Wisconsin]]. Temperatures reached as low as {{cvt|−40|F}} as they waited for help to arrive, with the musicians burning newspapers inside the bus to keep warm. It was two hours before [[Iron County, Wisconsin|Iron County]] sheriffs rescued the group, by which time Carl Bunch had developed [[frostbite]] in both feet. Bunch was taken to the nearest hospital in [[Ironwood, Michigan]], where he remained under observation for the next few days, while the planned performance in Appleton was canceled. Taking a [[Chicago and North Western Railway|Chicago & North Western]] train from Hurley, the group made it to [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] in time for that evening's performance at the [[Riverside Ballroom]].<ref name=amburn235>Amburn, Ellis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd8jAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 Buddy Holly: A Biography]'', [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 1996, pages 235–239.</ref>

[[File:WinterDanceParty.jpg|thumb|right|Concert poster for the ill-fated "Winter Dance Party" tour.]]
With Bunch removed from the tour group, Holly, Valens and [[Dion DiMucci]] (and Carlo Mastrangelo of the Belmonts who was a drummer) took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay and Clear Lake, Iowa, with Holly playing drums for Dion, Dion playing drums for Ritchie, and Ritchie playing drums for Holly.<ref name="WeGoNews">{{cite web |url=http://www.robertlemon.name/myhurley//links.htm |title=Connection to Buddy Holly Death |publisher=WeGoNews.com |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827081351/http://www.robertlemon.name/myhurley/links.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, west of [[Mason City, Iowa]], having driven {{convert|350|mi}} from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. Clear Lake had not been a scheduled stop; tour promoters hoped to fill the open date and called Carroll Anderson, the manager of the local [[Surf Ballroom]], and offered him the show. Anderson accepted and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. After Valens closed his set at the Ballroom, he phoned his manager [[Bob Keane]] and after a conversation about the undesirable situation with the tour, they agreed that after the show in Moorhead, Ritchie would be going back to California.<ref>{{cite web | title=Narration of Ritchie Valens' Story as Told by Bob Keane, Producer and Manager of Ritchie Valens | website=[[YouTube]] | date=November 8, 2014 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CN1Dul8WyW8 }}</ref> The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was [[Moorhead, Minnesota]], a {{convert|365|mi|-1|adj=on}} drive north-northwest—and, as a reflection of the poor quality of the tour planning, a journey that would have taken them directly back through the two towns they had already played within the last week. No respite was in sight after that, as the following day, after having traveled from Iowa to Minnesota, they were scheduled to travel back to Iowa, specifically almost directly south to [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]], a {{convert|325|mi|-1|adj=on}} trip.

Holly chartered a plane to fly himself and his band to [[Fargo, North Dakota]], which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA13 13]}} Their gig in Moorhead was to have been a radio performance at the station [[KFGO (AM)|KFGO]] with [[disc jockey]] Charlie Boone.

==Flight arrangements==
Anderson chartered a plane from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, to fly to Fargo's [[Hector International Airport|Hector Airport]], the closest airport to Moorhead;{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA14 14]}} the pilot was Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old married man who had "built his life around flying".<ref name="CAB1"/>

Dwyer Flying Service charged a fee of $36 ({{Inflation|US|36|1959|r=-1|fmt=eq}}) per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed [[Beechcraft 35 Bonanza]] ([[Aircraft registration#United States|registration]] {{Airreg|N|3794N}}), which seated three passengers and the pilot.{{sfn|Schuck, Raymond|p=16|2012}} A popular misconception, originating from [[Don McLean]]'s [[American Pie (song)|song about the crash]], was that the plane was called ''American Pie'';<!-- In fact,--> no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Pie |url=http://www.snopes.com/music/artists/americanpie.asp |website=Snopes.com |date=March 13, 2000 |access-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322155057/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/american-pie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted the flu during the tour and asked Jennings for his seat on the plane.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://beyondthedash.com/blog/remembering/the-day-the-music-died-remembering-the-lives-lost/7394|title= The Day the Music Died: Remembering The Lives Lost|date= 25 January 2021|website= Beyond the Dash|access-date= 15 March 2021|archive-date= February 10, 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240210111420/https://beyondthedash.com/blog/remembering/the-day-the-music-died-remembering-the-lives-lost/7394|url-status= live}}</ref> When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your damned bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes", a humorous but ill-fated response that would haunt Jennings for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Jennings|Kaye|1996|p=70}} Valens, who once had a [[fear of flying]], asked Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to [[coin toss|toss a coin]] to decide.{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA14 14]}} Bob Hale, a disc jockey with Mason City's [[KRIB|KRIB-AM]], was [[Master of ceremonies|emceeing]] the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight. Valens is apocryphally said to have remarked, "That's the first time I've ever won anything in my life."<ref>{{cite news |last=McArdle |first=Terence |date=12 January 2017 |title=Tommy Allsup, guitarist who backed Buddy Holly, Kenny Rogers and others, dies at 85 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/tommy-allsup-guitarist-who-backed-buddy-holly-kenny-rogers-and-others-died-at-85/2017/01/12/6645d724-d8e2-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170113073851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/tommy-allsup-guitarist-who-backed-buddy-holly-kenny-rogers-and-others-died-at-85/2017/01/12/6645d724-d8e2-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.888e6c675c92 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and Richardson to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview, Dion said that Holly called him, Valens and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Sardo's performance and said, "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson, who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion said he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare equalled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.<ref>{{cite book |last=DiMucci |first=Dion |title=The Wanderer |page=89 |publisher=Beech Tree Books |year=1988}}</ref>

==Take-off and crash==
{{OSM Location map
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| width = 200
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| mark-size1 = 18
| label1 =Airport
| mark-coord1 = {{Coord|43|9|28|N|93|19|52|W}}
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|caption = Locations of Clear Lake, Mason City Municipal Airport, and the crash site
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After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens and Richardson to nearby [[Mason City Municipal Airport]],{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA15 15]}} where the [[elevation]] is {{convert|1214|ft}} [[Sea level#AMSL|AMSL]]. The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a [[Ceiling (cloud)|ceiling]] of {{convert|3000|ft|-2}} AMSL with sky obscured, visibility {{convert|6|mi|0|spell=in}} and winds from {{convert|20|to|30|mph|kn km/h m/s|abbr=on}}. Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings Peterson received failed to relay the information.{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA16 16]}}

The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 00:55 (12:55 am) [[Central Time Zone|CST]] on Tuesday, February 3.{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA17 17]}} Hubert Jerry Dwyer, owner of the flying service, watched the southbound take-off from a platform outside the [[control tower]]. He was able to clearly see the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial 180 degree left turn to pass east of the airport, climbing to approximately {{convert|800|ft}} [[Height above ground level|AGL]]. After an additional left turn to a northwesterly heading, the tail light was observed gradually descending until it disappeared. Around 1{{nbsp}}am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts were made to establish radio contact, without success.<ref name="CAB1">{{cite report |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/1959/CAB_2-3-1959.pdf |title=Aircraft Accident Report |last1=Durfee |first1=James R. |last2=Gurney |first2=Chan |last3=Denny |first3=Harmar D. |last4=Minetti |first4=G. Joseph |last5=Hector |first5=Louis J.|publisher=[[Civil Aeronautics Board]] |date=September 23, 1959 |access-date=February 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226025843/https://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/1959/CAB_2-3-1959.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref> Later that morning at daylight, after several attempts to contact the plane were unsuccessful, Dwyer retraced Peterson's planned route by air, and around 9:35 am he spotted the wreckage less than {{convert|6|mi|0|spell=in}} northwest of the airport.<ref name="CAB1"/>

The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around {{convert|170|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}}, banked 90° to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right-wing tip struck the ground first, gouging a {{convert|12 x 2|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-deep}} furrow, crumpling then breaking off. The fuselage then hit the ground right-side down and bounced a few feet back into the air, traveling another {{convert|50|feet|yd m|0}} through the air, simultaneously rolling inverted due to the remaining left wing still generating lift. The plane struck the ground a final time, in an inverted, nose-down position, the nose hitting and flipping the plane over into a right-side up, tail-first position. The momentum of the heavy engine caused the fuselage, left wing remaining attached and intact to the end, to roll upon itself into a virtual ball, rolling nose-over-tail across the frozen field for {{convert|540|ft|yd m}}, before coming to rest tail-first against a wire fence.<ref name="CAB1"/> The bodies of the performers had been ejected from the fuselage and lay near the plane's wreckage, while Peterson's body, which was entangled in the wreckage, could only be retrieved after the cockpit was cut open using [[blowtorch]]es.<ref name="CAB1"/><ref>(February 4, 1959) [https://access-newspaperarchive-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald/1959/02-04/page-3/ "3 Rock, Roll Stars Killed in Air Crash"], ''[[Anderson Herald]]''. pg.3. United Press International. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</ref> With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.{{sfn|Everitt|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4TSH_b7IHYC&pg=PA21 21]}} The county [[coroner]], Ralph Smiley, reported that all four victims died instantly, the cause of death being "[[Blunt trauma|gross trauma]] to brain" for the three musicians and "[[brain damage]]" for the pilot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Death certificates |url=https://www.awesomestories.com/media/user/b5885f23f3.pdf |website=Awesome Stories |access-date=June 1, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055815/https://www.awesomestories.com/media/user/b5885f23f3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coroner's investigation |url=https://www.awesomestories.com/media/user/f24430da16.pdf |website=Awesome Stories |access-date=June 1, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051751/https://www.awesomestories.com/media/user/f24430da16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:The Day the Music Died - The Vancouver Sun (1959).jpg|thumb|right|Newspaper clipping, February 3, 1959]]
María Elena Holly learned of her husband's death via a television news report. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a [[miscarriage]] shortly after, reportedly due to "[[psychological trauma]]". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in [[Lubbock, Texas]], screamed and collapsed.<ref name="Suddath"/>

Despite the tragedy, the "Winter Dance Party" tour continued. Fifteen-year-old [[Bobby Vee]] was given the task of filling in for Holly at the next scheduled performance in Moorhead, in part because he "knew all the words to all the songs."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bobbyvee.net/Bio.html |title=Bobby Vee Biography |website=bobbyvee.net |at=Paragraph 3 |access-date=2020-12-22 |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129014717/http://bobbyvee.net/Bio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jennings and Allsup carried on for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.{{sfn|Carr|Munde|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2QhJf4jR0C&dq=Waylon+Jennings+KLLL&pg=PT166 155]}} Other performers who were recruited for the remainder of the tour were [[Jimmy Clanton]], [[Fabian Forte|Fabian]] and [[Frankie Avalon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Genetti |first1=Domenic |title=Winter Dance Party's resilience after plane crash killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, The Big Bopper |url=https://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/buddy-holly-crash-anniversary-18644502.php |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=Beaumony Enterprise |date=February 2, 2024}}</ref>

Meanwhile, funerals for the victims were held individually. Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in [[California]] and Peterson in Iowa. Holly's widow, María Elena, did not attend his funeral.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McLean|first=Craig|date=2019-02-01|title='He knew he was going to die': Buddy Holly's widow on keeping his memory alive|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/knew-going-die-buddy-hollys-widow-keeping-memory-alive/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/knew-going-die-buddy-hollys-widow-keeping-memory-alive/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-28|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."<ref>{{cite news  |url=http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/081508/loc_318846994.shtml |title=Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago |first=William |last=Kerns |work=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |date=August 15, 2008 |access-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323234441/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/081508/loc_318846994.shtml |archive-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref>

==Official investigation==
The official investigation was carried out by the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] (CAB, precursor to the [[National Transportation Safety Board|NTSB]]). It emerged that Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one was with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 were on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of [[Instrument flight rules|instrument flight training]], although he had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. Peterson and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under [[visual flight rules]], which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where the aircraft is going. On the night of the accident visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.<ref name="CAB1"/>
{{multiple image
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 | image1            = VMS Artificial Horizon.jpg
 | caption1          = A conventional artificial horizon: sky on top, ground at the bottom
 | image2            = Sperry F3 artificial horizon.svg
 | caption2          = A Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope: ground on top, sky at the bottom
}}

Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument [[FAA Practical Test|checkride]] nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional [[artificial horizon]] as a source of aircraft attitude information, while the accident aircraft was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude [[gyroscope]]. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same [[Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)|aircraft pitch attitude]] information in graphically opposite ways. As a result, when the aircraft took off, Peterson, observing the older model Sperry F3 gyroscope, thought he was climbing when in fact he was descending.<ref name="CAB1"/>

Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" nighttime weather briefing provided to Peterson, which "failed to even mention adverse flying conditions which should have been highlighted".<ref name="CAB1"/> The CAB concluded that the probable cause of the accident was "the pilot's unwise decision" to attempt a flight at night that required skills he did not have.<ref name="CAB1"/>

==Subsequent investigations==
On March 6, 2007, in [[Beaumont, Texas]], Richardson's body was [[exhumation|exhumed]] for reburial. Forest Lawn Cemetery moved his body to a more suitable area after plans were made to erect a bronze statue near his gravesite to accompany a newly received historical marker. As the body was to be placed in a new casket while above ground, the musician's son, Jay Perry Richardson, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original coroner's findings and asked forensic anthropologist [[William M. Bass]] to carry out the procedure.

A longstanding rumor surrounding the accident, which this re-examination sought to confirm or dispel, asserted that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash. It had also been speculated that Richardson initially survived the crash and crawled out of the wreckage in search of help before succumbing to his injuries, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the plane than the other victims. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, unsurvivable fractures to virtually every bone in his body. No traces of lead were found from any bullet, nor any indication that he had been shot. Coroner Smiley's original 1959 report was, therefore, confirmed as accurate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockin50s.com/exhumation.htm |first=Bill |last=Griggs |title=Big Bopper Exhumation |access-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707224948/http://www.rockin50s.com/exhumation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 18, 2007 |title=Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/17/AR2007011701976.html |access-date=April 26, 2015 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223810/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/17/AR2007011701976.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2015, the NTSB received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.<ref name=KITV28252437>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktiv.com/story/28252437/2015/03/03/board-considering-reopening-plane-crash-investigation |title=Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly |publisher=KITV |date=March 3, 2015 |access-date=March 4, 2015 |archive-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305000051/http://www.ktiv.com/story/28252437/2015/03/03/board-considering-reopening-plane-crash-investigation |url-status=dead }}</ref> The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from [[New England]] who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right [[V-tail#Ruddervators|ruddervator]], or a problem with the fuel system, as well as possible improper weight distribution. Coon argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2015/03/03/transportation-board-considers-reopening-buddy-holly-crash/24315777/ |title=NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case |author=Kilen, Mike |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/04/buddy-holly-plane-crash-investigation-re-opened |title=Buddy Holly plane crash: officials consider reopening 1959 probe |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Pilkington, Ed |date=March 5, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305204139/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/04/buddy-holly-plane-crash-investigation-re-opened |url-status=live }}</ref> The NTSB declined the request in April 2015, saying that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened |url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2015/04/28/buddy-holly-plane-crash-investigation/26498071/ |access-date=April 1, 2016 |work=The Des Moines Register |agency=Associated Press |date=April 28, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Advertiser/>

==Legacy==
=== Policy ===
A policy not to report on a person's death until their family had been notified was implemented by authorities in the months after María Elena Holly suffered her miscarriage due to the psychological trauma of hearing about her husband's death on television for the first time.<ref name="Suddath2">{{Cite magazine |last=Suddath |first=Claire |date=February 3, 2009 |title=The Day the Music Died |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1876542,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205112819/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1876542,00.html |archive-date=2009-02-05 |access-date=2015-04-29}}</ref>

=== Memorials ===
A memorial service for Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church in [[Ventura, Iowa]], on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of [[Alta, Iowa|Alta]]; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 4, 1959 |title=Plane Crash Victim Rites at Ventura - Obituary of Roger A. Peterson |pages=20 |work=The Globe Gazette |agency=LE |location=Iowa |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/2270950/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjIyNzA5NTAsImlhdCI6MTY3NjA1MDI5MCwiZXhwIjoxNjc2MTM2NjkwfQ.5vM-Iwat28hlne4kYVDXjyoPmPaqsZCyE11o1xGjCvY&article=9d3bf217-f2e0-404d-ab4f-2ff07ae697e2 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210182539/https://www.newspapers.com/image/2270950/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjIyNzA5NTAsImlhdCI6MTY3NjA1MDI5MCwiZXhwIjoxNjc2MTM2NjkwfQ.5vM-Iwat28hlne4kYVDXjyoPmPaqsZCyE11o1xGjCvY&article=9d3bf217-f2e0-404d-ab4f-2ff07ae697e2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Films ===
* The accident closes the biographical film ''[[The Buddy Holly Story]]'' ([[1978 in film|1978]]); the film ends as the Clear Lake concert concludes, and a freeze-frame shot is followed with a caption revealing their deaths later that night "...and the rest is Rock 'N Roll."
* The run-up to the accident (which happens entirely off-camera) and its aftermath, particularly the reactions of Ritchie Valens' immediate family and loved ones, are depicted in the Valens biopic ''[[La Bamba (film)|La Bamba]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]).

=== Memorial concerts ===
Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.surfballroom.com/wdp-history.html |title=Winter Dance Party History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123507/http://www.surfballroom.com/wdp-history.html |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |publisher=Surf Ballroom}}</ref> The fiftieth anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with [[Delbert McClinton]], [[Joe Ely]], [[Wanda Jackson]], [[Los Lobos]], [[Chris Montez]], [[Bobby Vee]], [[Graham Nash]], [[Peter and Gordon]], Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring [[Chuck Leavell]], [[James "Hutch" Hutchinson]], [[Bobby Keys]], and [[Kenny Aronoff]]. Jay Perry Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Bream |date=February 3, 2009 |url=http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1604190/fans-pack-surf-ballroom-for-tribute-to-buddy-holly-ritchie-valens-and-the-big-bopper.jhtml |title=Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper |publisher=CMT News |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130202122/http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1604190/fans-pack-surf-ballroom-for-tribute-to-buddy-holly-ritchie-valens-and-the-big-bopper.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Coffey |date=February 5, 2009 |url=http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/Daily/News/Holly_Valens_Richardson_Remembered_50_Winters_Later.aspx |title=Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later |work=Premier Guitar |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=April 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415151340/http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/Daily/News/Holly_Valens_Richardson_Remembered_50_Winters_Later.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A series of tribute concerts called the Winter Dance Party Tour was started by John Mueller, who starred as Buddy Holly in the musical [[Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story]]. The recreation and live show is endorsed by the estates of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P Richardson.<ref>[John Mueller's Winter Dance Party https://winterdanceparty.com/]</ref>

=== Monuments ===
In June 1988, a {{convert|4|ft|adj=on}} tall [[granite]] memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.

In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three [[gramophone record|records]] bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.{{sfn|Lehmer|2004|p=342}} The monument is on private farmland, about {{convert|1/4|mi|ft yd m|abbr=on}} west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, {{convert|5|mi|0|spell=in}} north of Clear Lake. At that intersection, a large plasma-cut steel set of [[Ray-Ban Wayfarer|Wayfarer]]-style glasses, similar to those Holly wore, marks the access point to the crash site.<ref name=Advertiser>{{cite news |first=Kyle |last=Munson |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/kyle-munson/2016/02/04/rip-jerry-dwyer-man-haunted-buddy-holly-crash/79711056/ |title=RIP Jerry Dwyer, a man haunted by the Buddy Holly crash |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |date=February 4, 2016 |access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref>

Paquette created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the [[Riverside Ballroom]] in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, Richardson, and Valens played their penultimate show on <!--the night of-->February 1<!--, 1959-->. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Jordan |url=http://www.articlestree.com/music/the-day-the-music-died-tx390707.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120207001836/http://www.articlestree.com/music/the-day-the-music-died-tx390707.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |title=The Day the Music Died |work=Articles Tree |date=April 11, 2007 |access-date=January 30, 2009}}</ref> In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.<ref name="Naughton">{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Jordan |title=Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site |work=The Des Moines Register |date=February 2, 2009 |url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20090202/BUDDYHOLLY/90202032/1001/NEWS |access-date=April 14, 2009}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Surf Ballroom Monument.jpg|Monument in front of the [[Surf Ballroom]] in [[Clear Lake, Iowa]]
File:GlassesSign.jpg|alt=A sculpture consisting of two white posts holding a black spectacles frame in Buddy Holly's characteristic style|Signpost east of the<!-- Clear Lake--> crash site replicating Holly's signature glasses. The crash site is actually about {{convert|1,850|feet|m|0}} from this location, down the path along the fence line.
File:CrashSiteClearLakeIowa.JPG|Memorial<!--marking--> at crash site, 2024
File:Buddy Holley's Pilot.JPG|Memorial<!--marking--> to pilot Roger Peterson at crash site
</gallery>

=== Roads ===
A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/351 |title=Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site |publisher=RoadsideAmerica.com |access-date=June 25, 2011 |archive-date=June 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623164433/http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/351 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Songs ===
{{Listen |filename=Don McLean - American Pie.ogg|title="American Pie" |description=The song "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]" dubbed the accident "The Day The Music Died"}}
* [[Tommy Dee]] recorded "[[Three Stars (song)|Three Stars]]" (1959), commemorating the musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tommy-dee/three-stars |title=Three Stars by Tommy Dee |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112103524/https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tommy-dee/three-stars |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 1961, [[Mike Berry (singer)|Mike Berry]] recorded "[[Tribute to Buddy Holly]]", which describes the night of the flight.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cleveland|first1=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHpLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tribute+to+Buddy+Holly%22+%22mike+berry%22|title=Creative Music Production: Joe Meek's Bold Techniques|last2=Meek|first2=Joe|date=2001|publisher=Mix Books|isbn=978-1-931140-08-9|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2020|archive-date=May 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502182025/https://books.google.com/books?id=SHpLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tribute+to+Buddy+Holly%22+%22mike+berry%22|url-status=live}}</ref> It reached number 24 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and was notoriously banned by the [[BBC]] for being "too morbid".<ref>{{Cite web|title=a tribute to buddy holly {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/a-tribute-to-buddy-holly/|access-date=2020-06-26|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626065738/https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/a-tribute-to-buddy-holly/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=David|title=''British Hit Singles & Albums'' (19th ed.)|publisher=London: Guinness World Records Limited|year=2006|isbn=1-904994-10-5|pages=55}}</ref>
* [[Don McLean]], a fan of Buddy Holly, addressed the accident in his song "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",{{sfn|Crouse|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OyZyWKcmRhEC&pg=PT86 86]|2012}} which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.<ref name="Thimou">{{cite web|last = Thimou|first = Theodore|title = Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head|work = Bay Weekly|date = December 28, 2006|url = http://www.bayweekly.com/musicscene.html|access-date = September 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080613224425/http://www.bayweekly.com/musicscene.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = June 13, 2008}}</ref>
* In 1978, [[Waylon Jennings]] briefly added his own memories of the incident onto his song "A Long Time Ago", from the album ''[[I've Always Been Crazy]]''. He sings the lines "Don't ask me who I gave my seat to on that plane, I think you already know, I told you that a long time ago."
* Dion recorded "Hug My Radiator" which references the "broken-down bus" and the chilling cold the performers experienced on the tour. The song does not directly reference the three performers who died, but Dion has said, in interviews,<ref>{{cite web |title = Dion: The Wanderer Returns |work = Record Collector |date = December 28, 2006 |url = https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/dion-the-wanderer-peturns |access-date = June 28, 2020 |archive-date = June 29, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200629180445/https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/dion-the-wanderer-peturns |url-status = live }}</ref> that the song is a memory of the tour and that he almost got on the airplane that crashed, but it was too expensive.
* In 1985, German punk rock band [[Die Ärzte]] released their second album ''[[Im Schatten der Ärzte]]'', which includes the song "Buddy Holly's Brille". In their trademark humorous fashion, they address the accident by asking where Holly's glasses ended up.

=== Fiction ===
[[Howard Waldrop]]'s short story "Save a Place in the Lifeboat for Me" (collected in ''[[Howard Who?]]'') describes a fictional attempt by a sextet of famous [[slapstick]] characters ([[Chico Marx|Chico]] and [[Harpo Marx]], [[Abbott and Costello]], and [[Laurel and Hardy]]) to prevent the accident from occurring.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waldrop|first=Howard|title=Howard Who?|publisher=Doubleday|date=1986|isbn=0-385-19708-X|chapter=Notes on Stories|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howardwhotwelveo00wald/page/241 241]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howardwhotwelveo00wald/page/241}}</ref>

[[TJ Klune]]'s 2020 fantasy novel ''The House in the Cerulean Sea'' features an orphaned antichrist, Lucy, who collects records of Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens, and discusses the crash with the protagonist, Linus.

==See also==
* [[List of fatalities from aviation accidents#Musical groups or artists|List of music group or artist fatalities from aviation accidents]]
* [[Continued VFR into IMC]]
* [[American Airlines Flight 320]] - A commercial flight that crashed while attempting to land at [[LaGuardia Airport]] in [[New York City]], killing 65 of the 73 people on board, on the same day as musical trio's death.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Web ===
<!-- The CAB final report is available at http://data.desmoinesregister.com/holly/documents/CABreport.pdf -->
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://fiftiesweb.com/music/coroner-report/ |title=Buddy Holly's Coroner's Report |date=February 4, 1959 |access-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204193844/https://fiftiesweb.com/music/coroner-report/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://fiftiesweb.com/music/crash-report/ |title=Coroner's investigation—Air crash, Feb. 3, 1959—SW1/4 Section 18, Lincoln Twp.—Cerro Gordo County, Iowa |date=May 5, 1998 |access-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204193846/https://fiftiesweb.com/music/crash-report/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fiftiesweb.com/crash.htm |title=The Day the Music Died: February 3, 1959 |access-date=February 3, 2007 |archive-date=August 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829190841/http://fiftiesweb.com/crash.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2635701 |title=Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report: September 15, 1959 |series=Series: Minutes of Meetings, 1931 - 1984 |date=September 23, 1959 |access-date= August 26, 2021}}<!--Old PDF url: https://legacy.catalog.archives.gov/OpaAPI/media/2635701/content/arcmedia/nw/Accident_Report.pdf--> - [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/CAB_BeechcraftBonanza.pdf Copy at the] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703013708/https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/CAB_BeechcraftBonanza.pdf |date=July 3, 2023 }} FAA website.
{{refend}}

===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Joseph |last2=Munde |first2=Alan |title=Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas |publisher=[[Texas Tech University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-89672-365-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Crouse |first=Richard |title=Who Wrote The Book of Love? |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-385-67442-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Everitt |first=Rich |title=Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven |publisher=Harbor House |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-891799-04-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Waylon |last2=Kaye |first2=Lenny |title=Waylon: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/waylonautobiogra00jenn |publisher=Warner Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-446-51865-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens |first=Larry |last=Lehmer |publisher=Music Sales Group |year=2004 |edition=illustrated |isbn=0-8256-7287-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Schuck, Raymond |year=2012 |title=Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0036-9 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Norman |first=Phillip |title=Buddy: The Definitive Biography of Buddy Holly |publisher=Pan Mcmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4472-0340-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly |first=Staton |last=Rabin |publisher=Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle) |year=2009 |edition=illustrated |asin=B001OQBLLG}}
* {{cite book |title=The Day the Music Died |first1=Scott |last1=Schinder |first2=Martin |last2=Huxley |first3=Quinton |last3=Skinner |publisher=Pocket Books |year=2000 |edition=illustrated |isbn=0-671-03962-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/daymusicdied00huxl}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource|Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly's crash}}
* [https://www.faa.gov/lessons_learned/small_airplane/accidents/N3794N Beechcraft Bonanza 35 Dwyer Flying Service, N3794N Clear Lake, Iowa February 3, 1959] - [[Federal Aviation Administration]]
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1975178/ February 3, 1959 front page of the ''Mason City Globe-Gazette''], via [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}}
* [https://fiftiesweb.com/music/day-music-died/ fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090206223930/http://www.bakotopia.com/home/ViewPost/86213 ''Bakotopia'' Magazine's 50th Anniversary memorial article]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/3/newsid_2802000/2802541.stm 1959: Buddy Holly killed in air crash]
* [http://voicesofoklahoma.com/tommy_allsup.html Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup.] First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8, 2011. Original audio and transcript archived with [http://voicesofoklahoma.com/index.html Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIxwW3NbAx4 The true Buddy Holly history], Dion DiMucci's recollections of the tour and the accident, at his YouTube channel

{{Buddy Holly}}
{{Ritchie Valens}}
{{Waylon Jennings}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1959}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1950s}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|Rock music|Iowa|1950s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Day The Music Died, The}}
[[Category:1959 in American music]]
[[Category:1959 in Iowa]]
[[Category:1971 quotations]]
[[Category:Cerro Gordo County, Iowa]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1959]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Iowa]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Beechcraft aircraft]]
[[Category:Buddy Holly]]
[[Category:February 1959 in the United States]]
[[Category:Quotations from music]]
[[Category:Ritchie Valens]]