View source for The First of the Few

{{short description|1942 film by Leslie Howard}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = The First of the Few
| image          = The First of the Few (1942) 01.png
| caption        = Title frame
| director       = [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]]
| producer       = Leslie Howard<br>[[George King (film director)|George King]]<br>[[John Stafford (producer)|John Stafford]]
| screenplay     = [[Miles Malleson]]<br>[[Anatole de Grunwald]]
| story          = Henry C. James<br>[[Katherine Strueby|Kay Strueby]]
| starring       = Leslie Howard<br>[[David Niven]]
| music          = [[William Walton]]
| cinematography = [[Georges Périnal]]
| editing        = [[Douglas Myers (film editor)|Douglas Myers]]
| distributor    = [[General Film Distributors]] (UK)<br>[[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures Inc.]] (USA)
| released       = {{Film date|1942|09|14| |1942|08|20|[[Leicester Square Theatre]], London|df=y}}
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English<br>Italian<br>German
| runtime        = 118 minutes (UK)<br>90 minutes (USA)
}}
'''''The First of the Few''''' (US title '''''Spitfire''''') is a 1942 British [[black-and-white]] [[biographical film]] produced and directed by [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], who stars as [[R. J. Mitchell]], the designer of the [[Supermarine Spitfire]] fighter aircraft.

[[David Niven]] co-stars as a [[Royal Air Force]] officer and [[test pilot]], a [[composite character]] that represents the pilots who flew Mitchell's seaplanes and tested the Spitfire. The film depicts Mitchell's strong [[work ethic]] in designing the Spitfire and his death. The film's title alludes to [[Winston Churchill]]'s speech describing [[Battle of Britain]] [[aircrew]], subsequently known as [[the Few]]: "[[Never was so much owed by so many to so few]]".

The film premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London at 6.30pm on Thurs 30 August 1942, as a charity performance in aid of the [[RAF Benevolent Fund]].<ref>Programme of World Premiere issued on 20 August 1942 at Leicester Square Theatre.</ref>

Leslie Howard's portrayal of Mitchell has a special significance since Howard was killed when the [[BOAC Flight 777|Lisbon-to-London civilian airliner]] in which he was travelling was shot down by the [[Luftwaffe]] on 1 June 1943. His death occurred only days before ''The First of the Few'' was released in the United States on 12 June 1943, under the alternative title of ''Spitfire''.

==Plot==
[[File:Leslie Howard in The First of the Few (1942) 03.png|thumb|260px|left|[[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] in ''The First of the Few'']]
A newsreel sets the scene for summer 1940, showing Nazi advances in Europe with Britain facing invasion and aerial attacks on the island increasing. On 15 September 1940, during the [[Battle of Britain]], [[RAF]] Squadron Leader Geoffrey Crisp, the commander of a Spitfire squadron, recounts the story of how his friend [[R. J. Mitchell]] designed the Spitfire fighter.

His pilots listen as Crisp begins with the 1922 [[Schneider Trophy]] competition, where Mitchell began his most important work, designing high speed aircraft. While watching [[seagull]]s with his binoculars, he envisages a new shape for aircraft in the future. Crisp, an ex-[[World War I|First World War]] pilot seeking work, captivates Mitchell with his enthusiasm and the designer promises to hire him as a test pilot should his design ever go into production. Facing opposition from official sources, Mitchell succeeds in creating a series of highly successful seaplane racers, eventually winning the Schneider Trophy outright for Great Britain.

After a visit to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in the 1930s, a chance meeting with leading German aircraft designer [[Willy Messerschmitt]], and hearing talk of German re-armament, Mitchell resolves to build the fastest and deadliest fighter aircraft. Convincing [[Henry Royce]] of [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] that a new engine, eventually to become the famous [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Merlin]], is needed, Mitchell gets the powerplant he requires.

Faced by the devastating news that he has only one year to live and battling against failing health, Mitchell dies just after hearing word that the government has ordered the Spitfire into production. Crisp ends his account when the squadron is scrambled to counter a German attack. The Germans are beaten, with the Luftwaffe losing more planes than the British.

In the end, Crisp is relieved with victory and looks to the clouds to Mitchell, voicing a thanks to him for creating the Spitfire. A single aeroplane ascends towards the sun, followed later by three others.

{{multiple image
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| width     = 270
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = Spitfire-1943-Niven-Currant.jpg
| alt1      =
| caption1  = [[David Niven]] and [[Bunny Currant]] in ''The First of the Few''
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| image2    =
| alt2      =
| caption2  = ''The First of the Few'' uses footage of the Supermarine Spitfire prototype as well as scenes of early series production types.
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| image3    =First-of-the-Few-1942-Howard-Niven.jpg
| alt3      =
| caption3  = Leslie Howard and David Niven
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| image4    =Spitfire-1943-Howard-John.jpg
| alt4      =
| caption4  = [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] and [[Rosamund John]]
}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] as  [[R. J. Mitchell]]
* [[David Niven]]  as Geoffrey Crisp
* [[Rosamund John]]  as Diana Mitchell
* [[Roland Culver]]  as Commander Bride
* [[Anne Firth]] as Miss Harper
* [[David Horne (actor)|David Horne]] as Mr Higgins
* [[Derrick De Marney]] as Squadron Leader Jefferson
* [[Rosalyn Boulter]]  as Mabel Lovesay
* [[Toni Edgar-Bruce]]  as [[Lucy, Lady Houston|Lady Houston]]
* [[Gordon McLeod (actor)|Gordon McLeod]]  as Major Buchan
* [[George Skillan]] as  [[Henry Royce|Mr Royce]]
* [[Fritz Wendhausen]]  as Von Straben
* [[John Chandos (actor)|John Chandos]] as  Krantz
* [[Victor Beaumont]]  as Von Crantz
* [[Filippo Del Giudice]]  as Bertorelli
* [[Brefni O'Rorke]]  as The Specialist
* [[Peter Gawthorne]] as  Board Member (uncredited)
* [[Miles Malleson]] as  [[Vickers]] Representative (uncredited)
* [[Bernard Miles]] as  Lady Houston's Messenger (uncredited)
* [[Cyril Raymond]] as Radio Control Officer (uncredited)
* [[Patricia Medina]]  as  Italian Girl (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
[[File:Reginald Mitchell Spitfire designer.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[R. J. Mitchell]], subject of the [[Biographical film|biopic]]]]
''The First of the Few'' is a British film produced and directed by Leslie Howard, with Howard taking the starring role of aviation engineer and designer R. J. Mitchell. Leslie Howard bore little resemblance to R. J. Mitchell, however, as Mitchell was a large and athletic man. Howard portrayed Mitchell as upper class and mild-mannered. Mitchell – "the Guv'nor" – was in fact working class and had an explosive temper; apprentices were told to watch the colour of his neck and to run if it turned red. Howard himself was well aware of these deliberate artistic discrepancies, and dealt delicately with the family and Mitchell's colleagues; Mrs. Mitchell and her son Gordon were on the set during much of the production.<ref>Eforgan 2010, pp. 190–193.</ref> When told that the "authorities" had come up with the name "Spitfire", Mitchell is reported to have said "Just the sort of bloody silly name they would think of".

As ''The First of the Few'' was a [[Second World War]] [[propaganda]] film, the RAF contributed Spitfire fighters for the production. U.S. producer [[Samuel Goldwyn Productions|Samuel Goldwyn]] allowed Niven to appear in exchange for U.S. rights to the film, which was distributed by [[RKO Pictures]]. After seeing the prints, Goldwyn was furious that Niven was cast in a secondary role and personally edited out 40 minutes before reissuing the film as ''Spitfire''.

[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] [[Bunny Currant]] ("Hunter Leader")<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1513432/Wing-Commander-Bunny-Currant.html "Wing Commander 'Bunny' Currant."] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 20 March 2006. Retrieved: 17 December 2015.</ref><ref>Reynolds, Mark. [http://www.express.co.uk/finance/retirement/28963/80-000-auction-for-the-RAF-medals-of-Bunny-Currant-a-great-British-hero "£80,000 auction for the RAF medals of 'Bunny' Currant, a great British hero."] ''[[Daily Express]]'', 19 December 2007. Retrieved: 17 December 2015.</ref> Squadron Leader [[Tony Bartley]],<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2001 |title=Squadron Leader Tony Bartley |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1316525/Squadron-Leader-Tony-Bartley.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2015-12-16 }}</ref> Squadron Leader [[Brian Kingcome]], Flying Officer David Fulford, Flight Lieutenant 'Jock' Gillan, Squadron Leader P. J. Howard-Williams and Flight Lieutenant J. C. 'Robbie' Robson<ref>Bowman [https://books.google.com/books?id=xqygCgAAQBAJ&dq=Brian+Kingcombe+First+of+the+Few&pg=PA40-IA12 2015]</ref> are among the pilots and [[RAF Fighter Command]] personnel who make uncredited appearances. Some pilots seen in the early sequences did not survive to see the completed film. [[Jeffrey Quill]] is the test pilot who flies the Spitfire prototype in the scene demonstrating its ability to climb to 10,000 feet and dive at more than 500 miles per hour.<ref name="South Central MediaScene">[http://www.south-central-media.co.uk/spitfire/spitfire.htm "Film Locations: 'The First of the Few'."] ''South Central MediaScene''. Retrieved: 17 December 2015.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's score was composed by [[William Walton]], who later incorporated major cues into a concert work known as ''[[Spitfire Prelude and Fugue]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eforgan|first= E|year=2010|title=Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor|page=183|publisher= London: Vallentine Mitchell|ISBN=978-0-85303-971-6}}</ref>

==Release==
''The First of the Few'' was received well by audiences on both sides of the Atlantic. According to ''Kinematograph Weekly'' it was the most popular British film of 1942 in Britain.<ref>{{cite book|page=231|title=Blackout : reinventing women for wartime British cinema|last=Lant|first= Antonia|year=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kinematograph Weekly|title=Box office stakes results|url=https://archive.org/details/kinematograph-weekly/1943/Kinematograph%20Weekly%20%231865%20%281943-01-14%29%20%28BNA%29/page/46/mode/1up?|date=14 January 1943|page=46|first=Josh|last=Billings}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:Spitfire-Poster-1943.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Poster for the U.S. release version, ''Spitfire'']]
''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported that "the film is full of action, Schneider Trophy races, test flying and flashes from the Battle of Britain with which, pointing its moral, it begins and ends." Niven was credited for "one of his best performances up to now."<ref name="Films of DN">{{cite book |last=Garrett |first=Gerard |date=1976 |title=The Films of David Niven |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |publisher=[[Kensington Books|Citadel Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/filmsofdavidnive0000garr/page/71 71] |isbn=0-8065-0557-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/filmsofdavidnive0000garr/page/71 }}</ref> [[Simon MacKenzie|S. P MacKenzie]] wrote of the film's reception in Britain that "virtually every section of the popular and trade press was bowled over by ''First of the Few''."<ref>{{cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=S. P. |author-link=Simon MacKenzie |date=2007 |title=The Battle of Britain on Screen: 'The Few' in British Film and Television Drama |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748630240}}</ref>{{Rp|37}}

"Production, performances and story—they can't miss," wrote ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' after an August 1942 screening in London. "In interpreting the life of R. J. Mitchell, who designed the Spitfire plane, Leslie Howard's work ranks among his finest performances. And it is an epic picture."<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 September 1942 |title=The First of the Few |url=https://archive.org/stream/variety147-1942-09#page/n16/mode/1up |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |volume=147 |issue=13 |page=18 |access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

"It was backed by the RAF and intended to inspire the nation at a time of crisis," wrote journalist and author Gerard Garrett. "Films, or anything else, made with such intentions rarely survive their hour. But ''The First of the Few'', though a trifle stolid to modern eyes, was an excellent example of how British film makers, provided with realistic subjects, rose to the challenge. Film critics like everyone else are not immune to events, but their respectful reception of this film seems in retrospect to have been fully merited."<ref name="Films of DN"/>

When the film reached US screens in June 1943, [[Bosley Crowther]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' pronounced it "but a fair motion picture [with] moments of almost tedious restraint." But Crowther wrote that its most moving effect was the place it would hold as Howard's last film. "It was a truly uncanny coincidence that ''Spitfire'' should have opened here just a few days after it was reported that Leslie Howard, its star and producer, had been lost at sea. It was weird and justly poetic and the loss of Mr Howard was thereby brought more poignantly home because this film, which is a quiet memorial to the designer of the famous British plane, might suitably do the same service, in the eyes of Americans, to its star." Crowther continued:

<blockquote>For Mr Howard's R. J. Mitchell in ''Spitfire'' is mostly Mr Howard—or the character he has often played in pictures and which we have often admired—the studious, retiring fellow of a certain melancholy turn of mind which was sweetened by a quiet sense of humor and a deep-rooted self-respect. … And now, to see him in ''Spitfire'' seems almost too relevant for chance. For Mr Howard's parting as Mitchell is too much like his own exit into the blue. The final fadeout of the picture on planes winging toward the clouds is prophetic. … And if he had consciously designed it, he could not have given himself a more appropriate leave.<ref name="Crowther">Crowther, Bosley. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0DE7DB103CE03ABC4851DFB0668388659EDE "Man and His Image: Leslie Howard left his own memorial in 'Spitfire'."] ''The New York Times'', 20 June 1943. Retrieved: 17 December 2015.</ref></blockquote>

Among modern critics, [[Leslie Halliwell]] wrote that the film is a "low-key but impressive biopic with firm acting and good dialogue scenes. Production values slightly shaky."<ref>{{cite book |last=Halliwell |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Halliwell |year=1983 |orig-year=1977 |title=Halliwell's Film Guide |edition=4th |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/halliwellsfilmgu00hall/page/280 280] |isbn=0-684-17984-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/halliwellsfilmgu00hall/page/280 }}</ref> [[AllMovie]] noted that the film "gets the essentials correct, and is surprisingly suspenseful for a bio-pic of this type".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-first-of-the-few-v46135 |title=The First of the Few |last=Eder |first=Bruce |publisher=[[AllMovie]] |access-date=2015-12-17}}</ref> [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film three out of four stars, and called it a "good biographical drama".<ref>{{cite book |last=Maltin |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Maltin |date=2005 |title=Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide |location=New York |publisher=[[Plume (publisher)|Plume]] |page=526 |isbn=0-452-28620-4}}</ref>

==Historical accuracy==
{{multiple image
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| width     = 270
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = David Niven in The First of the Few (1942) 02.png
| alt1      =
| caption1  = David Niven as Geoffrey Crisp
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    =Supermarine S.6 (film).jpg
| alt2      =
| caption2  =Screencapture from ''The First of the Few'', showing the [[Supermarine S.5]] racer
<!-- Image 3 -->
| image3    =Never was so much owed by so many to so few.jpg
| alt3      =
| caption3  = World War II poster featuring the famous [[Never was so much owed by so many to so few|quotation]] by Winston Churchill
}}
Geoffrey Crisp is a fictional character that is an amalgam of Vickers's test pilots, Jeffrey Quill (also an RAF veteran) and [[Joseph Summers|"Mutt" Summers]]. Having one character personify the test pilots is a liberty that gives the story narrative coherence, as well as a narrator and occasional comic relief.<ref name="South Central MediaScene"/> The character embodies all those who gave Mitchell encouragement in the face of bureaucratic opposition. ''[[The Observer]]'' wrote, "Oddly enough, since Mitchell was a real man and Crisp is merely a symposium of test pilots, an imaginary creation, it is Mitchell who seems the figment, Crisp the flesh-and-blood character. David Niven's flippant assurance is just right here. The real-life story is the more real for his imagined presence; he gives the rather abstracted film a body."<ref name="Films of DN"/>

Mitchell's fatal illness is deliberately not specified in the film. Through [[Artistic license|dramatic licence]], it is implied that a period of rest could have saved or at least extended his life. In fact, Mitchell had bowel or [[rectal cancer]], which he battled for four years. In 1933 he underwent a [[colostomy]]<ref name="South Central MediaScene"/> and he was ill, often seriously ill, for the remainder of his life. Following surgery in February 1937 he spent a month at a clinic in Vienna, but his cancer was too advanced for the treatment to be effective. Mitchell returned home and, as in the film, spent his last conscious hours in his garden. He died on 11 June 1937, aged 42.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 1937 |title=Aviation Loses Brilliant Designer |url=http://www.rjmitchell-spitfire.co.uk/_includes/spawn_window.asp?image=/aboutrjmitchell/images/g_echoobituary_lrg.jpg&alt=Click%20the%20image%20to%20close%20this%20window.&width=760&height=570 |newspaper=[[Southern Daily Echo]] |access-date=2015-12-16 }}</ref><ref name="RJM Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.rjmitchell-spitfire.co.uk/aboutrjmitchell/biography.asp?sectionID=1 |title=A biography of R.J. Mitchell |last1=Mitchell |first1=Gordon |date=2009 |website=RJ Mitchell. A life in aviation. |access-date=2015-12-16}}</ref>

''The First of the Few'' contains several historical inaccuracies:
* Mitchell did not work himself to death on the Spitfire. He did, however, continue to work despite the pain of his illness, tweaking and perfecting the Spitfire design up until his death.
* The famous [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engine was named after a [[Merlin (bird)|bird of prey]], following the Rolls-Royce convention adopted for its piston aircraft engine designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/our-story/the-rolls-royce-heritage-trust/articles/aero-engines.aspx |title=100 years of building aero engines |publisher=[[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]|access-date=2015-12-17 }}</ref> It was not named after the [[Merlin|wizard]] of Arthurian legend, as depicted in the film.
* It is believed that Mitchell visited Germany while convalescing from his 1933 surgery, but he never met aircraft designer [[Willy Messerschmitt]].<ref name="South Central MediaScene"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-history.org/articles/war-on-film-the-first-of-the-few.htm |title=War on Film: ''The First of the Few'' |last=Downing |first=Taylor  |date=13 March 2013 |website=[[Military History Monthly]] |access-date=2015-12-17}}</ref>

The film contains historically significant footage that would otherwise have been lost to posterity:
* Film footage of the [[Supermarine S.4]] taking off from [[Southampton Water]], and in flight, now available nowhere else.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
* Footage of many real-life [[Battle of Britain]] fighter pilots in the opening and closing scenes. RAF fighter pilots such as Tony Bartley and Brian Kingcome (with pipe) have cameo roles in the scenes at the dispersal, and are seen discussing their flights with David Niven before takeoff and after landing.
* Film footage of Jeffrey Quill flying a Spitfire Mk II in the final scenes of the film. Jeffrey Quill's log book records that the aerobatic flying sequences featured in the last 20 minutes of the film were made by him from Northolt on 1–2 November 1941, in a Spitfire Mk II, flying for one hour, five minutes on 1 November and for 45 minutes on 2 November 1941.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
* The workers seen building the Spitfire, near the end of the film. These are the real workers, filmed at the Hamble Supermarine Factory, one being Wilfred Hillier (wearing spectacles), working on the only left handed lathe, imported from Germany.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Leslie Howard's portrayal of Mitchell has a special significance since Howard was killed when the [[BOAC Flight 777]] Douglas DC-3 airliner in which he was a passenger was shot down by the [[Luftwaffe]] one year after the film was released.<ref>Rosevink and Hintze 1991, p. 13.</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Aldgate, Anthony and Jeffrey Richards. ''Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Edition. 1994. {{ISBN|0-7486-0508-8}}.
* Barr, Charles, ed. ''All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema''. London: British Film Institute, 1986. {{ISBN|0-85170-179-5}}.
* Bowman, Martin W. V''oices in Flight: RAF Fighter Pilots in WWII''. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2015. {{ISBN|9781473865723}}.
* Eforgan, Estel. ''Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor''.  London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-85303-941-9}}.
* Evans, Alun. ''Brassey's Guide to War Films.'' Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57488-263-5}}.
* Garrett, Gerard. ''The Films of David Niven''. Secaucus, New Jersey: [[Kensington Books|Citadel Press]], 1976. {{ISBN|0-8065-0557-5}}.
* Medina, Patricia. ''Laid Back in Hollywood: Remembering''. Los Angeles: Belle Publishing, 1998. {{ISBN|0-964963-51-5}}.
* Murphy, Robert. ''British Cinema and the Second World War''. London: Continuum, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8264-5139-X}}.
* Quill. Jeffrey. ''Spitfire: A Test Pilot's Story''. London: Arrow Books, 1983. {{ISBN|0-09-937020-4}}.
* Rosevink, Ben and Lt Col Herbert Hintze. "Flight 777." ''FlyPast,'' Issue #120, July 1991.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0034734}}
* {{TCMDb title|91095}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abejLDMbpcI The First of the Few at YouTube]

{{Leslie Howard}}
{{Supermarine Spitfire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:First of the Few}}
[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1940s biographical films]]
[[Category:1940s war films]]
[[Category:Battle of Britain films]]
[[Category:British black-and-white films]]
[[Category:British aviation films]]
[[Category:British biographical films]]
[[Category:British war films]]
[[Category:Films scored by William Walton]]
[[Category:Films directed by Leslie Howard]]
[[Category:Films produced by Leslie Howard]]
[[Category:RKO Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anatole de Grunwald]]
[[Category:World War II films based on actual events]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:Supermarine Spitfire]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:1940s British films]]
[[Category:English-language biographical films]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]