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{{Short description|1925 novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald}}
{{About|the novel|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
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{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
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{{Infobox book
| name              = The Great Gatsby
| image             = The Great Gatsby Cover 1925 Retouched.jpg
| alt               = The front dust jacket art with title against a dark sky. Beneath the title are lips and two eyes, looming over a city.
| caption           = The front dust jacket art of the first edition, known as ''[[Celestial Eyes]]''
| author            = [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]
| cover_artist      = [[Francis Cugat]]
| country           = United States
| language          = English
| genre             = [[Tragedy]]
| publisher         = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
| published         = April 10, 1925
| media_type        = Print ([[hardcover]] & [[paperback]])
| preceded_by       = [[The Beautiful and Damned]]'' (1922)''
| followed_by       = [[Tender Is the Night]]'' (1934)''
| wikisource        = The Great Gatsby (1925)
}}

'''''The Great Gatsby''''' ({{IPAc-en|g|æ|t|s|b|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-The Great Gatsby.wav}}) is a 1925 [[tragedy]] [[novel]] by American writer [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]. Set in the [[Jazz Age]] on [[Long Island]], near New York City, the novel depicts [[First-person narrative|first-person]] narrator [[Nick Carraway]]'s interactions with [[Jay Gatsby]], a mysterious millionaire obsessed with reuniting with his former lover, [[Daisy Buchanan]].

The novel was inspired by a youthful romance Fitzgerald had with [[socialite]] [[Ginevra King]] and the riotous parties he attended on Long Island's [[North Shore (Long Island)|North Shore]] in 1922. Following a move to the [[French Riviera]], Fitzgerald completed a rough draft of the novel in 1924. He submitted it to editor [[Maxwell Perkins]], who persuaded Fitzgerald to revise the work over the following winter. After making revisions, Fitzgerald was satisfied with the text but remained ambivalent about the book's title and considered several alternatives. Painter [[Francis Cugat]]'s dust jacket art, named ''[[Celestial Eyes]]'', greatly impressed Fitzgerald, and he incorporated its imagery into the novel.

After its publication by [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner's]] in April 1925, ''The Great Gatsby'' received generally favorable reviews, though some literary critics believed it did not equal Fitzgerald's previous efforts. Compared to his earlier novels, ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'' (1920) and ''[[The Beautiful and Damned]]'' (1922), the novel was a commercial disappointment. It sold fewer than 20,000 copies by October, and Fitzgerald's hopes of a monetary windfall from the novel were unrealized. When Fitzgerald died in 1940, he believed himself to be a failure and his work forgotten.

During [[World War II]], the novel experienced an abrupt surge in popularity when the [[Council on Books in Wartime]] distributed free copies to American soldiers serving overseas. This new-found popularity launched a critical and scholarly re-examination, and the work soon became a core part of most American high school curricula and a part of American popular culture. Numerous stage and film adaptations followed in the subsequent decades.

''Gatsby'' continues to attract popular and scholarly attention. Scholars emphasize the novel's treatment of [[social class]], [[Old money|inherited]] versus [[Nouveau riche|self-made wealth]], [[gender]], [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|race]], and [[environmentalism]], as well as its cynical attitude towards the [[American Dream]]. ''The Great Gatsby'' is widely considered to be a literary [[masterpiece]] and a contender for the title of the [[Great American Novel]].

== Historical and biographical context ==
{{Further|Jazz Age|Prohibition in the United States}}
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 | footer = [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s romance and life-long obsession with socialite [[Ginevra King]] informed the plot of the novel. King was fêted in the press as among [[Chicago's Big Four (debutantes)|Chicago's most desirable debutante]]s and inspired the character of Daisy Buchanan.
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Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, ''The Great Gatsby'' provides a critical social history of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition-era America]] during the <!--Please note that the "Roaring Twenties" refers only to the second half of the 1920s.-->Jazz Age.{{efn|name=Jazz Age|Historian Jeff Nilsson described F. Scott Fitzgerald as the [[poet laureate]] of the [[Jazz Age]], "the most raucous, gaudy era in U.S. history".{{sfn|Donahue|2013a}}}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s fictional narrative fully renders that period—known for its [[jazz]] music,<ref name="Jazz definition">{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|p=16}}.</ref> economic prosperity,<ref name="Filling stations" /> [[flapper]] culture,<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|p=15}}: "Scarcely had the staider citizens of the republic caught their breaths when the wildest of all generations, the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the [Great] War, brusquely shouldered my contemporaries out of the way and danced into the limelight. This was the generation whose girls dramatized themselves as [[flapper]]s."</ref> [[libertine]] mores,<ref name="Filling stations">{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|p=18}}.</ref> rebellious youth,<ref>{{harvnb|Donahue|2013a}}.</ref> and ubiquitous [[speakeasies]]. Fitzgerald uses many of these 1920s societal developments to tell his story, from simple details like [[petting]] in automobiles to broader themes such as [[Rum-running|bootlegging]] as the illicit source of Gatsby's fortune.<ref name="Premarital sex">{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|pp=14–15}}: "Unchaperoned young people of the smaller cities had discovered the mobile privacy of that automobile given to young Bill at sixteen to make him 'self-reliant'. At first [[Making out#Petting|petting]] was a desperate adventure even under such favorable conditions, but presently confidences were exchanged and the [[Premarital sex|old commandment broke down]]".</ref>{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=53–54}}

Fitzgerald conveys the [[hedonism]] of Jazz Age society by following a down-to-earth narrator as a spectator of the flashiest and most raucous era in American history.<ref name="Filling stations" /><ref>{{harvnb|Gallo|1978|pp=40-41}}; {{harvnb|Donahue|2013a}}; {{harvnb|Gross|1998|p=167}}.</ref> In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era represented a morally permissive time when Americans of all ages became disillusioned with prevailing [[social norm]]s and obsessed with pleasure-seeking.<ref name="Hedonism">{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|p=15}}.</ref> Fitzgerald himself had a certain ambivalence towards the Jazz Age, an era whose themes he would later regard as reflective of events in his own life.<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|pp=13–22}}: Fitzgerald documented the Jazz Age and his life's relation to the era in his essay, "Echoes of the Jazz Age" which was published in the essay collection ''[[The Crack-Up]]''.</ref>

''The Great Gatsby'' reflects various events in Fitzgerald's youth.{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=11, 129, 140}} He was a young Midwesterner from [[Minnesota]]. Like the novel's narrator who went to [[Yale University|Yale]], he was educated at an [[Ivy League]] school, [[Princeton University|Princeton]].{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=30–31}} There the 18-year-old Fitzgerald met [[Ginevra King]], a 16-year-old socialite with whom he fell deeply in love.<!-- The New York Times article erroneously states Fitzgerald was 19 years old on January 4, 1915. --><ref name="Ginevra King">{{harvnb|Smith|2003}}: Fitzgerald later confided to his daughter [[Frances Scott Fitzgerald]] that Ginevra King "was the first girl I ever loved" and that he "faithfully avoided seeing her" to "keep the illusion perfect".</ref>{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=50}} Although Ginevra was madly in love with him,{{sfn|West|2005|p=35}} her upper-class family openly discouraged his courtship of their daughter because of his lower-class status, and her father purportedly told him that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2003}}: "That August Fitzgerald visited Ginevra in [[Lake Forest, Illinois]]. Afterward he wrote in his ledger foreboding words, spoken to him perhaps by Ginevra's father, 'Poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls{{' "}}.</ref>

Rejected by Ginevra's family as a suitor because of his lack of financial prospects, a suicidal Fitzgerald enlisted in the [[United States Army]] amid [[World War I|World War&nbsp;I]] and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]].{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=70}}<ref name="Suicidal Urge">{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|pp=80, 82}}. Fitzgerald wished to be killed in battle, and he hoped that his novel would become a great success in the wake of his death.</ref> While awaiting deployment to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western front]] where he hoped to die in combat,<ref name="Suicidal Urge" /> he was stationed at [[Camp Sheridan (Alabama)|Camp Sheridan]] in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], where he met [[Zelda Fitzgerald|Zelda Sayre]], a vivacious 17-year-old [[Southern belle]].{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=79–80}} After learning that Ginevra had married wealthy Chicago businessman William "Bill" Mitchell, Fitzgerald asked Zelda to marry him.<ref>{{harvnb|West|2005|p=73}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|pp=86, 91}}</ref> Zelda agreed, but postponed their marriage until he became financially successful.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=91}}<ref name="Financial Success">{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|pp=85, 89, 90}}: "Zelda would question whether he was ever going to make enough money for them to marry", and Fitzgerald was compelled to prove that "he was rich enough for her".</ref> Fitzgerald is thus similar to Jay Gatsby in that he became engaged while a military officer stationed far from home and then sought immense wealth in order to provide for the lifestyle to which his fiancée had become accustomed.{{efn|name=Zelda's Accustomed Lifestyle|As a Southern belle, Zelda Sayre's wealthy family employed half-a-dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American.{{sfn|Wagner-Martin|2004|p=24}} She was unaccustomed to domestic labor of any kind and delegated all tasks to her servants.{{sfnm|Wagner-Martin|2004|1p=24|Bruccoli|2002|2pp=189, 437}}<ref>{{harvnb|Turnbull|1962|p=111}}: "Zelda was no housekeeper. Sketchy about ordering meals, she completely ignored the laundry".</ref>}}{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=79–82}}<ref>{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=87}}: "Fame and fortune did not seem to be materializing on schedule for Fitzgerald, and Zelda was fretting her time away in Montgomery wondering if she ought not to marry one of her more eligible and financially better equipped admirers".</ref>

After his success as a short-story writer and as a novelist, Fitzgerald married Zelda in New York City, and the newly-wed couple soon relocated to Long Island.{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=164}} Despite enjoying the exclusive Long Island milieu, Fitzgerald quietly disapproved of the extravagant parties,{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=135, 140}} and the wealthy persons he encountered often disappointed him.{{sfn|Mizener|1965|pp=140–41}} While striving to emulate the rich, he found their privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting.<ref name="Fitzgerald and the Rich">{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=140}}: Although Fitzgerald strove "to become member of the community of the rich, to live from day to day as they did, to share their interests and tastes", he found such a privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald Paradox" /> Although Fitzgerald—like Gatsby—had always admired the rich, he nonetheless possessed a smoldering resentment towards them.<ref name="Fitzgerald Paradox">{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=141}}: Fitzgerald "admired deeply the rich" and yet his wealthy friends often disappointed or repulsed him. Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu.</ref>

== Plot summary ==
<!--As of May 19, 2025, summary is 700 words.--->
{{CSS image crop | Image = Valley of Ashes.jpg | bSize = 260 | cWidth = 220 | cHeight = 175 | oTop = 70 | oLeft = 0 | Location = right | alt= Photograph of the valley of ashes, a sprawling refuse dump located in New York City during the 1920s. |Description = George Wilson and his wife Myrtle live in the "valley of ashes", a [[Landfill|refuse dump]] (shown in the above photograph) historically located in New York City during the 1920s. Today, the area is [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]].}}

In spring 1922, [[Nick Carraway]]—a Yale alumnus from the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and a World War&nbsp;I veteran—journeys to [[New York City]] to obtain employment as a [[Bond (finance)|bond salesman]]. He rents a [[bungalow]] in the [[Long Island]] village of West Egg, next to a luxurious estate inhabited by [[Jay Gatsby]], an enigmatic multi-millionaire who hosts dazzling soirées, yet does not partake in them.

One evening, Nick dines with a distant cousin, [[Daisy Buchanan]], in the [[old money]] town of East Egg. Daisy is married to Tom Buchanan, formerly a Yale football star whom Nick knew during his college days. The couple has recently relocated from [[Chicago]] to a mansion directly across the bay from Gatsby's estate. There, Nick encounters Jordan Baker, an insolent flapper and golf champion who is a childhood friend of Daisy's. Jordan confides to Nick that Tom keeps a mistress, who brazenly telephones him at his home and lives in the "[[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park|valley of ashes]]", a sprawling refuse dump.<ref name="Valley of Ashes">{{harvnb|Lask|1971}}: The valley of ashes was a landfill in Flushing Meadows, Queens. "In those empty spaces and graying heaps, part of which was known as the [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park|Corona Dumps]], Fitzgerald found his perfect image for the callous and brutal betrayal of the incurably innocent Gatsby". Flushing Meadows was drained and became the location of the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939 World's Fair]].</ref> That evening, Nick sees Gatsby standing alone on his lawn, staring at a green light across the bay.

[[File:Plaza Hotel New York City Circa 1910.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Plaza Hotel |The confrontation between Gatsby and Tom occurs in the twenty-story [[Plaza Hotel]], a [[château]]-like edifice with an architectural style inspired by the [[French Renaissance]].]]
Days later, Nick reluctantly accompanies a drunken and agitated Tom to New York City by train. En route, they stop at a garage inhabited by mechanic George Wilson and his wife—and Tom's mistress—Myrtle. Myrtle joins them, and the trio proceeds to a small New York apartment that Tom has rented for trysts with her. Guests arrive and a party ensues, which ends with Tom slapping Myrtle and breaking her nose after she mentions Daisy.

One morning, Nick receives a formal invitation to a party at Gatsby's mansion. Once there, Nick is embarrassed that he recognizes no one and begins drinking heavily until he encounters Jordan. While chatting with her, he is approached by a man who introduces himself as Jay Gatsby and insists that both he and Nick served in the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd&nbsp;Infantry Division]]{{efn|name=Division Error|In the original 1925 edition, Fitzgerald wrote that Gatsby and Nick served in the First Division. Fitzgerald revised the text in later editions to be the Third Division.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|pp=39, 188}}}} during the war. Gatsby attempts to ingratiate himself with Nick and when Nick leaves the party, he notices Gatsby watching him.

In late July, Nick and Gatsby have lunch at a [[speakeasy]]. Gatsby tries impressing Nick with tales of his war heroism and his [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] days. Afterward, Nick meets Jordan again at the [[Plaza Hotel]]. Jordan reveals that Gatsby and Daisy met around 1917 when Gatsby was an officer in the [[American Expeditionary Forces]]. They fell in love, but when Gatsby was deployed overseas, Daisy reluctantly married Tom. Gatsby hopes that his newfound wealth and dazzling parties will make Daisy reconsider. Gatsby uses Nick to stage a reunion with Daisy, and the two embark upon an affair.

In September, Tom discovers the affair when Daisy carelessly addresses Gatsby with unabashed intimacy in front of him. Later, at a Plaza Hotel suite, Gatsby and Tom argue about the affair. Gatsby insists Daisy declare that she never loved Tom. Daisy claims she loves Tom and Gatsby, upsetting both. Tom reveals Gatsby is a swindler whose money comes from [[Bootlegging (alcohol)|bootlegging]] alcohol. Upon hearing this, Daisy chooses to stay with Tom. Tom scornfully tells Gatsby to drive her home, knowing that Daisy will never leave him.

While returning to East Egg, Gatsby and Daisy drive by Wilson's garage and their car strikes Myrtle, killing her instantly. Later Gatsby reveals to Nick that Daisy was driving the car, but that he intends to take the blame for the accident to protect her. Nick urges Gatsby to flee to avoid prosecution, but he refuses. After Tom tells George that Gatsby owns the car that struck Myrtle, a distraught George assumes the owner of the vehicle must be Myrtle's lover. George fatally shoots Gatsby in his mansion's swimming pool, then kills himself.

Several days after Gatsby's murder, his father Henry Gatz arrives for the sparsely attended funeral. After Gatsby's death, Nick comes to hate New York and decides that Gatsby, Daisy, Tom, and he were all Midwesterners unsuited to [[Eastern United States|Eastern life]].{{efn|name=East-West Theme}} Nick encounters Tom and initially refuses to shake his hand. Tom admits he was the one who told George that Gatsby owned the vehicle that killed Myrtle. Before returning to the Midwest, Nick returns to Gatsby's mansion and stares across the bay at the green light emanating from the end of Daisy's dock.

== Major characters ==
{{CSS image crop | Image = Edith Cummings Vogue Photograph December 1923 Retouched.jpg | bSize = 180 | cWidth = 180 | cHeight = 220 | oTop = 0 | Location = right | alt = Photograph of Edith Cummings swinging a golf club | Description = [[Edith Cummings]], a premier [[amateur golf]]er, inspired the character of Jordan Baker. A friend of Ginevra King, she was one of [[Chicago's Big Four (debutantes)|Chicago's famous debutantes]] in the Jazz Age.}}

* <!--Please do not change to "Nicholas". "Nicholas" never appears in the book. See Talk Page.-->'''[[Nick Carraway]]''' — a Yale University alumnus from the Midwest, a World War&nbsp;I veteran, and a newly arrived resident of West Egg, age 29 (later 30) who serves as the [[first-person narrator]]. He is Gatsby's neighbor and a bond salesman. Nick is easy-going and optimistic, although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses. He ultimately returns to the Midwest after despairing of the decadence and indifference of the <!--Please do not change to "East Coast" as "eastern United States" is conceptually distinct.-->eastern United States.{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=190}}
* '''[[Jay Gatsby]]''' (originally '''James''' "'''Jimmy'''" '''Gatz''') — a young, mysterious millionaire with shady business connections (later revealed to be a bootlegger), originally from [[North Dakota]]. During World War&nbsp;I, when he was a young [[military officer]] stationed at the United States Army's [[Camp Taylor, Louisville|Camp Taylor]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], Gatsby encountered the love of his life, the [[debutante]] Daisy Buchanan. Later, after the war, he studied briefly at [[Trinity College, Oxford]], in England.{{sfn|McCullen|2007|pp=11–20}} According to Fitzgerald's wife Zelda, he partly based Gatsby on their enigmatic Long Island neighbor, [[Max Gerlach]].<ref name="Max Gerlach">{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=178}}: "Jay Gatsby was inspired in part by a local figure, Max Gerlach. Near the end of her life [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] said that Gatsby was based on 'a neighbor named Von Guerlach or something who was said to be [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]]'s nephew and was in trouble over bootlegging'".</ref> A military veteran, Gerlach became a self-made millionaire due to his bootlegging endeavors and was fond of using the phrase "old sport" in his letters to Fitzgerald.{{sfn|Kruse|2002|pp=45–46}}
* <!--Please do not change to Daisy Fay or Daisy Fay Buchanan. It's unknown whether "Fay" is her middle or maiden name. See Talk Page.-->'''[[Daisy Buchanan]]''' — a shallow, self-absorbed, and young debutante and [[socialite]] from [[Louisville, Kentucky]], identified as a flapper.<ref name="Daisy as Flapper Archetype">{{harvnb|Conor|2004|p=301}}: "Fitzgerald's literary creation Daisy Buchanan in ''The Great Gatsby'' was identified with the type of the [[flapper]]. Her pictorial counterpart was drawn by the American cartoonist [[John Held Jr.]], whose images of party-going flappers who petted in cars frequented the cover of the American magazine ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' during the 1920s".</ref> She is Nick's second cousin, once removed, and the wife of Tom Buchanan. Before marrying Tom, Daisy had a romantic relationship with Gatsby. Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the novel's central conflicts. Fitzgerald's romance and life-long obsession with [[Ginevra King]] inspired the character of Daisy.<ref name="Ginevra King" /><ref>{{harvnb|Corrigan|2014|p=58}}: "Because she's the one who got away, Ginevra—even more than Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".</ref>{{sfn|Borrelli|2013}}
* '''Thomas''' "'''Tom'''" '''Buchanan''' — Daisy's husband, a millionaire who lives in East Egg. Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a gruff voice and contemptuous demeanor.<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1991|p=9}}: "His speaking voice, a gruff husky tenor, added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed. There was a touch of paternal contempt in it, even toward people he liked".</ref> He was a football star at Yale and is a [[white supremacy|white supremacist]].<ref>{{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=54}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2000|pp=9–11, 246}}; {{harvnb|Baker|2016}}.</ref> Among other literary models,{{efn|name=Other Buchanan Models|Another possible model for Tom Buchanan was Southern polo champion and aviator [[Tommy Hitchcock Jr.]], whom Fitzgerald met at Long Island parties while in New York.{{sfn|Kruse|2014|pp=82–88}}}} Tom has certain parallels with William "Bill" Mitchell, the Chicago businessman who married Ginevra King.<ref name="Bill Mitchell">{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2000|pp=9–11, 246}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=86}}; {{harvnb|West|2005|pp=66–70}}.</ref> Tom and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in [[polo]].<ref name="Bill Mitchell" /> Also, like Ginevra's father Charles King, whom Fitzgerald resented, Tom is an imperious Yale man and polo player from [[Lake Forest, Illinois]].{{sfn|West|2005|pp=4, 57–59}}
* '''Jordan Baker''' — an amateur golfer with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude, and Daisy's long-time friend. She is Nick Carraway's girlfriend for most of the novel, though they grow apart towards the end. She has a shady reputation because of rumors that she had cheated in a tournament, which harmed her reputation both socially and as a golfer. Fitzgerald based Jordan on Ginevra's friend [[Edith Cummings]],{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=211}} a premier amateur golfer known in the press as "The Fairway Flapper".{{sfn|West|2005|pp=57–59}} Unlike Jordan Baker, Cummings was never suspected of cheating.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=9–11}} The character's name is a play on two popular automobile brands, the [[Jordan Motor Car Company]] and the [[Baker Motor Vehicle]], both of [[Cleveland]], Ohio,{{sfn|Whipple|2019|p=85}} alluding to Jordan's "fast" reputation and the new freedom presented to American women, especially flappers, in the 1920s.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|p=184|ps=. Editor [[Matthew J. Bruccoli]] notes: "This name combines two automobile makes: The [[Jordan Motor Car Company|sporty Jordan]] and the conservative [[Baker Motor Vehicle|Baker electric]]".}}{{sfn|Tredell|2007|p=124|ps=: An index note refers to Laurence E. MacPhee's "The Great Gatsby's Romance of Motoring: Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker", ''Modern Fiction Studies'', 18 (Summer 1972), pp. 207–212.}}<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|2006|p=95}}; {{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1997|p=184}}.</ref>
* '''Myrtle Wilson''' — George B. Wilson's wife and Tom Buchanan's mistress. Myrtle, who possesses a fierce vitality,{{sfn|Tredell|2007|p=64}} is desperate to find refuge from her disappointing marriage.{{sfnm|Tredell|2007|1pp=54–55|Fitzgerald|1991|2pp=28–29}} She is accidentally killed by Gatsby's car, as she mistakenly thinks Tom is still driving it and runs after it.{{sfnm|Fitzgerald|2006|1p=18|Tate|2007|2p=101|Fitzgerald|1991|3p=107}}
* '''George B. Wilson''' — a mechanic and owner of a garage. He is disliked by both his wife, Myrtle, and Tom Buchanan, who describes him as "so dumb he doesn't know he's alive".{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|p=23}} At the end of the novel, George shoots Gatsby dead, wrongly believing he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle, and then kills himself.{{sfnm|Fitzgerald|2006|1p=18|Tate|2007|2p=101}}
<!--Please do not add Dan Cody, Owl Eyes, Klipspringer, Meyer Wolfsheim, Catherine, Chester and Lucille McKee, or Henry Gatz, as they are not Major characters.-->

== Writing and production ==
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Fitzgerald began outlining his third novel in June 1922.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=53–54}} He longed to produce an exquisite work that was beautiful and intricately patterned,{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=184}} but the troubled production of his [[stage play]] ''[[The Vegetable, or From President to Postman|The Vegetable]]'' repeatedly interrupted his progress.{{sfn|Mizener|1960}} The play flopped, and Fitzgerald wrote magazine stories that winter to pay debts incurred by its production.<ref>{{harvnb|Curnutt|2004|p=58}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=185}}.</ref> He viewed these stories as all worthless,{{sfn|Mizener|1960}} although included among them was "[[Winter Dreams]]", which Fitzgerald described as his first attempt at the Gatsby idea.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1963|p=189}} "The whole idea of Gatsby", he later explained to a friend, "is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money. This theme comes up again and again because I lived it".{{sfn|Turnbull|1962|p=150}}

In October 1922, after the birth of their only child, [[Frances Scott Fitzgerald|Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald]], the Fitzgeralds moved to [[Great Neck, New York]], on Long Island.{{sfn|Murphy|2010|ps=: From Fall 1922 to Spring 1924, Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda resided at 6 Gateway Drive in [[Great Neck, New York]]. While reflecting upon the wild parties held during the Jazz Age on "that slender riotous island", Fitzgerald wrote the early story fragments which would become ''The Great Gatsby''.}} Their neighbors in Great Neck included such newly wealthy personages as writer [[Ring Lardner]], actor [[Lew Fields]] and comedian [[Ed Wynn]].{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=53–54}} These figures were all considered to be ''[[nouveau riche]]'', unlike those who came from [[Manhasset Bay|Manhasset Neck]], which sat across the bay from Great Neck—places that were home to many of New York's wealthiest established families.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=38–39}} This real-life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for "West Egg" and "East Egg". In the novel, Great Neck ([[Kings Point, New York|Kings Point]]) became the [[Nouveau riche|"new money"]] peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington ([[Sands Point, New York|Sands Point]]) became the "old money" East Egg.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|pp=38–39}} Several [[Gold Coast Mansions|Gold Coast mansions]] in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby's estate including Land's End,{{sfn|Kellogg|2011}} [[Oheka Castle]],{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|p=45}} and the since-demolished [[Beacon Towers]].{{sfn|Randall|2003|pp=275–277}}

While living on Long Island, the Fitzgeralds' enigmatic neighbor was <!--Please do not change to Max von Gerlach. Scholars have shown his actual name to be Max Stork Gerlach.-->[[Max Gerlach]].{{efn|name=Gerlach as Neighbor|Primary sources such as Zelda Fitzgerald and F. Scott Fitzgerald's friend Edmund Wilson both stated that Max Gerlach was a neighbor.<ref name="Max Gerlach"/><ref name="Wilson on Gerlach">{{harvnb|Kruse|2014|pp=13–14}}: Biographer Arthur Mizener wrote in a January 1951 letter to Max Gerlach that "Edmund Wilson, the literary critic, told me that Fitzgerald came to his house, apparently from yours [Gerlach's], and told him with great fascination about the life you were leading. Naturally, it fascinated him as all splendor did".</ref> Scholars have yet to find surviving property records for a Long Island residence with Gerlach's name.{{sfn|Kruse|2014|pp=23–24}} However, there are likely "gaps in the record of his addresses",{{sfn|Kruse|2014|pp=23–24}} and an accurate reconstruction of Gerlach's life and whereabouts is greatly hindered "by the imperfect state of relevant documentation".{{sfn|Kruse|2014|p=20}}}}<ref name="Max Gerlach" /><ref>{{harvnb|Kruse|2002|p=51}}.</ref> Purportedly born in America to a German immigrant family,{{efn|name=Gerlach's Birthplace|In a 2009 book, scholar Horst Kruse asserts that Max Gerlach was born in or near Berlin, Germany, and, as a young boy, he immigrated with his German parents to America.{{sfn|Kruse|2014|pp=6, 20}}}} Gerlach had been a major in the American Expeditionary Forces during World War&nbsp;I, and he later became a gentleman bootlegger who lived like a millionaire in New York.{{sfn|Kruse|2002|pp=53–54, 47–48, 63–64}} Flaunting his new wealth,{{efn|name=Max Gerlach|With the end of prohibition and the onset of the [[Great Depression]], Max Gerlach lost his wealth. Living in poverty, he attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head in 1939.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=178}}; {{harvnb|Kruse|2002|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|Kruse|2014|p=15}}.</ref>}} Gerlach threw lavish parties,{{sfn|Kruse|2014|p=15}} never wore the same shirt twice,{{sfn|Kruse|2002|p=47}} used the phrase "old sport",{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=178|ps=.}} and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relation of the [[Wilhelm II|German Kaiser]].{{sfn|Kruse|2002|p=60}} These details about Gerlach inspired Fitzgerald in his creation of [[Jay Gatsby]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kruse|2002|pp=45–83}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=178}}.</ref>

During this same time period, the daily newspapers sensationalized the [[Hall–Mills murder case]] over many months, and the highly publicized case likely influenced the plot of Fitzgerald's novel.<ref>{{harvnb|Lopate|2014}}; {{harvnb|Churchwell|2013a|pp=1–9}}.</ref> The case involved the double-murder of a man and his lover on September&nbsp;14, 1922, mere weeks before Fitzgerald arrived in Great Neck. Scholars have speculated that Fitzgerald based certain aspects of the ending of ''The Great Gatsby'' and various characterizations on this factual incident.{{sfn|Powers|2013|pp=9–11}}

Inspired by the Hall–Mills case, the mysterious persona of Gerlach and the riotous parties he attended on Long Island, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel by mid-1923, but discarded most of his new story as a false start.{{sfn|West|2002|p=xi}} Some of this early draft resurfaced in the 1924 short story "Absolution".<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2000|pp=53–54}}; {{harvnb|Eble|1974|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Haglund|2013}}.</ref> In earlier drafts,{{efn|name=Surviving Draft|Only two pages of the first draft of ''The Great Gatsby'' survive. Fitzgerald enclosed them with a letter to [[Willa Cather]] in 1925. They are now in the Fitzgerald Papers at [[Princeton University]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|pp=xvi, xx}}}} Daisy was originally named Ada and Nick was Dud,{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|p=xxvii}} and the two characters had shared a previous romance prior to their reunion on Long Island.{{sfn|Eble|1964|p=325}} These earlier drafts were written from the viewpoint of an omniscient narrator as opposed to Nick's perspective.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=178}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|1978|p=176}}.</ref> A key difference in earlier drafts is a less complete failure of Gatsby's dream.{{sfn|Alter|2013}} Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby is more balanced, although Daisy still returns to Tom.{{sfn|Alter|2013}}

Work on ''The Great Gatsby'' resumed in earnest in April 1924.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=190}}: Fitzgerald wrote in his private ledger: "Out of woods at last and starting novel".</ref> Fitzgerald decided to depart from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that he was intent on creating an artistic achievement.{{sfn|Eble|1974|p=37}} He wished to eschew the realism of his previous two novels and to compose a creative work of sustained imagination.<ref>{{harvnb|Flanagan|2000}}; {{harvnb|Leader|2000|pp=13–15}}.</ref> To this end, he consciously imitated the literary styles of [[Joseph Conrad]] and [[Willa Cather]].{{sfn|Quirk|1982|p=578}} He was particularly influenced by Cather's 1923 work, ''[[A Lost Lady]],''{{sfnm|Bruccoli|1978|1pp=171–172|Quirk|1982|2p=578}} which features a wealthy married socialite pursued by a variety of romantic suitors and who symbolically embodies the American dream.<ref>{{harvnb|Harvey|1995|p=76}}: "Marian Forrester, then, represents the American Dream boldly focused on self, almost fully disengaged from the morals and ethics to which it had been tied in the nineteenth century".</ref>{{sfnm|Funda|1995|1p=275|Rosowski|1977|2p=51}} He later wrote a letter to Cather apologizing for any unintentional plagiarism.{{sfnm|Bruccoli|1978|1pp=171–172|Quirk|1982|2p=578}} During this period of revisions, Scott saw and was influenced by early sketches for the book's dust jacket art.<ref name="Preparatory Drafts" />{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=143–144}} Soon after this burst of effort, work slowed while the Fitzgeralds moved to the Villa Marie in Saint-Raphaël on the [[French Riviera]], where a marital crisis soon developed.{{efn|name=Marital Crisis|While Fitzgerald worked on the novel, his wife Zelda was romanced by French naval aviator Edouard Jozan and asked for a divorce.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=195}}; {{harvnb|Milford|1970|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Howell|2013}}.</ref>}}

Despite his ongoing marital tension, Fitzgerald continued to write steadily and submitted a near-final version of the manuscript to his editor, [[Maxwell Perkins]], on October&nbsp;27.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=206}} Perkins informed him in a November letter that Gatsby was too vague as a character and that his wealth and business, respectively, needed a convincing explanation.{{sfn|Perkins|2004|pp=27–30}} Fitzgerald thanked Perkins for his detailed criticisms and claimed that such feedback would enable him to perfect the manuscript.{{sfn|Eble|1974|p=38}} Having relocated with his wife to Rome,{{sfn|Tate|2007|p=326}} Fitzgerald made revisions to the manuscript throughout the winter.{{sfn|Perkins|2004|pp=27–30}}

Content after a few rounds of revision, Fitzgerald submitted the final version in February 1925.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2000|pp=54–56}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=215}}.</ref> Fitzgerald's alterations included extensive revisions of the sixth and eighth chapters.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=213}} He declined an offer of $10,000 for the [[Serial (literature)|serial rights]] to the book so that it could be published sooner.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=215}} He received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and would receive $1,981.25 upon publication.<ref>{{harvnb|F. Scott Fitzgerald's ledger 1919–1938}}; {{harvnb|Zuckerman|2013}}.</ref>

=== Alternative titles ===
[[File:Maxwell Perkins NYWTS cropped.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Photographic of Maxwell Perkins sitting at a desk | Fitzgerald's editor, [[Maxwell Perkins]], convinced the author to abandon his original title of ''Trimalchio in West Egg'' in favor of ''The Great Gatsby''.]]
Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly deciding on ''The Great Gatsby'',<ref name="Book Title">{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=185}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|pp=206–207}}.</ref> a title inspired by [[Alain-Fournier]]'s ''[[Le Grand Meaulnes]]''.{{sfn|''The Economist''|2012}} Previously he had shifted between ''Among Ash Heaps and Millionaires'',<ref name="Book Title" /> ''Trimalchio'',<ref name="Book Title" /> ''Trimalchio in West Egg'',{{sfn|Vanderbilt|1999|p=96}} ''On the Road to West Egg'',{{sfn|Vanderbilt|1999|p=96}} ''Under the Red, White, and Blue'',<ref name="Book Title" /> ''The Gold-Hatted Gatsby'',{{sfn|Vanderbilt|1999|p=96}} and ''The High-Bouncing Lover''.{{sfn|Vanderbilt|1999|p=96}} The titles ''The Gold-Hatted Gatsby'' and ''The High-Bouncing Lover'' came from Fitzgerald's [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] for the novel, one which he wrote himself under the pen name of [[Thomas Parke D'Invilliers]].{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=207}}

Fitzgerald initially preferred titles referencing [[Trimalchio]],{{efn|name=Trimalchio|In 2002, over six decades after Fitzgerald's death, his earlier draft of the now-famous novel was published under the title ''Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby''.{{sfn|West|2002}}}} the crude upstart in [[Petronius]]'s ''[[Satyricon]]'', and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel.<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1991|p=88|loc=Chapter 7, opening sentence}}: "It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night—and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over".</ref>
Unlike Gatsby's spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the orgies he hosted but, according to literary critic [[Tony Tanner (scholar)|Tony Tanner]], there are subtle similarities between the two characters.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2000|pp=vii–viii|ps=: Tanner's introduction to the [[Penguin Books]] edition.}} By November 1924, Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that he had settled upon the title of ''Trimalchio in West Egg''.{{sfn|Hill|Burns|Shillingsburg|2002|p=331}}

Disliking Fitzgerald's chosen title of ''Trimalchio in West Egg'', editor Max Perkins persuaded him that the reference was too obscure and that people would be unable to pronounce it.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|Perkins|1971|p=87}} Zelda and Perkins both expressed their preference for ''The Great Gatsby'', and the next month Fitzgerald agreed.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|pp=206–207}} A month before publication, after a final review of the proofs, he asked if it would be possible to re-title it ''Trimalchio'' or ''Gold-Hatted Gatsby'', but Perkins advised against it. On March&nbsp;19, 1925,{{sfn|Tate|2007|p=87|ps=: "He settled on ''The Great Gatsby'' in December 1924, but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title, cabling from {{mono|[[Capri|CAPRI]]}} on March 19: {{mono|CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE [[Full stop#Telegraphy|STOP]] {{sic|WHART}} WOULD DELAY BE"}}}} Fitzgerald expressed enthusiasm for the title ''Under the Red, White, and Blue'', but it was too late to change it at that stage.{{sfn|Churchwell|2013b}}{{sfn|Lipton|2013|ps=: "Fitzgerald, who despised the title ''The Great Gatsby'' and toiled for months to think of something else, wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one: ''Under the Red, White, and Blue''. Unfortunately, it was too late to change".}} The novel was published as ''The Great Gatsby'' on April 10, 1925.{{sfn|Lazo|2003|p=75}} Fitzgerald believed the book's final title to be merely acceptable and often expressed his ambivalence with the name.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|pp=215–217}}

=== Dust jacket art ===
{{Further|Celestial Eyes}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| image1 = Francis Cugat Gatsby Cover Drafts 1925.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = The Great Gatsby dust jacket art drafts
| image2 = Celestial eyes-The Great Gatsby cover-Francis Cugat-1925.tif
| width2 = 100
| alt2 = The Great Gatsby 1925 dust jacket without the title or author superimposed.
| footer = Drafts of the dust jacket by artist [[Francis Cugat]] juxtaposed with the final version. In one draft (''first''), a single eye loomed over [[Long Island Sound]]. In a subsequent draft (''second''), Cugat expanded upon this concept to feature two eyes gazing over the New York cityscape. In the final draft (''third''), the shadowy cityscape was replaced by carnival lights evoking [[Coney Island]].
| footer_align = left
}}
<!--Do not change "artwork" or "imagery" to "cover" or "painting". It was the preliminary drafts, not the final painting, that influenced Fitzgerald.-->The artwork for the first edition of ''The Great Gatsby,'' known as ''[[Celestial Eyes]],'' is among the most celebrated in American literature and represents a unique instance in literary history in which a novel's commissioned artwork directly influenced the composition of the text.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=141–155}} Rendered in an [[Art Deco]] visual style,{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=141}} the artwork depicts the disembodied face of a Jazz Age flapper with celestial eyes and rouged mouth over a dark blue skyline.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=202}} A little-known [[Barcelona]]n painter named [[Francis Cugat]]—born Francisco Coradal-Cougat—was commissioned by an unknown individual in Scribner's art department to illustrate the cover while Fitzgerald was composing the novel.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=140–155}}

In a preliminary sketch, Cugat drew a concept of a dismal gray landscape inspired by Fitzgerald's original title for the novel, ''Among Ash Heaps and Millionaires''.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=146}} Discarding this gloomy concept, Cugat next drew a divergent study which became the prefiguration to the final cover: A pencil and crayon drawing of a flapper's half-hidden visage over Long Island Sound with scarlet lips, one celestial eye, and a single diagonal tear.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=148–149}} Expanding upon this study, his subsequent drawing featured two bright eyes looming over a shadowy New York cityscape.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=149–151}} In later iterations, Cugat replaced the shadowy cityscape with dazzling carnival lights evoking a [[Ferris wheel]] and likely referencing the glittering amusement park at New York's [[Coney Island]].{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=149–153}} Cugat affixed reclining nudes within the flapper's irises and added a green tint to the streaming tear.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=154}} Cugat's final cover,{{efn|name=Final Cover|Many years after ''The Great Gatsby''{{'}}s publication, Francis Cugat's original painting for the book cover was presumed forever lost until it was found in a trash can at Scribner's and donated to the Princeton University Libraries for its Graphic Arts Collection.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=145, 154}}}} which Max Perkins hailed as a masterpiece, was the only work he completed for Scribner's and the only book cover he ever designed.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=143, 154}}

Although Fitzgerald likely never saw the final [[gouache]] painting prior to the novel's publication,<ref>{{harvnb|Scribner|1992|p=145}}: "It is entirely conceivable that Fitzgerald had never seen Cugat's final, finished artwork".</ref> Cugat's preparatory drafts influenced his writing.<ref name="Preparatory Drafts" />{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=141}} Upon viewing Cugat's drafts before sailing for France in April–May 1924,<ref name="Preparatory Drafts">{{Harvnb|Scribner|1992|pp=145–146}}: "Since there were at most a couple of weeks between the commission and Fitzgerald's departure for France, it is likely that what he had seen—and "written into the book"—was one or more of Cugat's preparatory sketches which were probably shown to him at Scribners before he set sail".</ref>{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=143–144}} Fitzgerald was so enamored that he later told editor Max Perkins that he had incorporated Cugat's imagery into the novel.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=142}} This statement has led many to analyze interrelations between Cugat's art and Fitzgerald's text.{{sfn|Scribner|1992|p=142}} One popular interpretation is that the celestial eyes are reminiscent of those of optometrist T. J. Eckleburg depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson's auto repair shop.<ref>{{harvnb|Scribner|1992|pp=140–155}}: "We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat's fantastic apparitions over the [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park|valley of ashes]]; in other words, that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat's trial jackets, one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts".</ref> Author [[Ernest Hemingway]] supported this latter interpretation and claimed that Fitzgerald had told him the cover referred to a billboard in the valley of the ashes.{{sfn|Hemingway|1964|p=176|ps=: "Scott brought his book over. It had a garish dust jacket and I remember being embarrassed by the violence, bad taste, and slippery look of it. It looked like the book jacket for a book of bad science fiction. Scot told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story. He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it. I took it off to read the book".}} Although this passage has some resemblance to the imagery, a closer explanation can be found in Fitzgerald's explicit description of Daisy Buchanan as the "girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs".{{sfn|Scribner|1992|pp=140–155}}

== Critical reception ==
=== Initial reviews ===
[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] published ''The Great Gatsby'' on April 10, 1925.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=217}} Fitzgerald cabled Perkins the day after publication to monitor reviews: "Any news?"{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=217}} "Sales situation doubtful [but] excellent reviews", read a telegram from Perkins on April 20.<ref name="O'Meara 2002 49">{{harvnb|O'Meara|2002|p=49}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=217}}.</ref> Fitzgerald responded on April&nbsp;24, saying the cable dispirited him, closing the letter with "Yours in great depression".<ref name="O'Meara 2002 49" /> Fitzgerald soon received letters from contemporaries [[Willa Cather]], [[Edith Wharton]], and poet [[T. S. Eliot]] praising the novel.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=218}} Although gratified by such correspondence, Fitzgerald sought public acclaim from professional critics.<ref>{{harvnb|Mizener|1960}}; {{harvnb|Quirk|1982|p=576}}.</ref>

[[File:H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Photographic portrait of H.L. Mencken |Although he praised the novel's style, [[H. L. Mencken]] criticized the plot as highly improbable—a criticism that Fitzgerald particularly resented.]]
''The Great Gatsby'' received generally favorable reviews from literary critics of the day.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=217}}; {{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=193}}.</ref> Edwin Clark of ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt the novel was a mystical and glamorous tale of the Jazz Age.{{sfn|Clark|1925}} Similarly, Lillian C. Ford of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' hailed the novel as a revelatory work of art that "leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder".{{sfn|Ford|1925}} The ''[[New York Post]]'' described Fitzgerald's prose style as scintillating and genuinely brilliant.{{sfn|''New York Post''|1925}} The ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' was less impressed, referring to ''The Great Gatsby'' as "a literary lemon meringue" that nonetheless "contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine—so light, so delicate, so sharp".{{sfn|''New York Herald Tribune''|1925}} In ''[[Chicago Tribune|The Chicago Daily Tribune]]'', [[H. L. Mencken]] judged the work's plot to be highly improbable, although he praised the writing as elegant and the "careful and brilliant finish".<ref>{{harvnb|Mencken|1925|p=9}}: "''The Great Gatsby'' is in form no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at that. The story for all its basic triviality has a fine texture; a careful and brilliant finish&nbsp;... What gives the story distinction is something quite different from the management of the action or the handling of the characters; it is the charm and beauty of the writing".</ref>

Several reviewers felt the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald's previous works and criticized him accordingly. Harvey Eagleton of ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' predicted that the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald's artistic success.{{sfn|Eagleton|1925|ps=: "[Fitzgerald] is considered a [[Roman candle (firework)|Roman candle]] which burned brightly at first but now flares out".}} Ralph Coghlan of the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' dismissed the work as an inconsequential performance by a once-promising author who had grown bored and cynical.{{sfn|Coghlan|1925}} Ruth Snyder of ''[[New York World|New York Evening World]]'' lambasted the book's style as painfully forced and declared the editors of her newspaper were "quite convinced after reading ''The Great Gatsby'' that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of today".{{sfn|Snyder|1925}} John McClure of ''[[The Times-Picayune]]'' insisted the plot was implausible and the book itself seemed raw in its construction.{{sfn|McClure|1925}}

After reading these reviews, Fitzgerald believed that many critics misunderstood the novel.{{sfn|Eble|1974|p=37}} He despaired that "of all the reviews, even the most enthusiastic, not one had the slightest idea what the book was about".{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1945|loc=Letter to Edmund Wilson|p=270}} In particular, Fitzgerald resented criticisms of the novel's plot as implausible since he had never intended for the story to be realistic.{{sfn|Eble|1974|p=37}} Instead, he crafted the work to be a romanticized depiction that was largely scenic and symbolic.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=219}}; {{harvnb|Flanagan|2000}}; {{harvnb|Leader|2000|pp=13–15}}.</ref> According to his friend [[John Peale Bishop]], Fitzgerald further resented the fact that critics failed to perceive the many parallels between the author's life and the character of Jay Gatsby; in particular, that both created a mythical version of themselves and attempted to live up to this legend.{{sfn|Kruse|2002|p=75}} Dispirited by critics failing to understand the novel, Fitzgerald remained hopeful that the novel would at least be a commercial success, perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies.{{sfn|O'Meara|2002|p=49}}

To Fitzgerald's great disappointment, ''Gatsby'' was a commercial failure in comparison with his previous efforts, ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'' (1920) and ''[[The Beautiful and Damned]]'' (1922). By October, the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies.{{sfn|Mizener|1960}}
Although the novel went through two initial printings, many copies remained unsold years later.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|p=175}} Fitzgerald attributed the poor sales to the fact that women tended to be the primary audience for novels during this time, and ''Gatsby'' did not contain an admirable female character.{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|p=175}} According to his ledger, he earned only $2,000 from the book.<ref>{{harvnb|Howell|2013}}; {{harvnb|F. Scott Fitzgerald's ledger 1919–1938}}.</ref> Although [[Owen Davis]]' 1926 stage adaptation and the [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]-issued [[The Great Gatsby (1926 film)|silent film version]] brought in money for the author, Fitzgerald lamented that the novel fell far short of the success he had hoped for and would not bring him recognition as a serious novelist in the public eye.{{sfn|Mizener|1960}} With the onset of the [[Great Depression]], ''The Great Gatsby'' was regarded as little more than a nostalgic period piece.{{sfn|Mizener|1960}} By the time Fitzgerald died in 1940, the novel had fallen into near obscurity.{{sfn|Rimer|2008}}

=== Revival and reassessment ===
[[File:Edmund Wilson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|alt=A photographic portrait of Edmund Wilson|Fitzgerald's friend [[Edmund Wilson]] helped revive the author's posthumous reputation.]]
In 1940, Fitzgerald suffered a third and fatal heart attack and died believing his work forgotten.<ref>{{harvnb|Donahue|2013b}}: "When 'Gatsby' author F. Scott Fitzgerald died in 1940, he thought he was a failure".</ref> His obituary in ''The New York Times'' hailed him as a brilliant novelist and cited ''Gatsby'' as his greatest work.{{sfn|Fitzgerald's obituary|1940|ps=: "The best of his books, the critics said, was ''The Great Gatsby''. When it was published in 1925 this ironic tale of life on Long Island, at a time when [[Bathtub gin|gin]] was the national drink and sex the national obsession, it received critical acclaim. In it, Mr. Fitzgerald was at his best".}} In the wake of Fitzgerald's death, a strong appreciation for the book gradually developed in writers' circles. Future authors [[Budd Schulberg]] and [[Edward Newhouse]] were deeply affected by it, and [[John O'Hara]] acknowledged its influence on his work.<ref>{{harvnb|Mizener|1960}}: "Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg, who would presently be deeply affected by it, were discovering it".</ref> By the time that ''Gatsby'' was republished in [[Edmund Wilson]]'s edition of ''The Last Tycoon'' in 1941, the prevailing opinion in writers' circles deemed the novel to be an enduring work of fiction.{{sfn|Mizener|1960}}

In the spring of 1942, mere months after the United States' entrance into [[World War II|World War&nbsp;II]], an association of publishing executives created the [[Council on Books in Wartime]] with the stated purpose of distributing paperback [[Armed Services Editions]] books to [[combat troops]]. ''The Great Gatsby'' was one of them.{{sfn|Cole|1984|p=25}} Within the next several years, 155,000 copies of ''Gatsby'' were distributed to U.S. soldiers overseas,<ref>{{harvnb|Cole|1984|p=26}}: "One hundred fifty-five thousand [[Armed Services Editions|ASE copies]] of ''The Great Gatsby'' were distributed-as against the twenty-five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942".</ref> and the book proved popular among beleaguered troops, according to the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]''{{'}}s 1945 report.{{sfn|Wittels|1945|ps=: "Troops showed interest in books about the human mind and books with sexual situations were grabbed up eagerly. One soldier said that books with 'racy' passages were as popular as 'pin-up girls'".}}

By 1944, a full-scale Fitzgerald revival had occurred.<ref>{{harvnb|Mizener|1960}}; {{harvnb|Verghis|2013}}.</ref> Full-length scholarly articles on Fitzgerald's works were being published in [[periodicals]] and, by the following year, the earlier consensus among professional critics that ''The Great Gatsby'' was merely a sensational story or a nostalgic [[period piece]] had effectively vanished.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=217}}; {{harvnb|Mizener|1960}}.</ref> The tireless promotional efforts of literary critic Edmund Wilson, who was Fitzgerald's Princeton classmate and his close friend, led this Fitzgerald revival.{{sfn|Verghis|2013}} In 1951, three years after [[Zelda Fitzgerald#Hospital fire and death|Zelda's death]] in a hospital fire, Professor [[Arthur Mizener]] of [[Cornell University]] published ''[[The Far Side of Paradise]]'', the first biography of Fitzgerald.{{sfn|Mizener|1965}} Mizener's bestselling biography emphasized ''The Great Gatsby''{{'}}s positive reception by literary critics, which may have further influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it.{{sfn|Mizener|1965|p=183}}

By 1960—thirty-five years after the novel's original publication—the book was steadily selling 100,000 copies per year.{{sfn|Tredell|2007|p=90}} Renewed interest in it led ''The New York Times'' editorialist Mizener to proclaim the novel was a [[masterwork]] of 20th-century [[American literature]].{{sfn|Mizener|1960}} By 1974, ''The Great Gatsby'' had attained its status as a literary masterwork and was deemed a contender for the title of the "[[Great American Novel]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Eble|1974|pp=34, 45}}; {{harvnb|Batchelor|2013}}.</ref>

By the mid-2000s, many literary critics considered ''The Great Gatsby'' to be one of the greatest novels ever written,<ref>{{harvnb|Hogeback|2016}}; {{harvnb|Lacayo|Grossman|2010}}; {{harvnb|Burt|2010}}.</ref> and the work was part of the assigned curricula in the near majority of U.S. high schools.{{sfn|Rimer|2008}} As of early 2020, ''The Great Gatsby'' had sold almost 30 million copies worldwide and continues to sell an additional 500,000 copies annually.{{sfn|Italie|2020}} Numerous foreign editions of the novel have been published,{{sfn|Tredell|2007|pp=89–90}} and the text has been translated into 42 different languages.{{sfn|Donahue|2013b}} The work is Scribner's most popular title; in 2013, the [[e-book]] alone sold 185,000 copies.{{sfn|Donahue|2013b}} The [[American Library Association]] lists the book as among the most challenged classics in U.S. literature.{{sfn|American Library Association|2025}} The novel's U.S. copyright expired on January 1, 2021, when it, along with all the other [[1925 in literature|literature of 1925]], entered the [[public domain in the United States|public domain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Alter|2018}}; {{harvnb|Williams|2021}}.</ref> Since then, numerous altered and incomplete reprints have flooded the market.{{sfn|Alberge|2022}}

== Critical analysis ==
=== Major themes ===
==== The American Dream ====
[[File:EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|alt=A painting featuring the Statue of Liberty|The [[American Dream]], often represented by the [[Statue of Liberty]] signifying new opportunities in life, is a central theme underlying the novel.]]

Following the novel's revival, later critical writings on ''The Great Gatsby'' focused on Fitzgerald's disillusionment with the [[American Dream]] in the hedonistic Jazz Age,<ref>{{harvnb|Kazin|1951|p=189}}; {{harvnb|Bewley|1954|pp=223–224}}.</ref> a name for the era which Fitzgerald claimed to have coined.<ref>{{harvnb|Pearson|1970|p=638}}: "[Fitzgerald] was the self-appointed spokesman for the 'Jazz Age,' a term he takes credit for coining, and he gave it its arch-high priest and prophet, Jay Gatsby, in his novel ''The Great Gatsby''".</ref> In 1970, scholar [[Roger Pearson (literary scholar)|Roger L. Pearson]] asserted that Fitzgerald's work—more so than other twentieth century novels—is especially linked with this conceptualization of the American dream.{{sfn|Pearson|1970|p=638}} Pearson traced the literary origins of this dream to [[Colonial history of the United States|Colonial America]]. The dream is the belief that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and achieve their desired goals, "be they political, monetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The land of opportunity".{{sfn|Pearson|1970|p=638}}

However, Pearson noted that Fitzgerald's particular treatment of this theme is devoid of the discernible optimism in the writings of earlier American authors.{{sfn|Pearson|1970|p=638}} He suggests Gatsby serves as a false prophet of the American dream, and pursuing the dream only results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability.{{sfn|Pearson|1970|p=645}} In this analytical context, the green light on the Buchanans' dock (visible across [[Long Island Sound]] from Gatsby's house) is frequently interpreted as a symbol of Gatsby's unrealizable goal to win Daisy and, consequently, to achieve the American Dream.{{sfn|Rimer|2008}}{{sfn|Bewley|1954|pp=235, 238|ps=: "For Gatsby, Daisy does not exist in herself. She is the green light that signals him into the heart of his ultimate vision&nbsp;... Thus the American dream, whose superstitious valuation of the future began in the past, gives the green light through which alone the American returns to his traditional roots, paradoxically retreating into the pattern of history while endeavoring to exploit the possibilities of the future".}} Also, scholar [[Sarah Churchwell]] points out that adultery in the novel is linked to the loss of faith and broken promises, which symbolizes the corruption of the American Dream.{{sfn|Churchwell|2012}}

==== Class permanence ====
Scholars and writers commonly ascribe Gatsby's inability to achieve the American Dream to entrenched class disparities in American society.<ref>{{harvnb|Churchwell|2013b}}; {{harvnb|Gillespie|2013}}; {{harvnb|Bechtel|2017|p=117}}.</ref> The novel underscores the limits of the American lower class to transcend their [[Social class in the United States|station of birth]].{{sfn|Churchwell|2013b}} Scholar Sarah Churchwell contends that Fitzgerald's novel is a tale of [[Class conflict|class warfare]] in a status-obsessed country that refuses to acknowledge publicly it even has a class system.{{sfn|Churchwell|2013b}}

Although scholars posit different explanations for the continuation of [[Social inequality|class differences]] in the United States, there is a consensus regarding the novel's message in conveying its underlying permanence.<ref>{{harvnb|Gillespie|2013}}; {{harvnb|Bechtel|2017|p=117}}; {{harvnb|Churchwell|2013b}}.</ref> Although ''Gatsby''{{'}}s fundamental conflict occurs between entrenched sources of socio-economic power and upstarts like Gatsby who threaten their interests,{{sfn|Gillespie|2013}} Fitzgerald's novel shows that a class permanence persists despite the country's capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability.{{sfn|Gillespie|2013}} Dianne Bechtel argues Fitzgerald plotted the novel to illustrate that class transcends wealth in America. Even if the poorer Americans become rich, they remain inferior to those Americans with "old money".{{sfn|Bechtel|2017|p=120}} Consequently, Gatsby and other characters in the novel are trapped in a rigid American class system.{{sfn|Bechtel|2017|pp=117, 128}}

==== Gender relations ====
[[File:Saturday Evening Post cover 2-4-1922.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=A sketch of a flapper on the cover of an issue of the ''Saturday Evening Post''|An idealized depiction of a [[flapper]] as illustrated by [[Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle|Ellen Pyle]] for the cover of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' (1922)]]
Besides exploring the difficulties of achieving the American dream, ''The Great Gatsby'' explores [[Gender polarization|societal gender expectations]] during the Jazz Age.{{sfn|Drudzina|2006|pp=17–20}} The character of Daisy Buchanan has been identified specifically as personifying the emerging cultural [[archetype]] of the flapper.<ref name="Daisy as Flapper Archetype"/> Flappers were typically young, [[Modernity|modern women]] who [[Bob cut|bobbed their hair]] and wore short skirts.<ref>{{harvnb|Conor|2004|p=209}}: "More than any other type of the Modern Woman, it was the Flapper who embodied the scandal which attached to women's new public visibility, from their increasing street presence to their mechanical reproduction as spectacles".</ref>{{sfn|Conor|2004|pp=210, 221}} They also drank&nbsp;alcohol and had [[premarital sex]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1945|loc="Echoes of the Jazz Age"|p=16}}: The flappers, "if they get about at all, know the taste of [[gin]] or [[Corn liquor|corn]] at sixteen".</ref><ref name="Premarital sex" />

Despite the newfound societal freedoms attained by flappers in the 1920s,{{sfn|Conor|2004|p=209}} Fitzgerald's work critically examines the continued limitations upon women's [[Agency (sociology)|agency]] during this period.{{sfn|Person|1978|pp=250–257}} In this context, although early critics viewed the character of Daisy to be a "monster of [[Bitch (slang)|bitchery]]",{{sfn|Person|1978|p=253}} later scholars such as Leland S. Person Jr.<!--Please do not correct to Pearson. Roger L. Pearson and Leland S. Person are different scholars.--> asserted that Daisy's character exemplifies the marginalization of women in the elite social environment that Fitzgerald depicts.<ref>{{harvnb|Person|1978|pp=250–257}}; {{harvnb|Donahue|2013a}}.</ref>

Writing in 1978, Person noted Daisy is more of a hapless victim than a manipulative victimizer.{{sfn|Person|1978|p=250}} She is the target first of Tom's callous domination and next of Gatsby's dehumanizing adoration.{{sfn|Person|1978|p=250}} She involuntarily becomes the [[holy grail]] at the center of Gatsby's unrealistic quest to be steadfast to a youthful concept of himself.{{sfn|Person|1978|p=250}} The ensuing contest of wills between Tom and Gatsby reduces Daisy to a [[trophy wife]] whose sole existence is to augment her possessor's socio-economic success.{{sfn|Person|1978|p=256}}

As an [[upper-class]] white woman living in East Egg during this time period, Daisy must adhere to societal expectations and [[gender norms]] such as actively fulfilling the roles of dutiful wife, nurturing mother, and charming [[socialite]].{{sfn|Person|1978|pp=250–257}} Many of Daisy's choices—ultimately culminating in the fatal car crash and misery for all those involved—can be partly attributed to her prescribed role as a "beautiful little fool" who is reliant on her husband for financial and societal security.{{efn|name=Beautiful Little Fool|Daisy's statement that she hopes her daughter will be a "beautiful little fool" was said by [[Zelda Fitzgerald]] when their daughter Scottie was born on October 26, 1921, in a St. Paul hospital.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=156}}; {{harvnb|Milford|1970|p=80}}; {{harvnb|Turnbull|1962|p=127}}.</ref>}}{{sfn|Person|1978|pp=253, 256}} Her decision to remain with her husband, despite her feelings for Gatsby, is because of the security that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides.{{sfn|Person|1978|p=253}}

==== Race and displacement ====
[[File:Dust jacket, first edition of The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|alt=Dust jacket of the book ''The Rise of the Colored Empires'' by Lothrop Stoddard| Fitzgerald's novel references a fictional book, Goddard's ''The Rise of the Colored Empires'', which is a parody of ''[[The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy|The Rising Tide of Color]]'' (1920) by [[Lothrop Stoddard]].]]

Many scholars have analyzed the novel's treatment of race and displacement; in particular, a perceived threat posed by newer immigrants to older Americans, triggering concerns over a loss of [[socio-economic status]].<ref>{{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=55}}; {{harvnb|Pekarofski|2012|p=52}}; {{harvnb|Michaels|1995|pp=18, 29}}; {{harvnb|Vogel|2015|p=43}}; {{harvnb|Berman|1996|p=33}}.</ref> In one instance, Tom Buchanan—the novel's antagonist—claims that he, Nick, and Jordan are [[Nordicism|racially superior Nordics]]. Tom decries [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] and advocates [[white supremacy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=54}}; {{harvnb|Michaels|1995|p=29}}.</ref> A fictional book alluded to by Tom is Goddard's ''The Rise of the Colored Empires'', which is a parody by Fitzgerald of [[Lothrop Stoddard]]'s ''[[The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy|The Rising Tide of Color]],'' a 1920s [[bestseller]].<ref>{{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=54}}; {{harvnb|Vogel|2015|p=36}}; {{harvnb|Pekarofski|2012|p=52}}.</ref> Stoddard warned that immigration would alter America's racial composition and destroy the country.{{sfn|Michaels|1995|p=29}}

Analyzing these elements, [[Literary theory|literary theorist]] [[Walter Benn Michaels]] contends that Fitzgerald's novel reflects a historical period in American literature characterized by fears over the influx of [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an immigrants whose "[[Other (philosophy)|otherness]]" challenged Americans' sense of [[national identity]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pekarofski|2012|p=52}}; {{harvnb|Michaels|1995|pp=18, 29}}.</ref> Such anxieties were more salient in national discourse than the societal consequences of World War&nbsp;I,{{sfn|Berman|1996|p=33}}<ref>{{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=53}}: "An obsessive concern with ethnic differences has always been a part of American culture, but in some periods this concern has been more intense and explicit than in others. The 1920s, the time of the [[Second Ku Klux Klan|reborn Ku Klux Klan]], [[Immigration Act of 1924|immigration restriction legislation]], and the pseudo-scientific racism of [[Madison Grant]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]] was one of the periods when concern about ethnicity was most evident on the surface of national life".</ref> and the defining question of the period was who constituted "a real American".{{sfn|Vogel|2015|p=38}}

In this context of immigration and displacement, Tom's hostility towards Gatsby, who is the embodiment of "latest America",{{sfn|Vogel|2015|p=45}} has been interpreted as partly embodying [[Status shift|status anxieties]] of the time involving anti-immigrant sentiment.{{sfn|Vogel|2015|p=45}} Gatsby—whom Tom belittles as "Mr. Nobody from Nowhere"<ref>{{harvnb|Vogel|2015|p=40}}; {{harvnb|Slater|1973|p=54}}.</ref>—functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear ethno-religious identity and his indeterminate class status.{{sfn|Pekarofski|2012|p=52}} Although his ethnicity is vague, his last name Gatz and his father's adherence to the [[Lutheran]] religion indicate his family are recent German immigrants.{{sfn|Slater|1973|p=56}} This would preclude them from the coveted status of [[Old Stock Americans]].{{sfn|Slater|1973|p=56}} Consequently, Gatsby's socio-economic ascent is deemed a threat not only due to his status as ''nouveau riche'', but because he is perceived as an outsider.{{sfn|Vogel|2015|p=41}}

Because of such themes, ''The Great Gatsby'' captures the perennial American experience as it is a story about change and those who resist it—whether such change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants, the ''nouveau riche'', or successful minorities.{{sfn|Gillespie|2013}} Since Americans living in the <!--Please do not change to the anachronistic and historically misleading term "Roaring Twenties" which typically refers to the second half of the 1920s decade.-->1920s to the present are largely defined by their fluctuating socio-economic circumstances and must navigate a society with entrenched racial and ethnic prejudices, Fitzgerald's depiction of resultant status anxieties and social conflict has been highlighted by scholars as still enduringly relevant nearly a hundred years after the novel's publication.{{sfn|Gillespie|2013}}<ref>{{harvnb|Vogel|2015|pp=29–30, 33, 38–40, 51}}: "''The Great Gatsby'' resonates more in the present than it ever did in the Jazz Age", and "the work speaks in strikingly familiar terms to the issues of our time", especially since its "themes are inextricably woven into questions of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality".</ref>

==== Sexuality and identity ====
[[File:F. Scott Fitzgerald circa 1915 (Retouched Oval Portrait Cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Photographic portrait of F. Scott Fitzgerald dressed as a woman circa 1915|A photo of Fitzgerald dressed as a woman circa 1915]]
Questions regarding the sexuality of characters have been raised for decades and—augmented by biographical details about the author—have given rise to [[Queering|queer readings]].{{sfn|Vogel|2015|pp=38–40}} During his lifetime, Fitzgerald's sexuality became a subject of debate among his friends and acquaintances.<ref>{{harvnb|Fessenden|2005|p=28}}: "Fitzgerald's career records the ambient, dogging pressure to repel charges of his own homosexuality".</ref><ref name="Sexuality Rumors">{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=284}}: According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, author [[Robert McAlmon]] and other contemporaries in Paris publicly asserted that Fitzgerald was a homosexual, and Hemingway later avoided Fitzgerald due to these rumors.</ref>{{sfnm|Milford|1970|1p=154|Kerr|1996|2p=417}} As a youth, Fitzgerald had a close relationship with Father Sigourney Fay,<ref>{{harvnb|Fessenden|2005|p=28}}: "Biographers describe Fay as a '[[fin-de-siècle]] aesthete' of considerable appeal; 'a dandy, always heavily perfumed,' who introduced the teenaged Fitzgerald to [[Oscar Wilde]] and good wine".</ref> a possibly [[gay]] Catholic priest,<ref>{{harvnb|Fessenden|2005|p=28}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=275}}: "If Fay was a homosexual, as has been asserted without proof, Fitzgerald was presumably unaware of it".</ref> and Fitzgerald later used his last name for the idealized romantic character of Daisy Fay.{{sfn|Fessenden|2005|p=30}} After college, Fitzgerald [[cross-dressed]] during outings in Minnesota.<ref>{{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=60}}: "In February he put on his Show Girl make-up and went to a [[Psi Upsilon|Psi U]] dance at the [[University of Minnesota]] with his old friend Gus Schurmeier as escort. He spent the evening casually asking for cigarettes in the middle of the dance floor and absent-mindedly drawing a small vanity case from the top of a blue stocking".</ref> Years later, while drafting ''The Great Gatsby'', rumors dogged Fitzgerald among the American expat community in Paris that he was gay.<ref name="Sexuality Rumors" /> Soon after, Fitzgerald's wife Zelda Fitzgerald likewise doubted his heterosexuality and asserted that he was a [[closeted homosexual]].{{sfn|Fessenden|2005|p=33}} She publicly belittled him with [[homophobic slurs]],{{sfn|Milford|1970|p=183}} and she alleged that Fitzgerald and fellow writer [[Ernest Hemingway]] engaged in homosexual relations.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|Fitzgerald|2002|p=65}}<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=275}}: "Zelda extended her attack on Fitzgerald's masculinity by charging that he was involved in a homosexual liaison with Hemingway".</ref> These incidents strained the Fitzgeralds' marriage at the time of the novel's publication.{{sfn|Fessenden|2005|p=33}}

Although Fitzgerald's sexuality is a subject of scholarly debate,{{efn|name=Fitzgerald's sexuality|Fessenden (2005) argues that Fitzgerald struggled with his sexual orientation.{{sfn|Fessenden|2005|pp=32–33}} In contrast, Bruccoli (2002) insists that "anyone can be called a latent homosexual, but there is no evidence that Fitzgerald was ever involved in a homosexual attachment".{{sfn|Bruccoli|2002|p=275}}}} such biographical details lent credence to critical interpretations that his fictional characters are either gay or bisexual surrogates.{{efn|name=Half-Feminine|Scholars have focused on Fitzgerald's statement in a letter that his mind was "half feminine".{{sfn|Kerr|1996|p=406}} In 1935, Fitzgerald wrote to Laura Guthrie: "I don't know what it is in me or that comes to me when I start to write. I am half feminine—at least my mind is".{{sfn|Turnbull|1962|p=259}}}}<ref>{{harvnb|Fessenden|2005|p=31}}: The novel "includes some queer energies, to be sure—we needn't revisit the more gossipy strains of Fitzgerald biography to note that it's Nick who delivers the sensuous goods on Gatsby from beginning to end".</ref>{{sfn|Kerr|1996|p=406}} As early as 1945, critics such as [[Lionel Trilling]] noted that characters in ''The Great Gatsby'', such as Jordan Baker, were implied to be "vaguely homosexual",{{sfn|Kazin|1951|p=202}}{{sfn|Paulson|1978|p=326}} and, in 1960, writer [[Otto Friedrich]] commented upon the ease of examining the thwarted relations depicted in Fitzgerald's fiction through a queer lens.{{sfn|Friedrich|1960|p=394}} In recent decades, scholarship has focused sharply on the sexuality of Nick Carraway.<ref>{{harvnb|Kerr|1996|p=406}}: "It was in the 1970s that readers first began to address seriously the themes of gender and sexuality in ''The Great Gatsby''; a few critics have pointed out the novel's bizarre homoerotic leitmotif".</ref> In one instance in the novel, Carraway departs a drunken orgy with a "pale, feminine" man named Mr. McKee and—following suggestive ellipses—Nick next finds himself standing beside a bed while McKee sits between the sheets clad only in his underwear.{{sfn|Vogel|2015|p=34}}{{sfn|Kerr|1996|pp=412, 414}} Such scenes have led scholars to describe Nick as possessing an overt queerness and prompted analyses about his emotional attachment to Jay Gatsby.{{sfnm|Kerr|1996|1pp=409–411|Vogel|2015|2p=34|Lisca|1967|3pp=20–21|Paulson|1978|4p=329|Wasiolek|1992|5pp=20–21}} For these reasons, the novel has been described as an exploration of sexual identity during a historical era typified by the societal transition towards [[modernity]].<ref>{{harvnb|Vogel|2015|pp=31, 51}}: "Among the most significant contributions of ''The Great Gatsby'' to the present is its intersectional exploration of identity.... these themes are inextricably woven into questions of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality".</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Paulson|1978|p=329}}: Commenting upon Nick's sexual confusion, A. B. Paulson remarked in 1978 that "the novel is about identity, about leaving home and venturing into a world of adults, about choosing a profession, about choosing a sexual role to play as well as a partner to love, it is a novel that surely appeals on several deep levels to the problems of adolescent readers".</ref>

==== Technology and environment ====
Technological and environmental criticisms of ''Gatsby'' seek to place the novel and its characters in a broader historical context.<ref>{{harvnb|Keeler|2018|pp=174–188}}; {{harvnb|Marx|1964|pp=358, 362–364}}; {{harvnb|Little|2015|pp=3–26}}.</ref> In 1964, [[Leo Marx]] argued in ''[[The Machine in the Garden]]'' that Fitzgerald's work evinces a tension between a complex [[Pastoralism|pastoral ideal]] of a bygone America and the societal transformations caused by [[Technological and industrial history of the United States|industrialization]] and [[machine technology]].{{sfn|Marx|1964|pp=358–364}} Specifically, the valley of the ashes, in between East and West Egg, represents a man-made wasteland which is a byproduct of the industrialization that has made Gatsby's booming lifestyle, including his automobile, possible.{{sfn|Marx|1964|p=358}} Marx argues that Fitzgerald, via Nick, expresses a pastoral longing typical of other 1920s American writers like [[William Faulkner]] and Ernest Hemingway.{{sfn|Marx|1964|p=362}} Although such writers cherish the pastoral ideal, they accept that technological progress has deprived this ideal of nearly all meaning.<ref name="Leo Marx">{{harvnb|Marx|1964|pp=363–364}}</ref> In this context, Nick's repudiation of the <!--Please do not change to "East Coast" as "eastern United States" is conceptually distinct.-->eastern United States represents a futile attempt to withdraw into nature.<ref name="Leo Marx" /> Yet, as Fitzgerald's work shows, any technological demarcation between the eastern and western United States has vanished,{{efn|name=East-West Theme|Throughout the novel, Fitzgerald identifies his native region of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]—those "towns beyond [[Ohio River|the Ohio]]"—with the perceived virtuousness and rustic simplicity of the [[American frontier|American West]] and as culturally distinct from the decadent values of the [[eastern United States]].{{sfnm|Mizener|1965|1p=190|Marx|1964|2p=363}}<ref>{{harvnb|Turnbull|1962|p=46}}: "In those days the contrasts between [[Eastern United States|East]] and [[American West|West]], between city and country, between prep school and high school were more marked than they are now, and correspondingly the nuances of dress and manners were more noticeable".</ref>}} and one cannot escape into a pastoral past.<ref name="Leo Marx" />

In 2018, scholar Kyle Keeler argued that the voracious pursuit of wealth as criticized in Fitzgerald's novel offers a warning about the perils of [[environmental destruction]] in pursuit of [[self-interest]].<ref name="Keeler 2018">{{harvnb|Keeler|2018|p=174}}.</ref> According to Kyle Keeler, Gatsby's quest for greater status manifests as self-centered, [[anthropocentric]] resource acquisition.<ref name="Keeler 2018" /> Inspired by the predatory [[Strip-mining|mining practices]] of his fictional mentor Dan Cody, Gatsby participates in extensive [[deforestation]] amid World War&nbsp;I and then undertakes bootlegging activities reliant upon exploiting [[Agriculture in South America|South American agriculture]].<ref name="Keeler 2018" /> Gatsby conveniently ignores the wasteful devastation of the valley of ashes to pursue a [[consumer culture|consumerist lifestyle]] and exacerbates the [[Wealth gap in the United States|wealth gap]] that became increasingly salient in 1920s America.<ref name="Keeler 2018" /> For these reasons, Keeler argues that—while Gatsby's socioeconomic ascent and self-transformation depend upon these very factors—each one is nonetheless partially responsible for the ongoing [[Global warming|ecological crisis]].<ref name="Keeler 2018" />

=== Antisemitism ===
{{CSS image crop | Image = Arnold Rothstein Chicago 1919.jpg | bSize = 190 | cWidth = 160 | cHeight = 200 | oTop = 0 | oLeft = 20 | Location = right |alt=Photograph of Arnold Rothstein | Description = Fitzgerald based the character of Meyer Wolfsheim on [[Jazz Age]] [[Racket (crime)|racketeer]] [[Arnold Rothstein]] (''pictured above'') who was murdered in 1928.}}
''The Great Gatsby'' has been accused of [[antisemitism]] because of its use of [[stereotypes of Jews]].{{sfn|Krystal|2015}} One of the novel's supporting characters is Meyer Wolfsheim,{{efn|name=Wolfsheim|The spelling "Wolfshiem" appears throughout Fitzgerald's original manuscript, while "Wolfsheim" was introduced by editor [[Edmund Wilson]] in the second edition.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|p=liv}} This appears in later Scribner's editions.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1991|p=148}}}} a [[Jewish]] friend and mentor of Gatsby. A corrupt profiteer who assists Gatsby's bootlegging operations and who [[1919 World Series#The fix|fixed the 1919 World Series]], he appears only twice in the novel, the second time refusing to attend Gatsby's funeral. Fitzgerald describes Wolfsheim as "a small, flat-nosed Jew", with "tiny eyes" and "two fine growths of hair" in his nostrils.{{sfn|Berrin|2013}} Evoking ethnic stereotypes regarding the [[Jewish nose]], he describes Wolfsheim's nose as "expressive", "tragic", and able to "flash&nbsp;... indignantly".{{sfn|Berrin|2013}} The fictional character of Wolfsheim is an allusion to real-life Jewish gambler [[Arnold Rothstein]],<ref>{{harvnb|Krystal|2015}}; {{harvnb|Bruccoli|2000|p=29}}; {{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=186}}.</ref> a notorious New York [[Crime boss|crime kingpin]] whom Fitzgerald met once in undetermined circumstances.<ref>{{harvnb|Bruccoli|2002|p=179}}; {{harvnb|Mizener|1965|p=186}}</ref> Rothstein was blamed for match fixing in the [[Black Sox Scandal]] that tainted the [[1919 World Series]].{{sfn|Bruccoli|2000|p=29}}

Wolfsheim has been interpreted as representing the [[Economic antisemitism#Allegations of unethical business practices|Jewish miser stereotype]]. [[Richard S. Levy|Richard Levy]], author of ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution'', claims that Wolfsheim serves to link Jewishness with corruption.{{sfn|Berrin|2013}} In a 1947 article for ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', Milton Hindus, an assistant professor of humanities at the [[University of Chicago]], stated that while he believed the book was a superb literary achievement, Wolfsheim was its most abrasive character, and the work contains an antisemitic undertone.{{sfn|Hindus|1947}} Hindus argued the Jewish stereotypes displayed by Wolfsheim were typical of the time when the novel was written and set and that its antisemitism was of the "habitual, customary, 'harmless,' unpolitical variety".<ref>{{harvnb|Hindus|1947}}; {{harvnb|Berrin|2013}}.</ref> A 2015 article by essayist [[Arthur Krystal]] agreed with Hindus' assessment that Fitzgerald's use of Jewish caricatures was not driven by malice and merely reflected commonly held beliefs of his time. He notes the accounts of [[Frances Kroll Ring|Frances Kroll]], a Jewish woman and secretary to Fitzgerald, who claimed that Fitzgerald was hurt by accusations of antisemitism and responded to critiques of Wolfsheim by claiming he merely "fulfilled a function in the story and had nothing to do with race or religion".{{sfn|Krystal|2015}}

== Adaptations ==
{{further|Adaptations of The Great Gatsby}}
=== Plays ===
[[File:James Rennie and Florence Eldridge in The Great Gatsby, 1926.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Florence Eldridge as Daisy and James Rennie as Gatsby in the first stage adaptation of ''The Great Gatsby'', 1926.]]
The first stage adaptation was produced by [[William A. Brady|William Brady]], a veteran theatrical impresario and promoter of prize fights, who acquired the rights only a few days after first reading the novel in early 1925. The script was written by the American dramatist [[Owen Davis]], who had won a Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for his play, [[Icebound (play)|''Icebound'']].{{sfn|West|Daniel|2024|pp=xii–xiv}} Davis dramatically altered the structure of the novel, rearranging the action in chronological order, eliminating prominent elements such as the valley of ashes and the scene in the Plaza Hotel, and inventing minor characters.{{sfn|West|Daniel|2024|p=xxx}}

The play, directed by [[George Cukor]] and starring [[James Rennie (actor)|James Rennie]] as Gatsby and [[Florence Eldridge]] as Daisy, opened at the [[Ambassador Theatre (Broadway)|Ambassador Theatre]]<ref>"'Gatsby' Tonight", ''Daily News'' (New York), February 2, 1926, p.26</ref> 
on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] on February 2, 1926.<ref>"'Gatsby' Tonight", ''Daily News'' (New York), February 2, 1926, p.26</ref> It was well received by critics and the public, and the run was extended past the originally scheduled closing date, finally ending on May 22, after 112 performances.{{sfn|West|Daniel|2024|pp=xvi–xviii, xxvii–xxviii}} The production, with some changes in the cast, then moved to Chicago, where it opened on August 1. Its popularity again led to an extension of the run, which came to an end in late September.{{sfn|West|Daniel|2024|pp=xxviii–xxix}} A brief one-week return engagement at New York's [[Shubert Theatre (Broadway)|Shubert Theater]] began on October 4, after which a road production traveled to several other cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, Detroit, St. Louis, Denver, and Minneapolis.{{sfn|West|Daniel|2024|p=xxix}}

In July 2006, a stage adaptation written by [[Simon Levy]] and directed by [[David Esbjornson]] premiered at the [[Guthrie Theater]] in Minneapolis to celebrate the opening of its new building.{{sfn|Skinner|2006}} In 2010, critic [[Ben Brantley]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' highly praised the debut of ''[[Gatz]]'', an [[Off-Broadway]] staging of the novel's full text by [[Elevator Repair Service]].{{sfn|Brantley|2010}} The [[Metropolitan Opera|New York Metropolitan Opera]] commissioned [[John Harbison]] to compose an [[opera]]tic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of [[James Levine]]'s debut. The work, called ''[[The Great Gatsby (opera)|The Great Gatsby]]'', premiered on December 20, 1999.{{sfn|Stevens|1999}}

The novel has also been adapted for ballet performances. In 2009, [[BalletMet]] premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in [[Columbus, Ohio]].{{sfn|Grossberg|2009}} In 2010, [[The Washington Ballet]] premiered a version at the [[Kennedy Center]]. The show received an encore run the following year.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaufman|2011}}; {{harvnb|Aguirre|2011}}.</ref>

=== Film ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| image1 = Great Gatsby lobby card.jpg
| alt1 = A lobby card advertising the lost 1926 Gatsby film version
| caption1 = A [[lobby card]] for the lost [[The Great Gatsby (1926 film)|1926 film adaptation]]
| image2 = The Great Gatsby trailer (1926).webm
| alt2 = A trailer advertising the 1926 Gatsby film
| caption2 = The 1926 film trailer—the only extant footage
}}
[[The Great Gatsby (1926 film)|The first film version of the novel]] appeared in 1926. A version of Owen Davis's Broadway play of the same year, it was directed by [[Herbert Brenon]] and starred [[Warner Baxter]], [[Lois Wilson (actress)|Lois Wilson]] and [[William Powell]]. It is a famous example of a [[lost film]]. Reviews suggest it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] is all that is known to exist.{{sfn|Dixon|2003}} Reportedly, Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda loathed the silent version. Zelda wrote to an acquaintance that the film was "rotten". She and Fitzgerald left the cinema midway through the film.<ref name="Howell 2013">{{harvnb|Howell|2013}}; {{harvnb|Hischak|2012|pp=85–86}}.</ref>

Following the 1926 film was 1949's ''[[The Great Gatsby (1949 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'', directed by [[Elliott Nugent]] and starring [[Alan Ladd]], [[Betty Field]] and [[Macdonald Carey]].<ref name="Dixon 2003">{{harvnb|Dixon|2003}}; {{harvnb|Hischak|2012|pp=85–86}}.</ref> Twenty-five years later in 1974, ''[[The Great Gatsby (1974 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' appeared onscreen again. It was directed by [[Jack Clayton]] and starred [[Robert Redford]] as Gatsby, [[Mia Farrow]] as Daisy, and [[Sam Waterston]] as Nick Carraway.<ref name="Dixon 2003" /> Most recently, ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' was directed by [[Baz Luhrmann]] in 2013 and starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] as Gatsby, [[Carey Mulligan]] as Daisy, and [[Tobey Maguire]] as Nick.<ref name="Howell 2013" />

In 2021, visual effects company [[DNEG#Animation|DNEG Animation]] announced they would be producing an animated film adaptation of the novel directed by [[William Joyce (writer)|William Joyce]] and written by [[Brian Selznick]].{{sfn|Giardina|2021}}

=== Television ===
''Gatsby'' has been retold as a short-form television movie multiple times. The first was in 1955 as an [[NBC]] episode for ''[[Robert Montgomery Presents]]'' starring [[Robert Montgomery (actor)|Robert Montgomery]], [[Phyllis Kirk]], and [[Lee Bowman]]. The episode was directed by Alvin Sapinsley.{{sfn|Hyatt|2006|pp=49–50}} In 1958, [[CBS]] filmed another adaptation as an episode of ''[[Playhouse 90]]'', also titled ''[[The Great Gatsby (Playhouse 90)|The Great Gatsby]],'' which was directed by [[Franklin J. Schaffner]] and starred [[Robert Ryan]], [[Jeanne Crain]] and [[Rod Taylor]].{{sfn|Hischak|2012|pp=85–86}} Most recently, the novel was adapted as an [[A+E Global Media|A&E movie]] in 2000. ''[[The Great Gatsby (2000 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' was directed by [[Robert Markowitz]] and starred [[Toby Stephens]] as Gatsby, [[Mira Sorvino]] as Daisy, and [[Paul Rudd]] as Nick.{{sfn|Howell|2013}}{{sfn|Hischak|2012|pp=85–86}}

=== Musicals ===
The [[Yale Dramatic Association]] performed the first musical production of ''The Great Gatsby'' in Summer 1956.<ref>{{harvnb|Tredell|2007|p=109}}: "It was adapted for a musical at Yale University in 1956".</ref>{{sfnm|''The New York Times''|1956|1p=21|''Wilmington News-Journal''|1956|2p=11|''The Reporter Dispatch''|1956|3p=6}} For the production, Aubrey L. Goodman adapted Fitzgerald's novel and wrote the lyrics for 14 songs by composer Robert E. Morgan. The show was performed in the [[University Theatre]] at [[Yale University]] to sold-out performances.{{sfnm|''The Waco Times-Herald''|1956|1p=24|''The Boston Globe''|1956|2p=127}} After the Yale production, a number of musical adaptations followed.

A second musical adaptation debuted in Spring 1998, undertaken by Stage One, with Colin Stevens as Gatsby and Ann Marcuson as Jordan Baker.{{sfn|''The Chronicle''|1999|p=100}} Directed by Phil Smith with an original score by Thomas Johnson, this jazz adaptation premiered at the Pavilion Theatre in [[Rhyl]], Wales. As a jazz adaptation, Johnson's original score emphasized saxophone and brass sextet instruments.{{sfn|''The Chronicle''|1999|p=100}}

In 2023, [[The Great Gatsby (musical)|the third musical adaptation]], with music and lyrics by [[Jason Howland]] and [[Nathan Tysen]] and a book by [[Kait Kerrigan]] began a one-month limited engagement at the [[Paper Mill Playhouse]].{{sfn|Heckmann|2023}} The Broadway tryout began its previews on October 12, 2023, followed by an official opening night scheduled for ten days later. The production concluded on November 12 of the same year. [[Jeremy Jordan (actor, born 1984)|Jeremy Jordan]] and [[Eva Noblezada]] starred as the leading roles of [[Jay Gatsby]] and [[Daisy Buchanan]], with [[Samantha Pauly]] and Noah J. Ricketts as Jordan Baker and Nick Carraway.{{sfn|Gordon|Stewart|2023}} The production transferred to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] for previews on March 29, 2024, and opened officially on April 25th, 2024.{{sfn|Leavitt|2024}}{{sfn|Hall|2024}}

In Spring 2024, ''[[Gatsby: An American Myth]]'', a fourth musical adaptation with music and lyrics by [[Florence Welch]] and [[Doveman|Thomas Bartlett]] and a book by [[Martyna Majok]] premiered at the [[American Repertory Theater]]. The production starred [[Isaac Cole Powell]] as Jay Gatsby and [[Ben Levi Ross]] as Nick Carraway.{{sfn|American Repertory Theater|2023}} On May 25, 2024, the show began previews and opened officially on June 5 of the same year. It closed on August 3rd, 2024.

=== Literature ===
Since entering the public domain in 2021, retellings and expansions of ''The Great Gatsby'' have become legal to publish. ''[[Nick (novel)|Nick]]'' by [[Michael Farris Smith]] (2021) imagines the backstory of Nick Carraway.{{sfn|Flood|2020}} That same year saw the publication of ''[[The Chosen and the Beautiful]]'' by [[Nghi Vo]], a retelling with elements of the [[fantasy]] genre while tackling issues of race and sexuality,{{sfn|Wick|2021}} and ''The Pursued and the Pursuing'' by [[AJ Odasso]], a queer partial retelling and sequel in which Jay Gatsby survives.{{sfn|Grossman|2021}} [[Anna-Marie McLemore|Anna-Marie McLemore's]] own queer retelling, ''Self-Made Boys: A Great Gatsby Remix'', was released in 2022 and was longlisted for the [[National Book Award for Young People's Literature]].{{sfn|Cerézo|2022}}

=== Radio ===
The novel has been adapted into a series of radio episodes. The first radio episode was a 1950 half-hour-long adaptation for CBS' ''[[Family Hour of Stars]]'' starring [[Kirk Douglas]] as Gatsby.{{sfn|Pitts|1986|p=127}} The novel was read aloud by the [[BBC World Service]] in ten parts in 2008. In a 2012 [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast, ''[[Gaynor Macfarlane#The Great Gatsby|The Great Gatsby]]'' took the form of a [[Classic Serial]] dramatization. It was created by dramatist [[Robert Forrest (dramatist)|Robert Forrest]].{{sfn|White|2007}}{{sfn|Forrest|2012}}

=== Video games ===
In 2010, Oberon Media released a casual [[hidden object game]] called ''Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby''.{{sfn|Benedetti|2010}}{{sfn|Paskin|2010}} In 2011, developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an [[History of video game consoles (third generation)|8-bit-style]] online game of ''The Great Gatsby'' called ''The Great Gatsby for NES'';{{sfn|Bell|2011}}{{sfn|Crouch|2011}} in 2022, after the [[Adobe Flash#End of life|discontinuation of Adobe Flash]], they adapted this game to an actual [[NES]] [[ROM file]], which can also be played on their website.{{sfn|Smith|2022}} In 2013, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' released a short symbolic adaptation called ''The Great Gatsby: The Video Game''.{{sfn|Kirk|Morgan|Wickman|2013}}{{sfn|Sarkar|2013}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Print sources ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Batchelor |first=Bob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mQYAgAAQBAJ |title=Gatsby: The Cultural History of the Great American Novel |date=November 2013 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-8108-9195-1 |location=Lanham, Maryland |access-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013600/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gatsby/-mQYAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Berman |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERy7UWArfIoC |title=The Great Gatsby and Modern Times |date=August 1996 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=978-0-252-06589-7 |location=Champaign, Illinois |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013640/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Gatsby_and_Modern_Times/ERy7UWArfIoC |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bewley |first=Marius |date=Spring 1954 |title=Scott Fitzgerald's Criticism of America|journal=[[The Sewanee Review]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=223–246|jstor=27538346}}
* {{Cite news |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 5, 1925 |title=Books on Our Table |work=[[New York Post]] |location=New York City |ref={{harvid|''New York Post''|1925}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bruccoli |first=Matthew J. |author-link=Matthew J. Bruccoli |date=Spring 1978 |title='An Instance of Apparent Plagiarism': F. Scott Fitzgerald, Willa Cather, and the First 'Gatsby' Manuscript|journal=[[Princeton University Library Chronicle]] |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Library]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=171–178|doi=10.2307/26402223 |jstor=26402223 | issn=0032-8456 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDCWH1ljfhsC |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference |publisher=[[Carroll & Graf Publishers]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7867-0996-0 |editor-last=Bruccoli |editor-first=Matthew J. |editor-link=Matthew J. Bruccoli |editor-mask=2 |location=New York City |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820003019/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDCWH1ljfhsC |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bruccoli |first=Matthew J. |author-link=Matthew J. Bruccoli |title=Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald |year=2002 |orig-year=1981 |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |location=Columbia, South Carolina |isbn=1-57003-455-9 |edition=2nd rev. |author-mask=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/somesortofepicgr0000bruc_p7y5 | url-access = registration |via = Internet Archive}}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Eble |first=Kenneth |author-mask=2|date=Winter 1974 |title=''The Great Gatsby''|journal=College Literature: A Journal of Critical Literary Studies |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=34–47 |issn=0093-3139 |jstor=25111007}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fessenden |first=Tracy |year=2005 |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald's Catholic Closet|journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[The Catholic University of America Press]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=19–40 |jstor=25154963}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=F. Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/dearscottdearest00fitz |title=Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=Zelda |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-9821-1713-9 |editor-last=Bryer |editor-first=Jackson R. |location=New York |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |author-link2=Zelda Fitzgerald |editor-last2=Barks |editor-first2=Cathy W. |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |orig-year=1985 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/cerackup0000fsco/ |title=The Crack-Up |publisher=[[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]] |year=1945 |lccn=45035148 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Edmund |editor-link=Edmund Wilson |location=New York |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/greatgatsby0000fitz_t1j1 |title=The Great Gatsby |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-521-40230-1 |editor-last=Bruccoli |editor-first=Matthew J. |editor-link=Matthew J. Bruccoli |series=The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald |location=Cambridge, England |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |access-date=November 21, 2021 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013602/https://archive.org/details/greatgatsby0000fitz_t1j1 |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Internet Archive |orig-year=1925 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adjCx-wnhWsC&pg=PA95 |title=The Great Gatsby |publisher=[[Chelsea House Publishers]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4381-1454-5 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |editor-link=Harold Bloom |location=New York |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |access-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183409/https://books.google.com/books?id=adjCx-wnhWsC&lpg=PA95 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books |orig-year=1925 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4kYtX5FWfMC |title=The Great Gatsby |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-118263-6 |editor-last=Tanner |editor-first=Tony |editor-link=Tony Tanner (scholar) |location=London |pages=vii–viii |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013601/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Gatsby/l4kYtX5FWfMC |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books |orig-year=1925 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersoffscottf00fitz |title=The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |year=1963 |editor-last=Turnbull |editor-first=Andrew |editor-link=Andrew Turnbull (biographer) |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/lettersoffscottf00fitz/page/189 189] |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEIfKVeIOEcC |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-231-11535-3 |editor-last=Tredell |editor-first=Nicolas |series=Columbia Critical Guides |location=New York |issn=1559-3002 |author-mask=2 |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |access-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043919/https://books.google.com/books?id=eEIfKVeIOEcC |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title = Fitzgerald Musicalized | date = April 26, 1956 | newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] | location = Boston, Massachusetts | page = 127 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-fitzgerald-musicalized/170422233/ | access-date = April 5, 2025 | via = Newspapers.com | ref = {{harvid|''The Boston Globe''|1956}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Friedrich |date=Summer 1960 |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald: Money, Money, Money|journal=[[The American Scholar (magazine)|The American Scholar]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Phi Beta Kappa Society]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=392–405 |jstor=41208658}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Funda |first=Evelyn I. |date=Fall 1995 |title=Review of 'Redefining the American Dream: The Novels of Willa Cather'|journal=Great Plains Quarterly |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=275–276|jstor=23531702}}
* {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title='Great Gatsby' Musical at Yale|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 20, 1956|page=21|location=New York City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/20/archives/great-gatsby-musical-at-yale.html|access-date=October 8, 2024 | ref = {{harvid|''The New York Times''|1956}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gallo |first=Rose Adrienne |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald |year=1978 |publisher=[[Frederick Ungar Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=0-8044-2225-7 |lccn=76-15650 |url=https://archive.org/details/fscottfitzgerald00gall |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gross |first=Dalton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7iRLn8ZsAIC |title=Understanding the Great Gatsby: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents |date=October 1998 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-30097-4 |series=Literature in Context |location=Westport, Connecticut |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Sally Peltier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGNaAAAAMAAJ |title=Redefining the American Dream: The Novels of Willa Cather |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8386-3557-5 |location=Teaneck, New Jersey |access-date=July 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013602/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Redefining_the_American_Dream/XGNaAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |url=https://archive.org/details/moveablefeast00hemi_mxe |title=A Moveable Feast |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |year=1964 |lccn=64015441 |location=New York |author-link=Ernest Hemingway |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=W. Speed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk2IacD_t8YC&pg=PA331 |title=Text: An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies |last2=Burns |first2=Edward M. |last3=Shillingsburg |first3=Peter L. |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-472-11272-2 |volume=14 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |access-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118193532/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk2IacD_t8YC&lpg=PA331 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hischak |first=Thomas S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfie60kGGuAC&pg=PA86 |title=American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7864-6842-3 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=85–86 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043737/https://books.google.com/books?id=vfie60kGGuAC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hyatt |first=Wesley |title=Emmy Award Winning Nighttime Television Shows, 1948–2004 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-7864-2329-3 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=49–50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043141/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fscottfitzgerald00kazi |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Man and His Work |publisher=[[World Publishing Company]] |year=1951 |editor-last=Kazin |editor-first=Alfred |editor-link=Alfred Kazin |edition=1st |location=New York City |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }} The 1945 essays by Lionel Trilling and William Troy were collected in Alfred Kazin's 1951 anthology ''F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Man and His Work''.
* {{Cite journal |last=Keeler |first=Kyle |date=2018 |title=The Great Global Warmer: Jay Gatsby as a Microcosm of Climate Change|journal=The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=174–188|doi=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174 |jstor=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174 |s2cid=172075925}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Frances |year=1996 |title=Feeling 'Half Feminine': Modernism and the Politics of Emotion in ''The Great Gatsby''|journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=405–431|doi=10.2307/2928304 |jstor=2928304}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kruse |first=Horst H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUY_BAAAQBAJ |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby' |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8173-1839-0 |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |access-date=June 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605192428/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUY_BAAAQBAJ |archive-date=June 5, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Horst H. |author-mask=2|year=2002 |title=The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of ''The Great Gatsby''|journal=The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–83 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x |jstor=41583032}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lazo |first=Caroline Evensen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HABKH7i-7UUC&pg=PA75 |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald: Voice of the Jazz Age |date=May 2003 |publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]] |isbn=978-0-8225-0074-2 |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |access-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043632/https://books.google.com/books?id=HABKH7i-7UUC&pg=PA75 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Leader |first=Zachary |author-link=Zachary Leader |date=September 21, 2000 |title=Daisy Packs Her Bags |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v22/n18/zachary-leader/daisy-packs-her-bags |url-status=live |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |location=Bloomsbury, London |volume=22 |issue=18 |pages=13–15 |issn=0260-9592 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222173430/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v22/n18/zachary-leader/daisy-packs-her-bags |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2013 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lisca |first=Peter |year=1967 |title=Nick Carraway and the Imagery of Disorder|journal=Twentieth Century Literature |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=18–28 |doi=10.2307/440550 |jstor=440550}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Little |first=Matthew |date=December 2015 |title='I Could Make Some Money': Cars and Currency in ''The Great Gatsby''|journal=Papers on Language and Literature |location=Edwardsville, Illinois |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Edwardsville]] |volume=51 |pages=3–26 |number=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Leo |url=https://archive.org/details/machineingardent0000marx/ |title=The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1964 |lccn=64024864 |location=Oxford, England |author-link=Leo Marx |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite news |last=McClure |first=John |date=May 31, 1925 |title=Literature — And Less |work=[[The Times-Picayune]] |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |url=https://nola.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40NGPA-NOLA-1292DEF1768553C3%402424302-12928CE526EB6F60%40119-12928CE526EB6F60%40 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 15, 2022 |via=NOLA |archive-date=April 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415180123/https://nola.newsbank.com/sign-up?docref=doc/image/v2%253A1223BCE5B718A166%2540NGPA-NOLA-1292DEF1768553C3%25402424302-12928CE526EB6F60%2540119-12928CE526EB6F60%2540 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=McCullen |first=Bonnie Shannon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3lU43JtBasC |title=A Distant Drummer: Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8204-8851-6 |editor-last=Assadi |editor-first=Jamal |location=New York |pages=11–20 |chapter=This Tremendous Detail: The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby |access-date=March 16, 2021 |editor-last2=Freedman |editor-first2=William |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013606/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Distant_Drummer/Z3lU43JtBasC |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite news |last=Mencken |first=H. L. |author-link=H. L. Mencken |date=May 2, 1925 |title=Fitzgerald, The Stylist, Challenges Fitzgerald, The Social Historian |edition=Saturday |page=9 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun|The Evening Sun]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-fitzgerald-the-stylist/124292995/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509035751/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-fitzgerald-the-stylist/124292995/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Walter Benn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRpBdL6PxqsC |title=Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8223-2064-7 |location=Durham, North Carolina |author-link=Walter Benn Michaels |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013609/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Our_America/TRpBdL6PxqsC |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Milford |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Milford |title=Zelda: A Biography |year=1970 |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/zeldabiography00milf/ |lccn=66-20742 |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Miss Cotner Appears in Yale Drama School Play|date=May 7, 1956|page=11|newspaper=[[News Journal (Ohio)|Wilmington News-Journal]]|location=Wilmington, Ohio|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/wilmington-news-journal-miss-cotner-appe/170422304/ |access-date=October 8, 2024|via=Newspapers.com|ref={{harvid|''Wilmington News-Journal''|1956}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mizener |first=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/farsideofparadis00mize/ |title=The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald |publisher=[[Houghton-Mifflin Company]] |year=1965 |isbn=978-1-199-45748-6 |edition=2nd |location=Boston, Massachusetts |author-link=Arthur Mizener |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |orig-year=1951 }}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Meara |first=Lauraleigh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykVdAgAAQBAJ |title=Lost City: Fitzgerald's New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-86701-6 |edition=1st |location=United Kingdom |access-date=May 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013615/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lost_City/ykVdAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Nancy Seymour Completes Year At Drama School|date=June 28, 1956|page=6|newspaper=[[The Reporter Dispatch]]|location=White Plains, New York|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-nancy-seymour-comp/170422338/|access-date=October 8, 2024|via=Newspapers.com|ref={{harvid|''The Reporter Dispatch''|1956}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Paulson |first=A. B. |date=Fall 1978 |title=''The Great Gatsby'': Oral Aggression and Splitting|journal=[[American Imago]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=311–330|jstor=26303279 |pmid=754550}}
* {{Cite book |last=Perkins |first=Maxwell Evarts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfPa5B2blv0C |title=The Sons of Maxwell Perkins: Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and Their Editor |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57003-548-7 |editor-last=Bruccoli |editor-first=Matthew J. |editor-link=Matthew J. Bruccoli |location=Columbia, South Carolina |pages=27–30 |author-link=Maxwell Perkins |access-date=March 16, 2021 |editor-last2=Baughman |editor-first2=Judith S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013606/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Sons_of_Maxwell_Perkins/XfPa5B2blv0C |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books |orig-year=1950 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Roger L. |author-link=Roger Pearson (literary scholar) |date=May 1970 |title=Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream|journal=[[English Journal]]|location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]] |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=638–642, 645|doi=10.2307/813939 |jstor=813939}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pekarofski |first=Michael |year=2012 |title=The Passing of Jay Gatsby: Class and Anti-Semitism in Fitzgerald's 1920s America|journal=The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=10 |pages=52–72 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6333.2012.01077.x |jstor=41693878 |s2cid=170714417}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Person |first=Leland S. |date=May 1978 |title=Herstory' and Daisy Buchanan|journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=250–257|doi=10.2307/2925105 |jstor=2925105}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pitts |first=Michael R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radiosoundtracks0000pitt |title=Radio Soundtracks: A Reference Guide |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-8108-1875-2 |edition=2nd |location=Metuchen, New Jersey |page=127 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Quirk |first=Tom |date=December 1982 |title=Fitzgerald and Cather: ''The Great Gatsby''|journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=576–591 |doi=10.2307/2926007 |jstor=2926007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Randall |first=Mónica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tXiAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mansions of Long Island's Gold Coast |publisher=[[Rizzoli International Publications|Rizzoli]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8478-2649-0 |location=Milan, Italy |pages=275–277 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818203004/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tXiAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rosowski |first=Susan J. |date=Autumn 1977 |title=Willa Cather's 'A Lost Lady': The Paradoxes of Change|journal=[[Novel: A Forum on Fiction]]|location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.2307/1344886 |jstor=1344886}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Scribner |first=Charles III |author-link=Charles Scribner III |date=Winter 1992 |title=Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece|journal=[[Princeton University Library Chronicle]] |type=Originally published as a brochure to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of ''The Great Gatsby'' |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Library]] |publication-date=October 24, 1991 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=140–155 <!--The Chronicle index wrongly gives 141-156.--> |doi=10.2307/26410056 |jstor=26410056}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Slater |first=Peter Gregg |date=January 1973 |title=Ethnicity in ''The Great Gatsby''|journal=Twentieth Century Literature |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=19|number=1|pages=53–62 |doi=10.2307/440797 |jstor=440797}}
* {{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> | title = Stage One's musical production of the Great Gatsby | page = 100 | date = April 17, 1998 | edition = Friday | newspaper = [[Evening Chronicle|The Chronicle]] | location = Chester, England | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/chronicle-stage-ones-musical-production/170422409/ | access-date = February 5, 2024 | via = Newspapers.com | language = en | ref = {{harvid|''The Chronicle''|1999}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Snyder |first=Ruth |date=April 15, 1925 |title=A Minute or Two with Books — F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures |work=[[New York World|New York Evening World]] |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tate |first=Mary Jo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C90C_Du_lKIC&pg=PA326 |title=Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4381-0845-2 |location=New York |access-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=C90C_Du_lKIC&lpg=PA326 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Theatre Bigwigs To See Wacoan's 'Great Gatsby' | newspaper = [[The Waco Times-Herald]] | location = Waco, Texas | date = May 3, 1956 | page = 24 | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-waco-times-herald-theatre-bigwigs-to/170422435/ | access-date = April 5, 2025 | via = Newspapers.com | ref = {{harvid|''The Waco Times-Herald''|1956}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tredell |first=Nicolas |url=https://archive.org/details/fitzgeraldsgreat0000tred |title=Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Reader's Guide |date=February 28, 2007 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8264-9010-0 |location=London |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Turnbull (biographer) |url=https://archive.org/details/scottfitzgeralda0000turn |title=Scott Fitzgerald |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |year=1962 |location=New York |lccn=62-9315 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite news |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 12, 1925 |title=Turns with a Bookworm |work=[[New York Herald Tribune]] |location=New York |ref={{harvid|''New York Herald Tribune''|1925}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vanderbilt |first=Arthur T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54qLAaxz19wC&pg=PA96 |title=The Making of a Bestseller: From Author to Reader |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7864-0663-0 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |access-date=March 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118170803/https://books.google.com/books?id=54qLAaxz19wC&lpg=PA96 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vogel |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Vogel (author) |title='Civilization's Going to Pieces': ''The Great Gatsby'', Identity, and Race, from the Jazz Age to the Obama Era |year=2015 |journal=The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=29–54 |doi=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029 |jstor=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029 |s2cid=170386299}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wagner-Martin |first=Linda |date=Summer 2004 |title=Zelda Sayre, Belle|journal=[[Southern Cultures]] |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=19–49 |doi=10.1353/scu.2004.0029 |jstor=26390953 |s2cid=143270051}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wasiolek |first=Edward |year=1992 |title=The Sexual Drama of Nick and Gatsby |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/view/14120 |url-status=live |journal=International Fiction Review |location=Fredericton, Canada |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick Libraries - UNB]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=14–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181926/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/view/14120 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=July 21, 2021 }}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=West |editor1-first=James L. W. III |editor2-last=Daniel |editor2-first=Anne Margaret |title=The Great Gatsby: The 1926 Broadway Script by Owen Davis |year=2024 |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-00-937750-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCz_EAAAQBAJ |via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite book |last=West |first=James L. W. III |title=The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love |year=2005 |publisher=[[Random House]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-6308-6 |author-mask=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/perfecthourroman00west |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book |last=West |first=James L. W. III |title=Trimalchio: An Early Version of 'The Great Gatsby' |date=July 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |others=Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold |isbn=978-0-521-89047-2 |series=The Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald |location=Cambridge, England |author-mask=2 |access-date=July 4, 2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLomOZbGMWsC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122013647/https://www.google.com/books/edition/F_Scott_Fitzgerald_Trimalchio/BLomOZbGMWsC |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Whipple |first=Kit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gieYzAEACAAJ |title=Cleveland's Colorful Characters |date=2019 |publisher=Covenant Books |isbn=978-1-64559-326-3 |location=Murrells Inlet, South Carolina |via=Google Books |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414223045/https://books.google.com/books?id=gieYzAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Wittels |first=David G. |date=June 23, 1945 |title=What the G.I. Reads |volume=217 |pages=11, 91–92 |work=[[The Saturday Evening Post]] |publisher=[[Curtis Publishing Company|Curtis Publishing]] |issue=52 |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |url=https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/flipbooks/issues/19450623/ |url-access=subscription |oclc=26501505 |access-date=January 15, 2022 |archive-date=April 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415180131/https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/subscribe-to-issue/?issue=19450623 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

=== Online sources ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{Cite news |last=Alberge |first=Dalya |title=The Great Gapsby? How modern editions of classics lost the plot |date=February 12, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/feb/12/the-great-gatsby-copyright-expires-cheap-modern-editions |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612084034/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/feb/12/the-great-gatsby-copyright-expires-cheap-modern-editions |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |date=November 4, 2011 |title=Gatsby En Pointe |url=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/04/gatsby-en-pointe/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[T: The New York Times Style Magazine]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205201403/http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/04/gatsby-en-pointe/ |archive-date=December 5, 2013 |access-date=April 1, 2014 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=April 19, 2013 |title=A Darker, More Ruthless Gatsby |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |location=New York City |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324030704578426990802631684 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 11, 2013 |archive-date=December 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230232554/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324030704578426990802631684 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |author-mask=2 |date=December 29, 2018 |title=Mickey Mouse Will Be Public Domain Soon — Here's What That Means |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/29/books/copyright-extension-literature-public-domain.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009114831/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/29/books/copyright-extension-literature-public-domain.html/ |archive-date=October 9, 2020 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Kelly J. |author-link=Kelly J. Baker |date=November 25, 2016 |title=White-Collar Supremacy |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/opinion/white-collar-supremacy.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218085041/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/opinion/white-collar-supremacy.html |archive-date=December 18, 2019 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bechtel |first=Dianne E. |year=2017 |title=Jay Gatsby, Failed Intellectual: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Trope for Social Stratification|journal=The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=15|number=1|pages=117–129|doi=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.15.1.0117 |jstor=10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.15.1.0117 |s2cid=171679942}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Melissa |author-link=Melissa Bell (journalist) |date=February 25, 2011 |title=Great Gatsby 'Nintendo' Game Released Online |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/blog-post/2011/02/great_gatsby_nintendo_game_rel.html |url-status=dead |access-date=February 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527225723/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/blog-post/2011/02/great_gatsby_nintendo_game_rel.html |archive-date=May 27, 2012 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Benedetti |first=Winda |date=March 15, 2010 |title=Does great literature make for great games? |work=[[MSNBC]] |location=New York City |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35841090/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222071139/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35841090/ |archive-date=February 22, 2011 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Berrin |first=Danielle |date=May 23, 2013 |title=''The Great Gatsby''{{'}}s Jew |work=[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]] |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://jewishjournal.com/hollywood/116990/the-great-gatsbys-jew/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153122/https://jewishjournal.com/hollywood/116990/the-great-gatsbys-jew/ |archive-date=February 16, 2019 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Borrelli |first=Christopher |date=May 7, 2013 |title=Revisiting Ginevra King, The Lake Forest Woman Who Inspired 'Gatsby' |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-05-07-ct-ent-0507-gatsby-lake-forest-20130506-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022033440/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2013-05-07-ct-ent-0507-gatsby-lake-forest-20130506-story.html |archive-date=October 22, 2018 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Brantley |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Brantley |date=December 16, 2010 |title=Hath Not a Year Highlights? Even This One? |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/theater/19brantley.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113142602/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/theater/19brantley.html |archive-date=January 13, 2014 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Cerézo |first=Arvyn |date=September 16, 2022 |title=Longlists Announced for 2022 National Book Awards |url=https://bookriot.com/2022-national-book-award-longlists/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005145306/https://bookriot.com/2022-national-book-award-longlists/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news|last=Churchwell|first=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Churchwell|date=May 25, 2012|title=''The Great Gatsby'' and the American dream|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/25/american-dream-great-gatsby|access-date=September 13, 2023|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920144146/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/25/american-dream-great-gatsby|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |last=Churchwell |first=Sarah |date=May 3, 2013b |title=What Makes ''The Great Gatsby'' Great? |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/03/what-makes-great-gatsby |url-status=live |access-date=October 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015211832/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/03/what-makes-great-gatsby |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Edwin |date=April 19, 1925 |title=Scott Fitzgerald Looks into Middle Age |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-gatsby.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630041054/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-gatsby.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Crouch |first=Ian |date=February 16, 2011 |title=Nintendo Lit: Gatsby and Tom Sawyer |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/02/nintendo-lit-gatsby-and-tom-sawyer-1.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042529/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/02/nintendo-lit-gatsby-and-tom-sawyer-1.html |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=February 24, 2013 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dixon |first=Wheeler Winston |author-link=Wheeler Winston Dixon |year=2003 |title=The Three Film Versions of ''The Great Gatsby'': A Vision Deferred |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-522127521/the-three-film-versions-of-the-great-gatsby-a-vision |url-status=dead |journal=Literature-Film Quarterly |location=Salisbury, Maryland |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=287–294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013034011/http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-522127521/the-three-film-versions-of-the-great-gatsby-a-vision |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=October 11, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Donahue |first=Deirdre |date=May 7, 2013a |title=Five Reasons ''Gatsby'' Is The Great American Novel |work=[[USA Today]] |location=McLean, Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/why-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel/2130161/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111074954/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/why-the-great-gatsby-is-the-great-american-novel/2130161/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Donahue |first=Deirdre |author-mask=2 |date=May 7, 2013b |title=''The Great Gatsby'' by the Numbers |work=[[USA Today]] |location=McLean, Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/the-great-gatsby-is-a-bestseller-this-week/2133269/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812122531/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/05/07/the-great-gatsby-is-a-bestseller-this-week/2133269/ |archive-date=August 12, 2017 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=F. Scott |author-link=F. Scott Fitzgerald |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald's Ledger |url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/fitz/id/82/show/17/rec/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604075901/http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/fitz/id/82/show/17/rec/2 |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |ref={{harvid|F. Scott Fitzgerald's ledger 1919–1938}} |location=Columbia, South Carolina }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Flanagan |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Flanagan (writer) |date=December 21, 2000 |title=Fitzgerald's 'Radiant World' |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/dec/21/fitzgeralds-radiant-world |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703114613/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/dec/21/fitzgeralds-radiant-world/ |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 24, 2013 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=''The Great Gatsby'' prequel set for release days after copyright expires |date=July 15, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/15/great-gatsby-prequel-2021-copyright-michael-farris-smith-f-scott-fitzgerald |access-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712103727/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/15/great-gatsby-prequel-2021-copyright-michael-farris-smith-f-scott-fitzgerald |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Lillian C. |date=May 10, 1925 |title=The Seamy Side of Society |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=El Segundo, California |url=http://www.latimes.com/features/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-great-gatsby-review-book-1925-20130506,0,3860329.story |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027214319/http://www.latimes.com/features/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-great-gatsby-review-book-1925-20130506,0,3860329.story |archive-date=October 27, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Forrest |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Forrest (dramatist) |date=May 12, 2012 |title=Classic Serial, ''The Great Gatsby'', Episode 1 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |location=London |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01h2kvn |url-status=live |access-date=November 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414041324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01h2kvn |archive-date=April 14, 2015 }}
* {{Cite web | title = Gatsby at A.R.T. | website = [[American Repertory Theater]] | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | url = https://americanrepertorytheater.org/shows-events/gatsby/ | access-date = July 30, 2023 | language = en-US |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730205924/https://americanrepertorytheater.org/shows-events/gatsby/ |url-status=live | ref = {{harvid|American Repertory Theater|2023}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=February 22, 2021 |title=''The Great Gatsby'' Animated Feature in Development |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |location=Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/the-great-gatsby-animated-feature-in-development |access-date=April 24, 2021 |archive-date=April 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424085559/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/the-great-gatsby-animated-feature-in-development |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Gillespie |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Gillespie |date=May 2, 2013 |title=''The Great Gatsby''{{'}}s Creative Destruction |url=http://reason.com/archives/2013/05/02/the-great-gatsbys-creative-destruction/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925140137/https://reason.com/archives/2013/05/02/the-great-gatsbys-creative-destruction |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=July 15, 2021 }}
* {{Cite web | last1 = Gordon | first1 = David | last2 = Stewart | first2 = Zachary | title = Full cast announced for Great Gatsby musical with Jeremy Jordan and Eva Noblezada | date = September 9, 2023 | website = [[WhatsOnStage.com]] | location = London | url = https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/full-cast-announced-for-great-gatsby-musical-with-jeremy-jordan-and-eva-noblezada_1524222/ | access-date = November 13, 2023 | language = en-US |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027161427/https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/full-cast-announced-for-great-gatsby-musical-with-jeremy-jordan-and-eva-noblezada_1524222/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Grossberg |first=Michael |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Literary Classic 'Great Gatsby' To Come To Life On Balletmet Stage |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |location=Columbus, Ohio |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/2009/04/19/literary-classic-great-gatsby-to/24216228007/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831231159/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/life_and_entertainment/2009/04/19/1_GATSBY.ART_ART_04-19-09_E2_75DIL9D.html |archive-date=August 31, 2016 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Grossman |first=Mary Ann |date=October 30, 2021 |title=Readers and writers: Poet gives Jay Gatsby a new gay life with Nick Carraway in debut novel |work=[[Twin Cities Pioneer Press]] | location = Saint Paul, Minnesota |url=https://www.twincities.com/obituaries/amparo-a-hernandez-west-st-paul-mn/ |access-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726230404/https://www.twincities.com/2021/10/30/readers-and-writers-poet-gives-jay-gatsby-a-new-gay-life-with-nick-carraway-in-debut-novel/amp/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Haglund |first=David |date=May 7, 2013 |title=The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/05/07/absolution_and_great_gatsby_f_scott_fitzgerald_story_gives_us_gatsby_as.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922023707/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/05/07/absolution_and_great_gatsby_f_scott_fitzgerald_story_gives_us_gatsby_as.html |archive-date=September 22, 2018 |access-date=July 11, 2019 }}
* {{Cite web | last = Hall | first = Margaret  |title=The Great Gatsby Begins Performances on Broadway March 29 | date = March 29, 2024 | website = Playbill |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/the-great-gatsby-begins-performances-on-broadway-march-29 |access-date=April 18, 2024  |language=en-US |archive-date=April 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418023154/https://www.playbill.com/article/the-great-gatsby-begins-performances-on-broadway-march-29 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Heckmann |first=Ann Marie |date=July 25, 2023 |title=Jeremy Jordan & Eva Noblezada to Star in Paper Mill Playhouse's World Premiere of ''The Great Gatsby'', a New Musical |url=https://papermill.org/jeremy-jordan-eva-noblezada-to-star-in-paper-mill-playhouses-world-premiere-of-the-great-gatsby-a-new-musical/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Paper Mill Playhouse |language=en-US |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730205925/https://papermill.org/jeremy-jordan-eva-noblezada-to-star-in-paper-mill-playhouses-world-premiere-of-the-great-gatsby-a-new-musical/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Hindus |first=Milton |date=June 1947 |title=F. Scott Fitzgerald and Literary Anti-Semitism: A Footnote on the Mind of the 20's |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/milton-hindus/f-scott-fitzgerald-and-literary-anti-semitisma-footnote-on-the-mind-of-the-20s/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201033/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/milton-hindus/f-scott-fitzgerald-and-literary-anti-semitisma-footnote-on-the-mind-of-the-20s/ |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite web |last=Hogeback |first=Jonathan |year=2016 |title=12 Novels Considered the 'Greatest Book Ever Written' |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/12-novels-considered-the-greatest-book-ever-written |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122114417/https://www.britannica.com/list/12-novels-considered-the-greatest-book-ever-written |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |location=Chicago, Illinois }}
* {{Cite news |last=Howell |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Howell (historian) |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Five Things You Didn't Know About ''The Great Gatsby'' |work=[[Toronto Star|The Star]] |location=Toronto, Canada |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2013/05/05/five_things_you_didnt_know_about_the_great_gatsby.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507031724/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2013/05/05/five_things_you_didnt_know_about_the_great_gatsby.html |archive-date=May 7, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Italie |first=Hillel |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Everyone invited: 'Great Gatsby' copyright to end in 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]] |location=New York City |url=https://apnews.com/article/27697da003ea226a4f66c3923fd84b9c |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124230245/https://apnews.com/article/27697da003ea226a4f66c3923fd84b9c |archive-date=January 24, 2021 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Kaufman (critic) |date=November 4, 2011 |title=Washington Ballet's 'The Great Gatsby' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/washington-ballets-the-great-gatsby/2011/11/04/gIQAkpbGnM_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111090626/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/washington-ballets-the-great-gatsby/2011/11/04/gIQAkpbGnM_story.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Kellogg |first=Carolyn |date=April 20, 2011 |title=Last Gasp of the Gatsby House |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=El Segundo, California |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/04/last-gasp-of-the-Gatsby-house.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113064037/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/04/last-gasp-of-the-Gatsby-house.html |archive-date=January 13, 2021 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last1=Kirk |first1=Chris |last2=Morgan |first2=Andrew |last3=Wickman |first3=Forrest |date=May 6, 2013 |title=''The Great Gatsby'': The Video Game |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/05/the_great_gatsby_the_video_game_can_you_attain_the_american_dream.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |language=en-US |location=New York City |publisher=[[The Slate Group]], a division of [[The Washington Post Company]] |issn=1091-2339 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625085929/https://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/05/the_great_gatsby_the_video_game_can_you_attain_the_american_dream.html |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2020 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Krystal |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Krystal |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Fitzgerald and the Jews |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/fitzgerald-and-the-jews |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216161745/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/fitzgerald-and-the-jews |archive-date=February 16, 2019 |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last1=Lacayo |first1=Richard |last2=Grossman |first2=Lev |author-link2=Lev Grossman |date=January 6, 2010 |title=All-TIME 100 Novels |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/how-we-picked-the-list/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103151411/https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/how-we-picked-the-list/ |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2020 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Lask |first=Thomas |date=October 3, 1971 |title=The Queens That Gatsby Knew |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/03/archives/the-queens-that-gatsby-knew-west-egg-to-the-city-the-route-gatsby.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033419/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/03/archives/the-queens-that-gatsby-knew-west-egg-to-the-city-the-route-gatsby.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 }}
* {{Cite episode |last=Lopate |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Lopate |title=Murder, Mayhem, and the Invention of ''The Great Gatsby'' |url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/murder-mayhem-and-invention-great-gatsby/ |date=June 17, 2014 |location=New York City |series=[[Leonard Lopate Show]] |station=[[WNYC (AM)|WNYC]] |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212183823/https://www.wnyc.org/story/murder-mayhem-and-invention-great-gatsby/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web | last = Leavitt | first = Hayley  | title = The Great Gatsby's Jeremy Jordan and Eva Noblezada Tease How the Page-to-Stage Musical Will Come Alive on Broadway | date = February 29, 2024 | website = [[Broadway.com]] | url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/203829/the-great-gatsbys-jeremy-jordan-and-eva-noblezada-tease-how-the-page-to-stage-musical-will-come-alive-on-broadway/}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Lipton |first=Gabrielle |date=May 6, 2013 |title=Where Is Jay Gatsby's Mansion? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/05/where_is_the_real_jay_gatsby_mansion_from_f_scott_fitzgerald_s_the_great.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |location=New York City |publisher=[[The Slate Group]], a division of [[The Washington Post Company]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075914/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/05/where_is_the_real_jay_gatsby_mansion_from_f_scott_fitzgerald_s_the_great.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Mizener |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Mizener |date=April 24, 1960 |title=Gatsby, 35 Years Later |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-gatsby60.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810010032/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-gatsby60.html |archive-date=August 10, 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Mary Jo |date=September 30, 2010 |title=Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq. |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/nyregion/01gatsby.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507075855/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/nyregion/01gatsby.html |archive-date=May 7, 2019 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Paskin |first=Willa |date=July 15, 2010 |title=''The Great Gatsby'', Now a Video Game |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/07/the_great_gatsby_now_a_video_g.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vulture.com]] |location=New York City |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719020859/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/07/the_great_gatsby_now_a_video_g.html |archive-date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2010 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Powers |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Powers |date=July 4, 2013 |title=The Road to West Egg |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n13/thomas-powers/the-road-to-west-egg |url-status=live |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |location=Bloomsbury, London |volume=13 |pages=9–11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705045346/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n13/thomas-powers/the-road-to-west-egg |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Rimer |first=Sara |date=February 17, 2008 |title=Gatsby's Green Light Beckons a New Set of Strivers |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/education/17gatsby.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708224851/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/education/17gatsby.html |archive-date=July 8, 2018 }}
* {{Cite news |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 23, 1940 |title=Scott Fitzgerald, Author, Dies at 44 |page=23 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/23/archives/scott-fitzgerald-author-dies-at-44-writer-of-the-great-gatsby-and.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113203/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/23/archives/scott-fitzgerald-author-dies-at-44-writer-of-the-great-gatsby-and.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |ref={{harvid|Fitzgerald's obituary|1940}} }}
* {{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |date=May 6, 2013 |title=Row toward hope in this 'Great Gatsby' web game |url=https://www.polygon.com/2013/5/6/4306340/the-great-gatsby-web-game-slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714023127/https://www.polygon.com/2013/5/6/4306340/the-great-gatsby-web-game-slate |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=New York City }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Skinner |first=Quinton |date=July 26, 2006 |title=''The Great Gatsby'': The Guthrie's first production on its new thrust stage |url=https://variety.com/2006/legit/reviews/the-great-gatsby-4-1200514539/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111090627/https://variety.com/2006/legit/reviews/the-great-gatsby-4-1200514539/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=December 22, 2020 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Dinitia |author-link=Dinitia Smith |date=September 8, 2003 |title=Love Notes Drenched in Moonlight; Hints of Future Novels in Letters to Fitzgerald |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/08/books/love-notes-drenched-in-moonlight-hints-of-future-novels-in-letters-to-fitzgerald.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116004751/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/08/books/love-notes-drenched-in-moonlight-hints-of-future-novels-in-letters-to-fitzgerald.html |archive-date=November 16, 2019 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Peter |title=11 years ago today, @flimshaw and I launched our hit Flash game ''The Great Gatsby for NES''. Today we're launching it again... as an actual 8-bit game. Presenting ''The Great Gatsby for NES''... for NES | date = February 14, 2022|url=https://twitter.com/turbomcphazer/status/1493326992824885251 |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=Twitter |archive-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401004053/https://twitter.com/turbomcphazer/status/1493326992824885251 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Stevens |first=David |date=December 29, 1999 |title=Harbison Mixes Up A Great 'Gatsby' |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/29/style/29iht-gatsby.t.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605052519/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/29/style/29iht-gatsby.t.html |archive-date=June 5, 2012 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 22, 2012 |title=The Girl at the Grand Palais |url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568581-adolescent-obsession-inspired-influential-yet-neglected-french-classic-girl |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Economist]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430125926/http://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568581-adolescent-obsession-inspired-influential-yet-neglected-french-classic-girl |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |access-date=March 27, 2013 |ref={{harvid|''The Economist''|2012}} }}
* {{cite web | title = Top 10 and Frequently Challenged Books Archive | year = 2025 | website = [[American Library Association]] | location = 	Chicago, Illinois | url = https://www.ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/top10/archive | access-date = March 16, 2025 | ref = {{harvid|American Library Association|2025}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Verghis |first=Sharon |date=May 3, 2013 |title=Careless People of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Great Gatsby Have a Modern Equivalent |work=[[The Australian]] |location=Surry Hills, New South Wales |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/careless-people-of-f-scott-fitzgeralds-great-gatsby-have-a-modern-equivalent/news-story/741508cb31dc43801a0a7144223a2ac2 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325013305/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/careless-people-of-f-scott-fitzgeralds-great-gatsby-have-a-modern-equivalent/news-story/741508cb31dc43801a0a7144223a2ac2 |archive-date=March 25, 2017 }}
* {{Cite news |last=White |first=Trevor |date=December 10, 2007 |title=BBC World Service Programmes – ''The Great Gatsby'' |work=[[BBC]] |location=London |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/081021_great_gatsby.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=August 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003011857/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/081021_great_gatsby.shtml |archive-date=October 3, 2010 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Wick |first=Jessica |date=June 6, 2021 |title=This Retelling Of 'Gatsby' Has Demonic Flair To Spare |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/06/1003365223/this-retelling-of-gatsby-has-demonic-flair-to-spare |access-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712103727/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/06/1003365223/this-retelling-of-gatsby-has-demonic-flair-to-spare |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Williams |first=John |date=January 14, 2021 |title=The 'Great Gatsby' Glut |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/books/the-great-gatsby-public-domain.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119071908/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/books/the-great-gatsby-public-domain.html |archive-date=January 19, 2021 }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=April 29, 2013 |title=The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Handwritten by Fitzgerald |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2013/04/finances-f-scott-fitzgerald-handwritten-fitzgerald/64673/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[The Atlantic Media Company]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106011233/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2013/04/finances-f-scott-fitzgerald-handwritten-fitzgerald/64673/ |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project auto}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/f-scott-fitzgerald/the-great-gatsby}}
* {{Google books|id=oYAh96Xo4pUC|title=The Great Gatsby}}
* {{Gutenberg book|no=64317|name=The Great Gatsby}}
* {{librivox book | title=The Great Gatsby | author=F. Scott Fitzgerald }}
* {{FadedPage|id=20181181|name=The Great Gatsby}}
* [https://brtom.org/indexing-fiction/an-index-to-the-great-gatsby/ "An Index to ''The Great Gatsby''"]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/14/t-magazine/14document.html ''The Great Gatsby''&nbsp;– "A Book by Its Covers"] at ''[[T (magazine)|T: The New York Times Style Magazine]]''.
* [https://new.artsmia.org/exhibition/gatsby-at-100 Gatsby at 100] Minneapolis Institute of Art 2025 exhibition examining “The Great Gatsby shaped—and was shaped by—the visual art of his time.”

{{The Great Gatsby|state=expanded}}
{{F. Scott Fitzgerald}}
{{Portal bar|Novels|1920s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Gatsby, The}}
[[Category:The Great Gatsby| ]]
[[Category:1925 American novels]]
[[Category:American novels adapted for radio]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into operas]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:American romance novels]]
[[Category:Charles Scribner's Sons books]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1922]]
[[Category:Metafictional novels]]
[[Category:Modernist novels]]
[[Category:Fiction about murder–suicide]]
[[Category:Novels about infidelity]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into ballets]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Novels by F. Scott Fitzgerald]]
[[Category:Novels set in New York City]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Novels set in the Roaring Twenties]]
[[Category:Novels set on Long Island]]
[[Category:Cow Neck Peninsula]]
[[Category:Tragedy]]
[[Category:Trying to prevent adulthood in popular culture]]
[[Category:Works about the Roaring Twenties]]