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{{short description|1906 novel by Upton Sinclair}}
{{about|the novel by Upton Sinclair||Jungle (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book<!--See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books-->
|name         = The Jungle
|author       = [[Upton Sinclair]]
|language     = English
|country      = United States
|genre        = [[Political fiction]]
|publisher    = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday, Page & Co.]]
|isbn         = <!-- published before ISBNs -->
|image        = The Jungle (1906) cover.jpg
|caption      = First edition
|release_date = February 26, 1906
|media_type   = Print (hardcover)
|pages        = 413
|oclc         = 1150866071
|preceded_by  = 
|external_url = https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/140/pg140-images.html
}}

'''''The Jungle''''' is a novel by American author and journalist [[Upton Sinclair]], who was known for his efforts to expose corruption in government and business in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Citation|last = Sinclair|first = Upton|title = 'The Jungle|publisher = Dover Thrift|chapter = Note|pages = viii–x}}</ref> 
In 1904, Sinclair spent seven weeks gathering information while working incognito in the meatpacking plants of the [[Union Stock Yards]] in [[Chicago]] for the socialist newspaper ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]]'', which published his novel in [[Serial (literature)|serial]] form in 1905. In 1906, the novel was published in book format by [[Doubleday, Page & Company|Doubleday]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Brinkley|first = Alan|title = The Unfinished Nation|chapter = 17: Industrial Supremacy|publisher = McGraw Hill|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0-07-338552-5}}</ref>

The book [[literary realism|realistically]] depicts working-class poverty, immigrant struggle, lack of social support or welfare, harsh living and dangerous working conditions, generating hopelessness or cynicism and cruelty among the powerless. These elements are contrasted with the deeply rooted corruption of people in power. A review by Sinclair's contemporary, writer [[Jack London]], compared ''The Jungle'' to America's most famous novel written to expose a cruel system, by calling it "the ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' of [[wage slavery]]."<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.socalhistory.org/bios/upton_sinclair.html|contribution = Upton Sinclair|title = Social History|format = blog|type = biography|url-status = usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527075221/http://www.socalhistory.org/bios/upton_sinclair.html|archive-date = 2012-05-27 }}.</ref>

While Sinclair in describing the [[meat industry]] and its working conditions wanted to advance [[socialism]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Van Wienen, Mark W.|date=2012|title= American socialist triptych: the literary-political work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Upton Sinclair, and W.E.B. Du Bois. n.p.|publisher= University of Michigan Press|journal= Book Review Digest Plus (H.W. Wilson)}}</ref> the novel's most immediate impact was to provoke public outcry over passages exposing health issues and unsanitary practices in the American [[meat-packing industry]] during the early 20th century.  This led to sanitation reforms including the [[Federal Meat Inspection Act|Meat Inspection Act]] and other product safety legislation.

==Plot summary==
[[File:Thejungle 09 sinclair 64kb.ogg|thumb|Chapter 9, of the Jungle, novel by Upton Sinclair, describing corruption in the Gilded Age]]
Jurgis Rudkus marries his sweetheart, Ona Lukoszaite, in a joyous traditional Lithuanian wedding feast. They and their extended family have recently immigrated to [[Chicago]] due to financial hardship in [[Lithuania]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]]. They have heard that America offers freedom and higher wages and have come to pursue the [[American Dream]].

Despite having lost much of their savings being conned on the trip to Chicago, and then having to pay for the wedding—and despite the disappointment of arriving at a crowded boarding house—Jurgis is initially optimistic about his prospects in Chicago. Young and strong, he believes that he is immune to the misfortunes that have befallen others in the crowd. He is swiftly hired by a meatpacking factory; he marvels at its efficiency, even while witnessing the cruel treatment of the animals.

The women of the family answer an ad for a four-room house. Ona, who came from an educated background, figures that they could easily afford it with the jobs that Jurgis, proud Marija, and ambitious Jonas have gotten. While they discover at the showing that the neighborhood is unkempt and the house doesn't live up to the advertisement, they are taken in by the slickness and fluent [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] of the real estate agent and sign a contract for the house.

However, with the help of an old Lithuanian neighbor, they discover several unexpected expenses in the contract that they must pay every month on time, or else face [[eviction]]—the fate of most home buyers in the neighborhood. To meet these costs, Ona and thirteen-year-old Stanislovas (whom the family had wished to send to school) must take up work as well.

While sickness befalls them often, they cannot afford not to work. That winter, Jurgis's father, weakened by exposure to chemicals and the elements at his job, dies of illness.

Some levity is brought to their lives by the arrival of a musician, named Tamoszius, who courts Marija, and the birth of Jurgis and Ona's first child. However, this happiness is tempered when Ona must return to work one week after giving birth, and Marija is laid off in a seasonal cutback. Jurgis attends union meetings passionately; he realizes that he had been taken in by a vote-buying scheme when he was new to Chicago, learns that the meat factories deliberately use diseased meat, and furthermore that workers frequently come down with ailments related to their dangerous and unsanitary work.

Work becomes more demanding as wages fall; the working members of the family suffer a series of injuries. Amid this hardship, Jonas deserts the family, leaving them no choice but to send two children to work as newspaper boys. The youngest child, a handicapped toddler, dies of food poisoning; only his mother grieves his death.

After recovering from his injury, Jurgis takes the least desirable job at a fertilizer mill. In misery, he begins drinking [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]]. He becomes suspicious of his pregnant wife's failure to return home on several nights. Ona eventually confesses that her boss, Phil Connor raped her, after which, by threatening to fire and [[blacklist]] everyone in her family, he managed to coerce her into a continuing [[sexual relationship]].

Jurgis furiously attacks Connor at his factory, but half a dozen men tear him away. While in prison awaiting trial, he realizes it is Christmas Eve. The next day, his cellmate, Jack Duane, tells him about his criminal ventures and gives him his address. At trial, Connor testifies that he had fired Ona for "impudence" and easily denies Jurgis's account; the judge dismissively sentences Jurgis to thirty days in prison plus court fees.

Stanislovas visits Jurgis in prison and tells him of the family's increasing destitution. After Jurgis serves his term (plus three days for his inability to pay the fees), he walks through the slush for an entire day to get home, only to find that the house had been remodeled and sold to another family. He learns from their old neighbor that, despite all of the sacrifices they had made, his family had been evicted and had returned to the boarding house.

Upon arriving at the boarding house, Jurgis heard Ona screaming. She is in [[premature labor]], and Marija explains that the family had no money for a doctor. Jurgis convinces a [[midwife]] to assist, but it is too little too late; the infant is dead, and with one last look at Jurgis, Ona dies shortly afterward. The children return with a day's wages; Jurgis spends all of it to get drunk for the night.

The next morning, Ona's stepmother begs Jurgis to think of his surviving child. With his son in mind, he endeavors again to gain employment despite his blacklisting. For a time, the family gets by and Jurgis delights in his son's first attempts at speech. One day, Jurgis arrives home to discover that his son had drowned after falling off a rotting boardwalk into the muddy streets. Without shedding a tear, he walks away from Chicago.

Jurgis wanders the countryside while the weather is warm, working, foraging, and stealing for food, shelter, and drink. In the fall, he returns to Chicago, sometimes employed, sometimes a [[tramp]]. While begging, he chances upon an eccentric rich drunk—the son of the owner of the first factory where Jurgis had worked—who entertains him for the night in his luxurious mansion and gives him a [[United States one-hundred-dollar bill|one-hundred-dollar bill]] (worth the equivalent of about $3,500 as of October 2024). Afterward, when Jurgis spends the bill at a bar, the [[bartender]] cheats him. Jurgis attacks the bartender and is sentenced to prison again, where he once again meets Jack Duane. This time, without a family to anchor him, Jurgis decides to fall in with him.

Jurgis helps Duane mug a well-off man; his split of the loot is worth over twenty times a day's wages from his first job. Though his conscience is pricked by learning of the man's injuries in the next day's papers, he justifies it to himself as necessary in a "dog-eat-dog" world. Jurgis then navigates the world of crime; he learns that this includes a substantial corruption of the police department. He becomes a vote fixer for a wealthy political powerhouse, Mike Scully, and arranges for many new [[Slavic people|Slavic]] immigrants to vote according to Scully's wishes—as Jurgis once had. To influence those men, he had taken a job at a factory, which he continues as a [[strikebreaker]]. One night, by chance, he runs into Connor, whom he attacks again. Afterward, he discovers that his buddies cannot fix the trial as Connor is an important figure under Scully. With the help of a friend, he posts and skips bail.

With no other options, Jurgis returns to begging and chances upon a woman who had been a guest to his wedding. She tells him where to find Marija, and Jurgis heads to the address to find that it is a [[brothel]] being raided by the police. Marija tells him that she was forced to prostitute herself to feed the children after they had gotten sick, and Stanislovas—who had drunk too much and passed out at work—had been eaten by rats. After their speedy trial and release, Marija tells Jurgis that she cannot leave the brothel as she cannot save money and has become addicted to heroin, as is typical in the brothel's [[human trafficking]].

Marija has a customer, so Jurgis leaves and finds a political meeting for a warm place to stay. He begins to nod off. A refined lady gently rouses him, saying, "If you would try to listen, comrade, perhaps you would be interested." Startled by her kindness and fascinated by her passion, he listens to the thundering speaker. Enraptured by his speech, Jurgis seeks out the orator afterward. The orator asks if he is interested in [[socialism]].

A Polish socialist takes him into his home, conversing with him about his life and socialism. Jurgis returns home to Ona's stepmother and passionately converts her to socialism; she placatingly goes along with it only because it seems to motivate him to find work. He finds work in a small hotel that turns out to be run by a state organizer of the Socialist Party. Jurgis passionately dedicates his life to the cause of socialism.
[[File:Beef industry panorama 1900 loc.jpg|thumb|upright=4.1|center|A panorama of the beef industry in 1900 by a Chicago-based photographer]]

==Characters==
[[File:Chicago stockyards cattle pens men 1909.jpg|thumb|Men walking on wooden rails between cattle pens in the Chicago stockyard, 1909]]
[[File:Floorers removing the hides USY Chicago (front).tiff|thumb|Workers in the union stockyards]]
*'''Jurgis Rudkus''', a Lithuanian who immigrates to the US and struggles to support his family.
*'''Ona Lukoszaite Rudkus''', Jurgis' 14 year old wife.
*'''Marija Berczynskas''', Ona's cousin. She dreams of marrying a musician. After Ona's death and Rudkus' abandonment of the family, she becomes a prostitute to help feed the few surviving children.
*'''Teta Elzbieta Lukoszaite''', Ona's stepmother. She takes care of the children and eventually becomes a beggar.
*'''Grandmother Swan''', another Lithuanian immigrant.
*'''Dede Antanas''', Jurgis' father. He contributes work despite his age and poor health; dies from a lung infection.
*'''Jokubas Szedvilas''', Lithuanian immigrant who owns a deli on [[Halsted Street]].
*'''Edward Marcinkus''', Lithuanian immigrant and friend of the family.
*'''Fisher''', Chicago millionaire whose passion is helping poor people in slums.
*'''Tamoszius Kuszleika''', a [[fiddle]]r who becomes Marija's fiancé.
*'''Jonas Lukoszas''', Teta Elzbieta's brother. He abandons the family in bad times and disappears.
*'''Stanislovas Lukoszas''', Elzibeta's eldest son; he starts work at 14, with false documents that say he is 16.
*'''Mike Scully''' (originally '''Tom Cassidy'''), the Democratic Party "boss" of the stockyards.
*'''Phil Connor''', a boss at the factory where Ona works. Connor rapes Ona and forces her into prostitution.
*'''Miss Henderson''', Ona's forelady at the wrapping-room.
*'''Antanas''', son of Jurgis and Ona, otherwise known as "Baby".
*'''Vilimas and Nikalojus''', Elzbieta's second and third sons.
*'''Kristoforas''', a crippled son of Elzbieta.
*'''Juozapas''', another crippled son of Elzbieta.
*'''Kotrina''', Elzbieta's daughter and Ona's half sister.
*'''Judge Pat Callahan''', a crooked judge.
*'''Jack Duane''', a thief whom Rudkus meets in prison.
*'''Madame Haupt''', a midwife hired to help Ona.
*'''Freddie Jones''', son of a wealthy beef baron.
*'''Buck Halloran''', an Irish "political worker" who oversees vote-buying operations.
*'''Bush Harper''', a man who works for Mike Scully as a union spy.
*'''Ostrinski''', a Polish immigrant and [[Socialism|socialist]].
*'''Tommy Hinds''', the socialist owner of Hinds's Hotel.
*'''Mr. Lucas''', a socialist pastor and itinerant preacher.
*'''Nicholas Schliemann''', a Swedish philosopher and socialist.
*'''Durham''', a businessman and Jurgis's second employer.

{{Socialism US|literature}}

==Publication history==
[[File:Chicago meat inspection swift co 1906.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9| Chicago meat inspectors in early 1906]]

Sinclair published the book in serial form between February 25, 1905, and November 4, 1905, in ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]]'', the [[socialist]] newspaper that had supported Sinclair's undercover investigation the previous year. This investigation had inspired Sinclair to write the novel, but his efforts to publish the series as a book met with resistance. An employee at [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]] wrote, 
{{Blockquote | I advise without hesitation and unreservedly against the publication of this book which is gloom and horror unrelieved. One feels that what is at the bottom of his fierceness is not nearly so much desire to help the poor as hatred of the rich.<ref name="Spartacus">{{Citation | publisher= [[Spartacus Educational]]| url = http://spartacus-educational.com/Jupton.htm | title = Upton Sinclair}}.</ref>}}

Five publishers rejected the work, deeming it too shocking for mainstream audiences.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gottesman, Ronald|title= Introduction |work=The Jungle|publisher= [[Penguin Classics]] }}</ref> Sinclair was about to self-publish a shortened version of the novel in a "Sustainer's Edition" for subscribers when [[Doubleday, Page]] came on board. On February 28, 1906, the Doubleday edition was published simultaneously with Sinclair's. 5,000 appeared under the imprint of "The Jungle Publishing Company" with the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]]’s symbol embossed on the cover, both using the same plates.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> In the first six weeks, the book sold 25,000 copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/jungle-and-progressive-era|title=The Jungle and the Progressive Era|date=2012-08-28|website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|language=en|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref>

It has been in print ever since, including four more self-published editions, in 1920, 1935, 1942, 1945.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle"/> Sinclair dedicated the book "To the Workingmen of America".<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Bloom | editor-first = Harold | editor-link = Harold Bloom| title = Upton Sinclair's The Jungle |url=http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=1604138874| pages = 50–51 | publisher = Infohouse | year = 2002|isbn=1604138874}}.</ref>

All works published in the United States before 1924 are in the public domain,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-27|title=Copyright Basics FAQ|url=https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center|language=en-US}}</ref> so there are free copies of the book available on websites such as [[Project Gutenberg]]<ref>{{cite book| url= http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/140 | title= The Jungle | author = Sinclair, Upton |publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]]  <!-- | Copyright Status	= Public domain in the USA. -->| access-date  = May 8, 2017 }}</ref> and [[Wikisource]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=The Jungle}}</ref>

===Editions based on serialized version===

In 1988, St. Lukes Press, a division of Peachtree Publishers Ltd, published an edition titled "The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle" based on the original serialized version of "The Jungle" as seen in "Appeal to Reason". This version was edited by Gene Degruson of Pittsburg State University, based on a correspondence regarding the novel found in the basement of a farm in [[Girard, Kansas]]. The book included an introductory essay by DeGruson detailing the process of how he "restored" the text.<ref name = "The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle">{{cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Upton|title=The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle|year=1988|publisher=St. Lukes Press|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=0918518660|url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=31295112060&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-tile7&searchurl=fe%3Don%26ds%3D10%26sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dthe%2Bjungle%26an%3Dupton%2Bsinclair}}</ref>

In 2003, [[See Sharp Press]] published an edition based on the original serialization of ''The Jungle'' in ''Appeal to Reason'', which they described as the "Uncensored Original Edition" as Sinclair intended it. The foreword and introduction say that the commercial editions were censored to make their political message acceptable to capitalist publishers.<ref name="The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition">{{cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Upton|title=The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition|year=1905|publisher=See Sharp Press|location=Tucson, AZ|isbn=1884365302|page=vi|url=https://archive.org/details/jungleuncensored00sinc}}</ref> 

Others argue that Sinclair had made the revisions of the original text himself, to make the novel more accurate and engaging for the reader, to correct the Lithuanian references, and to streamline the text to eliminate parts that would not appeal to the public, as Sinclair himself said in letters and his 1932 memoir, ''American Outpost''.<ref name="The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle">{{cite web|last=Phelps|first=Christopher| author-link = Christopher Phelps |title=The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle|url=http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[George Mason University]]|access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==

The publisher hyped the book. [[Isaac F. Marcosson]] handled publicity. He sent the entire book in page proof to the [[Associated Press]], the [[United Press]], and the [[Hearst Communications|Hearst]] newspaper chain, as well as to the managing editors of each of the leading big-city newspapers. He told them they were free to quote at length when the book was officially released.  The [[Muckraker]] publishers and editors were hunting scandal and most newspapers responded eagerly with a sensational story that affected every reader.  In cities large and small all across the country the scandals were rehashed, often with page one coverage. The book sold tens of thousands of copies, and the newspapers reached millions.<ref>Isaac F. Marcosson, "Before I Forget" (Dodd, Mead, 1959) [https://archive.org/details/beforeiforget0000isaa/page/n7/mode/2up online] pp 95–101-</ref><ref>James Harvey Young, " The Pig that fell into the Privy: Upton Sinclair's ''The Jungle'' and the Meat Inspection Amendments of 1906," ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' (1985) 59#4, pp. 467–480.</ref> The book produced a small fortune for Sinclair, who invested his early returns in [[Helicon Home Colony|a short-lived utopian settlement in New Jersey]].<ref>Starrett, Best Loved Books of 20th Century, p. 108</ref>

The scandal brought Sinclair national fame.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Donald L. |title=Upton Sinclair and the California Gubernatorial Campaign of 1934 |journal=Southern California Quarterly |date=Winter 1974 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=375–406 |doi=10.2307/41171421 |jstor=41171421 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171421|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He intended to expose "the inferno of exploitation [of the typical American factory worker at the turn of the 20th Century]",<ref name= "sullivan">{{cite book |title=Our Times |last=Sullivan |first=Mark |year=1996 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=0-684-81573-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ourtimesamericaa00sull/page/222 222] |url=https://archive.org/details/ourtimesamericaa00sull/page/222 }}</ref> but the reading public fixated on food safety as most pressing issue. Sinclair admitted his celebrity arose "not because the public cared anything about the workers, but simply because the public did not want to eat tubercular beef".<ref name="sullivan" />

Sinclair's account of workers falling into [[Rendering (food processing)|rendering]] tanks and being ground along with animal parts into "Durham's Pure Leaf Lard" gripped the public—although it never happened.  Historians of the ethnic workers reject the  emphasis on their horrible lives and instead celebrate their successful rise in status and community building.<ref>For refutations see Dominic A. Pacyga, ''Slaughterhouse: Chicago's Union Stock Yard and the World It Made'' (2018) pp. 124-133 and Pacyga,  "From Back of the Yards to the College Classroom," in Alan M. Kraut, and David A. Gerber, eds. ''Ethnic Historians and the Mainstream: Shaping America's Immigration Story'' (Rutgers University Press, 2013) pp. 80–93,.</ref><ref>Louise Carroll Wade, ''Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century'' (U of Illinois Press, 1987) p. 296.</ref><ref>James R. Barrett, ''History from the Bottom Up and the Inside Out'' (2017). pp 27-29.</ref><ref>James R. Barrett, ''Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago’s Packinghouse Workers, 1894–1922'' (U of Illinois Press, 1987).</ref>

The British politician [[Winston Churchill]] praised the book in a review.<ref>{{Citation | last = Arthur | first = Anthony | title = Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair | place = New York | publisher = Random House | year = 2006 | pages = 84–85}}.</ref>  [[Bertolt Brecht]] took up the theme of terrible working conditions at the Chicago Stockyards in his play ''[[Saint Joan of the Stockyards]]'' ({{langx|de|Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe|links=no}}), transporting [[Joan of Arc]] to that environment.

In 1933, the book became a target of the [[Nazi book burnings]] due to Sinclair's endorsement of socialism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/classics/reasons|title=Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century|newspaper=Banned & Challenged Books |publisher=[[American Library Association]]|date=March 26, 2013|access-date=June 14, 2016 |author1=Admin }}</ref>

===Federal response===
President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] had described Sinclair as a "crackpot" because of the writer's socialist positions.<ref>{{Citation | first = Fulton | last = Oursler | title = Behold This Dreamer! | place = Boston | publisher = Little, Brown | year = 1964 | page = 417}}.</ref> He wrote privately to journalist [[William Allen White]], expressing doubts about the accuracy of Sinclair's claims: "I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth."<ref>{{Citation | orig-year = July 31, 1906 | title = The Letters | first = Theodore | last = Roosevelt | editor-first = Elting E | editor-last = Morison | place = Cambridge, MA | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1951–54 | volume = 5 | page = 340}}.</ref> 

After reading ''The Jungle'', Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions. The president wrote "radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist."<ref>{{cite web|title=Sinclair, Upton (1878–1968)|url= http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_yr2012_chunk_g97814051846491361 |publisher=Blackwell Reference Online|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> He assigned the Labor Commissioner [[Charles P. Neill]] and social worker James Bronson Reynolds to go to Chicago to investigate some meat packing facilities. Contemporary humorist [[Finley Peter Dunne]] [https://archive.org/stream/dissertationsbym00dunnrich/dissertationsbym00dunnrich_djvu.txt satirized Roosevelt's reaction], writing a story about the president being served sausages and subsequently throwing them out the window of the White House.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunne |first=Finley Peter |url=https://archive.org/stream/dissertationsbym00dunnrich/dissertationsbym00dunnrich_djvu.txt |title=Dissertations by Mr. Dooley |date=1906 |publisher=New York, Harper |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

Learning about the visit, owners had their workers thoroughly clean the factories prior to the inspection, but Neill and Reynolds were still revolted by the conditions. Their oral report to Roosevelt supported much of what Sinclair portrayed in the novel, excepting the claim of workers falling into rendering vats.<ref>{{Citation | first = Jane | last = Jacobs | author-link = Jane Jacobs | contribution = Introduction | title = The Jungle | year = 2006 | publisher = Random House Publishing | isbn = 0-8129-7623-1}}.</ref> Neill testified before Congress that the men had reported only "such things as showed the necessity for legislation."<ref>{{Citation | publisher = U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture | title = Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture... on the So-called "Beveridge Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill | id = 59th Congress, 1st Session | year = 1906 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGU-AAAAYAAJ | page = 102}}.</ref> In 1906, the [[Bureau of Animal Industry]] issued a report rejecting Sinclair's most severe allegations, characterizing them as "intentionally misleading and false", "willful and deliberate misrepresentations of fact", and "utter absurdity".<ref>{{Citation | publisher = U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture | title = Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture... on the So-called "Beveridge Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill | id = 59th Congress, 1st Session | year = 1906 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGU-AAAAYAAJ | pages = 346–50}}.</ref>

Roosevelt did not release the Neill–Reynolds Report for publication. His administration submitted it directly to Congress on June 4, 1906.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/963.pdf | title = Conditions in Chicago Stockyards | year = 1906 | first = Theodore | last = Roosevelt|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110518060002/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/963.pdf|archive-date=May 18, 2011}}</ref>  With powerful Republicans opposing reforms that would prove costly to the packers, a compromise deal was brokered by Roosevelt that gave the reformers much of what they wanted, but not all.<ref>Young. p. 476–477.</ref>   Public pressure led to the passage of the [[Meat Inspection Act]] and the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]]. The latter established the Bureau of Chemistry, in 1930 renamed as the [[Food and Drug Administration]].

Sinclair decried the legislation, which he considered an unjustified boon to large meatpackers. The government and taxpayers would bear the costs of inspection, estimated at $30,000,000 annually.<ref>{{Citation | last = Young | title = The Pig That Fell into the Privy | page = 477}}.</ref><ref name="sinclair">{{Citation | first = Upton | last = Sinclair | title = The Condemned-Meat Industry: A Reply to Mr. M. Cohn Armour | newspaper = [[Everybody's Magazine]] | volume = XIV | year = 1906 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yExIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA608 | pages = 612–13}}.</ref> In October 1906, he complained about the public's misunderstanding of the point of his book, in ''[[Cosmopolitan Magazine]]'', by saying, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."<ref>Bloom, Harold. editor, ''Upton Sinclair's The Jungle'', Infobase Publishing, 2002, p. 11</ref>

==Adaptations==
The first [[The Jungle (1914 film)|film version]] of the novel was made in 1914, but it has since been [[lost film|lost]].<ref name=silentera>{{cite web |url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/J/Jungle1914.html |title=The Jungle |publisher=silentera.com}}</ref>

''[[Saint Joan of the Stockyards]]'' is a play set in Chicago written by the German [[modernist]] playwright [[Bertolt Brecht]] between 1929 and 1931, after the success of his [[Musical theatre|musical]] ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' and during the period of his radical experimental work with the ''[[Lehrstücke]]''. It is based on the musical that he co-authored with [[Elisabeth Hauptmann]], ''[[Happy End (musical)|Happy End]]'' (1929).<ref name=willett>{{cite book|last=Willett|first=John|author-link=John Willett|year=1959|title=The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects|location=London|publisher=Methuen|isbn=0-413-34360-X|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics|last = Squiers|first = Anthony|publisher = Rodopi|year = 2014|isbn = 9789042038998|location = Amsterdam|page = 41}}</ref>

In July 2019, [[Penguin Random House]]'s ''Ten Speed Graphic'' imprint published a version of the story, adapted and illustrated by Kristina Gehrmann and translated by Ivanka Hahnenberger.<ref name="penguinrandomhouse_603965">{{cite book |last=Gehrmann |first=Kristina |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/603965/the-jungle-by-upton-sinclair-adapted-and-illustrated-by-kristina-gehrmann-translated-by-ivanka-hahnenberger/ |title=The Jungle |publisher=Ten Speed Graphic |year=2019 |publication-date=2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Labor rights in American meatpacking industry]]
* [[Investigative journalism]]
* [[Watchdog journalism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news|author=Bachelder, Chris|work= [[Mother Jones Magazine]] |title=''The Jungle'' at 100: Why the reputation of Upton Sinclair's good book has gone bad|date=January–February 2006 }}
*{{cite web|website=See Sharp Press|url=http://www.seesharppress.com/jungle.html| title=Defense of ''The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition''|author=Lee, Earl }}
* Marcosson, Isaac F. ''Before I Forget'' (Dodd, Mead, 1959) [https://archive.org/details/beforeiforget0000isaa/page/n7/mode/2up online] pp 95–101; how the publisher hyped the book before publication.	
* {{cite journal|author=Øverland, Orm|title=''The Jungle:'' From Lithuanian Peasant to American Socialist|journal=American Literary Realism|volume= 37|number= 1 |date=Fall 2004|pages=1–24}}
* {{cite web|url=http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html |title=The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's ''The Jungle''|author=Phelps, Christopher| website=hnn.us}}
* {{cite journal|author=Young, James Harvey |title=The Pig That Fell into the Privy: Upton Sinclair's ''The Jungle'' and Meat Inspection Amendments of 1906|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume= 59|number= 1 |date=1985|pages=467–480|pmid=3912019}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|The Jungle (novel)}}
{{Wikisource|The Jungle|''The Jungle''}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuukM9OY-is  "How "The Jungle" Changed American Food" (American Experience, PBS)], film excerpts
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/upton-sinclair/the-jungle}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3Athe%20jungle%20creator%3AUpton%20Sinclair%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts%20 ''The Jungle''], available at [[Internet Archive]] (scanned books first edition)
* {{Gutenberg|no=140|name=The Jungle}} (plain text and HTML)
* {{librivox book | title=The Jungle | author=Upton SINCLAIR}} 
* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075914/00036 ''The Jungle'' serialized in ''The Sun'' newspaper] from the [[Florida Digital Newspaper Library]]
* [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] special report marking the 100th anniversary of the novel [https://archive.today/20120910012016/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june06/jungle_5-10.html]
* [[Northwestern University]]'s [[Medill School of Journalism]] revisits ''The Jungle'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907213738/http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2006/02/jungle_upton_si.html]

{{Upton Sinclair}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jungle, The}}
[[Category:1906 American novels]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Culture of Chicago]]
[[Category:Doubleday, Page & Company books]]
[[Category:Lithuanian-American culture in Chicago]]
[[Category:Meat packing industry]]
[[Category:Novels about rape]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels by Upton Sinclair]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Novels set in Chicago]]
[[Category:Progressive Era in the United States]]
[[Category:Works originally published in American newspapers]]
[[Category:Works about Lithuanian-American culture]]
[[Category:Social novels]]
[[Category:Works about the meat industry]]