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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{infobox UK place 
|country                  = England
|type                     = [[Village]] and [[civil parish]]
|official_name            = Theale
|static_image_name        = High Street, Theale, Berkshire.jpg
|static_image_caption     = Theale High Street
|os_grid_reference        = SU641713
|coordinates              = {{coord|51.437|-1.077|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|civil_parish             = Theale
|population               = 2,835
|population_ref=([[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]])<ref name=ons>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk Key Statistics: Dwellings; Quick Statistics: Population Density; Physical Environment: Land Use Survey 2005]</ref>
|area_total_sq_mi         = 3.64
|unitary_england          = [[West Berkshire]]
|region                   = South East England
|lieutenancy_england      = [[Berkshire]]
|constituency_westminster = [[Reading West and Mid Berkshire (UK Parliament constituency)| Reading West and Mid Berkshire]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Location of Reading West and Mid Berkshire |url= https://members.parliament.uk/constituency/4254/location |website=parliament.uk |date=July 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
|post_town                = [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]
|postcode_district        = RG7
|postcode_area            = RG
|dial_code                = 0118
|london_distance          =
|website                  = [https://www.thealeparishcouncil.gov.uk/ Theale Parish Council]
}}

'''Theale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|iː|əl|,_|ˈ|θ|iː|l}}) is a village and [[civil parish]] in [[West Berkshire]], England. It is {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} southwest of [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and 10 miles (16&nbsp;km) east of [[Thatcham]]. The compact parish is bounded to the south and south-east by the [[Kennet & Avon Canal]] (which here incorporates the [[River Kennet]]), to the north by a golf course, to the east by the [[M4 motorway]] and to the west by the [[A340 road]].

==Toponymy==
The name is thought to come from the [[Old English]] ''þelu'' meaning planks. As with the village of [[Theale, Somerset|Theale]] in [[Somerset]], this probably refers to planks used to create causeways on marshes or [[flood plain]]s.<ref name="Ayto Crofton 2005">{{Citation|last1=Ayto|first1=J|last2=Crofton|first2=I|title=Brewer's Britain and Ireland|publisher=Chambers Harrap|place=London|year=2005|isbn=9780304353859}}</ref> A local legend suggests the name Theale refers to the village's coaching inns, and its position as the first staging post on the [[A4 road (England)|Bath Road]] out of Reading – literally calling the village The ale.<ref name="South East Rural Towns Partnership 2011">{{harvtxt|South East Rural Towns Partnership|2011}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bronze Age, Spearhead (FindID 583849).jpg|thumb|right|[[British Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] spearhead, found in Theale in 2000, dated to {{circa|1200|750}} [[Common Era|BCE]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/583849 |title=Finds record for: SUR-3B2641 |date= 1 November 2013 |last= Williams |first= David |access-date= 6 September 2023 |publisher= The Portable Antiquities Scheme}}</ref>]]
===Romans===
The old significance of the position of Theale is that it lay at the junction of two ancient natural routes, one following the [[Kennet Valley]] from east to west and another which exploited the valley of the [[River Pang]] to run at a low level through the [[Chiltern Hills]] from north to south via the [[Goring Gap]]. This latter route was taken by a [[Roman road]] which ran from [[Calleva Atrebatum]] (modern [[Silchester]]) north to [[Dorchester on Thames]]. Extrapolation of the known alignment from Silchester to near [[Ufton Nervet]] indicates a crossing point of the River Kennet just east of Tylemill Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/ufton_nervet.html|title=Royal Berkshire History, Ufton Nervet|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> This Roman road has its equivalent in the modern A340 from Theale to [[Pangbourne]].

[[Roman Empire|Roman]] remains were uncovered during the excavation of the Theale Old Gravel Pit, at the end of St Ives Close, for ten years after 1887.<ref>Note on Ordnance Survey map 1898</ref> The Kennet Valley route, later the Bath Road, only became important after the foundation of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] borough of Reading in the 8th century. The Anglo-Saxons had abandoned Calleva Atrebatum, but the north to south route remained important to them as connecting the royal capital of [[Winchester]] with the boroughs of [[Old Basing]] near [[Basingstoke]] and [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]].

===Middle Ages===
From the early [[Middle Ages]] to the 19th century, Theale was mostly part of [[Tilehurst]] parish. The old parish boundaries around here were complicated, and the village was a [[chapelry]], comprising a western outlier of this large and irregularly shaped parish.<ref name="British Archaeological Association 1865 161">{{harvtxt|British Archaeological Association|1865|p=161}}</ref> The odd parish boundaries by the river indicates that the valley bottom had been converted from swamp forest to [[flood-meadow]]s or reed-beds for thatching by the start of the second millennium. The portion belonging to [[Englefield, Berkshire|Englefield]] lay between the main river (now the canal) and a branch, called [[Holy Brook]], which left the main course at Sheffield Mill and rejoined it at [[Reading Abbey]]. The name was allegedly because the abbey used the brook to power its corn mill and flush its toilets, and so engineered its course to ensure a good head of water.<ref>Hurry, J: "Reading Abbey" 1901 p23.</ref>

From before 1241 until the 1800s, Theale, unusually, gave its name to the [[Hundred (county subdivision)|hundred]] containing the parishes of [[Aldermaston]], [[Bradfield, Berkshire|Bradfield]], [[Burghfield]], Englefield, [[Padworth]], [[Purley-on-Thames|Purley]], [[Stratfield Mortimer]], [[Sulham]], [[Sulhamstead Bannister]], [[Tidmarsh]], [[Ufton Nervet]] and [[Woolhampton]].<ref name="Ditchfield Page 1923 385">{{harvtxt|Ditchfield|Page|1923|p=385}}</ref> The oddity of this was that the village was not in the hundred, because Tilehurst parish was in the Hundred of Reading. The manor and church of Tilehurst belonged to Reading Abbey in the Middle Ages. However, the chapel at Theale did not but was part of land-holdings in Theale held by the nunnery of [[Goring Priory]] by 1291. The nuns also held the neighbouring manor of Sulham, but the chapel had some connection with the church at Englefield.

There is circumstantial evidence of a readjustment of boundaries between Sulham, Englefield and Tilehurst parishes and the possible transfer of Theale in the earlier Middle Ages.<ref>VCH Berkshire Vol.3 1923 pp329-336</ref> In the later Middle Ages, the abbey leased out many of its properties to ensure a cash income at a time when the economy was becoming increasingly cash-driven. The large manor of Tilehurst was subdivided, and a "manor", not actually legally functioning as one, called Beansheaf was in existence by 1390. This was named after a family farming land in the parish in the 13th century. The territory included Theale, but the manor-house was to the east of the present village and the site is now east of the M4, at the north end of Bourne Close.<ref>RCH op.cit.</ref> A housing estate in [[Holybrook]] parish preserves the name.

===Civil War===
Theale saw action in the [[English Civil War]], (1642–51). On 22 September 1643, soon after the [[First Battle of Newbury]],<ref name="Robertson 1843 95">{{harvtxt|Robertson|1843|p=95}}</ref> the village was the site of a skirmish between [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]]'s [[Cavalier|Royalist forces]] and the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]]'s [[Roundheads|Parliamentarian]]s. Rupert attacked the Earl's forces from the rear as they were returning to London. According to contemporary reports, the Earl's forces – led by Colonel Middleton – held strong; up to 800 Royalist [[musketeer]]s and 60 horses were killed,<ref name="Rushworth 1708 91">{{harvtxt|Rushworth|1708|p=91}}</ref> and at least eight Parliamentarian units, a minimum of 800 men, were also killed,<ref name="Whitlocke 1853 215">{{harvtxt|Whitlocke|1853|p=215}}</ref> and were buried on the spot in Deadman's Lane.<ref name="Ford 2001">{{harvtxt|Ford|2001}}</ref><ref name="Dickens 1869 139">{{harvtxt|Dickens|1869|p=139}}</ref> The Royalist forces retreated, and the Earl left Theale on the morning of 23 September, heading to Reading where his forces recovered from fatigue.<ref name="Robertson 1843 95" /> [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] marched through Theale on 1 May 1645, en route from [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] to [[Salisbury]].<ref name="Rushworth 1701 27">{{harvtxt|Rushworth|1701|p=27}}</ref> Evidence for the encounter came to light in 1878, when a sword with the remains of an iron hilt was found near Deadman's Lane.<ref>Transactions of the Newbury District Field Club vol 2 1878 p258</ref> A housing estate in the south-west quadrant of the village has the street names Cavalier Close and Roundhead Road in memory of this skirmish.

===Road transport===
[[Stagecoach]]es began to run through from London to [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Bristol]] in the mid-17th century, soon after the civil war ended. In 1667, the first through coach was advertised as ''The Flying Machine'' in an advertising poster:<ref>Harper, C: "The Bath Road" 1899</ref>
<blockquote>All those desirous to pass from London to Bath, or any other place on their Road, let them repair to the Bell Savage Inn on [[Ludgate Hill]] in London and the White Lion Inn at Bath, at both which places they may be received in a Stage Coach every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, which performs the whole journey in Three Days (if God permit), and sets forth at five in the morning. Passengers to pay One Pound five Shillings each.</blockquote> In response to increased traffic, the first section of the Bath Road, between Reading and Theale, was made into a [[Toll road|turnpike]] by [[Act of Parliament]] in 1714.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turnpikes.org.uk/Reading%20turnpike%20roads.htm|title = Turnpikes|access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> The rest of the road from London to Bristol was to follow in the next four decades, leading to a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of coach travel.

As the Bath Road thus became an established trade route and turnpike between the south-west and south-east of England, Theale became a [[stage station|staging post]] and as such was known for its numerous [[coaching inn]]s.<ref name="Ford 2001" /> A stage was the distance a coach would run before changing horses, and the staging post was where the horses were rested and refreshed before doing the stage again in the opposite direction. A stage was usually seven to fifteen miles long, depending on topography, so Reading to Theale, at five miles, was a short stage and would have taken an hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Stagecoach/|title=The Stagecoach|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> The 18th century [[highwayman]], [[Dick Turpin]], is said to have hidden in a secret room in The Old Lamb inn on Church Street on numerous occasions.<ref name="Ford 2001" /> In 1802, [[topography|topographer]] James Baker chronicled the village, en route from Reading to [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], and described it as "inconsiderable".<ref name="Baker 1802 32">{{harvtxt|Baker|1802|p=32}}</ref> However, the wealth engendered by a continued growth in road traffic meant that the village entered its most prosperous era, expanding substantially in the earlier 19th century before the arrival of the railway. The growth of the village led to the creation of a separate ecclesiastical parish and the consecration of a new church in 1832.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The road came back to life with the invention of the motor car, and the new status of the Bath Road as London's highway to Bristol was demonstrated on 23 April 1900, when the [[Royal Automobile Club|Automobile Club]] held a motor car reliability demonstration involving a cavalcade from London to [[Calcot Park]], the home of [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe|Alfred Harmsworth]] who sponsored the event. Calcot Park was then just north of Theale parish.<ref>Hylton, S: Reading 1800 to the Present Day 2015, p4</ref> For the next seventy years, all the motor traffic between London, Reading and Bristol passed along Theale High Street. The development response was slow, however, and only two small housing estates were developed in the inter-war period. The first was Lambfields west of the church, and the second comprised Blossom Avenue and The Crescent in the north.<ref>OS maps 1919 and 1949</ref> Lambfields was named after the Old Lamb inn.

===Canal===
[[File:Shenfield_(or_Sheffield)_swing_bridge,_Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391484.jpg|thumb|right|Sheffield Swing Bridge in 1976.]]
The Kennet Navigation opened in 1723 from Reading to Newbury. The Kennet and Avon Canal, extending from Newbury to Bath, was opened in 1810. Theale had its wharf at a location called Sheffield, in Burghfield parish and next to [[Sheffield Lock]]. Here, the road to Burghfield village crosses the canal by a single-lane [[swing bridge]], now controlled by traffic lights. The canal was locally re-opened from the [[Thames]] at Reading to [[Hungerford]] wharf in July 1974. However, full restoration of the entire length to Bath was only completed in 2004. In 1983, [[West Berkshire Council]] declared the Sheffield Bridge Conservation Area to protect the swing bridge, Sheffield Lock and Sheffield Mill.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}  In 2000, the canal towpath became part of [[National Cycle Route 4]]. It has the legal status of a cruiseway, a waterway devoted to recreational boat traffic, since 2011.

===Railway===
[[File:Burghfield parish boundary.JPG|thumb|Ordnance survey map of 1888 shows the railway line and split between southern Tilehurst (most of Theale) and Burghfield]]
On 21 December 1847, the [[Great Western Railway]] opened {{rws|Theale}} [[railway station]] on the northern branch of the [[Berks and Hants Railway]], from {{rws|Reading}} to {{rws|Hungerford}}. This immediately halted the coach traffic and the turnpike road company's income, and crippled the canal company which had to slash rates and be henceforth content with limited local traffic. The canal sold out to the railway in 1852, which maintained it in operation until 1951. Then, a collapsed aqueduct closed it as a through route, although it was never formally abandoned. The railway line was extended to {{rws|Devizes}} in 1864, and became part of a new direct GWR main line to [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in 1906. Theale would have been one of the towns and villages dependent on the coaching trade, for which the arrival of a railway was a disaster. This is shown by successive editions of the [[Ordnance Survey]], which show that the village entered stasis and did not grow until the 20th century.

From 1847 to the early years of the 20th century, the village had to make do economically with local farming, a [[brewery]] and gravel extraction. The last named was, however, greatly facilitated by the railway and a large pit near the village, Theale Old Gravel Pit, opened in 1887 with its own railway siding.<ref name="OS map 1898">OS map 1898</ref> The 1898 [[Ordnance Survey]] map also shows a small [[gasworks]] next to the station, and a [[ropewalk]] off Station Road near its junction with the High Street. There is evidence that local farmers were growing [[hemp]] to make into rope. The railway to Devizes was closed in 1963, and Theale lost its local service to that town.

===Airfield===
[[RAF Theale]] is a former [[World War II|Second World War]] [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] training facility located on Sheffield Farm, just east of the canal swing bridge, and actually in Burghfield parish. It was opened in 1944, with two grass runways, and used for training by No. 26 Elementary Flying Training School, and, later in the same year, by No. 128 Gliding School. The training school used twenty-four [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museumofberkshireaviation.co.uk/html/airfield/theale.htm|title=Theale (Sheffield Farm), Berkshire |publisher=Museum of Berkshire Aviation|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The canal by the airfield was fortified with [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]], one of which is a [[listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE|grade=II|desc=PILLBOX AT NORTH WEST CORNER OF GARSTON LOCK, AT SU 656708|num=1135986 |date=6 November 1990}}</ref>

===Motorway===
After the opening of the railway, the next major change for the village was the opening of the M4 motorway on 22 December 1971. The High Street went from having an enormous amount of traffic passing through, to none. Junction 12 on the motorway was built just east of the village. The old road was cut and a footbridge was provided. A new dual carriageway bypass was built from the junction, running south of the village to the A340. A short link road, Hoad Way, was provided from this to the east end of the High Street. The new transport link led to major development in the village. The area between the bypass and railway was [[Zoning|zoned]] for industrial and warehouse development. Two substantial new housing estates were added to the village, Woodfield Way in the north-east and Meadow Way in the south-west. The narrow strip of land between the High Street and the bypass was infilled with blocks of flats. As a precautionary preservation measure, in 1971, the Rural District Council declared three [[Conservation area (United Kingdom)|conservation areas]]: Theale High Street/Blossom Lane, Holy Trinity, Theale and The Lamb, Theale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://info.westberks.gov.uk/conservationareas|title=West Berkshire Conservation Areas|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> In 1984, after it was realised that several of the buildings in the High Street were 17th century, a total of 32 buildings in the parish were given listed building status. All are Grade II, except the church, which is Grade I, and [[Garston Lock]], Grade II*.

==Governance==
Until 1894, Theale was a chapelry and [[Tithe|tithing territory]] in the parish of Tilehurst. Then, Theale civil parish was created. The new parish was included in [[Bradfield Rural District]] Council. However, in 1974 the rural district became part of Newbury District Council which, in turn became the [[unitary authority]] of West Berkshire.

==Geography==
===Topography===
The landscape of the present parish is relatively flat, with expanses of level ground flanking the main road.<ref name="Baker 1802 32" /> It is dominated by the built-up area of the village. This is residential north of the bypass, and commercial south of it. To the north of the village there is a golf course, and to the west are a few large fields owned by the [[Englefield House|Englefield Estate]]. There were many wooded areas within the old parish before 2000, but these have been annexed by neighbouring parishes and the only named wood left is a tiny fragment in the south-east corner of the golf course next to the M4 called Further Clayhill Copse.<ref name="Knight 1840 102">{{harvtxt|Knight|1840|p=102}}</ref> The River Kennet runs south of the village, and is joined by the Kennet & Avon Canal with two sets of locks and weirs ([[Garston Lock|Garston]] and Sheffield Locks).

It used to cut through meadows occupying a wide flood plain, but these were dug out in the 20th century for gravel extraction and so replaced by a mosaic of lakes.<ref name="Knight 1840 102" /> The south-east and south boundary of the parish is now the canal. Just the other side, in Burghfield and Sulhamstead parishes, one of these lakes is now a [[Local nature reserve]] called [[Hosehill Lake]]. Theale village has one lake within its residential built-up area to the far west, with privately owned houses flanking it on its north side but recreational walking possible to the south. Two further such lakes are in a business park in the extreme south-east corner of the parish.

===Geology===
As with other parts of the Kennet Valley, soil in Theale is a variety of chalk, flint, gravel, clay, alluvium and loam. The village is on a broad gravel terrace, the gravel deriving from flints weathered out of the bedrock of chalk. The chalk outcrops in the hills to the north, with pockets of clay. The river flood plain is covered with alluvium, over beds of more gravel. The loam occurs where chalk and clay have weathered together. There have been narrow [[peat marsh]]es along the river, marking the locations of former [[oxbow lake]]s.<ref name="Great Britain Board of Agriculture 1809 18">{{harvtxt|Great Britain Board of Agriculture|1809|p=18}}</ref> Samples of ochra purpurco-rubra, a purple-red type of [[ochre]] used by painters, have been found in clay pits in the village.<ref name="Mendes da Costa 1757 95">{{harvtxt|Mendes da Costa|1757|p=95}}</ref> This is a form of [[hematite|haematite iron ore]].

===Layout and fabric===
Theale before the 20th century was an early example of [[ribbon development]], in that the built-up area was a long strip along the Bath Road with no side streets. The layout focuses on the crossroads formed by the High Street (east), Church Street (west), Blossom Lane (north) and Station Road (south). The High Street is completely built up with mainly [[Victorian era|Victorian]] edifices in red brick, some in patterned brickwork and some rendered in [[lime plaster]]. It is a conservation area. [[Listed buildings]] earlier in date are 1, 4, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 43–5, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 58, 60.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/theale-west-berkshire#.XEgmJs_7T2R|title=Listed Buildings in Theale|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> Of these, seventeenth-century [[Timber framing|timber framed]] buildings are 29, 33, 35 and 52; the others are [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] or [[Regency architecture|Regency]]. 29, 31 and 47 are old coaching inns (31 still open as The Falcon). 49 has an unusual [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] door-case.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1215213|desc=49 High Street|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

Before the 20th century, Church Street was not completely built up but had clusters of buildings separated by [[paddock]]s. The village ended at the hamlet of Theale Green. Englefield Road branches north-westwards before the church, leading to the health centre, the [[Roman Catholic]] church and the Englefied Estate office at the junction with Deadman's Lane. The church, churchyard wall, churchyard gate, the Old [[Rectory]], the Old Rectory Cottage (former coach house) and the Webb Tomb in the churchyard are all listed buildings. The church is the focus of its own conservation area.

Church Street continues beyond the church to the Theale [[Church of England]] [[Primary School]], the library, [[Theale Green School]] and the [[St John Ambulance (England)|St John Ambulance]] Centre. Listed buildings] are 1–3, 2, 18-20 27, 29 and 49. No 2 is the Crown Inn, a heavily altered 17th-century coaching inn formerly with a coach horse paddock opposite, where a car dealer now is.<ref name="OS map 1898"/> 18-20 is the Old Lamb, a former coaching inn which is now a hotel. It is the only thatched building in Theale, and is a 17th-century timber-framed edifice abutted by a large early 19th-century annexe. Dick Turpin stayed here and there is allegedly a ghost, but [[Historic England]] rejects the date of 1487 painted on the façade.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1215447|desc=The Old Lamb|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> The Old Lamb is easily confused with the Lamb next door at number 22, a pub in [[polychrome brickwork]] which closed down in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beerintheevening.com/pubs/comments.shtml/5661/|title=The Lamb, Theale|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> The Old Lamb has its own conservation area, which includes a small housing estate called Lambfields. This was built in the 1920s, the first in the village, and features high-quality tile-hung semi-detached houses in a [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] style.

[[File:Theale_Milestone_west.jpg|thumb|upright|Theale's smallest listed building]]
Before the 20th century,<ref>OS Map 1898</ref> Blossoms Lane ran to a hamlet called Blossoms End and ended at Blossomsend Farm, now a golf course. The road is now Crown Lane, leading to Blossom Lane. The High Street conservation area includes Crown Lane and lower Blossom Lane, protecting Victorian houses with polychrome brickwork. Station Road leads through the industrial and commercial area, under the 1971 bypass bridge to the railway station, then on to the swing bridge over the canal at the Sheffield Bridge conservation area. This contains Sheffield Mill, Sheffield Lock and a pillbox, all listed. This lock has unusual scalloped walls. Garston Lock, to the east is Grade II* listed because it is a very rare turf-sided [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]]. The parish boundary is at the bridge, although the Fox and Hounds pub at Sheffield Bottom further on has a Theale postal address. The smallest listed building in Theale is on the A340 just south of the Bradfield Road crossroads. It is an 18th-century [[milestone]] in the form of a short column, reading "TO BASINGSTOKE 15; TO WALLINGFORD 13; TO OXFORD 26".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101215141-milestone-at-su-6319-7102-theale#.XEmseM_7T2Q|title=Milestone|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Pubs===
[[File:The_Falcon,_Theale,_Berkshire.jpg|thumb|The Falcon, a 16th-century coaching inn behind an 18th-century frontage.]]
Theale has long been associated with pubs and the brewing trade.<ref name="South East Rural Towns Partnership 2011" /><ref name="Defoe 1748 70">{{harvtxt|Defoe|1748|p=70}}</ref> Many coaching inns were established on the Bath Road, though by the 1840s, the success of the Great Western Railway had considerably reduced the volume of custom the inns received.<ref name="Robertson 1843 95" /> In 1843, writing about the effect of the railway on local business and environment, J G Robertson hypothesised that "it is probable that, in a few months, the completion of the Great Western Railway will totally annihilate the agreeable variety, and the hanging woods of Englefield and [[Beenham]] will no longer echo back the nocturnal challenge of the mail-guard's horn".<ref name="Robertson 1843 100">{{harvtxt|Robertson|1843|p=100}}</ref>

By 1854,<ref>Post Office Directory of Berkshire 1854</ref> the village's old coaching inns had either closed down or become ordinary inns and pubs. The survivors were: the White Hart, on the eastern outskirts, at Pincents Lane, and demolished in 1969; the Bull; the Falcon; the Castle and the Crown. The Castle vanished in 1907.<ref>Kelly's Directory 1907</ref> In 1939, only the Crown was offering accommodation. On the other hand, the village then had the Railway Arms next to the station, since demolished; the Bridge House Inn, next to the canal, now closed and, on Church Street, the Red Lion, closed 2014; the Lamb, closed 2012 and the Volunteer.

===Blatch's Theale Brewery===
[[File:The_Old_Brewery,_Theale,_Berkshire.jpg|thumb|Brewery tap house and offices -brewery itself through iron archway.]]
The village business with the highest public profile in the later 19th and earlier 20th century was Blatch's Theale Brewery, located in premises off the High Street. The brewery began operations in 1752, and was acquired by the Blatch Brothers, William, Henry and Frank, in 1854. The family went on to create an estate of twenty-two public houses in west [[Berkshire]] and north [[Hampshire]], including the Bull, which was the tap house. The firm sold its beer under the [[trademark]] of a stylised ear of barley. There was also a bottling plant, and bottled beers were Pale Ale, Brown Ale, "B.B.", XXXX – a [[barley wine]] and Genuine Stout.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://breweryhistory.com/wiki/index.php?title=Blatch%27s_Theale_Brewery_Ltd|title=Blatch's Theale Brewery|access-date=24 January 2019}},</ref> The company gave up brewing in 1959 but bought in beer from [[Wadworth Brewery]] in [[Devizes]] to sell under its own label.

This continued until the death of Harold Blatch, the last [[chief executive officer]] of the family, in 1965. His heirs immediately sold out to [[Allied Breweries]] trading as Ind Coope in 1965, and the beer brands were terminated.<ref>Dearing, John: "A Directory of Berkshire Brewers" 2013</ref> The brewery buildings were not sold and some survive, converted to offices, as Brewery Court.<ref>Smith, Ken: "Brewing in Britain, An Illustrated History" 2016</ref> The company offices were at 43 High Street, a listed building, and the Bull tap house adjacent is now owned by Wadworth Brewery. Local competition in the village before the [[Second World War]] came from [[H & G Simonds Brewery]] of Reading which owned the Falcon and the Bridge House Inn by the canal, and from [[Aldermaston Brewery|Strange's Brewery]] at [[Aldermaston Wharf]], which owned the Crown and the White Hart. The street name, Blatch's Close, commemorates the firm.

===Pincents Kiln===
Theale was once involved in Tilehurst's [[tile|tile industry]]; until at least the late 19th century there was a [[kiln]] to the north-east of the village.<ref name="Geological Society of London 1861 528">{{harvtxt|Geological Society of London|1861|p=528}}</ref> Pincents Kiln exploited the proximity of chalk to a pocket of clay to make lime cement as well as bricks and tiles. The site is now a business park to the east of the M4. Some of the buildings in the High Street have old tiled roofs.

===Gravel===
Gravel extraction was confined to small pits on the exposed gravel terrace of the village until the arrival of the railway. A large pit was opened in 1887 in the west of the village, with a railway spur. This pit was deep enough to flood as a lake, but subsequent work proceeding westwards down the Bath Road involved shallow stripping of the gravel above the [[water table]]. The Theale and Great Western Sand and Gravel Co was incorporated as a limited company in 1928, and was taken over by the Wraysbury Sand and Gravel Co in 1955.<ref>"Register of Defunct Companies" Stock Exchange 1973</ref> The rail-served Theale Aggregate Depot on Wigmore Lane remains in operation, although the material comes from other sources. The gravel under the alluvium of the river valley was massively exploited after the [[Second World War]], with a peak of activity in the 1950s, with intensive gravel extraction along the River Kennet, which created a series of huge pits south of the railway, four miles long from south of the A340 junction to the railway to Basingstoke. These filled up with water after exhaustion, and became a series of large lakes. There is no extractive activity in the parish now.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The Old Gravel Pit in the village was already attracting the attention of [[Birdwatching|birdwatchers]] by 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berksbirds.co.uk/archive/2011/03/historyofthealeoldgravelpitandenglefieldpark.asp|title=A history of Theale Old Gravel Pit and Englefield Park|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The flooded workings attracted much bird life, including rarities, and became nationally famous as a birdwatching destination. The Theale cluster comprised the Wigmore Lane Gravel Pits, Bottom Lane Gravel Pits, Hosehill Pit, Theale Main Pit and Arrow Head Pit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://berksoc.org.uk/county-sites/theale-and-burghfield-gravel-pits/|title=Theale and Burghfield Gravel Pits|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> In 1988, the Theale Area Bird Conservation Group was founded, and in 1997 this took over the abandoned Hosehill Pit which became a local nature reserve under the name of [[Hosehill Lake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freewebs.com/tabcg/aboutthegroup.htm|title=Theale Area Bird Conservation Group|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=lnrIndex&query=REF_CODE=%271009624%27|title=Magic Map Application|website=magic.defra.gov.uk}}</ref> This is now under the management of the [[Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust]].

===Theale Motor Company===
The car showroom on the corner of Church Street and Station Road is run by Theale Motor Company, a descendant of a very early garage and car repair business. The Theale Motor and Engineering Co was established, on the former coach horse paddock of the Crown opposite, by the [[First World War]].<ref>RAC Handbook 1916</ref>

===Business Parks===
Five [[business parks]] adjoin the railway station. Those north of the railway are, west to east: Theale Technology Centre, Theale Business Park and [[Arlington Business Park]]. South of the railway are The Markham Centre (west) and Kennet Weir Business Park (east). [[Koch Media]] has its [[United Kingdom]] offices in Theale, at Arlington Business Park.<ref>"[http://www.kochmedia.com/en/company/contact/ Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919210811/http://www.kochmedia.com/en/company/contact/ |date=19 September 2016 }}." [[Koch Media]]. Retrieved on 13 September 2016. "Koch Media Ltd. 2nd Floor, Building 1230 Waterside Arlington Business Park Theale, Reading RG7 4SA United Kingdom"</ref> [[Nokia]] UK opened its south east office in the same park in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://livingreading.co.uk/nokias-new-hq-in-reading|title=Nokia opens in Reading|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Railway===
[[File:Theale_railway_station_MMB_03.jpg|thumb|right|Theale Railway Station.]]
{{rws|Theale}} has [[railway station|a railway station]] on the [[Reading to Taunton line]]; the station has been in operation since 1847.<ref name="Cole 2007 48">{{harvtxt|Cole|2007|p=48}}</ref> Until 2013, the layout consisted of two platforms, the eastbound to {{stnlink|Reading}} via [[Southcote Junction]] and {{stnlink|Reading West}} and the westbound to {{stnlink|Newbury}} via {{stnlink|Aldermaston}}, {{stnlink|Midgham}}, {{stnlink|Thatcham}}, and {{stnlink|Newbury Racecourse}}. Some trains run past Newbury to {{stnlink|Kintbury}}, {{stnlink|Hungerford}} and {{stnlink|Bedwyn}}. Until 1963, local services ran to {{rws|Trowbridge}} via the so-called [[Devizes branch line]] which was closed in that year. The station had a [[siding (rail)|siding]] for general goods (freight) services on the north side to the east of its yard, and a pub called the "Railway Arms" at the yard entrance. Aggregate traffic (sand and gravel) used a terminal to the west, and this remains open.

The [[pub]] was demolished to build ''[[Brunel]] Way'' for the ''Theale [[Business Park]]''. In 2013, a station upgrade was begun. The goods siding was replaced by a third platform on a new loop of track, and a car park for 215 places provided. Unfortunately, the project then stalled for legal reasons after all the old buildings had been demolished, and the completion date is estimated as 2024. Meanwhile, there is no disabled access because the platforms can only be reached via stairs from the road bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-36367601|title=BBC News on Theale Station|work=BBC News |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Trains are operated by the [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western Railway]], and comprise a basic service of two trains an hour. One is a local {{rws|Reading}}-{{rws|Newbury}}, and one is a through [[London]] {{rws|Paddington}}-{{rws|Bedwyn}}.

===Buses===
After the opening of the [[M4 motorway]] removed all long-distance bus and coach traffic in 1971, the village's bus services consisted of a direct [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] to [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] route, along the [[A4 road (England)|A4 road]], and village routes between the same two towns running north and south of the main road west of Theale. These were operated by [[Reading Buses]], the village ones being public services receiving a council subsidy. The direct route is covered by the "Jet Black" bus service, instigated by Reading Buses between Newbury and Reading along the A4 road; the journey time is about 50 minutes to Newbury and 30 to Reading, with two buses an hour being the basic service.<ref name="Reading Transport 2012">{{harvtxt|Reading Transport|2012}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Reading Buses]] withdrew from providing subsidised services in the [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] area. The ''Newbury & District Bus Company'', then owned by ''Weavaway Travel'', took these on. Also, the [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] firm contracted ''Weavaway'' to run "Jetblack" -although without changing the bus livery. In 2018, Reading Buses took over ''Newbury & District Bus'', and again dropped the village services. These were recast and reduced, being taken on by the ''[[West Berkshire Council]] Transport Services Team'' under the banner of ''Connect''. The services are: 41 Newbury to Theale (Crown) via [[Chapel Row]] and [[Beenham]], two to Theale and one from Theale daily, and 44 [[Thatcham]] to [[Calcot, Berkshire|Calcot]] [[Sainsburys]] via [[Brimpton]] and Theale, one journey Mondays and Wednesdays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westberks.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=35916&p=0|title=West Berkshire Travel Guide|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> Theale has two football bus services, running when [[Reading F.C.|Reading Football Club]] are playing at home at [[Madejski Stadium]]. F20 passes through from Newbury, and F23 starts in the village to run via [[Pangbourne]].

===Motoring===
Theale is just south-west of junction 12 of the [[M4 motorway]]; where the junction signs direct motorists to "Theale, [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] West". The motorway here was opened in 1971, simultaneously with a village bypass that runs south of the village. Part of the old road was suppressed for the motorway. After 1971, the name "[[A4 road (England)|Bath Road]]" was given to the bypass. The first roundabout from the motorway on this leads to the village on the right via Hoad Way, and ''[[Arlington Business Park]]'' on the left via Waterside Drive. There is a [[Pay and display]] car park off the [[High Street]], just east of the junction with Hoad Way.

===Canal===
[[File:Sheffield_Lock,_Kennet_and_Avon_Canal,_Theale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1149628.jpg|thumb|right|Sheffield Lock, with its scalloped walls.]]
The [[Kennet and Avon Canal]] is a statutory "cruiseway" for recreational boat traffic. Sheffield Bridge has a car park and picnic area, but no other facilities as the ''Bridge House [[Inn]]'' is defunct. The canal towpath is a statutory [[footpath]], and also part of the ''Sustrans'' [[National Cycle Route 4]] of the [[National Cycle Network]], a long-distance cycle route from [[London]] to [[Fishguard]] in [[Wales]]. The towpath is not a statutory [[bridle path]] and has no horses.

==Education==
The village has a [[Church of England]] [[primary school]],<ref name="Theale Church of England Primary School">{{harvtxt|Theale Church of England Primary School}}</ref> founded in 1814, when the Rev. Thomas Sheppard bequeathed a trust fund generating £20 a year for a school "to learn poor children to read …and to instruct them their duty to God as taught by the church catechism, and our excellent Liturgy", as he wrote.<ref name="VCH op.cit">VCH op.cit.</ref> The school had occupied the same site next to the church from 1833 but in 2018 the parish council approved plans by West Berkshire Council to build a larger school on part of the North Street playing fields. The new school opened in the summer of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prospectus |url=https://www.thealeprimary.co.uk/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Prospectus%202021(1).pdf |website=Theale Primary School |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Theale Green Community School]] is a comprehensive [[secondary school]] and arts college located to the west of the village<ref name="West Berkshire Council 2009 51">{{harvtxt|West Berkshire Council|2009|p=51}}</ref> and has a specialist department catering for students on the [[autism spectrum]].<ref name="West Berkshire Council 2009 3">{{harvtxt|West Berkshire Council|2009|p=3}}</ref> The school's [[catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]] covers Woolhampton, Bradfield, Beenham, Englefield and [[Basildon, Berkshire|Basildon]].<ref name="West Berkshire Council 2009 52">{{harvtxt|West Berkshire Council|2009|p=52}}</ref>

==Places of worship==
===Medieval Chapel of Ease===
There is documentary evidence from 1291 of a [[chapel]] dedicated to [[St John the Baptist]] at Theale, belonging to the [[nunnery]] of [[Goring Priory]] at [[Goring-on-Thames]]. This [[monastery]] also owned the adjacent [[Manorialism|manor]] of [[Sulham]]. In the 19th century, villager A. Harrison of the ''[[Berkshire]] Local History Club'' wrote that the chapel was on the same site as the current church, and that it had some connection with [[Englefield, Berkshire|Englefield]] church.<ref name="Mars 2003 6">{{harvtxt|Mars|2003|p=6}}</ref> The club was a private [[antiquarian]] society, the members of which passed notes about the history of their respective localities to each other.

In 1542, after [[Henry VIII]]'s [[dissolution of the monasteries]], the [[chapel]] was granted to [[Sir Leonard Chamberlain]] (the [[High Sheriff of Berkshire]]<ref name="Ford 2007">{{harvtxt|Ford|2007}}</ref>) and to Richard Andrews.<ref name="Mars 2003 6" /> The following year, it was transferred to the Burgoyne family by Chamberlain and Richard Hayles. In 1545 the Burgoyne family sold the chapel to Richard Bartlett, who in turn sold it to [[Humphrey Forster]] of [[Aldermaston]] in 1587. In 1609, Forster's son sold the property to Anthony Blagrave of [[Sonning]], from whom the Wilder family purchased it in 1632. The last mention of the chapel as a working place of worship is a reference dated 1675 in the family's [[deed]]s.<ref name=" Ditchfield Page 1923 329">{{harvtxt|Ditchfield|Page|1923|p=329}}</ref> The old chapel edifice was reportedly demolished in 1808, with evidence of its foundations being discovered in the building of the present church.<ref name=" Ditchfield Page 1923 329" />

===New Chapel of Ease===
In 1799 Rev Thomas Sheppard built a new [[chapel of ease]], at a time when Theale was still part of [[Tilehurst]] [[Parish]]. He held the [[advowson]] of Tilehurst church, and so had the authority to order this. The [[chapel]] was built of brick, had a [[bellcote]], and was situated to the south-west of the present church.,<ref name="Mars 2003 6" /> So, for almost a decade two chapel edifices stood near to each other.

=== Holy Trinity Church ===
{{main|Holy Trinity Church, Theale}}
Holy Trinity Church, is a [[Church of England parish church]] in the [[Diocese of Oxford]]. It was completed in 1832 in the [[English Gothic architecture|Early English style]], influenced by [[Salisbury Cathedral]]. The church is a Grade I [[listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE|grade=I|desc=Church of the Holy Trinity|num=1288225|date=14 April 1967}}</ref>

===St Luke's Church===
The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] church of [[St Luke]] is a modern building on [[Englefield, Berkshire|Englefield]] Road. This is the only other place of worship in the village. It is a subsidiary church of the Catholic [[parish]] of [[Woolhampton]], and is run by [[Douai Abbey]]. The plan is based on an elongated [[pentagon]], and the walls are in red brick. The roof has five pitches meeting at a tall, thin [[spire]] in white.

===Nonconformity===
There are now no [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] congregations in the village. The [[Congregational church]] founded a congregation in Theale in about 1875. This took over the ''Angel'' [[Inn]] in the [[High Street]] in 1913, demolished the allegedly 16th-century building and built a [[chapel]]. This closed in 1996, and was itself replaced by apartments called ''[[Angel]] Court'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/BRK/Theale/URCwasCongregationalChurch|title=Theale Congregationalist Chapel|access-date=27 January 2019}},</ref> The [[Primitive Methodist Church]] founded a chapel in the village at 59 High Street about 1868, which survived until 1992. It was demolished for ''Beaumont House'', but a stone [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] in the wall of this commemorates it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMA95M_1868_The_Old_Methodist_Chapel_Theale_Reading_Berkshire|title=Old Methodist Chapel, Theale|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

==Sport and recreation==
There is a public meeting hall run by the [[Parish councils in England|parish council]], the John Cumber Hall, at 38a [[High Street]]. The village has its Recreation Ground on the [[Englefield, Berkshire|Englefield]] Road. This is home to the Theale and [[Tilehurst]] [[Cricket]] Club which play in the [[Thames Valley Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thealeandtilehurst.co.uk/|title=Theale and Tilehurst Cricket Club|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Here also is the main [[village hall]], home to the Theale Club which is a [[social club]] with a bar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thealevillagehall.com/|title=Theale Village Hall|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> A small [[skatepark]] is located here. The North Street Playing Fields is a separate location on the other side of the road. It is used by the Theale Tigers Youth [[association football|Football]] Club,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clubwebsite.co.uk/thealetigers//|title=Theale Tigers|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> but part of it was released for a new [[primary school]] in 2018. The Theale [[Golf]] Club has an 18-hole [[golf course]] to the north of the village, the club house being approached via a driveway from Englefield Road. It was laid out in 1996. "Pay and Play" is available, as are day tickets and twilight rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thealegolf.com/|title=Theale Golf Club|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> Dr Ellerton's Charity Allotments are a large set of [[Allotment (gardening)|allotments]] off Meadow Way. They were established by a private charity, Dr Ellerton's Charity which was founded in 1899 to help poor people in the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drellertonscharity.co.uk/|title=Dr Ellerton's Charity|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Theale Water Sports Club has power-[[boating]] and [[waterskiing]] on the Main [[Gravel]] Pit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twsc.org.uk/
|title=Theale Water Sports Club|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

==Demography==
According to the [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]], the parish had a population of 2,835. Of these, 49% (1,390) were male and 51% (1,445) were female.<ref name=ons/> The populace lived in a total of 1,252 dwellings. The majority of working residents in Theale are employed in professional or administrative roles.<ref name="ONS2011b">{{harvtxt|Office for National Statistics|2011b}}</ref> Between 89% and 90% of residents considered their ethnicity to be [[White British]].<ref name="ONS2011c">{{harvtxt|Office for National Statistics|2011c}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- 
|+ '''2011 Published Statistics: Population, home ownership and extracts from Physical Environment, surveyed in 2005<ref name=ons />'''
|-
!Output area||Homes owned outright||Owned with a loan||Socially rented||Privately rented||Other||km<sup>2</sup> roads||km<sup>2</sup> water||km<sup>2</sup> domestic gardens||Usual residents ||km<sup>2</sup>
|- align=center
|Civil parish||289	||	475	||	270	||	192	||	9	||	0.244	||	0.379	||	0.288	||	2835	||	3.64
|}

==References==
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{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Theale}}
{{West Berkshire}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Berkshire]]
[[Category:West Berkshire District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire]]