View source for Theodore Sedgwick

{{Short description|American attorney and politician (1746–1813)}}
{{other people}}
{{redirect|Senator Sedgwick|the New York State Senate member|Henry J. Sedgwick}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Theodore Sedgwick
| image               = TheodoreSedgwick.jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]], {{circa}} 1808
| office              = Associate Justice of the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]]
| term_start          = 1802
| term_end            = January 24, 1813
| predecessor         = Thomas Dawes
| successor           = Charles Jackson
| order1               = 4th
| office1              = Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
| term_start1          = December 2, 1799
| term_end1            = March 3, 1801
| predecessor1         = [[Jonathan Dayton]]
| successor1           = [[Nathaniel Macon]]
| office2             = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
| term_start2         = June 27, 1798
| term_end2           = December 5, 1798
| predecessor2        = [[Jacob Read]]
| successor2          = [[John Laurance]]
| jr/sr3              = United States Senator
| state3              = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start3         = June 11, 1796
| term_end3           = March 3, 1799
| predecessor3        = [[Caleb Strong]]
| successor3          = [[Samuel Dexter]]
| office4             = Member of the<br>[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from Massachusetts
| term_start4         = March 4, 1789
| term_end4           = June 11, 1796
| predecessor4        = ''new seat''
| successor4          = [[Thomson J. Skinner]]
| constituency5       = {{ushr|MA|4|4th district}} (1789–93)<br>{{ushr|MA|2|2nd district}} (1793–95)<br>{{ushr|MA|1|1st district}} (1795–96)
| term_start5         = March 4, 1799
| term_end5           = March 3, 1801
| predecessor5        = Thomson J. Skinner
| successor5          = [[John Bacon (Massachusetts)|John Bacon]]
| constituency6       = {{ushr|MA|1|1st district}}
| office7             = Member of the [[Massachusetts Senate]]
| term7               = 1784-1785
| office8             = Speaker of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
| term8               = 1788-1789
| office9             = Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
| term9               = 1780
| term10              = 1782-1783
| term11              = 1787-1788
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1746|5|9}}
| birth_place         = [[West Hartford, Connecticut|West Hartford]], [[Connecticut Colony]], [[British America]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1813|1|24|1746|5|9}}
| death_place         = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Elizabeth "Eliza" Mason|1767|1771|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Pamela Dwight|1774|1807|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Penelope Russell|1808}}
}}
| children            = 10
| alma_mater          = [[Yale College]]
| party               = [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] (1795–1813)<br>Pro-Administration (before 1795)
| occupation          = Attorney, politician, and jurist
| profession          = [[Law]]
| branch              = [[Continental Army]]
| rank                = [[Major (United States)|Major]]
| battles             = [[American Revolutionary War]]
}}

'''Theodore Sedgwick''' (May 9, 1746{{spaced ndash}}January 24, 1813) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served in elected state government and as a [[delegate (American politics)|delegate]] to the [[Continental Congress]], a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]], and a [[United States Senate|senator]] from [[Massachusetts]]. He served as [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]] from June to December 1798. He also served as the fourth [[speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]. He was appointed to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] in 1802 and served there for the rest of his life.

==Early life and education==
Born in [[West Hartford, Connecticut|West Hartford]] in the [[Connecticut Colony]], Sedgwick was the son of Benjamin Sedgwick (1716–1755). His paternal immigrant ancestor Major General [[Robert Sedgwick (colonist)|Robert Sedgwick]] arrived in 1636 in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], as part of the [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Great Migration]].<ref name="dwight">{{harv|Dwight|1874|pp=735–739}}</ref>

Sedgwick attended [[Yale College]],<ref name="kenslea">{{harv|Kenslea|2006|p=14}}</ref> where he studied [[theology]] and [[law]]. He did not graduate, but continued in his study of law ([[Reading law|to ''read law'']]) under the attorney Mark Hopkins of Great Barrington. Hopkins was the grandfather of the [[Mark Hopkins (educator)|Mark Hopkins]] who later became president of [[Williams College]].

==Early career==
Sedgwick was admitted to the bar in 1766 and commenced practice in [[Great Barrington, Massachusetts]].  Among the prospective attorneys who learned the law in his office was [[Stephen Jacob]], who later served on the [[Vermont Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullery |first=Jacob G. |date=1894 |title=Men of Vermont Illustrated |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Nvg_AAAAYAAJ |location=Brattleboro, VT |publisher=Transcript Publishing Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Nvg_AAAAYAAJ/page/n175 178] |ref={{sfnRef|''Men of Vermont Illustrated''}}}}</ref>  He moved to [[Sheffield, Massachusetts|Sheffield]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], he served in the [[Continental Army]] as a major, and took part in the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|expedition to Canada]] and the [[Battle of White Plains]] in 1776.<ref>Banner, James M., Jr. "Sedgwick, Theodore"; ''[[American National Biography Online]]'', February 2000.</ref>

==Freedom suit==
As a relatively young lawyer, Sedgwick and [[Tapping Reeve]] pleaded the case of ''Brom and Bett vs. Ashley'' (1781), an early "[[freedom suit]]", in county court for the slaves [[Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)|Elizabeth Freeman]] (known as Bett) and Brom.  Bett was a black slave who had escaped from her master, Colonel John Ashley of [[Sheffield, Massachusetts]], because of cruel treatment by his wife. Brom joined her in suing for freedom from the Ashleys.  The attorneys challenged their enslavement under the new state constitution of 1780, which held that "[[all men are created equal|all men are born free and equal]]."  The jury agreed and ruled that Bett and Brom were free. The decision was upheld on appeal by the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|state Supreme Court]].

Bett marked her freedom by taking the name of Elizabeth Freeman, and she chose to work for wages at the Sedgwick household, where she helped rear their several children.  She worked there for much of the rest of her life, buying a separate house for her and her daughter after the Sedgwick children were grown. After Freeman's death, the Sedgwicks buried her at Stockbridge Cemetery in the [[Sedgwick Pie]], the family plot. The family marked Freeman's grave with an inscribed monument, and it is beside that of their fourth child, writer [[Catharine Sedgwick|Catharine Maria]].<ref name=Sedgwick/>

==Political career==
A [[Federalist Party|Federalist]], Sedgwick began his political career in 1780 as a delegate to the Continental Congress.  He was elected as representative to the state house, and then as state senator. He was a charter member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1780.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Charter of Incorporation of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.amacad.org/content/about/about.aspx?d=23|website=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=July 28, 2014}}</ref>

In 1789 Sedgwick was elected as Representative to Congress from [[Massachusetts's 1st congressional district|Massachusetts' first congressional district]], and also unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate that year.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Jensen |editor-first1=Merrill |editor-link1=Merrill Jensen |editor-last2=Becker |editor-first2=Robert |title=The First Federal Elections 1788-1790: Congress, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire |volume=1 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |date=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/vitalsouthhowpre0000blac |isbn=0299066908|page=520}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts 1788 U.S. Senate |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.1788 |access-date=February 15, 2018 |work=Tufts Digital Collations and Archives |series=A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 |publisher=[[Tufts University]]}}</ref> Over time also represented [[Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district|Massachusetts' second district]], serving until 1796.  That year he was elected to the [[United States Senate]], and served until 1799. In 1799 he was re-elected as a Representative, this time from the [[Massachusetts' 4th congressional district|fourth district]], and was elected the fifth [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], serving until March 1801.

In 1802, Sedgwick was appointed a justice of the [[Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts]]. He held the position until his death.

===Political relationship with John Adams===
Sedgwick was nine years younger than [[John Adams]], a 1780 delegate to the [[Second Continental Congress]], attorney and state and federal politician. Sedgwick greatly admired Adams and worked for his election to the presidency in 1796.<ref name="McCullough, David 2001 p. 524">McCullough, David (2001). ''John Adams'', p. 524. Simon & Schuster, New York. {{ISBN|0684813637}}.</ref> He was present at Adams' swearing-in as President on March 4, 1797, then serving as a U.S. Senator representing Massachusetts. Sedgwick called Adams' inauguration "the most august and sublime" event that he ever attended.<ref>McCullough, David (2001). ''John Adams'', p. 469. Simon & Schuster, New York. {{ISBN|0684813637}}.</ref> However, certain policy disputes arose during Adams' administration, including Adams' efforts to avoid an escalation of war with France that included sending a group of emissaries to [[Paris]] in order to negotiate a lasting peace treaty to end the undeclared [[Quasi-War]] between the two countries from 1798 to 1800. When Sedgwick learned of the appointment and mission of the emissaries, "he wrote of the 'vain, jealous, and half frantic mind' of John Adams, a man ruled 'by caprice alone.'"<ref name="McCullough, David 2001 p. 524"/>

Despite the differences between them, starting on the morning of March 4, 1801, the last day of Adams' term as President and the day after Sedgwick's retirement as Speaker of the U.S. House, Sedgwick and Adams rode together on the carriage trip from Washington, D.C. to Massachusetts.<ref>McCullough, David (2001). ''John Adams'', pp. 565–566. Simon & Schuster, New York. {{ISBN|0684813637}}.</ref>

==Marriages and family==
[[File:Mrs. Theodore Sedgwick (Pamela Dwight) (NYPL b13049824-422334) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Pamela Dwight Sedgwick]]
Around 1767, Sedgwick married Elizabeth "Eliza" Mason, the daughter of a deacon from [[Franklin, Connecticut]]. In 1771, Sedgwick contracted [[smallpox]] which he passed on to his wife who was then pregnant with the couple's first child.<ref>{{harv|Sedgwick|2008|pp=40–41}}</ref> She died of the disease on April 12, 1771 while eight months pregnant.<ref name="kenslea"/>

Sedgwick married a second time on April 17, 1774 to Pamela Dwight of the [[New England Dwight family]].  She was the daughter of [[Brigadier General]] [[Joseph Dwight]] of Great Barrington and his second wife, the widow Abigail Williams Sargent. Abigail was the daughter of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Ephraim Williams, and half-sister of [[Ephraim Williams]], Jr., the founder of Williams College.<ref name="dwight"/>

The Sedgwicks had ten children, three of which died within a year of birth, reflecting the high infant mortality rate of the time. They were:<ref name="dwight"/><ref name="genealogy">{{cite web |url=http://www.sedgwick.org/na/families/robert1613/B/4/B4-sedgwick-theodore.html |work=sedgwick.org |title=Sedgwick Genealogy North America: Theodore Sedgwick (1746–1813) |access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref>
# Elizabeth Mason Sedgwick (April 30, 1775 – October 15, 1827)
# A child died at birth on March 27, 1777.
# Frances Pamela Sedgwick (May 6, 1778 – June 20, 1842)
# [[Theodore Sedgwick (lawyer)|Theodore Sedgwick II]] (December 9, 1780 – 1839) married children's book author [[Susan Anne Ridley Sedgwick|Susan Anne Livingston]]. Their son, [[Theodore Sedgwick (writer)|Theodore Sedgwick]], was a lawyer and author.
# Catherine Sedgwick (July 11, 1782 – March 3, 1783)
# Henry Dwight Sedgwick (April 18, 1784 – March 1, 1785)
# Henry Dwight Sedgwick (September 22, 1785 – December 23, 1831), his grandson was a lawyer and an author [[Henry Dwight Sedgwick]] III.
# Robert Sedgwick (June 6, 1787 – September 2, 1841) was a lawyer who married Elizabeth Dana Ellery, granddaughter of William Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
# [[Catharine Sedgwick|Catharine Maria Sedgwick]] (December 28, 1789 – July 31, 1876) became one of the first noted female writers in the United States.
# Charles Sedgwick (December 15, 1791 – August 3, 1856), became clerk of the Massachusetts Supreme Court. His grandson was anatomist [[Charles Sedgwick Minot]].

During the marriage, Sedgwick frequently left his wife and children at their home in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]] while he focused on building his political career. His frequent absences, coupled with the death of three children and the strain of caring for numerous children (albeit with the help of her mother and many servants and slaves), caused Pamela's physical and mental health to decline.<ref>{{harv|Kenslea|2006|pp=20–24}}</ref> After Pamela's mother died in February 1791, she developed depression and began exhibiting signs of [[hypomania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/books/22masl.html?pagewanted=print|title=Out of the Cradle, Endlessly Talking About the Family|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=January 22, 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 7, 2015}}</ref> She was institutionalized for a time in December 1795, but her physical and mental health continued to decline in the years following her release. She committed suicide by consuming poison on September 20, 1807.<ref>{{harv|Sedgwick|2008|p=138}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Kenslea|2006|p=27}}</ref>

Approximately eight months after Pamela's death, Sedgwick announced his intention to marry Penelope Russell.<ref name="Kenslea 2006 53">{{harv|Kenslea|2006|p=53}}</ref> Russell was the eldest of ten children (six of whom died) of Dr. Charles and Elizabeth (née Vassall) Russell. Charles Russell was a [[Harvard University]] educated doctor who, in 1771, was appointed as [[Registrar (law)|registrar]] to the [[Vice admiralty court|Vice Admiralty Court]].<ref name="masshist">{{cite web |title=Charles Russell |url=https://www.masshist.org/database/3477?ft=Revolutionary-Era%20Art%20and%20Artifacts&from=/features/revolutionary-era/people&noalt=1&pid=38 |website=Massachusetts Historical Society |publisher=masshist.org}}</ref> Elizabeth Vassall's father Henry had been a prominent planter in Jamaica and had left his children a sizable inheritance. The Russells and Vassalls were staunch [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] who sought asylum in [[England]] and [[Antigua]] during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].<ref name="masshist" /> Sedgwick and Russell met when he represented her uncle, William Vassall, in an [[Equity (law)|equity]] case he brought against the state of Massachusetts to win back homes and land the state confiscated during the war.<ref>{{harv|Kenslea|2006|pp=54–55}}</ref>

Sedgwick's children were horrified and hurt that their father planned to marry so quickly after the death of their mother, Pamela. They also did not approve of “Miss Russell” whom they considered a [[spendthrift]] who was only interested in the Sedgwick fortune.<ref>{{harv|Kenslea|2006|pp=53–57}}</ref> Against his children's wishes, Sedgwick married Russell on November 7, 1808 at [[King's Chapel]] in Boston.<ref name="genealogy" /> None of Sedgwick's children were informed of the wedding and did not attend.<ref name="Kenslea 2006 53"/>
Theodore Sedgwick and Penelope Russell remained married until Sedgwick's death in January 1813.<ref>{{harv|Kenslea|2006|p=1386}}</ref>

==Slave ownership==
According to research conducted by [[The Washington Post]] in 2022 and the Massachusetts Historical Society, Sedgwick owned at least one [[Slavery in the United States|slave]]. A July 1, 1777 [[bill of sale]] shows General [[John Fellows (brigadier general)|John Fellows]] sold a woman by the name of Ton to the 30-year old Sedgwick.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zauzmer Weil |first1=Julie |last2=Blanco |first2=Adrian |last3=Dominguez |first3=Leo |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress-slaveowners-names-list/ |title=More than 1,700 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2022-01-10 |accessdate=2022-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=551 |title=Bill of sale from John Fellows to Theodore Sedgwick for Ton (an enslaved person), 1 July 1777 |work=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]] |accessdate=2022-01-14 }}</ref>

==Death==
While on his death bed, Sedgwick converted to [[Unitarianism]] with his daughter Catharine Maria and [[William Ellery Channing]] in attendance.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Damon-Bach, Lucinda L. |editor2=Clements, Victoria |title=Catharine Maria Sedgwick: Critical Perspectives|year=2003|publisher=UPNE|isbn=1555535488|page=xxxiv}}</ref> On January 24, 1813, Sedgwick died in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] at the age of 66. He was buried in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts]]. His grave is at the center of the "[[Sedgwick Pie]]".<ref name=Sedgwick>[http://www.sedgwick.org/na/library/cemetery/ma.berkshire.stockbridge/SedgwickStockbridgePlot.html "Sedgwick Pie – Listing of Graves, Stockbridge, Massachusetts Cemetery"], Sedgwick Website</ref>

==Contributing descendants  to recent and present eras==
Theodore Sedgwick was the great-grandfather of [[Ellery Sedgwick]], owner and publisher of the [[The Atlantic Monthly|Atlantic Monthly]] 1908–1938;&nbsp; third great-grandfather of [[Edie Sedgwick]], 1965 ''superstar'' in [[Andy Warhol]]'s celebrity world;&nbsp; is the same to present author [[John Sedgwick (author)|John Sedgwick]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sedgwick, John {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/sedgwick-john-1954|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> &nbsp;and is fourth great-grandfather to [[Kyra Sedgwick]] and [[Robert Sedgwick (actor)|Robert Sedgwick]], actors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sedgwick.org/na/families/robert1613/B/4/7/4/2/2/2/6/B4742226-sedgwick-kyra.html |work=sedgwick.org |title=Sedgwick Genealogy North America: Kyra Sedgwick 1965 |access-date=December 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTaWFjV15aY | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102233054/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTaWFjV15aY| archive-date=2020-01-02 | url-status=dead|title= FINDING YOUR ROOTS (Kevin Bacon & Kyra Sedgwick) – PBS America |date= January 22, 2013 |via= YouTube |access-date= January 19, 2019 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Agrippa Hull]]
* ''[[Liberty's Kids]]'', episode 37

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Dwight|first=Benjamin Woodbridge |author-link=Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight|title=The History of the Descendants of John Dwight, of Dedham, Mass|volume=2|year=1874|publisher=J. F. Trow & Son, Printers and Bookbinders}}
* {{cite book|last=Kenslea|first=Timothy|title=The Sedgwicks in Love: Courtship, Engagement, And Marriage in the Early Republic|year=2006|publisher=University Press of New England (UPNE)|isbn=1584654945|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sedgwicksinlovec00kens}}
* {{cite book|last=Sedgwick|first=John|title=In My Blood: Six Generations of Madness and Desire in an American Family|year=2008|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0060521677}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{CongBio|S000222| findagrave=6654295}}
* [http://www.sedgwick.org/na/families/robert1613/ged/d0012/f0002464.html Theodore Sedgwick II / Susan Anne Livingston RIDLEY]

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| state=Massachusetts
| district=4
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| after=[[Henry Dearborn]], [[George Thatcher]], [[Peleg Wadsworth]] ([[General ticket]])<br>([[District of Maine|Maine District]])
| years=March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793}}
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| state=Massachusetts
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| before=[[Benjamin Goodhue]]
| after=[[William Lyman (congressman)|William Lyman]]
| years=March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1795<br>alongside: [[Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)|Dwight Foster]], [[William Lyman (congressman)|William Lyman]], [[Artemas Ward]]  on a [[General ticket]]}}
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| state=Massachusetts
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| before=[[Fisher Ames]], [[Samuel Dexter]], [[Benjamin Goodhue]], [[Samuel Holten]] ([[General Ticket]])
| after=[[Thomson J. Skinner]]
| years=March 4, 1795 – June 1796}}
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| before=[[Caleb Strong]]
| after=[[Samuel Dexter]]
| alongside=[[Benjamin Goodhue]]
| years= June 11, 1796 – March 3, 1799}}
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| title=[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
| before=[[Jacob Read]]
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| years=March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1801}}
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| title=[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]]
| before=[[Jonathan Dayton]]
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{{succession box|before=[[Thomas Dawes]]|title=Associate Justice of the [[List of justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]]|years=1802–1813|after=[[Charles Jackson (judge)|Charles Jackson]]}}
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{{Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sedgwick, Theodore}}
[[Category:1746 births]]
[[Category:1813 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Converts to Unitarianism]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Massachusetts state senators]]
[[Category:Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]]
[[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from West Hartford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate]]
[[Category:Sedgwick family|Theodore]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Freedom suits in the United States]]
[[Category:United States senators from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:United States slavery law]]
[[Category:Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale College alumni]]
[[Category:People from colonial Connecticut]]
[[Category:18th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:19th-century Massachusetts state court judges]]
[[Category:United States senators who owned slaves]]
[[Category:18th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:18th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1788–1789 United States elections]]