View source for Thomas & Friends

{{Short description|British children's television series}}
{{About|the television series|the franchise|Thomas & Friends (franchise){{!}}''Thomas & Friends'' (franchise)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=March 2025}}
{{overly detailed|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image                = 토마스와친구들영어로고.png
| caption              = Logo used since 2008
| alt_name             = Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends<br>''Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!''<ref name="independent"/>
| genre                = Children's television series
| creator              = [[Britt Allcroft]]
| based_on             = {{based on|''[[The Railway Series]]''|
[[Wilbert Awdry]]|[[Christopher Awdry]]}}
| developer            = Britt Allcroft
| director             = {{Plainlist|
* [[David Mitton]] (series 1–7)
* [[Steve Asquith]] (series 8–12)
* [[Greg Tiernan]] (series 13–16)
* David Baas (series 17)
* Don Spencer (series 18)
* Dianna Basso (series 19–24)
* Joey So (series 23–24; specials)
* Ian Cherry (series 24)
}}
| voices               = [[List of Thomas & Friends voice actors|List of voice actors]]
| narrator             =
{{plain list|
* '''British'''
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Michael Angelis]]
* [[Pierce Brosnan]]
* [[Mark Moraghan]]
* [[John Hasler]]
* '''American'''
* Ringo Starr
* [[George Carlin]]
* [[Alec Baldwin]]
* [[Michael Brandon]]
* Pierce Brosnan
* Mark Moraghan
* [[Joseph May]]
}}
| open_theme           = {{plainlist|
* Thomas Theme (1984–2003)
* Thomas' Anthem (secondary) (1991–2003)
* Engine Roll Call (2004–2017)
* Big World! Big Adventures! (2018–2021)
| end_theme             = * Thomas' Theme (reprise) (1984–2003)
* Engine Roll Call (instrumental) (2004–2017)
* Big World! Big Adventures! (reprise) (2018–2021)}}
| composer             = {{Plainlist|
* Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]] (1984–2003)
* Robert Hartshorne (2004–2016)
* [[Ed Welch]] (2004–2008)
* Peter Hartshorne (2011–2016)
* Chris Renshaw (2016–2021)
* [[Oliver Davis (composer)|Oliver Davis]] (2016–2017)
}}
| country              = United Kingdom
| language             = English
| num_series           = 24
| num_episodes         = 584
| list_episodes        = List of Thomas & Friends episodes
| executive_producer   = {{collapsible list|
 | Britt Allcroft (1984–1986, 2002)
 | [[Angus Wright (producer)|Angus Wright]] (1991–1998)
 | Peter Urie (2002–2003)
 | [[Jocelyn Stevenson]] (2003–2006)
 | Christopher Skala (2007–2011)
 | Marion Edwards (2009–2015)
 | Lenora Hume (2009–2010)
 | Karen Barnes (2011–2013)
 | Kallan Kagan (2013–2017)
 | Jeff Young (2013–2015)
 | Steven Hecht (2013–2015)
 | [[Michael Carrington (television executive)|Michael Carrington]] (2013–2014)
 | Christopher Keenan (2014–2021)
 | Edward Catchpole (2015)
 | Marianne Culbert (2016)
 | Kyle MacDougall (2016–2021)
 | Jamie LeClaire (2016–2021)
 | Phil LaFrance (2016–2021)
}}
| producer             = {{collapsible list|
 | [[David Mitton]] (1984–1998)
 | [[Robert D. Cardona]] (1984–1986)
 | [[Britt Allcroft]] (1991–1998)
 | Phil Fehrle (2002–2003)
 | Simon Spencer (2004–2008)
 | Nicole Stinn (2008–2012)
 | Ian McCue (2011–2017)
 | Halim Jabbour (2013)
 | Robert Anderson (2013; 2015–2017)
 | Brian Lynch (2013–2015)
 | Jennifer Hill (2014–2015)
 | Lynda Craigmyle (2016)
 | Jane Sobol (2016)
 | Tracy Blagdon (2016–2021)
 | Micaela Winter (2016–2018)
}}
| location             = {{Plainlist|
* [[Clapham Junction (area)|Clapham Junction]] (1984)
* Clearwater Studios Battersea (1984)
* [[Shepperton Studios]] (1986–2008)
}}
| runtime              = {{Plainlist|
* 4 minutes, 30 seconds (series 1–7)
* 10 minutes{{efn|These series also aired in a half-hour format.}} (series 8–12)
* 11 minutes{{efn|Until Series 20, these series also aired in a half-hour format. As of series 22, the episodes themselves only run for 7 minutes, with the remainder of the episodes being used for educational segments.}} (Series 13–24)
}}
| company              = {{Plainlist|
* [[Clearwater Features]] (1984–1986)
* [[The Britt Allcroft Company|Britt Allcroft Ltd.]] (1984–1986)
* [[Gullane Entertainment|The Britt Allcroft Company/Gullane Entertainment]] (1991–2003)
* [[HIT Entertainment]] (2003–2017)
* [[Mattel Creations]] (2017–2021)
}}
| network              = {{Plain list|
* [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] (series 1–3){{efn|The first half of series 3 was released straight-to-video before airing on TV. ITV also rebroadcast series 6–8 after the Nick Jr. airings.}}
* [[Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] (series 4–5)
* [[Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)|Nick Jr.]] (series 6–11){{efn|Series 6–8 were rerun on CITV, while series 8–11 were rerun on Channel 5.}}
* [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]] (series 12–24)
<!-- Per Template:Infobox television, Channel parameter is for the original broadcast channel, not international rebroadcast, NO AMERICAN CHANNELS-->
}}
| first_aired          = {{start date|1984|10|9|df=y}}
| last_aired           = {{End date|2021|1|20|df=y}}
| related              = {{plainlist|
*''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]''
*''[[Shining Time Station]]''
*''[[Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go]]''
}}
}}
'''''Thomas & Friends'''''{{efn|Formerly known as '''''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends''''' until [[Thomas & Friends series 7|series 7]], and later '''''Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!''''' from [[Thomas & Friends series 22|series 22]] onwards}} is a British [[children's television series]] which aired from 9 October 1984 to 20 January 2021. Based on ''[[The Railway Series]]'' books by [[Wilbert Awdry]] and his son [[Christopher Awdry|Christopher]], the series was developed for television by [[Britt Allcroft]]. The series centers on [[List of Thomas & Friends characters|various anthropomorphic steam locomotives as well as other vehicles]] living on the fictional [[Sodor (fictional island)|Island of Sodor]]. The show was initially filmed in [[live action]] on model sets, whereas the latter half of its run was produced using [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]. Over 500 episodes were produced over the course of 24 series.

In the United States, it was first broadcast along with the spin-off series, ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', on [[PBS]]' PTV Park block on 29 January 1989, while broadcast of the series did shift over time, it later aired on [[PBS Kids]] up until 2017. The rights to the series are currently owned by [[HIT Entertainment]] (a subsidiary of [[Mattel]]), which acquired [[Gullane Entertainment]] in July 2002. HIT was folded into Mattel in 2016.

An American 2D animated reboot, ''[[Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go]]'', premiered on 13 September 2021 on [[Cartoon Network]]'s preschool block [[Cartoonito (American programming block)|Cartoonito]], ending its run on 11 September 2025 with the final set of episodes released on [[Netflix]].

==History==
[[File:SadStoryJames.webp|thumb|270px|A surviving photograph of [[James the Red Engine|James]] from the 1953 [[BBC]] production of "The Sad Story of Henry", the first television adaptation of ''The Railway Series'']]
{{timeline of release years
|1984=[[Thomas & Friends series 1|Series 1]]
|1986=[[Thomas & Friends series 2|Series 2]]
|1992=[[Thomas & Friends series 3|Series 3]]
|1995=[[Thomas & Friends series 4|Series 4]]
|1998=[[Thomas & Friends series 5|Series 5]]
|2000=''[[Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]''
|2002=[[Thomas & Friends series 6|Series 6]]
|2003=[[Thomas & Friends series 7|Series 7]]
|2004=[[Thomas & Friends series 8|Series 8]]
|2005a=''Calling All Engines!''
|2005b=[[Thomas & Friends series 9|Series 9]]
|2006=[[Thomas & Friends series 10|Series 10]]
|2007=[[Thomas & Friends series 11|Series 11]]
|2008a=''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Discovery|The Great Discovery]]''
|2008b=[[Thomas & Friends series 12|Series 12]]
|2009=''[[Thomas & Friends: Hero of the Rails|Hero of the Rails]]''
|2010a=[[Thomas & Friends series 13|Series 13]]
|2010b=''[[Thomas & Friends: Misty Island Rescue|Misty Island Rescue]]''
|2010c=[[Thomas & Friends series 14|Series 14]]
|2011a=''[[Thomas & Friends: Day of the Diesels|Day of the Diesels]]''
|2011b=[[Thomas & Friends series 15|Series 15]]
|2012a=''Blue Mountain Mystery''
|2012b=[[Thomas & Friends series 16|Series 16]]
|2013a=''[[Thomas & Friends: King of the Railway|King of the Railway]]''
|2013b=[[Thomas & Friends series 17|Series 17]]
|2014a=''[[Thomas & Friends: Tale of the Brave|Tale of the Brave]]''
|2014b=[[Thomas & Friends series 18|Series 18]]
|2015a=''[[Thomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins|The Adventure Begins]]''
|2015b=''[[Thomas & Friends: Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure|Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure]]''
|2015c=[[Thomas & Friends series 19|Series 19]]
|2016a=''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Race|The Great Race]]''
|2016b=[[Thomas & Friends series 20|Series 20]]
|2017a=''[[Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor|Journey Beyond Sodor]]''
|2017b=[[Thomas & Friends series 21|Series 21]]
|2018a=''[[Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!|Big World! Big Adventures!]]''
|2018b=[[Thomas & Friends series 22|Series 22]]
|2019=[[Thomas & Friends series 23|Series 23]]
|2020=[[Thomas & Friends series 24|Series 24]]
|2025="Down the Mine" pilot episode
|TBA=''Thomas & Friends''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Wagmeister |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Mattel Execs on Next Hollywood Moves: 'Barney,' 'Polly Pocket' and 'Barbie' Sequels (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/barbie-sequel-mattel-films-barney-hot-wheels-1235680302/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726172111/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/barbie-sequel-mattel-films-barney-hot-wheels-1235680302/ |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}</ref>
}}

===Predecessors===
The first attempt to adapt Awdry's stories for television came in 1953, when the editor of the ''Railway Series'' books, Eric Marriott, was approached by the [[BBC]], who wished to use live-action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry's first book, ''[[The Three Railway Engines]]''.<ref name="SIFhistory">{{cite web|title=The TV Series – A History of Thomas on Screen|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/thetvserieshistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501093903/https://www.sodor-island.net/thetvserieshistory.html|archive-date=1 May 2010|access-date=17 February 2014|work=Sodor Island}}</ref> [[00 gauge]] [[Hornby Dublo]] models appeared on sets that reflected the style of the original illustrations. The first episode (based on "The Sad Story of Henry") was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from [[Lime Grove Studios]].<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC">{{cite web|last1=Mallory|first1=Michael|last2=Whitlock|first2=Natalie|title=Thomas the Tank Engine and TV|url=http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030195850/http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works1.htm|archive-date=30 October 2013|access-date=17 February 2014|work=Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine|date=6 November 2006|publisher=[[TLC (TV network)|TLC]]}}</ref><ref name="Clarkjournal">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Still+building+steam+at+60.-a0132549630|title=Still Building Steam at 60|last=Clark|first=Rhodri|date=19 May 2005|work=[[The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)|The Journal]]|access-date=17 February 2014|location=[[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]}}</ref> The live broadcast did not fare well: a failure to switch the points caused the model of [[Henry the Green Engine|Henry]] to derail and it had to be replaced on the rails by one of the operators. The models moved jerkily, and all effects and music had to be superimposed.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" />

News of the broadcast hit the front pages of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and the ''[[Daily Mail]]''. Awdry branded the episode "unprofessional", and the point-switching debacle an "elementary mistake".<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" /> As a result, the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold, and then later cancelled.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="Clarkjournal" /> The BBC offered Awdry and the ''Railway Series'' publishers greater creative control over the production, but the publishers declined, preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series.<ref name="SIFhistory" />

Nearly 20 years later, the BBC featured Awdry's stories in the television story-telling show ''[[Jackanory]]''. Fourteen years before ''Thomas and Friends'' was aired, [[Ted Ray (comedian)|Ted Ray]] (sitting in a [[stationmaster]]'s office) read five ''Railway Series'' books in episodes that aired between 20 September to 2 October 1970.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="StorytellersSIF">{{cite web|title=The Storytellers|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/storytellers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203133928/http://www.sodor-island.net/storytellers.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=17 February 2014|publisher=Sodor Island}}</ref>

In 1973, [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], having read ''The Railway Series'' as a child, approached publisher [[Heinemann (publisher)|Kaye & Ward]] with a proposal for a musical television series, with songs from himself and lyricist Peter Reeves.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unmasked|last=Lloyd Webber|first=Andrew|pages=Chapter 16: Syd}}</ref> However, the publishers and the author refused to give Lloyd Webber's company "control of almost everything", which Lloyd Webber's lawyers argued was necessary in order to "secure the investment money from America which would be needed to pay for the animation and the film-making." The status of the project seemed uncertain, and while Stanley Pickard (Kaye & Ward's managing director at the time) told Awdry that he was "maintaining personal contact with Andrew and still had a slight hope that there might be a way out", Awdry remained apprehensive, saying that "Once the Americans get hold of it the whole series would be vulgarised and ruined." Eventually, an agreement was reached, and Awdry received an advanced payment of £500.

A [[television pilot]] was commissioned from [[ITV Granada|Granada]], which would feature 2D cutouts of the engines moving along a background in a style reminiscent of ''[[Ivor the Engine]]'', with involvement from animator [[Brian Cosgrove]]. The cutouts and backgrounds were based on illustrations from ''The Railway Series''. The pilot episode was completed by early 1976, but Granada ultimately decided not to produce a full series, as they feared that at the time Awdry's stories were not popular enough outside the UK to justify the time and money needed to make the series.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unmasked|last=Lloyd Webber|first=Andrew|pages=Chapter 20: The Song That Cleared the Dance Floors}}</ref> Andrew Lloyd Webber later established the [[Really Useful Group]] in 1977, a name derived from the phrase "Really Useful Engine". He would go on to work on a musical loosely inspired by ''The Railway Series'', called ''[[Starlight Express]]'', which premiered in 1984, and became one of his most well-known works.

===Early years and the series' success===
====Development====
In 1979, British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the [[Bluebell Railway]],<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /> a [[heritage railway]] in Sussex which featured in the ''Railway Series'' book ''[[List of Railway Series books#Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine|Stepney the ''Bluebell'' Engine]]''.<ref name="bluebellfaq">{{cite web|title=Bluebell Railway – FAQ|url=http://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/faq.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213051218/http://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/faq.html|archive-date=13 February 2014|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=[[Bluebell Railway]]}}</ref> As part of her research before filming, Allcroft read some books in ''The Railway Series'' and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written, later remarking that "there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children. I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children's experiences with life."<ref name="TLC" />

Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could, with funding, convert the stories into a successful television show. Her efforts were successful, and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of ''The Railway Series'' at a cost of what was then £50,000.{{efn|$74,000 in [[United States dollar]]s at the time}}<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /> Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and (despite showing a keen interest) wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego. In the end, after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home, Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager.<ref name="SIFhistory" /><ref name="TLC" /><ref name="1billionmirror">{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/thomas-the-1billion-tank-engine-196858|title=Thomas the £1billion Tank Engine|date=23 January 2010|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="60minsdoc">{{cite AV media| year =1995| title =Thomas & Friends|medium = Television production|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTyMpUBc0XU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701061109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTyMpUBc0XU |archive-date=2014-07-01 | access-date =19 February 2014| time = 2:50| publisher = [[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]}}</ref> <!-- https://www.webcitation.org/6NVJaNJVM?url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTyMpUBc0XU might work need to check. Could be presented by [[Charles Wooley]] but I'm not sure. -->

By 1981, Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show. She started to assemble the crew, including producer and director [[David Mitton]], the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd.; crew member Steve Asquith; American-born producer [[Robert D. Cardona]]; and composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]]. In 1983, a pilot episode was created, based on the story "Down the Mine" from the eighth book ''Gordon the Big Engine''.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The pilot would not be shown publicly until its [[film reel]], which was rediscovered in Mattel's [[archive]], was made available to watch via [[YouTube]] on 9 May 2025 to commemorate the [[Thomas & Friends (franchise)|franchise]]'s 80th anniversary.<ref name="BBCPilot"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Unseen Thomas & Friends footage with Ringo Starr narration airs for first time |url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/leisure/national/25149467.unseen-thomas-friends-footage-ringo-starr-narration-airs-first-time/ |website=[[The Reading Chronicle]] |date=9 May 2025 |publisher=PA News Agency |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Rediscovered Thomas & Friends pilot episode to be released |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czel5x60y7lo |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====Series 1–3====
The series started production in 1984, produced by [[Clearwater Features]] Ltd. (Mitton and Cardona's company) and [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]'s [[Central Independent Television]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20100121165848/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/16269 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100121165848/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/16269 |archive-date=21 January 2010 |title=Bfi &#124; Film & Tv Database &#124; Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends |publisher=Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk |access-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref> The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in-house studio in Battersea, a suburb of London, for Series 1. Production was later relocated to [[Shepperton Studios]], Surrey, southwest of London, for subsequent series. The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series' conception as an effective method of animating the stories. Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio controls, while humans and animals were static figures. [[Stop motion]] was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move. [[Traditional animation|Hand-drawn animation]] was used in [[Thomas & Friends (series 3)|Series 3]] to create [[bee]]s.{{efn|As seen in the episode "Buzz Buzz"}}

The first series (1984) used stories from the first eight books, along with one specially written by the [[Wilbert Awdry]], ''Thomas's Christmas Party''. The second series (1986) used stories from Book No. 9 (''[[Edward the Blue Engine (book)|Edward the Blue Engine]]'') to Book No.30 (''[[More About Thomas the Tank Engine]]''). The latter book was unusual, as it was written specifically by [[Christopher Awdry]] to be adapted by the show. At that time, it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print. The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual, "Thomas and Trevor", and a specially written stand-alone story, ''[[Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree]]''. One episode, "[[The Missing Coach]]", was in the process of being filmed, but was cancelled mid-way through filming as Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers. The production team went on to use "Better Late Than Never" instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Case for the Missing Coach|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/sodorislandessayannex/themissingcoachessay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724073230/http://www.sodor-island.net/sodorislandessayannex/themissingcoachessay.html|archive-date=24 July 2011|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> The story "Gordon Goes Foreign" from the ''Railway Series'' book ''The Eight Famous Engines'' was also planned to be adapted but was scrapped due to budgetary limitations.

In between production of the second and third series, the production team were focused on producing two other television series: ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]'', which ran for one series in 1989 for [[Television South]] (TVS);<ref name="thomas success">{{cite web|title=Who Drove Thomas To Success?|url=http://www.sodor-island.net/success.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129160955/http://sodor-island.net/success.html|archive-date=29 November 2010|access-date=17 June 2010|publisher=sodor-island.net}}</ref> and the American television series ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', which repackaged ''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends'' for the American television market from 1989 to 1996.

Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990, just before production of the third series, with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer. Series 3 had its first 16 episodes released on VHS in November 1991 before its broadcast debut in 1992 on [[CITV]]. It was made at a cost of £1.3&nbsp;million (approximately $9.3.million in U.S. dollars at the time).<ref name=sibley>{{cite book|last=Sibley|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Sibley|title=The Thomas the Tank Engine Man| publisher=Heinemann|year=1995|page=318|isbn=0-434-96909-5}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=April 2016}} The series was a combination of episodes derived from ''The Railway Series'', stories in the ''Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends'' magazine (written by Andrew Brenner, who would later become the show's head writer starting in Series 17), and original stories by Allcroft and Mitton.<ref name=sibley />

One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters, which would be expensive to produce. Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about [[Thomas the Tank Engine|Thomas]], the nominal main character. Awdry complained that the new stories would be unrealistic.<ref name=sibley /> Cardona left as producer, while Allcroft joined Mitton as co-producer. Allcroft's then-husband, [[Angus Wright (producer)|Angus Wright]], took over as executive producer.

====Series 4–5====
Series 4 was first released direct to video between 1994 and 1995, before its broadcast debut on [[Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]. The producers planned to introduce some new female characters, including motor car [[List of Thomas & Friends characters#Non-rail vehicles|Caroline]], [[List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends#Major and recurring|Nancy]], and [[The Refreshment Lady]].<ref name=sibley2>Sibley, p. 320</ref> Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of [[sexism]] levelled against the series two years earlier.<ref name=sibley3>Sibley, p. 309</ref> In reality, these were not "new" characters, but rather creations of Awdry from the original ''Railway Series'' books. Series 4 was almost entirely based on ''The Railway Series''. The [[narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] engines were introduced and were the focus of a number of episodes. Only one original story ("Rusty to the Rescue", written by Allcroft and Mitton) was used, the rest were all adapted from the [[The Railway Series|Railway Series]] books, but this took certain elements of its plot and dialogue from ''[[Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine]]''.

The fifth series (1998) was first released directly to video before its TV airings on [[Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)|Cartoon Network]]. It was a radical shift, as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the ''Railway Series''. This series saw the introduction of new characters, such as [[Cranky the Crane|Cranky]], [[The Horrid Lorries]] and Old Slow Coach. It also focused on more dramatic and darker action-oriented plotlines, along with more severe accidents, than the earlier series.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} After series 5, Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer. It was the final series broadcast on Cartoon Network, as [[Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)|Nickelodeon UK]] would eventually acquire the broadcast rights to the show in January 1999 for it to air on [[Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)|Nick Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nickelodeon UK has swiped the rights to Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends from arch-rival children's cable channel Cartoon Network, writes Alice Macandrew. The entire series is set to air on |url=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/nickelodeon-uk-has-swiped-the-rights-to-thomas-the-tank-engine-and-friends-from-arch-rival-childrens-cable-channel-cartoon-network-writes-alice-macandrew-the-entire-series-is-set-to-air-on/1208812.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225181304/https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/nickelodeon-uk-has-swiped-the-rights-to-thomas-the-tank-engine-and-friends-from-arch-rival-childrens-cable-channel-cartoon-network-writes-alice-macandrew-the-entire-series-is-set-to-air-on/1208812.article |archive-date=25 February 2025 |website=Broadcast}}</ref>

The franchise's first film, ''[[Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]'', was released in July 2000 in the UK, US, and Canada. It featured new characters created by Allcroft, along with characters from the show that had introduced ''Thomas'' to the U.S., ''[[Shining Time Station]]''. Despite high production values and the popularity of the show, the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with ''Shining Time Station''. The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic, but made only $19.7&nbsp;million at the box office,<ref name=BOMT&Fgross>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thomasandthemagicrailroad.htm|title=Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000) – Box Office Mojo|access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> against a cost of {{citation needed span|$19&nbsp;million to produce.|date=December 2015}} The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1fcfa25055254971953bc81c85c9f784| title=Thomas and the Magic Railroad| date=1 January 2004| work=BBC| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018005945/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1fcfa25055254971953bc81c85c9f784| archive-date=18 October 2014| access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007c5d1| title=Thomas and the Magic Railroad| date=29 December 2008| work=BBC| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105235805/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007c5d1| archive-date=5 January 2009| access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

===Later years===
The sixth and seventh series (2002–2003) were first released directly to VHS and DVD as forty-six episodes in the US and fifty-two in the UK, and continued to introduce action-packed storylines, as well as new characters. These series saw the introduction of a writing staff. The sixth series (2002) saw an attempt to create a spin-off based on the successful ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' series. Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as "The Pack". The spin-off did not materialise for some time.

Eventually, in 2006, thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD in two collections: ''On Site with Thomas'' and ''Thomas' Trusty Friends''. The sixth series was the very first series to premiere on [[Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)|Nick Jr UK]], and Nick Jr UK became the very first channel in the UK to air series six first. The sixth series was also rebroadcast a few months later on [[CITV]]; it was the first series of the programme broadcast on [[CITV]], since series 3 had aired on it over 10 years ago. The seventh series was the first series since the third series to make its debut on UK television on CITV first, considering the sixth series had previously debuted on [[Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)|Nick Jr UK]] first.

The fact that older sets were used and that the episodes were shot on 35mm film stock (as opposed to the digital video format used at the time of the episodes' release) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8. In Series 7 (2003) the programme title was officially shortened to ''Thomas & Friends'', this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously. Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer, although Mitton remained as series director. Wright was replaced by Allcroft and Peter Urie as executive producers for Series 6.

In 2003, Allcroft stepped down as executive producer, making Urie the sole executive producer for [[Gullane Entertainment]], and Jocelyn Stevenson the executive producer for [[HiT Entertainment]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

The Britt Allcroft Company (which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 2000) was purchased by HiT Entertainment, a company specialising in children's entertainment, in September 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=FE Investegate &#124;Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements &#124; Gullane Ent. PLC: Offer by HIT Entertainment |url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/gullane-ent--plc--gul-/rns/offer-by-hit-entertainment/200207050700112286Y/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011111/https://www.investegate.co.uk/gullane-ent--plc--gul-/rns/offer-by-hit-entertainment/200207050700112286Y/ |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=Investegate.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2002 |title=HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE. &#124; Broadcast |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/hit-takes-over-gullane/1154829.article |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk}}</ref>

====Series 8–10====
The eighth series (2004) was first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK, before airing on television on [[Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)|Nick Jr.]] in the UK and PBS in the US. It introduced a number of significant changes to the show. Many members of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left production, including Allcroft, Mitton, and original composers Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]]. The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/barbara-dohmann-qc/|title=Barbara Dohmann QC|website=Blackstonechambers.com|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/tom-hickman-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321190635/https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/tom-hickman-/ |archive-date=2017-03-21 |title=Tom Hickman QC|website=Blackstonechambers.com|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Asquith, who was part of the original production team since 1984, took over as director, while Simon Spencer replaced Fehrle as producer.

The eighth series was the very last series to air on [[CITV]]. The eight series was aired separately in two parts, by the time the second half of the eight series aired, [[CITV]] had become its own channel, coincidentally around this time [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]]'s preschool programming block, [[Milkshake!]], had also acquired rights to air ''Thomas & Friends'' too, rebroadcasting series 8 in October that same year. [[CITV]] would continue to air repeats of series 6–8 before losing all the rights to the programme in 2007.

A new theme song and new incidental music was composed by [[Ed Welch]] and Robert Hartshorne, respectively. The episode runtime was increased to seven minutes. The series was produced using digital video cameras, creating a somewhat different look for the show. Other changes included the additions of animated educational sequences and transitions between stories. Urie also left, while Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer. Sam Barlow became the story executive, while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors. This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast, including Thomas, Edward, Henry, Gordon, [[James the Red Engine|James]], Percy, [[Toby the Tram Engine|Toby]] and Emily.

HiT Entertainment was itself acquired by [[Apax Partners]], a private equity company, in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/apax-buys-hit-for-490m/1021616.article |title=Apax buys Hit for £490m &#124; Broadcast |publisher=Broadcastnow.co.uk |date=21 March 2005 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

A straight-to-video film, ''Calling All Engines!,'' was released in 2005, shortly before series 9. While featuring characters from ''Thomas and the Magic Railroad'', it was not a direct sequel. It proved successful; this resulted in more direct-to-video specials being produced.<ref name=Brosnan>{{cite press release|title=Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends|website=HIT Entertainment|date=19 July 2007|url=http://www.hitnewsonline.com/releases/detail/pierce_brosnan_new_narrator_for_thomas_friends/thomas_friends|access-date=29 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181954/http://www.hitnewsonline.com/releases/detail/pierce_brosnan_new_narrator_for_thomas_friends/thomas_friends|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

Series 9 (2005) and 10 (2006) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters. From Series 9 onwards, the narrator would call out the episodes' names, and from Series 11 onwards the theme song was begun with the sound of a [[train whistle]]. Series 10 aired with twenty-eight episodes rather than the twenty-six of previous years. The eleventh series (2007) was filmed in [[high-definition television|high definition]] format. Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast, while six were first released direct to DVD as ''Engines and Escapades'' and later aired on TV. Jocelyn Stevenson stepped down as executive producer after Series 10, with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11. Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11.

====Series 12–21====
Series 12 (2008) saw the introduction of [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] effects (provided by HiT Entertainment's subsidiary [[Hot Animation]]), with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season|url=http://www.hitentertainment.com/PRPDFs/Thomas_and_Bob_CGI_FINAL_6908.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820071958/http://www.hitentertainment.com/PRPDFs/Thomas_and_Bob_CGI_FINAL_6908.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2008|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> The traditional models and sets were still used, but with computer-animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions. Humans and animals were fully computer-animated to allow for walking movement. Only twenty episodes were produced and broadcast (the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from ''Engines and Escapades''). Miller became the head writer, starting with Series 12.

HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009. One new aspect was the introduction of live-action host segments to ''Thomas''{{'}} home video releases. The host took the form of a character who worked on [[The Fat Controller]]'s railway, who would instruct viewers in craft projects. For the final two DVDs featuring Series 12 in 2009, the host was named Mr. Arkwright, played by Robert Slate. In 2010, beginning with the DVD "Splish Splash Splosh", the host, played by Ben Forster, was named Mr. Perkins. Upon Forster's death in 2017, he was replaced by Mark Moraghan, who played "Mr Evans" in the web series.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Other major changes included a move to production in CGI (done for budgetary reasons), rather than the use of physical models, and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator. The DVD feature ''[[Hero of the Rails]]'' was the first ''Thomas & Friends'' production to showcase these changes, and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format. The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of [[Vancouver]].

In September 2010, Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises, including Thomas – regarded as the single most valuable asset – in order to help clear HiT's debts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2010/09/thomas-the-tank-engine-going-cheap-68621/ |title=Thomas The Tank Engine' For Sale Cheap |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=Deadline London |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> and in February 2012, sold the company, along with the Thomas properties, to "US toy giant", [[Mattel]].<ref name="bbcmattel">{{cite web|date=24 October 2011|title=Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15430842|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027102929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15430842|archive-date=27 October 2013|access-date=13 February 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

During production of Series 16 (2012), Miller stepped down as head writer, and Andrew Brenner (who had written some ''Thomas'' stories in the third series) assumed the role, after serving as script editor for ''Blue Mountain Mystery''. Additionally, Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series, and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios (of Vancouver) to [[Arc Productions]] (of [[Toronto]]).<ref name="torontohitannoucement">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitentertainment.com/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid=99|title=Arc Productions Comes on Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment's Thomas & Friends|date=6 February 2012|publisher=[[Hit Entertainment]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226114651/http://www.hitentertainment.com//corporate/newsdetail.aspx?nid=99|archive-date=26 February 2014|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> ''[[King of the Railway]]'' and Series 17, both released during 2013, served as the first special and series, respectively, developed by the new animation and production teams, respectively.

2014 saw ''[[Tale of the Brave]]'' and Series 18, the second special and series animated by Arc, respectively. 2015 saw ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins|The Adventure Begins]]'', a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise, and ''[[Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure]]''; Series 19 began airing that same year. 2016 saw some changes; longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne (father and son team) left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over. 2016 also saw ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Race|The Great Race]];'' Series 20 began airing the same year. Series 20 was the last series of the show to air on PBS Kids; when Series 21 began airing in 2017, the American broadcast of the show was moved to the [[Nick Jr. Channel]], ending a period of almost 28 years of ''Thomas & Friends'' on American public television. 2017 also saw the release of [[Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor|''Journey Beyond Sodor'']].<ref>{{Cite press release|title=KUED Bids Farewell to Thomas the Tank Engine|url=https://www.kued.org/pressroom/kued-bids-farewell-to-thomas-the-tank-engine|work=[[KUED]]|date=8 November 2017|access-date=11 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811143716/https://www.kued.org/pressroom/kued-bids-farewell-to-thomas-the-tank-engine|archive-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> The show was pulled away from Nick Jr. at the end of 2019.<ref name="KidsScreen">{{Cite web | url=https://kidscreen.com/2020/02/13/netflix-picks-up-thomas-and-friends-in-the-us/| title=Netflix picks up Thomas and Friends in the US| last=Whyte| first=Alexandra| date=13 February 2020| work=Kidscreen| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214011131/https://kidscreen.com/2020/02/13/netflix-picks-up-thomas-and-friends-in-the-us/| archive-date=14 February 2020| access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

====Series 22–24====
A twenty-second series of ''Thomas and Friends'' consisting of 26 episodes was announced. This series saw many changes, such as Edward, Henry and Toby being removed from the Steam Team to make room for two new female steam engines named Nia (Africa) and Rebecca (UK),<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/features/thomas-the-tank-engine-mipcom-mattel-1202584356/| title=Mattel Sets Thomas The Tank Engine Makeover With Eye on Global Appeal| last=Clarke| first=Stewart| date=14 October 2017| work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713021022/https://variety.com/2017/tv/features/thomas-the-tank-engine-mipcom-mattel-1202584356/| archive-date=13 July 2018| access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> and the narrator being replaced with Thomas talking to the audience (however, Mark Moraghan, the previous narrator said that he would still work on the series). Series 22 is set after ''[[Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/10/thomas-the-tank-engine-thomas-friends-girls.html |title=At Last, Thomas & Friends Discovers a Key Demographic: Girls |last=Amatangelo |first=Amy |date=3 October 2018 |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720180538/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/10/thomas-the-tank-engine-thomas-friends-girls.html |archive-date=20 July 2019 }}</ref> which came out on 20 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://fetch.fm/national-amusements/national-amusements-thomas-friendstm-big-world-big-adventures-the-movie/| title=Thomas & Friends™ Big World! Big Adventures! The Movie| date=20 July 2018| publisher=Fetch Publicity| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720182227/https://fetch.fm/national-amusements/national-amusements-thomas-friendstm-big-world-big-adventures-the-movie/| archive-date=20 July 2019| access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> It introduces gender-balanced and multicultural characters which was and still is a hot topic amongst fans, and features a new theme tune.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/thomas-tank-engine-gender-balanced-female-trains-characters-steam-team-revamp-multicultural-a8517981.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/thomas-tank-engine-gender-balanced-female-trains-characters-steam-team-revamp-multicultural-a8517981.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Thomas the Tank Engine launches gender-balanced, multi-cultural Steam Team|publisher=The Independent. 1 September 2018 | access-date=2 September 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The series is split into two halves; the first half sees Thomas travelling around the world and visiting India, Australia, and China, while the second half takes place back on the Island of Sodor.<ref name="independent"/> The series was released on Netflix, Amazon and [[Hulu]] in late 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/thomas-friends-changes-tracks-to-nickelodeon-as-show-pushes-to-become-more-inclusive-meaningful-and-entertaining/| title=Thomas & Friends moves to Nick Jr. as show pushes to become 'more inclusive and entertaining'| last=Bloodworth| first=Adam| date=24 January 2018| work=[[i (British newspaper)|i News]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811014216/https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/thomas-friends-changes-tracks-to-nickelodeon-as-show-pushes-to-become-more-inclusive-meaningful-and-entertaining/| archive-date=11 August 2019| access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

''Thomas & Friends'' was renewed for a 23rd series which debuted in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/05/17/exclusive-clip-thomas-friends-premiere-episode/3682301002/| title=Exclusive sneak peek: 'Thomas & Friends' pulls into station with season debut| last=Haller| first=Sonja| date=17 May 2019| work=[[USA Today]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517102803/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/05/17/exclusive-clip-thomas-friends-premiere-episode/3682301002/| archive-date=17 May 2019| access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

The 24th series was released in September 2020. The series was also the final series animated by [[Jam Filled Entertainment|Jam Filled Toronto]], as well as the final series of the entire original television show.

A second [[Live-action animated film|live-action animated]] ''Thomas & Friends'' film is in development at [[Mattel Films]] with [[Marc Forster]] serving as director.<ref name="2020 Forster">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/thomas-friends-new-movie-in-the-works-from-mattel-films-marc-forsters-2dux%c2%b2-1234591950/|title=''Thomas & Friends'' New Movie In The Works From Mattel Films & Marc Forster's 2Dux²|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Anthony D'Alessandro|date=6 October 2020|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

===Reboot===
{{See also|Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go|l1=''Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go''}}
On 12 October 2020, [[Mattel]] announced the series would be [[Reboot (fiction)|rebooted]] with ''[[Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go]]'' and that [[Nelvana]] would co-produce and animate the series. The deal stipulated that 104 11-minute episodes and 2 60-minute specials would be produced, and that the animation would transition from CGI animation to 2D animation, with new redesigns for the characters.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201011005058/en/Mattel-Television-Greenlights-104-New-%E2%80%9CThomas-Friends%C2%AE%E2%80%9D-Television-Episodes-and-2-Specials|title=Mattel Television Greenlights 104 New 'Thomas & Friends' Television Episodes and 2 Specials|date=12 October 2020|access-date=25 October 2020|work=[[Mattel]]|location=El Segundo|agency=[[BusinessWire]]}}</ref> On 5 February 2021, it was announced that [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Netflix]] had jointly picked up the broadcast and streaming rights to the series in the United States, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whyte|first=Alexandra |date=5 February 2021 |title=Cartoon Network, Netflix snap up new 2D Thomas|url=https://kidscreen.com/2021/02/05/cartoon-network-netflix-snap-up-new-2d-thomas/|access-date=5 February 2021|website=Kidscreen}}</ref>

On 11 October 2022, Mattel announced that the series was renewed for a third and fourth season, each consisting of 26 episodes and a special.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/thomas-friends-all-engines-go-scores-two-season-renewal/|title=Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go Scores Two-Season Renewal|work=TV Kids|author=Jamie Stalcup|date=October 11, 2022|access-date=October 11, 2022|archive-date=October 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011153937/https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/thomas-friends-all-engines-go-scores-two-season-renewal/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February 2024, it was announced that series 3 would debut on Netflix in the United States.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Voice cast==
{{Main|List of Thomas & Friends voice actors|l1 = List of ''Thomas & Friends'' voice actors}}

Originally, [[narrating]] was used as the only voice in the series until 2008. Britt Allcroft thought that it would be essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home. Individual voice-over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the series, following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009. The narrators include [[Ringo Starr]], [[Michael Angelis]], [[George Carlin]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Michael Brandon]], [[Pierce Brosnan]], [[Mark Moraghan]], [[John Hasler]], and [[Joseph May]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=31 May 2020|title=Michael Angelis Dies: Voice Of 'Thomas The Tank Engine' Was 76|url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/michael-angelis-obituary-voice-thomas-the-tank-engine-1202947847/|access-date=5 June 2020|website=Deadline|language=en}}</ref><ref name=LAT>{{cite web|last=Allcroft |first=Britt |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/sunday/commentary/la-oew-allcroft26-2008jun26,0,3849505.story |title=Los Angeles Times – "The George Carlin I knew" |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=May 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Morning Call casting">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1999-08-30-3261686-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082320/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1999-08-30-3261686-story.html |archive-date=2022-06-26 |title=Rolling along new adventures for Thomas the Tank Engine|work=[[The Morning Call]]|author=Paul Willistein|date=August 30, 1999|access-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/thomas-has-new-friend-brosnan-143858/|title='Thomas' has new friend in Brosnan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|author=Thur Starr|date=July 19, 2007|access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/may/17/voice-thomas-tank-engine-brookside-mark-moraghan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072955/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/may/17/voice-thomas-tank-engine-brookside-mark-moraghan |archive-date=2022-06-17 | title=Former Brookside actor to be Thomas the Tank Engine narrator| work=The Guardian| date=17 May 2013| access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

==Characters==
{{Main|List of Thomas & Friends characters|l1 = List of ''Thomas & Friends'' characters}}

==List of productions==
===Television series===
{{Main|List of Thomas & Friends episodes|l1 = List of ''Thomas & Friends'' episodes}}

{{:List of Thomas & Friends episodes}}
===Films and specials===
{{Main|Thomas & Friends (franchise)#Films and specials|l1 = ''Thomas & Friends'' (franchise) § Films and specials}}
<!--Please do NOT list videos here -- there are too many of them.-->

==Production==
===Storytelling===
Up until series 12, narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller before the characters gained their own voice actors in series 13 onwards. Starting from series 22 up until series 24, Thomas himself (voiced by [[John Hasler]] in the UK dub and [[Joseph May]] in the US dub) takes over as the narrator.

===Models===
The original live action models were filmed on giant 16 x 20 [[model railway]] layout sets, which were set up and dismantled one by one for each episode's scenes.<ref name="ModelRailroader">{{Cite magazine|last=Edwards|first=Michael|date=April 1993|title=The making of Thomas the Tank Engine|magazine=[[Model Railroader]]|volume=|issue=|publisher=[[Kalmbach Media]]|pages=86–87}}</ref> The models were built to the 1:32 scale, known in model railway circles in "[[Gauge 1]]".<ref name="ModelRailroader"/> From Series 1 to 3, the locomotives used chassis made by [[Märklin]], along with scratch built plastic bodies.<ref name="ModelRailroader"/> Along with the moving eyes, eyelid mechanisms and [[resin]] faces, these bodies included smoke generators.<ref name="ModelRailroader"/> For the first five series, the rolling stocks were made using Tenmille kits and most of them were later replaced with duplicates made from [[resin casting|resin casts]]. Later models were constructed entirely from scratch. Some of the models from the sister television series ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]'' were reused in later episodes of the series.

From Series 5 to 12, some larger-scale models were used for the [[Skarloey Railway|narrow gauge]] characters, to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail. In Series 6, the characters known as "the Pack" (construction machines) were also constructed on a large scale, and larger models of Thomas and [[Percy the Small Engine|Percy]] were made to interact with them. In the ninth series, another large-scale Thomas model was built to be at the same scale as the narrow gauge engines and to provide greater possibilities for interaction. It was joined by a large version of [[James the Red Engine|James]] in the tenth series. Among the CGI switch in 2009, some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at [[Drayton Manor Theme Park]]'s [[Thomas Land (Drayton Manor)|Thomas Land]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thomaslanduk.co.uk/Visit/ |title=Thomas Land exhibit |publisher=Thomaslanduk.co.uk |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924185706/http://www.thomaslanduk.co.uk/Visit/ |archive-date=24 September 2011 }}{{primary source inline|date=May 2025}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Nitrogen Studios (who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16) also had some of the original models on display.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Animation techniques===
The live-action models used since 1984 could not [[lip sync]]. HIT's subsidiary HOT Animation introduced the use of CGI in the show about 20 years later,<ref>{{cite web|last=Mallory |first=Michael |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108111405/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/how-thomas-the-tank-engine-works2.htm |archive-date=2007-01-08 |title=How Thomas the Tank Engine Works |publisher=Entertainment.howstuffworks.com |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> first to add smoke and other effects. In 2009, HIT introduced a fully CGI series.<ref name=newlook>{{cite press release |title=Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas|website=Licensing.biz|date=9 June 2008|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/1323/NEW-YORK-08-Hit-reveals-new-look-for-Bob-and-Thomas|access-date=9 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930162911/http://www.licensing.biz/news/1323/NEW-YORK-08-Hit-reveals-new-look-for-Bob-and-Thomas|archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> In Series 12, CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate the characters' faces and to make the people and animals move. The 13th Series was the first to be fully animated in CGI.

===Music===
Mike O'Donnell and [[Junior Campbell]] composed the show's original main title theme, incidental music and 36 songs; these were used for series 1–7, comprising 182 episodes and music videos between 1984 and 2003. The instruments for series 1–2 were synthesised with the [[Roland Jupiter-6]] and instruments for series 3–7 were synthesised with the [[E-mu Proteus]] sound module.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mike O' Donnell |url=https://www.sodor-island.com/mike-o-donnell |website=Sodor Island Fansite|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2004, Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell's place as composer, while [[Ed Welch]] became the show's songwriter from Series 8 to ''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Discovery|The Great Discovery]].'' Welch left after ''The Great Discovery''. Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards. From ''[[Day of the Diesels]]''/2011-2016, Robert's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music.

In 2016, the Hartshornes left the series, and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places.

A new theme song was introduced in 2018 to accommodate the ''Big World, Big Adventures!'' rebrand.<ref name="independent"/>

===Head writer===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
Since series 12, there has been a [[head writer]] for the series. Prior to the introduction of a head writer, the [[script editor]] performed similar duties. Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12–16, when she was replaced by Andrew Brenner. Brenner had written many "Thomas" stories for various magazines, as well as his own original stories (several of which were later adapted for television episodes in [[Thomas and Friends (series 3)|Series 3]] and [[Thomas and Friends (series 5)|Series 5]], and for which he had remained uncredited). Brenner had been a writer of several other children's animated series, such as ''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]'', ''[[Tractor Tom]]'', ''[[Fireman Sam]]'', ''[[Spot (franchise)|Spot]]'', ''[[Poppy Cat]]'', and ''Binka'', as well as being the creator of ''[[Caribou Kitchen]]'' and ''[[Humf]],'' and writer for several magazines featuring children's characters such as ''[[The Real Ghostbusters]]'', ''Fireman Sam'', and Thomas's sister series ''[[Tugs (TV series)|Tugs]]''. He took over as head writer for Thomas for ''[[King of the Railway]]'', serving in this capacity until leaving during the twenty-third series. [[David Stoten]] succeeded him as head writer for the twenty-fourth series. Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film ''[[Misty Island Rescue]]'', and continued to work on the series in this capacity until its end.

;'''Script editors'''
* Abi Grant (series 6)
* Jan Page (series 7)
* Abi Grant and Paul Larson (series 8)
* Sharon Miller (series 9–11)
* Becky Evans (series 16, last few episodes)

;'''Head writer'''
* Sharon Miller (series 12–16)
* Andrew Brenner (series 17–23)
* [[David Stoten]] (series 24)

==Broadcast==
In the United Kingdom, ''Thomas & Friends'' was originally broadcast on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] until 2006. Since then, it has been broadcast on [[Cartoon Network (United Kingdom and Ireland)|Cartoon Network]], [[Nick Jr. (UK & Ireland)|Nick Jr.]], and [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]].<ref name="BBCPilot">{{cite web |last1=Glynn |first1=Paul |title=Rediscovered Thomas & Friends pilot to be released |date=9 May 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czel5x60y7lo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

In the United States, the series had first appeared in the form of sequences on ''Shining Time Station'', during the program's run from 1989 to 1995 on PBS. The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on ''Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales''. The series aired as ''Storytime with Thomas'' on Fox Family (now [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]) from 1999 to 2000. ''Thomas & Friends'' returned in the form of several direct-to-video releases during series 6 (2002) and as a stand-alone half-hour program on PBS Kids. It was distributed from 2004 to 2007 by [[Connecticut Public Television]], and then by [[WNET]] from 2008 to 2017. It also aired on [[Universal Kids|Sprout]] from 2005 to 2015. The rights to broadcast the series through PBS expired on December 31, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |title=THOMAS & FRIENDS Announcement |url=https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/thomas-friends-announcement/ |publisher=WNET |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120144359/http://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/thomas-friends-announcement/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |date=29 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ThomasandFriendsUS/photos/a.206122079555.129293.160515869555/10155911570659556/?type=3&theater |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/160515869555/10155911570659556 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=Celebrate the holidays with Thomas & Friends! New on Nick starting tomorrow, Friday 12/15!|work=Thomas and Friends Facebook page|publisher=Hit Entertainment}}{{cbignore}}</ref> thus ending a period of almost 30 years of programming related to ''Thomas & Friends'' on American public television. From 2018 to 2019, [[Nickelodeon]] held exclusive rights to the series in the United States. In 2020, the streaming rights were sold to [[Netflix]], with traditional television rights (if any) left unresolved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidscreen.com/2020/02/13/netflix-picks-up-thomas-and-friends-in-the-us/|title=Netflix picks up Thomas & Friends in the US|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> It also airs on [[Kabillion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kabillion.com/thomas-and-friends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226112227/https://www.kabillion.com/thomas-and-friends |archive-date=2021-12-26 |title=Thomas and Friends|publisher=Kabillion|access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> In spring 2024, classic episodes of the series became available on the free streaming channel PBS Retro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manfredi |first=Lucas |date=2024-04-24 |title=PBS Launches Ad-Supported Classic TV Channel on Roku {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.thewrap.com/pbs-retro-fast-channel-roku-launch/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> Early episodes from Seasons 1 through 7 are available on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=How to watch all of Thomas the Tank Engine TV series, spinoffs, and movies in order |url=https://www.thepopverse.com/movies-tv-thomas-tank-engine-and-friends-shows-series-watch-order |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Popverse |language=en}}</ref>

The program airs in Australia on [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] and [[CBeebies]] and on [[Four (New Zealand)|Four]] in New Zealand. In France, Southeast Asia, Spain and Italy, it plays on [[Disney Jr. (Europe, Middle East and Africa)|Disney Junior]]. In Canada, it formerly aired on [[TVOKids]], [[Family Jr.]] and the [[Knowledge Network]] as a part of its Knowledge Kids block, and currently airs on [[Treehouse TV]]. In the Middle East, the show airs on [[MBC 3]] and [[Spacetoon]], and in the United Arab Emirates on [[e-Junior]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Other dubs===
{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Title
!Channel
!Notes
!Country
|-
|[[Mandarin Chinese]]
|{{lang|zh-Hans|托马斯和朋友}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|湯瑪士小火車}}
|[[China Central Television|CCTV]] (China)/[[Momo Kids]] (Taiwan)
|The series is known in China as {{lang|zh-Hans|托马斯和朋友}} and in Taiwan as {{lang|zh-Hant|湯瑪士小火車}}, and is dubbed in Mandarin Chinese with Simplified and Traditional Chinese subtitles. The series is narrated by [[Jiang Guangtao]] in China and Guan Zhihong in Taiwan.
|[[China]] and [[Taiwan]]
|-
|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|きかんしゃトーマスとなかまたち
|[[Fuji TV]]/[[TV Tokyo]]/[[NHK Educational TV]]
|The series in Japan is known as {{Nihongo||きかんしゃトーマスとなかまたち|Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends}}, and is dubbed in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|title=きかんしゃトーマスとなかまたち|trans-title=Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends|url=https://www6.nhk.or.jp/anime/program/detail.html?i=thomas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620151436/https://www6.nhk.or.jp/anime/program/detail.html?i=thomas |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=4 March 2021|website=nhk.or.jp}}</ref> Unlike the original English dub where the live-action model seasons of the series had the characters be consistently voiced by a single narrator, the Japanese dub featured a full voice cast for all of the characters from the very beginning. The model era was considered [[Tokusatsu]] when dubbed in Japan.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
|[[Japan]]
|-
|[[Brazilian Portuguese]]
|Thomas e Seus Amigos
|[[Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)|Discovery Kids (Brazil)]]/[[TV Cultura]]
|The series in Brazil is known as ''Thomas e Seus Amigos'', and is dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} It even has an official YouTube channel known as Thomas e Seus Amigos.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas e Seus Amigos|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ThomaseSeusAmigos/videos|access-date=11 June 2018|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{primary source inline|date=May 2025}}</ref>
|[[Brazil]]
|-
|[[Latin American Spanish]]
|Thomas y Sus Amigos
|[[Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)|Discovery Kids]]/[[Canal 5 (Mexico)|Canal 5]]
|The series in Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, is known as ''Thomas y Sus Amigos'', also known as its original English title from the [[Thomas & Friends series 13|thirteenth series]] onwards, and is dubbed into Latin American Spanish. It even has an official YouTube channel known as Thomas & Friends Latinoamérica.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas & Friends Latinoamérica|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ThomasFriendsLATAM/videos|access-date=21 February 2021|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{primary source inline|date=May 2025}}</ref>
|[[Mexico]], [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Venezuela]]
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
|Tomas və Dostları
|[[ANS TV]]
|The series in Azerbaijan is known as ''Tomas və Dostları'', and is dubbed with audio in Azerbaijani.
|[[Azerbaijan]]
|-
|[[European Portuguese]]
|Thomas e os Seus Amigos
|[[Canal Panda]]/[[Zig Zag (RTP)|RTP2 ZigZag]]/[[JimJam]]
|The series in Portugal is known as ''Thomas e os Seus Amigos'', and is dubbed into European Portuguese.
|[[Portugal]]
|-
|[[European Spanish]]
|Thomas y Sus Amigos
|RTVE [[Clan (TV channel)|Clan]]
|The series in Spain, is known as ''Thomas y Sus Amigos'', and is dubbed into European Spanish.
|[[Spain]]
|-
|[[German language|German]]
|Thomas, die kleine Lokomotive und seine Freunde / Thomas und seine Freunde
|Super RTL (Germany)
|The 6th, 7th, 21st and 24th series were not dubbed into German. The series was narrated by Manfred Steffen from the 1st to 5th series and by [[Sky du Mont]] from the 8th to 20th series.
|[[Germany]] and [[Austria]]
|-
|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
|En Thomas i els Seus Amics
|[[YouTube TV]]
|The series in Catalonia, Spain is known as ''En Thomas i els Seus Amics'', and is dubbed in Catalan.
|[[Catalonia]] (Spain)
|-
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|Thomas şi Prietenii Săi
|[[Minimax (TV channel)|Minimax TV]]
|The series in Romania is known as ''Thomas şi Prietenii Săi'', or ''Locomotiva Thomas şi Prietenii Săi'', and is dubbed in Romanian.
|[[Romania]]
|-
|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|תומס הקטר<br />תומס הקטר וחברים
|[[Hop! Channel]]<br />[[Israeli Educational Television]]
|The series in Israel is known as תומס הקטר and תומס הקטר וחברים, and is dubbed in Hebrew.
|[[Israel]]
|}

== Mobile apps ==
Mattel partnered with several companies, including Budge Studios and [[Animoca Brands]], to create [[mobile app]]s based on ''Thomas & Friends''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2020 |title=The new ways kids app makers are monetizing |url=https://kidscreen.com/2020/02/21/the-new-ways-kids-app-makers-are-monetizing/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=[[Kidscreen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-18 |title=Animoca Brands and Mattel launch "Thomas & Friends: Race On!" game |url=https://www.animocabrands.com/ab1mattel-launch-thomas-friends |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Animoca Brands |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, Callaway Digital Arts created apps based on the brand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arts |first=Callaway Digital |date=2010-12-15 |title=Callaway Digital Arts and HIT Entertainment Bring Thomas & Friends™ to the iPad in Time for the Holidays |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/callaway-digital-arts-and-hit-entertainment-bring-thomas--friends-to-the-ipad-in-time-for-the-holidays-111938799.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-15 |title=Thomas & Friends adds new app |url=https://kidscreen.com/2011/12/15/thomas-friends-adds-new-app/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=[[Kidscreen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas & Friends: Day of the Diesels App Review {{!}} Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/app-reviews/thomas-friends-day-of-the-diesels |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas & Friends: Misty Island Rescue for iPad App Review {{!}} Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/app-reviews/thomas-friends-misty-island-rescue-for-ipad |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |language=en}}</ref> By mid-2011, thirteen ''Thomas'' apps were available.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Thomas chugs along with 13th app |url=https://kidscreen.com/2011/06/01/thomas-chugs-along-with-13th-app/ |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> HiT Entertainment and Mattel both released apps under their own names.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Tilt and Go App Review {{!}} Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/app-reviews/thomas-tilt-and-go |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas & Friends: Adventures! App Review {{!}} Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/app-reviews/thomas-friends-adventures |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |language=en}}</ref> During the 75th anniversary press release in 2020, Mattel mentioned an intent for more apps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-28 |title=Thomas & Friends™ Announces Global 75th Anniversary Activities Throughout 2020 |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200428005247/en/Thomas-Friends%E2%84%A2-Announces-Global-75th-Anniversary-Activities-Throughout-2020 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
[[Common Sense Media]] rated the show a four out of five stars, writing, "Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioural modelling. The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century, who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside. The stories he told his son – who has consequently passed them on to his own son – have been documented in books and toy train models. Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s, Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/thomas-friends|title=Thomas & Friends – TV Review|date=14 June 2007|access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Jia Tolentino]] in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' acknowledged that as a girl she did not "take in anything that was actually happening", but after reviewing the show and internet posts about it as an adult, criticised what she saw as the "show's repressive, authoritarian soul."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Tolentino|first=Jia|author-link=Jia Tolentino |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/rabbit-holes/the-repressive-authoritarian-soul-of-thomas-the-tank-engine-and-friends|title=The Repressive, Authoritarian Soul of "Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends"|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2017-09-28|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>

[[University of Alberta]] professor Shauna Wilton wrote "A Very Useful Engine: The Politics of Thomas and Friends". Wilton (who justified her study by arguing that socialisation of children is an important aspect) wrote that she received "a combination of outrage, disbelief, and condescending dismissal" when she announced she was going to study the politicisation of the series, although some people gave her thanks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nieguth |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsnMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-9686-3 |language=en}}</ref> She stated that despite the inclusion of female characters by the 2000s, in the era after major social revolutions in real life the series was "largely unchanged" from when it was "created in a context of rigid social hierarchies, male dominance in the public sphere, and a strong social culture of good behavior, respecting authority, and following the rules."<ref>Wilton, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CsnMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=CsnMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22].</ref>

In 2011, a contributor for [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']] analyzed the "hidden subtexts" of British imperialism in the series, while in 2013 Alex Knapp wrote for ''[[Forbes]]'' about the "baffling economics" of the Island of Sodor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roake |first=Jessica |date=2011-07-26 |title=Thomas the Imperialist Tank Engine |url=https://slate.com/culture/2011/07/thomas-the-tank-engine-the-popular-children-s-show-is-sadly-nostalgic-for-british-imperialism.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=The Baffling Economics Of The Island Of Sodor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/01/27/the-baffling-economics-of-the-island-of-sodor/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{Cite book|last=Sibley|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Sibley|year=2015|title=The Thomas the Tank Engine Man: The Life of Reverend W. Awdry|edition=2nd|publisher=Lion Books|isbn=978-0-7459-7027-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilton|first=Shauna|chapter=A Very Useful Engine: The Politics of ''Thomas and Friends''|editor=Nieguth, Tim|title=The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]]|date=2015-01-01|isbn=9780773596863|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CsnMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]-}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Thomas and Friends}}
{{Wikiquote|Thomas and Friends}}

===Official websites===
* {{official website|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103113515/http://www.thomasandfriends.com/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120513085958/http://www.awdry.family.name/index.htm Awdry Family Site]

===Other sites===
* {{IMDb title|0086815|Thomas and Friends}}
* [https://www.sodor-island.com/the-tv-series-history Sodor-Island.com]
{{Thomas}}
{{Former PBS Kids shows}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas and Friends}}
[[Category:Thomas & Friends| ]]
[[Category:The Railway Series]]
[[Category:HIT Entertainment]]
[[Category:1984 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1984 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 British television series endings]]
[[Category:1980s British animated television series]]
[[Category:1980s British children's television series]]
[[Category:1980s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:1990s British animated television series]]
[[Category:1990s British children's television series]]
[[Category:1990s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2000s British animated television series]]
[[Category:2000s British children's television series]]
[[Category:2000s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2010s British animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s British children's television series]]
[[Category:2010s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:2020s British animated television series]]
[[Category:2020s British children's television series]]
[[Category:2020s preschool education television series]]
[[Category:Animated preschool education television series]]
[[Category:Animated television series set on fictional islands]]
[[Category:British computer-animated television series]]
[[Category:British television shows based on children's books]]
[[Category:British television series revived after cancellation]]
[[Category:British television series with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:George Carlin]]
[[Category:Gullane Entertainment]]
[[Category:ITV animated television series]]
[[Category:ITV children's television shows]]
[[Category:Mass media in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television series about rail transport]]
[[Category:Television series created by Britt Allcroft]]
[[Category:Television series by Jam Filled Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series by Mattel Television]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed at Shepperton Studios]]
[[Category:Television shows about talking objects]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Isles]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the United Kingdom]]