View source for Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

{{Short description|English nobleman and statesman (1443–1524)}}
{{distinguish|Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk}}
{{Inline|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Grace]]
| name = The Duke of Norfolk
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[Privy Council of England|PC]]
| image = ThomasHoward2ndDukeofNorfolk.png
| caption = 1907 copy of a contemporary depiction
| office = [[Lord High Treasurer]]
| term_start = 16 June 1501
| term_end = 4 December 1522
| monarch = [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] <br> [[Henry VIII]]
| preceded = [[John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham]]
| succeeded = [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]]
| office1 = [[Earl Marshal]]
| term_start1 = 1509
| term_end1 = 1524
| predecessor1 = [[Henry VIII|The Duke of York]]
| successor1 = [[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk|The Duke of Suffolk]]
| office2 = Member of the [[House of Lords of England|House of Lords]]<br />[[Lords Temporal|Lord Temporal]]
| term_start2 = 1514
| term_end2 = 	21 May 1524 <br/>[[Hereditary peer|Hereditary Peerage]]
| predecessor2 = [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|The 1st Duke of Norfolk]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|The 3rd Duke of Norfolk]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey|Elizabeth Tilney]]|1472|1497|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk|Agnes Tilney]]|1497}}
}}
| children = [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]]<br />[[Edward Howard (admiral)|Sir Edward Howard]]<br />[[Lord Edmund Howard]]<br />[[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire]]<br />[[William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham]]<br />[[Lord Thomas Howard]]<br />[[Dorothy Stanley, Countess of Derby]]<br>[[#Marriages and issue|11 more]]
| father = [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]]
| mother = Katherine Moleyns
| birth_date = 1443
| birth_place = [[Stoke-by-Nayland]], [[Suffolk]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1524|5|21|1443|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Framlingham Castle]], [[Suffolk]]
}}

'''Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KG|PCe}} (1443{{snd}}21 May 1524), styled '''Earl of Surrey''' from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an [[English people|English]] [[nobleman]], soldier and statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]], by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen [[Anne Boleyn]] and Queen [[Catherine Howard]] and the great-grandfather of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]. In 1513, he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive [[Battle of Flodden]], for which he was richly rewarded by [[King Henry VIII]], then away in France.

==Early life==
Thomas Howard was born in 1443 at [[Stoke-by-Nayland]], [[Suffolk]], the only surviving son of [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|John Howard]], later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of [[William Moleyns (died 1425)|Sir William Moleyns]] (died 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|pp=236, 504}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cokayne|1936|pp=41, 612}}</ref> He was educated at [[Thetford Grammar School]].<ref name=autogenerated4>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=236}}</ref>

==Service under Edward IV==
While a young man, he entered the service of King [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] as a [[henchman]]. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]], and took sanctuary at [[Colchester]] when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severely wounded at the [[Battle of Barnet]] on 14 April 1471.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> He was appointed an [[esquire of the body]] in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was [[knighted]] by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York|Duke of York]], and [[Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk|Lady Anne Mowbray]] (died 1481).<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Head|2008}}.</ref>

==Service under Richard III==
[[File:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Mather Brown]] depicting Norfolk defending his allegiance to Richard III before Henry VII, after the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. The [[Tower of London]] is in the background.|left]]
After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported [[Richard III of England|Richard III]]. Thomas bore the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|Sword of State]] at Richard's coronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard was created [[Duke of Norfolk]], while Thomas was created [[Earl of Surrey]].<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Surrey was also sworn of the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] and invested with the [[Order of the Garter]]. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed [[Buckingham's rebellion|a rebellion]] against the King by the [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the [[Battle of Bosworth]] in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was [[attainder|attainted]] in the first Parliament of the new King, [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], stripped of his lands, and committed to the [[Tower of London]], where he spent the next three years.

==Service under Henry VII==
Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the [[John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln|Earl of Lincoln]] in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the [[earldom of Surrey]], although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a [[Yorkshire rebellion 1489|rebellion in Yorkshire]]. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> He and his family lived in [[Sheriff Hutton Castle]] while in the North. In 1496/7 he was given a command against invading Scots and took his sons Thomas and Edward with him. Surrey knighted both of them on 30 September 1497 at [[Ayton Castle, Scottish Borders|Ayton Castle]], on the same day the [[Pedro de Ayala|treaty of Ayton]] was signed at the [[Ayton Parish Church|nearby church]].<ref>Norman Macdougall, ''James IV'' (Tuckwell, 1997), p. 141.</ref>

In 1499, Surrey was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to [[France]] in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June of that year was made [[Lord High Treasurer]]. Surrey, [[Richard Foxe]] ([[Bishop of Winchester]] and [[Lord Privy Seal]]) and [[William Warham]] ([[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and [[Lord Chancellor]]), became the King's "executive triumvirate".<ref name=autogenerated2 /> He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501, he was involved in the negotiations for [[Katherine of Aragon]]'s marriage to [[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], and in 1503 conducted [[Margaret Tudor]] to [[Scotland]] for her marriage to King [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />  Margaret found Howard rude and overbearing on the journey and resented his monopolisation of her new husband after the wedding.<ref>Porter, Linda (2024), ''The Thistle and the Rose: The Extraordinary Life of Margaret Tudor'', [[Head of Zeus]], London, pp. 60 - 105, {{isbn|9781801105781}}</ref>

==Service under Henry VIII==
[[File:Howard Augmentation.svg|thumb|Howard [[augmentation of honour]], awarded to Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk after the Battle of Flodden (1513): ''Or, a demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules'', to be borne on the bend in the Howard arms|left]] 
[[File:Howard arms (augmented).svg|thumb|Norfolk's [[Coat of arms]] with "Flodden augmentation"]]
Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], in which he served as [[Earl Marshal]]. He challenged [[Thomas Wolsey]] in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter King [[James IV]] of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Thomas]] and [[Lord Edmund Howard|Edmund]], crushed James's much larger force at the [[Battle of Flodden]], near [[Branxton, Northumberland]], on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, at the age of 71, he was created 2nd Duke of Norfolk, his late father's title, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were [[augmentation of honour|augmented in honour]] of Flodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Final years==
In the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary Tudor]] to King [[Louis XII of France]], and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517, he led a private army of 1,300 [[retainer (medieval)|retainers]] into London to suppress the [[Evil May Day]] riots. In May 1521 he presided as [[Lord High Steward]] over the trial of [[Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham]], father of Norfolk's daughter-in-law, [[Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk|Elizabeth]]. According to David M. Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".<ref name=autogenerated2 />

By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as [[Lord High Treasurer|Lord Treasurer]] in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in April 1523, retired to his [[ducal]] castle at [[Framlingham Castle|Framlingham]] in [[Suffolk]] where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at [[Thetford Priory]] were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Head|2008}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cokayne|1936|ppp=612–615}}</ref> After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the [[Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham]]. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the [[Museum of Garden History|Church of St. Mary at Lambeth]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Marriages and issue==
[[File:Duchess of Norfolk and Countess of Surrey.jpg|thumb|295x295px|'''Right''': Elizabeth Tilney, first wife of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. On her [[kirtle]], she displays her paternal arms ''Azure a chevron between three griffin's heads erased or'' (Tilney) and on her mantle the quartered arms of Howard (1&4: ''Gules a bend between six cross crosslets fitchy argent'' (Howard); 2&3: grand quarterly first and fourth Brotherton second and third Mowbray). Below is inscribed in Latin: ''Elizabeta nat(a) Tilney ux(or) Thomae Howard'' ("Elizabeth born Tilney wife of Thomas Howard"). '''Left:''' [[Elizabeth Talbot, Duchess of Norfolk|Elizabeth Talbot de Mowbray, Duchess of Norfolk]]. Stained glass in Holy Trinity Church, [[Long Melford]], Suffolk|left]]
On 30 April 1472, Howard married [[Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey|Elizabeth Tilney]], the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of [[Ashwellthorpe]], Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at [[Battle of Barnet|Barnet]], son and heir apparent of Sir [[John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|pp=141, 236}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cokayne|1912|pp=153–154}}</ref> They had issue:

* [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]]<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* [[Edward Howard (admiral)|Sir Edward Howard]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=236}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Loades|2008}}</ref>
* [[Lord Edmund Howard]], father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, [[Katherine Howard]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=236}};{{Harvard citation no brackets|Warnicke|2008}}</ref>
* Sir John Howard 1482-1530<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* Henry Howard<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* Charles Howard<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* Henry Howard (the younger)<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* Richard Howard<ref name="autogenerated4"/>
* [[Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire|Elizabeth Howard]], married [[Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire]], and was mother of Queen [[Anne Boleyn]], and grandmother of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=236}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Hughes|2007}}</ref>
* Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstly [[John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle]] (died 1504), and secondly Sir [[Thomas Knyvett|Thomas Knyvet]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=236}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Gunn|2008}}.</ref>

Norfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, [[Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk|Agnes Tilney]], the daughter of Hugh Tilney of [[Skirbeck]] and [[Boston, Lincolnshire]] and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:
* [[William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=237}}</ref>
* [[Lord Thomas Howard]] (1511–1537)<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=237}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Riordan|2004}}</ref>
* Richard Howard (died 1517)<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Weir|1991|p=619}}</ref>
* Dorothy Howard, married [[Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=237}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cokayne|1916|pp=209–211}}</ref>
* Anne Howard, married [[John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Richardson|2004|p=237}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cokayne|1945|pp=244–245}}</ref>
* Katherine Howard, married firstly, [[Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel)|Rhys ap Gruffydd]]. Married secondly, [[Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater]].
* Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married [[Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex]].
Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named Elizabeth Howard and two living sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolk family tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked to Agnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which is impossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.
[[File:Grave of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.jpg|thumb|Sketch of the grave of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. He was originally buried at Thetford St. Mary's Priory Church, but was removed by his son after the dissolution of that house in 1537, and may have been moved to Lambeth, but no trace of his tomb was to be found when John Aubrey visited there in the 1690s. The church itself was substantially rebuilt.|center]]

== Family ==
===Ancestors===
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes|align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= '''Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk'''<ref name="richardson_howard">Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 267-74.</ref>
|2= [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]]<ref name="richardson_howard" />
|3= Katherine de Moleyns<ref name="richardson_howard" /><ref name="richardson_moleyns">Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523–5.</ref>
|4= [[Robert Howard (knight)]]
|5= Lady Margaret Mowbray<ref name="richardson_howard" />
|6= [[William Moleyns]]
|7= Margery Whalesborough<ref name="richardson_moleyns" />
|8= [[John Howard (died 1437)]]
|9= Alice Tendring<ref name="richardson_howard" />
|10= [[Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk]]<ref name="richardson_howard" />
|11= [[Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan]]<ref name="richardson_howard" />
|12= Sir Richard de Moleyns<ref name="richardson_moleyns" />
|13= Eleanor de Beaumont<ref>Alleged daughter of Henry de Beaumont, 3rd Lord and Margaret de Vere (Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523.)</ref>
|14= Sir John Whalesborough
|15= Joan Raleigh
}}

=== Family tree ===
{{Dukes of Norfolk family tree}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|publisher = St. Catherine Press
|location = London
|year = 1912
|volume = II
}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|publisher = St. Catherine Press
|location = London
|year = 1916
|volume = IV
}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|publisher = St. Catherine Press
|location = London
|year = 1936
|volume = IX
}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|publisher = St. Catherine Press
|location = London
|year = 1945
|volume = X
}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White
|last = Cokayne
|first = George Edward
|publisher = St. Catherine Press
|location = London
|year = 1953
|volume = XII, Part I
}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Howard (née Tilney), Agnes, duchess of Norfolk (b. in or before 1477, d. 1545), noblewoman
 |last        = Davies
 |first       = Catherine
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/70/101070806/
 |access-date  = 12 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102185908/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/70/101070806/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Knyvet, Sir Thomas (c.1485–1512), courtier and sea captain
 |last        = Gunn
 |first       = S.J.
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/15/101015799/
 |access-date  = 13 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191937/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/15/101015799/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Howard, Thomas, second duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), magnate and soldier
 |last        = Head
 |first       = David M.
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013939/
 |access-date  = 12 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929005615/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013939/
 |archive-date = 29 September 2011}}
* {{Cite book |title = Boleyn, Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and earl of Ormond (1476/7–1539), courtier and nobleman
|last = Hughes
|first = Jonathan
|publisher = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
|url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/2/101002795/
|access-date = 13 March 2011
|year = 2007
}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Stanley, Edward, third earl of Derby (1509–1572), magnate
 |last        = Knafla
 |first       = Louis A.
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/26/101026262/
 |access-date  = 13 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191947/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/26/101026262/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Howard, Sir Edward (1476/7–1513), naval commander
 |last        = Loades
 |first       = David
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013891/
 |access-date  = 13 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191954/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013891/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Howard, William, first Baron Howard of Effingham (c.1510–1573), naval commander
 |last        = McDermott
 |first       = James
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013946/
 |access-date  = 12 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102185838/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013946/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book |title = Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
|last = Richardson
|first = Douglas
|publisher = Genealogical Publishing Company Inc
|location = Baltimore, Maryland
|year = 2004
|isbn = 9780806317502
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p_yzpuWi4sgC&q=plantagenet+ancestry
|access-date = 17 March 2011
}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Howard, Lord Thomas (c.1512–1537), courtier
 |last        = Riordan
 |first       = Michael
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/70/101070793/
 |access-date  = 12 March 2011
 |year        = 2004
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102185913/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/70/101070793/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book |title = Medieval Framlingham
|last = Ridgard
|first = John
|publisher = Suffolk Record Society
|location = Woodbridge
|year = 1985
|volume = 27
}}
* {{Cite book
 |title       = Katherine (Catherine; nee Katherine Howard) (1518x24-1542), queen of England and Ireland, fifth consort of Henry VIII
 |last        = Warnicke
 |first       = Retha M.
 |publisher   = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
 |url         = http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/4/101004892/
 |access-date  = 13 March 2011
 |year        = 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191959/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/4/101004892/
 |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Six Wives of Henry VIII
|last = Weir
|first = Alison
|publisher = Grove Weidenfeld
|location = New York
|year = 1991
}}
'''Attribution:'''
* {{DNB|first=Creighton |last=Mandell |wstitle=Howard, Thomas II (1473-1554)|volume=28|pages=64-67}}

==Further reading==
* Harris, Barbara. "Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style: Elizabeth Stafford and the Third Duke of Norfolk," ''Journal of Social History,'' Spring 1982, Vol. 15 Issue 3;
* Head, David M. ''Ebbs & Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk'' (1995), 360pp; the standard scholarly biography of the third duke
Tucker, Melvin J., "The Life of Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and second Duke of Norfolk (1964), 170pp' out of print but the only serious biography

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502180317/http://www.academia.edu/6336594/Flodden_Scotlands_Greatest_Defeat Flodden: Scotland's Greatest Defeat]

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham|The Lord Dynham]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord High Treasurer]]|years=1501–1522}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|The Duke of Norfolk]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry VIII of England|The Duke of York]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl Marshal]]|years=1509–1524}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk|The Duke of Suffolk]]}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|John Howard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Norfolk]]|creation=3rd creation|years=1514–1524}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Howard]]}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Surrey]]|creation=3rd creation|years=1483–1514}}
{{S-end}}

{{House of Tudor Lord High Treasurers}}
{{Dukes of Norfolk}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke Of}}
[[Category:Dukes of Norfolk|302]]
[[Category:Barons Mowbray]]
[[Category:Barons Segrave|*14]]
[[Category:Howard family (English aristocracy)|Thomas Howard, 02nd Duke of Norfolk]]
[[Category:Earls of Surrey|301]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:Lord High Stewards]]
[[Category:Lord high treasurers of England]]
[[Category:Earls Marshal]]
[[Category:Garter Knights appointed by Richard III]]
[[Category:People educated at Ipswich School]]
[[Category:1443 births]]
[[Category:1524 deaths]]

[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:People educated at Thetford Grammar School]]
[[Category:16th-century English politicians]]