View source for Thousand Islands – Frontenac Arch

{{short description|Geologic region in North America}}
[[Image:Canadian Shield.jpg|thumb|An outcrop of the Frontenac Axis near [[Cornwall, Ontario|Cornwall]], Ontario]]

The '''Thousand Islands – Frontenac Arch''' region or the '''Frontenac Axis''' is an exposed strip of [[Precambrian]] rock in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] that links the [[Canadian Shield]] from [[Algonquin Park]] with the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack Mountain region]] in [[New York (state)|New York]], an extension of the [[Laurentian Mountains]] of [[Quebec|Québec]]. The [[Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative|Algonquin to Adirondacks]] region, which includes the Frontenac Axis or Arch, is a critical linkage for biodiversity and resilience, and one with important conservation potential.<ref name=Keddy>{{cite journal|last=Keddy|first=Cathy|title=The conservation potential of the Frontenac Axis: Linking Algonquin Park to Adirondacks|journal=The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society - Ottawa Valley Chapter|date=November 1995|pages=72|url=https://www.a2acollaborative.org/uploads/7/6/8/5/7685208/keddy-a2a-report3.pdf|access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> The axis separates the [[St. Lawrence Lowlands]] and the [[Great Lakes Lowlands]]. It has many distinctive plant and animal species.<ref name=Keddy/> It is one of four [[ecoregion]]s of the [[Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (Canada)|Mixedwood Plains]].

The [[Thousand Islands]] in the [[Saint Lawrence River]] have a distinctive flora and fauna and are a part of the biological corridor.

==Geology==
The [[bedrock]] is mostly [[gneiss]], [[granite]], and [[marble]], more than a billion years old.<ref>Eyles, Nick.  Ontario Rocks. 2002.  Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. Chapter 9.</ref> The Frontenac [[terrain]] is the youngest of the Ontario portions of the arch, dated at 1.2 billion years old.<ref>Eyles, Nick.  Ontario Rocks. 2002.  ''Three Billion Years of Environmental Change''. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. Figure 9.2A</ref> These rocks were once part of a large mountain chain of the ancient [[supercontinent]] of [[Rodinia]]. There is also a [[Holleford crater|meteor crater near Holleford]], where the [[Shield (geology)|shield]] meets the [[limestone]] plains of southeastern Ontario.<ref>Keddy, P.A. 2008. ''Earth, Water, Fire. An Ecological Profile of Lanark County''. General Store Publishing House, Refrew, Ontario. p. 61-63.</ref>

==Ecology==
The area is distinctive for having tree species typically found further south, and reaching their northern limits.<ref>Beschel, R.E., P.J. Webber and R. Trippet. 1962. Woodland transects of the Frontenac Axis region, Ontario. Ecology 43:386-396.</ref> One example is pitch pine (''[[Pinus rigida]]''). Shallow soils and recurring fire have also produced unusual fire barren communities.<ref>Catling, Paul M and Vivian R. Brownell. 1999. The flora and ecology of southern Ontario granite barrens. Pages 392-405 in Anderson, R.C., J.S. Fralish, and J.M. Baskin (eds). Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</ref> These provide habitat for rare plants, such as bear oak (''[[Quercus ilicifolia]]'') and deerberry (''[[Vaccinium stamineum]]''), as well as rare animals, such as the five-lined skink (''[[Plestiodon fasciatus]]'') and gray rat snake (''[[Pantherophis spiloides]]'').<ref>Keddy, Cathy J. 1995. The Conservation Potential of the Frontenac Axis: Linking Algonquin Park to the Adirondacks. Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, Ontario. 59p.</ref> There is high bird diversity, including the [[cerulean warbler]], considered nationally endangered owing to the destruction of forests. Although the most important factor producing the fauna and flora is likely the bed rock, the moderating effect of the [[Great Lakes]] may also be factor. Also, some northern species extend their range south, drawn by the rugged [[granite]] landscapes of the Canadian Shield.

The basic ecosystem type of the area is [[temperate deciduous forest]]. The area has a long history of logging, which has depleted these forests of larger trees.  Settlement tends to have occurred in the areas of deeper soil, and fire has particularly influenced the uplands. Reference to the forest descriptions of early surveyors has documented decline in species such as hemlock, which were preferentially removed for leather tanning.<ref>Keddy, Cathy J. 1993. Forest History of Eastern Ontario. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group, Kemptville, Ontario.</ref> Criteria for restoring these forests have been established, and include increased tree size, spring ephemeral abundance, and coarse woody debris.<ref>Keddy, P.A. and C.G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: 748-762.</ref> Pollen cores from Lanark County provide information about longer term trends in forest cover.<ref>Keddy, P.A. 2008. Earth, Water, Fire: An Ecological Profile of Lanark County. General Store Publishing House, Renfrew, Ontario.p. 51-52.</ref>

There is a wide array of wetlands, ranging from larger marshes along the St. Lawrence river, to smaller marshes and bogs along water courses, and large numbers of beaver ponds.  The cycles in vegetation in beaver ponds contribute to further wetland diversity; depending upon the amount of beaver activity, there may be open water, marsh, wet meadows or shrub thickets.<ref>Keddy, P.A. 2008. Earth, Water, Fire: An Ecological Profile of Lanark County. General Store Publishing House, Renfrew, Ontario. Fig. 2</ref> Some lakes in the area, such as Bob's Lake, also support uncommon species of turtles, such as the [[map turtle]]s and [[Blanding's turtle]]s. Where there is [[marble]] bedrock, or other sources of calcium, [[fen]]s may arise.  These often have unusual calcium dependent wetland plants.<ref>[http://www.lanarkflora.com/ Plants of Lanark County, Ontario--2013 Edition  David J. White]</ref>

A southern portion of this region was designated a [[Biosphere Reserve]] by [[UNESCO]] in 2002, the [[Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>[http://www.fabr.ca/ Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve]</ref> Within this biosphere reserve is the relatively small [[St. Lawrence Islands National Park]].<ref>[http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/on/lawren/index.aspx Thousand Islands National Park]</ref> Although it is small, it has many Frontenac Arch species mentioned above, including deerberry, Blanding's turtle, and five-lined skinks.<ref>[http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/on/lawren/natcul/natcul3.aspx Species at Risk in the 1000 Islands Ecosystem]</ref> Further north, there is still a large gap in the ecological link to [[Algonquin Park]]. In this gap are smaller parks such as [[Frontenac Provincial Park]] and [[Bon Echo Provincial Park]].

==References==
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{{Ontario parks}}

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[[Category:Biosphere reserves of Canada]]
[[Category:Thousand Islands]]
[[Category:Geology of Ontario]]
[[Category:Geology of New York (state)]]