View source for Three Gorges

{{Short description|Natural gorges along the Yangtze River}}
{{About|the gorges on the Yangtze River|the dam|Three Gorges Dam|the city in Henan|Sanmenxia}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Three Gorges
| photo = Qutang Gorge on Changjiang.jpg
| photo_caption = Qutang Gorge in 2009
| elevation_ft = 440
| elevation_ref = 
| traversed = [[Yangtze River]]
| location = [[Hubei]]/[[Chongqing]],<br>[[China]]
| range = [[Wu Mountains]]
| coordinates = 
| topo = 
| map = Chongqing#Hubei#China Northern Plain#China
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
|s=三峡
|t=三峽
|p=Sānxiá
|w=San<sup>1</sup>-hsia<sup>2</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Sanxia pron.ogg|s|an|1|.|x|ia|2}}
|j=Saam<sup>1</sup>-haap<sup>6</sup>
|ci={{IPAc-yue|s|aam|1|-|h|aap|6}}
|tl=Sam-kiap
|order=st
}}

The '''Three Gorges''' ({{zh|s=三峡|t=三峽|p={{Audio|Sanxia pron.ogg|Sānxiá|help=no}}}}) are three adjacent and sequential [[gorge]]s along the middle reaches of the [[Yangtze River]] path, in the hinterland of the [[People's Republic of China]]. With a subtropical monsoon climate, they are known for their scenery.

The Three Gorges—comprising the [[Qutang Gorge|Qutang]], followed by the [[Wu Gorge|Wu]], and finally the [[Xiling Gorge|Xiling]] gorges—span {{convert|193|miles|km}}, beginning at [[Baidicheng|Baidi City]] of [[Chongqing]], in the west and ending at Nanjing Pass, at [[Yichang|Yichang City]], [[Hubei|Hubei Province]], in the east, between which are the Fengjie and [[Wu Mountains]] of Chongqing, as well as Badong, Zigui, and Yichang of Hubei Province.

== Region == 
=== Course of the Yangtze ===
[[File:Three Gorges Map.png|thumb|left|Map of the Three Gorges]]
After arriving at [[Yibin]] ({{lang|zh|宜宾|}}), in [[Sichuan Province]] ({{lang|zh|四川}}), the [[Yangtze River]] ({{lang|zh|长江}}) flows from [[Jiangjin]] ({{lang|zh|江津}}), of [[Chongqing Municipality]] ({{lang|zh|重庆}}), to [[Yichang]] ({{lang|zh|宜昌}}), of [[Hubei Province]] ({{lang|zh-hant|湖北}}); and this section of the river is called ''[[Sichuan River|Chuanjiang]]'' ({{lang|zh|川江}}), or "the river of Sichuan". In the past, it was the only waterway that connected Sichuan and [[Guizhou]] to China's eastern area. (The [[Wu River (Yangtze tributary)|Wu River]] ({{lang|zh|乌江}}) flows past Guizhou and empties into the Yangtze River at [[Fuling]] ({{lang|zh-hant|涪陵}}), of Chongqing Municipality). Downstream, the Chuanjiang passes the Wu Mountains—the second ladder of the Chinese mainland—which form the [[Qutang Gorge]] ({{lang|zh|瞿塘峡}}), the [[Wu Gorge]] ({{lang|zh|巫峡}}), and the [[Xiling Gorge]] ({{lang|zh|西陵峡}}) along the Yangtze River, which is where this area gets its name.

=== The region ===
The Three Gorges span from the western, upriver, city of [[Fengjie]], in [[Chongqing|Chongqing Municipality]], to the east, downstream, city of [[Yichang]], in [[Hubei|Hubei province]]. The [[Three Gorges Reservoir Region]] is approximately {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length, while the Three Gorges themselves occupy about {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} within this region: this has attracted global attention to the [[Three Gorges Dam]] and changed the culture and environment of the region.<ref name=Xinhua20040308>{{cite news |title=Three Gorges Region Becomes China's Largest Geological Park |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/89651.htm |date=March 8, 2004 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |website=[[China Internet Information Center]] |access-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=need better to support all of text|date=May 2018}}

Although it is primarily famous for its scenery, the Three Gorges region is historically and culturally important in China. Many settlements and archaeological sites were submerged by the upstream reservoir of the [[Three Gorges Dam]].<ref name=Shao20030409>{{cite web |translator-last=Shao |translator-first=Da |title=Saving the Cultural Relics of the Three Gorges |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/96925.htm |date=2003 |website=[[China Internet Information Center]] |access-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref>

=== Three Gorges ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! Gorge !! Chinese !! Length (km) !! Range
|-
| [[Qutang Gorge]] || 瞿塘峡 || 8 || from [[Baidicheng]] ([[Fengjie]]) to Daxi
|-
| [[Wu Gorge]] || 巫峡 || 45 || from [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Wushan]] to Guandukou ([[Badong]])
|-
| [[Xiling Gorge]] || 西陵峡 || 66 || from [[Zigui]] to Nanjin Pass ([[Yichang]])
|}
{{multiple image
 | align     = center
 | direction = horizontal
 | header_align = center
 | header    =
 | total_width       = 600
 | image1    = 西陵峡.jpg

 | alt1      = 
 | caption1  = Qutang Gorge in 1999, prior to the completion of the Three Gorges Dam
 | image2    = 巫峡.jpg

 | alt2      = 
 | caption2  = Wu Gorge in 2019
 | image3    = Cruise boats on yangtze.jpg

 | alt3      = 
 | caption3  = Cruise boats along [[Xiling Gorge]]
 }}

== Geological evolution ==
Due to the lithological conditions of its different regions, the valleys of the Three Gorges are narrow in some areas and broad in others. Most narrow valleys occur in regions where there is [[limestone]], which is relatively hard and resists erosion. However, water can flow along deep vertical fractures, eroding underneath. As the limestone bed is gradually undercut, parts of it fall into the river along vertical fractures, forming precipitous cliffs. When the river flows through areas of softer [[sandstone]] and [[shale]], which have less resistance to erosion, the erosive effect is increased, carving wide valleys.

There are different theories on how the Three Gorges were formed, but geographers and geologists have generally reached a consensus, believing [[Orogeny|mountain folding]] in the east of Sichuan Province and the west of Hubei Province, including the Wu Mountains ({{lang|zh|巫山}}), were the outcome of the [[Yanshanian]] movement ({{lang|zh-hant|燕山運動}}) around 70 million years ago. The gorges run from southwest to northeast, then turn, and from west to east, with terrain lowering gradually from south to north. The western and eastern parts of the area, between the southern mountains and Bashan Mountain ({{lang|zh|巴山}}), in the north, are comparatively lower; and in the past, the river flowed to the east through the region. As the crust of the locality continued to rise, the river's erosion intensified, and the Three Gorges were carved.

== Scenic grandeur ==
The natural beauty of the Three Gorges along the Yangtze River has been appreciated for hundreds of years. In the [[Northern Wei]] ({{lang|zh-hant|北魏}}) dynasty, [[Li Daoyuan]] ({{lang|zh-hant|酈道元}}) described them in his work, ''[[Commentary on the Water Classic]]'' ({{lang|zh|水經注}}).

<blockquote>There are seamless mountains on both sides of the Three Gorges stretching more than 200 miles. The overlapping rocks make up layers of barriers that shield against sky and sunshine so that the sun can only be seen at noon and the moon will merely show at midnight. In summers, water rises to lofty mountains, making all boats floating along or against the river get blocked. Suppose an empire has an urgent decree to issue from Baidi, it will reach Jiangling at sunset of the day. The distance between them is about 373 miles, and neither a galloping horse nor a flight can run faster than a boat.
</blockquote>

[[Yuan Shansong]] ({{lang|zh-hant|袁山松}}) of the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Eastern Jin dynasty]] wrote a ''Record of Yichuan's Landscape'', which depicts the Three Gorges' grandeur. He wrote,

<blockquote>People were always warned literally or orally of the Gorges' swift currents, saying they are horrific, and no one praised the local landscape [as] beautiful. It's [not] till I came to the site that I felt quite gleeful and started to understand seeing is believing. The overlapping cliffs, the elegant peaks and the grotesque structures, they all constitute the scenery far from expression. The lush, solemn woods stood erected in the cloudy air. I can raise up my head to appreciate what's above, and look down to see reflections, and the more acquainted I get with this place, the better I feel. I spent two nights there, forgetting to return. I had never seen such a scene, nor had I any similar experience. So I am cheerful to see such a wonder, I feel mountains and waters all had spirits, and I am thrilled to encounter this bosom friend after seeking so long.
</blockquote>

In his poem ''Setting out from Baidicheng'', [[Li Bai]] ({{lang|zh|李白}}) depicts this place, saying,

<blockquote>While monkeys keep howling at both sides of the river, the boat has swiftly passed thousands of mountains.
</blockquote>

Between winter and spring, the shadows of rocks and woods are reflected in the green pool accompanied by white, swift currents. Cascades plunge and flow across cypresses increasing at extremely high peaks. Clean water, flourishing trees, lofty mountains and luxuriant grasses compose the landscape. When the sun starts to rise or frost falls in the morning, forests and streams are chilly and solemn, and one can often hear monkeys howling from peaks. Their cries sound sad and strange and last in the valleys for quite a while, because of that, local fishers think the Wu Gorge is the longest of the Three Gorges in the east of Sichuan province.

The Three Gorges have renowned scenic spots, such as the Kuimen ({{lang|zh-hant|夔門}}), located at the western entrance to the Three Gorges. The cliffs on both sides appear to some as having been cut by knives or axes. Among the Wu Mountains that are located at the northern and southern beaches of the Wu Gorge, one of the twelve peaks is known as Fairy Peak. According to folk tradition, it symbolizes a fairy who assisted [[Yu the Great]] in controlling the waters and guiding boatmen. The Xiling Gorge comprises a series of famous gorges, including Military Book and Sword Gorge, Yellow Cow Gorge, and Lantern's Shadow Gorge.
==Hydroelectric development==
=== Hydroelectric projects ===
{{Further|Three Gorges Dam|Gezhouba Dam|}}
[[File:Beauty and grandeur, the Yangtze gorges, travel poster, ca. 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|Travel poster for the Three Gorges Region (circa 1930).]]

In 1919, after [[Sun Yat-sen]] had put forward the concept in the Plan for Industrial Development of his {{ill|Founding Strategy|zh|建国方略}} ({{lang|zh|建国方略}}), experts investigated damming the Three Gorges, but it was not until 1994 that the Three Gorges project officially started.

In 1944, the [[Nationalist government]] recruited [[John L. Savage]], the Chief Engineer of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, who came to China and made a 10-day investigation of the Three Gorges. Afterwards, he wrote an enthusiastic report on the prospects of a dam. Construction was started on the first of the dams at Upper Tsing Yuan Tung, but was halted on August 15, 1947, because of the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=October The National Archives in the regions…a monthly calendar of events open to the public|url=https://www.archives.gov/locations/calendar/09-october.pdf|publisher=U.S. National Archives|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref>

In February 1958, as the expanded meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was held at [[Nanning]] ({{lang|zh|南宁}}), the Three Gorges Project ({{lang|zh|三峡工程}}) was discussed for the first time, and fierce disputes broke out. In the end, this project was delayed. Over the following three decades, people continued to discuss it. In the early 1980s, people mentioned it once again, but after repeated discussions and investigations, it was again postponed. On March 6, 1992, a feasibility report was presented at the 5th Session of the 7th National People's Congress (NPC) for discussion and resolution. On April 3 of that year, the NPC voted on a resolution for the dam, and it was passed with an unusually low approval rate for the NPC with only 1767 of the 2633 members ({{percent|1767|2633|2}}) voting to support the dam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Chun Yin Anson |last2=Zhangyang |first2=Gao |last3=Kaminsky |first3=Amanda |last4=Reams |first4=Tony G. |title=Michigan Sustainability Case: Revisiting the Three Gorges Dam: Should China Continue To Build Dams on the Yangtze River? |journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record |date=14 November 2018 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=204–215 |doi=10.1089/sus.2018.29141.cyac |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Three Gorges Dam ===
{{Main|Three Gorges Dam}}

The [[Three Gorges Dam]] was constructed at [[Sandouping]] ({{lang|zh|三斗坪}}), [[Yichang]] ({{lang|zh|宜昌}}) in [[Hubei Province]] ({{lang|zh-hant|湖北}}), in the middle of [[Xiling Gorge]]. On May 20, 2006, the reservoir dam was completed, and the water level quickly reached the initial level of {{convert|110|m|sp=us}} above the downstream river. The project was completed by the end of 2008, with a ship lift completed in 2015.{{citation needed|reason=a credible source such as a news or journal article is needed for this information. this also needs updating as it is 2016 now|date=May 2016}}

Both the dam and the Three Gorges Reservoir has had a massive impact on the region's ecology and people, involving the mass relocation of towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-22|title=Three Gorges dam may force relocation of a further 300,000 people|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jan/22/wave-tidal-hydropower-water|access-date=2021-06-12|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Relocated Three Gorges Residents Face Challenges|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17784497|access-date=2021-06-12|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> The higher water level has changed the scenery of the Three Gorges so that the river is wider and the mountains appear lower. However, the mountains still tower above the river, and the gorges continue to offer views of the surrounding cliffs.

The [[riverboat]] companies operating on the Three Gorges are experiencing an increase in demand for river cruises.{{citation needed|reason=a credible source such as a news or journal article is needed for this information|date=May 2016}} The increased width and depth of the river permits larger ships through the gorges, and there has been a significant increase in river traffic of all kinds, including bulk cargo and container barges.

== Threatened cultural sites ==
*The "[[Baiheliang]] ({{lang|zh-hant|白鶴梁}}) hydrographic mark"—In 763, during the Guangde period of the [[Tang dynasty]] ({{lang|zh|唐代}}) emperor [[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Daizong]], people discovered about 165 paragraphs of an inscription with almost 30,000 characters. There are 18 [[carps]] ({{lang|zh|鯉魚}}) carved in the stone along with the inscription, and they were used as hydrographic markers to record water fluctuations during low-water periods, to forecast agricultural outcomes. According to an initial estimate, after the reservoir is filled by the Three Gorges Dam, parts of Baiheliang, with 20 years of records, would be submerged. In 2001, [[Ge Xiurun]] ({{lang|zh|葛修润}}), a member of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] ({{lang|zh|中科院}}) proposed to use an "unstressed container" to safeguard the original site underneath the water and to construct tunnels to connect it to the ground above so that visitors can have access. Eventually these proposals would lead to the [[Baiheliang Underwater Museum]].
*[[Shibaozhai]] ({{zh|t=石寶寨|s=石宝寨|labels=no|first=t}}), or the Precious Stone Fortress, is located in {{ill|Shibao Town|zh|石宝镇 (忠县)}} ({{lang|zh|石宝镇}}), of [[Zhong County]] ({{lang|zh|忠县}}) of Chongqing Municipality. Built between 1796 and 1820, during the reign of Qing Emperor [[Jiaqing]] ({{lang|zh|嘉慶}}), these {{convert|35|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|sp=us}} buildings represent high-rise column-and-tie constructions of the south of China. When the Three Gorges project began, a dam was built around this fortress for its protection.
*The [[Zhang Fei Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|張桓侯廟}}), of [[云阳县|Yun Yang County]] of Chongqing, constructed no later than the [[Song dynasty]], stood on the south bank of the Yangtze River in the northern foothills of the Feng Fei Mountains. Being close to the Yangtze River it was flooded more than once. The present temple is that which was repaired during the reigns of emperors [[Tongzhi Emperor|Tongzhi]] ({{lang|zh|同治}}) and [[Guangxu]] ({{lang|zh|光緖}}) of the Qing dynasty. The area of the temple complex is {{convert|2000|m2|abbr=on}}. A large number of calligraphy and paintings, stone inscriptions and woodcarvings from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties, such as the first and second odes on ''[[The Red Cliffs]]'' ({{lang|zh|赤壁賦}}) by [[Su Shih]] ({{lang|zh-hant|蘇軾}}), have been saved. Since the temple's elevation was between {{convert|130|and|160|m|sp=us}}, and it would have been submerged when the Three Gorges reservoir reached {{convert|175|m|-1|sp=us}}, the Zhang Fei Temple was relocated in its entirety.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hvistendahl |first=Mara |title=China's Three Gorges Dam: An Environmental Catastrophe? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-three-gorges-dam-disaster/ |date=March 25, 2008 |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref>

After the construction of the [[Three Gorges Dam]] was approved, archaeologists were allowed time and resources to carry out rescue work. However, after the dam was built and used to store water, a large number of cultural relics, including hanging coffins and stone inscriptions that cannot be protected, were covered by the reservoir.

==See also==
* [[Chinese yuan|Chinese yuan note]]  — ''the westernmost gorge image is on the ten yuan note''.
* [[Three Gorges Dam#Locks|Three Gorges Locks]]
* [[Three Gorges Museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.google.com/maps/@30.7365979,111.2404819,16474m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en View] on [[Google Earth]]

{{Commons category|Three Gorges}}

{{Clear}}
{{Three Gorges Reservoir Region}}
{{Hubei topics}}
{{Canyons and gorges of China}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|31|01|04|N|110|13|43|E|type:landmark_region:CN_dim:100000|display=title}}

[[Category:AAAAA-rated tourist attractions]]
[[Category:Canyons and gorges of China]]
[[Category:Landforms of Chongqing]]
[[Category:Landforms of Hubei]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chongqing]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hubei]]
[[Category:Yangtze River]]
[[Category:Three Gorges Dam|*]]