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{{Short description|Vocal style in Indian music}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''Thumri''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈʈʰʊmɾiː|lang}}) is a vocal [[Music genre|genre]] or style of [[Music of India|Indian music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts|title=South Asian arts – Musical forms and instruments|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=September 1, 2020|quote=The thumri is another North Indian vocal form and is based...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thumri|title=Thumri {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref> The term "thumri" is derived from the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] verb ''thumak'', which means "to walk with a dancing gait in such a way that the ankle-bells tinkle." The form is, thus, connected with dance, dramatic gestures, mild eroticism, evocative love poetry and folk songs, especially from [[Uttar Pradesh]], though there are regional variations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindustani Music|last=Ranade|first=Ashok Da.|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1997|isbn=81-237-2199-4|location=India|pages=66}}</ref>

The text is romantic or devotional in nature, the lyrics are usually in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Brij Bhasha]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFfVAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 |title=Bhāratīya sāhitya |date=1973 |publisher=Agra University. K.M. Institute of Hindi Studies and Linguistics. |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manuel |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlNShmx3x68C&dq=Thumri+Bhojpuri&pg=PA4 |title=Ṭhumrī in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0673-3 |language=en}}</ref> Thumree is characterized by its sensuality, and by a greater flexibility with the ''[[raga]]''. 

''Thumri'' is also used as a generic name for some other, even lighter, forms such as [[Dadra]], [[Hori (music)|Hori]], [[Kajari]], [[Sawani]], [[Jhoola music|Jhoola]], and [[Chaiti]], even though each of them has their own structure and content — either lyrical or musical or both—and so the exposition of these forms vary. Like Indian classical music itself, some of these forms have their origin in folk literature and music.

Thumari being a popular form of Indian light classical music, characterized by tenderness and themes of love, separation, or union. It is distinct from folk music and the more masculine [[dhrupad]] and [[Khyal|khayal]] styles. One theory attributes its origin to the court of [[Wajid Ali Shah]] of [[Oudh State|Oudh]]. However, this causal explanation overlooks the continuous evolution of Indian classical music. Thumari's development is best understood within the broader context of India's musical traditions. Thumari is considered an evolution of ''dhruvas'' mentioned in [[Bharata (sage)|Bharata]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra|Natyasastra]]''. Specifically, it is linked to the ''prasadiki'' or ''prasadini dhruva'', associated with ''[[Sringara|shringara rasa]]'' and characterized by colorful delight (''rangaraga'') and happiness (''prasada''). Bharata recommends ''[[madhyalaya]]'' (medium tempo) for this type of ''dhruva.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=India (Republic) All India Radio |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofindianm00indi/page/73/mode/1up?q=thumari |title=Aspects of Indian music; a series of special articles and papers read at the music symposia arranged by All India Radio |date=1960 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

== Key Characteristics<ref>{{Cite book |last=India (Republic) All India Radio |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofindianm00indi/page/74/mode/1up?q=thumari |title=Aspects of Indian music; a series of special articles and papers read at the music symposia arranged by All India Radio |date=1960 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref> ==

# Strong emphasis on poetic content.
# Themes primarily focused on ''[[Sringara|shringara]] rasa'' (romantic love), sometimes with dual spiritual and mundane meanings.
# Lyrical form due to the limited range of ''[[Raga|ragas]]'' and extensive elaboration.
# Emphasis on diversity rather than unity in melodic patterns.
# Requires a specialized vocal quality.
# Historically associated with the [[Kathak]] dance style, which initially led to a lower social status for its performers.
# Distinct ''talas'' (rhythmic cycles).
# Embellishments are primarily tonal-verbal, unlike the purely tonal embellishments of orthodox [[Indian classical music|classical music]].

==Structure==
As in [[khayal]], thumri has two parts, the ''sthayi'' and the ''antara.'' It favours ''tala-s'' such as ''Deepchandi'', ''Roopak'', ''Addha,'' and ''Punjabi.'' These ''tala-s'' are characterized by a special lilt, nearly absent in the ''tala-s'' used in ''khayal''. ''Thumri'' compositions are mostly in ''[[raga]]-s'' such as ''Kafi'', ''Khamaj'', ''Jogiya'', ''Bhairavi'', ''Pilu'' and ''Pahadi.'' A common feature of these and other such ''raga-s'' is the free movement they allow the artist, since they do not depend for their identity on rigidly formulated tonal sequences, irrespective of the compositions involved. In fact, one may say that they have a built-in provision for mixing ''raga-s''  or for moving out of the ''raga'' actually presented in order to add colour to the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindustani Music|last=Ranade|first=Ashok Da.|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1997|isbn=81-237-2199-4|location=India|pages=67}}</ref>

==Origins==
The origins of Thumri can be traced back to the time of [[Jayadeva]], [[Ramanuja]], and [[Ramanand]]. It reached its peak popularity during the era of [[Shri Chaitanya]] (circa 16th century AD), whose [[Nagar Kirtan]] (Hare Krishna Hare Rama) stirred the masses into emotional ecstasies. The evolution of Thumri was inspired by the [[Vaishnavism]] sect, especially the devotion to Krishna, which expressed divine love. Later, the philosophies of Vaishnavism and Sufism played a key role in shaping both Thumri and Kathak. The Thumri style of singing primarily developed from festival and seasonal folk songs such as Holi, Chaiti, Sawan, Kajri, and Dadra, originating from eastern Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Bose">{{cite journal |journal= India International Centre Quarterly|year= 1976| title= Evolution of Thumri|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001752|publisher=India International Centre|pages= 291–293| jstor= 23001752|last1= Bose|first1= Sunil K.|volume= 3|issue= 4}}</ref>

A mention of Thumri is found in the 19th century, with a link to the classical dance form [[Kathak]]. This was the ''bandish ki thumri'' or ''bol-baant'' and it found great patronage and evolved mostly in [[Lucknow]] in the court of nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]].<ref name="LM">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=1 December 2017|title=The last song of Awadh|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/the-last-song-of-awadh-111646918866148.html|newspaper=Live Mint|access-date= 12 August 2024}}</ref> At that time, it was a song sung by [[tawaif]]s or courtesans. According to historical records, a new version of thumri arose in the late 19th century, which was independent of dance, and much more slow-paced. This form was called ''bol-banav'' and it evolved in [[Varanasi]].

==Thumri and khayal==
Unlike the [[Khyal|khayal]], which pays meticulous attention to unfolding a raga, thumri restricts itself to expressing the countless hues of shringar by combining melody and words. The contours of a khayal are most definitely broader and fluid. Thus, a khayal singer is capable of encompassing and expressing a wide range of complex emotions. A thumri singer goes straight to the emotional core of a composition and evokes each yarn of amorous feeling, each strand of sensuous sentiment, with great discretion. Khayal aims at achieving poise and splendour; thumri is quicksilver in tone and ardently romantic in spirit. It needs a delicate heart, and a supple and soulful voice capable of expressing several shadings and colours of tones to bring out its beauty. <!-- I like this analogy but I think some might quibble with it, to whoever wrote the following: To draw an analogy from the world of painting, khayal is closer, in form and spirit, to the unrestrained and energetic world of Renaissance masters like Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian – forcefully executed brush strokes are seen on a broad canvas; whereas thumri, with its affinity for finer points and shades of feeling, emotion and mood, is closer to the finely-detailed still-life paintings of the Dutch masters of the 17th century. -->

==Noted thumri artists==

===Purab ang===
Well-known artists of the 'purab ang' thumri' of the [[Benaras gharana]] or Banaras gayaki include [[Rasoolan Bai]] (1902–1974), [[Siddheshwari Devi]] (1908–1977), [[Girija Devi]] (1929–2017), [[Mahadev Prasad Mishra]] (1906–1995) and [[Chhannulal Mishra]] (b. 1936).

Some other singers of thumri are [[Gauhar Jan]] (1873–1930), [[Begum Akhtar]] (1914–1974), [[Shobha Gurtu]] (1925–2004), [[Noor Jehan]] (1926–2000) and [[Nirmala Devi]] (1927-1996). The ''bol banao'' style has a slow tempo and is concluded by a ''laggi'', a faster phase where the [[tabla]] player has some freedom of improvisation.

Another stalwart in the genre of thumri was [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]] (1917–1993), who was married to a royal family but later devoted her life to the singing of the song of Tawaifs. For a member of the royal family to take such a step in those days meant fighting countless social stigmas that had enough power to totally alienate someone from the society, but she had the support of her husband.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Subhra|url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/naina-devi-and-the-nautch-girl-3599|title=Naina Devi and the nautch girl|access-date=25 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024090733/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/naina-devi-and-the-nautch-girl-3599|archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

===Classical thumri===

Some [[khyal]] singers took an interest in thumrī and sang it their own way, as in the case of [[Abdul Karim Khan]], [[Faiyaz Khan]], [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Madhav Gudi]], [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], [[Barkat Ali Khan]], [[Jagdish Prasad]] and [[Prabha Atre]].

Today thumrī is sometimes sung at the end of [[khyal]] concerts as a concluding item.
Besides the tabla and the [[tanpura]], other typical instruments in thumri are [[sarangi]], [[harmonium]] and [[swarmandal]]. The reason as to why Thumri concludes an occasion is because it has a lasting emotional impact on the audience.
{{Further|topic=an example of a thumri song|Piya Ke Milan Ki Aas}}

==Lyrics==

Thumrī singers pay considerable attention to the lyrics, though they may be difficult to follow in the ornamented enunciation. This is especially where the focus is on love, and many lyrics deal with separation or ''viraha''. Krishna's ''ras leela'' or love play with [[Radha]] and other gopis of [[Vrindavan]] appear frequently. As an example, here are the lyrics of a thumrī composed by the medieval poet [[Lalan (poet)|Lalan]], celebrating Krishna's flute – how its tunes are driving Radha mad. [[Braj]] or Vrindavan is where Krishna is indulging in this love play; Radha is the "Girl of Braj".

{{col-float-begin|style=width:25em}}
:Ab naa baajaao Shyaam
:bansuriyaa naa baajaao Shyaam
:(e rii) Byaakul bhaayii Brajabaalaa
:bansuriyaa naa baajaao Shyaam
:nit merii galiin me aayo naa
:aayo to chhup ke rahiyo
:bansii ki teri sunaayo naa
:bansii jo sunaayo to suniye
:phir Shyaam hame aapnaayo naa
:aapnaayo to suniye Laalan
:phir chhoDo hame kahi jaaiyo naa
:bansuriyaa naa baajaao Shyaam
{{col-float-break|style=width:25em}}
:Enough! Now stop
:playing on your flute, dark lover
:this Braja girl's heart is aflutter,
:I ask you, please stop playing
:don't come to my lane all the time
:and if you have to come,
:just don't play your flute
:I am warning you now:
:if you have to play that flute
:then you'll have to be mine
:you won't be able to go elsewhere
:so will you please stop playing now?
{{col-float-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Dance in Thumri'', by Projesh Banerji. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1986. {{ISBN|81-7017-212-8}}.
* ''Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives'', by Peter Lamarche Manuel. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. {{ISBN|81-208-0673-5}}..
* ''Thumri, Tradition & Trends'', by Ramanlal Chhotalal Mehta, Published by Indian Musicological Society, 1990.
* ''Hindi Poetry in a Musical Genre: Thumri Lyrics'', by Lalita Du Perron. Published by Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-39446-5}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/thumri.html Article: Semi-classical song]

{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}

[[Category:Thumri| ]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music genres]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri music genre]]