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{{short description|Byzantine emperor from 698 to 705}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Tiberius III
| image        = Tiberius III solidus-2 (cropped).png
| caption      = {{lang|la|[[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]]}} bearing the image of Tiberius III
| succession   = [[Byzantine emperor]]
| reign        = 698–705
| predecessor  = [[Leontius]]
| successor    = [[Justinian II]]
| birth_name   = Apsimar
| full name    = 
| regnal name  = Tiberius
| house        = [[Twenty Years' Anarchy]]
| house-type   = Period
| birth_date   =
| birth_place  =
| burial_place = [[Prote]]
| death_date   = between August 705 and February 706
| death_place  = [[Constantinople]]
| issue        = {{ubl|Theodosius ([[Theodosius III]]?) | [[Heraclius (brother of Tiberius III)|Heraclius]]?{{efn|name = heraclius}}}}
| alt          = An golden coin depicting Tiberius III
| title        = [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor of the Romans]]
}}

'''Tiberius III'''{{efn|name = regnal}} ({{langx|el|Τιβέριος|Tibérios}}), born '''Apsimar''' ({{langx|la|Apsimarus}}; {{langx|el|Ἀψίμαρος|Apsímaros|link=no}}), was [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] from 698 to 705. Little is known about his early life, other than that he was a {{Transliteration|grc|[[droungarios]]}}, a mid-level commander, who served in the [[Cibyrrhaeot Theme]]. In 696, Tiberius was part of an army sent by Byzantine Emperor [[Leontius]] to retake the North African city of [[Roman Carthage|Carthage]], which had been captured by the Arab [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]]. After seizing the city, this army was pushed back by Umayyad reinforcements and retreated to the island of [[Crete]]. As they feared the wrath of Leontius, some officers killed their commander, John the Patrician, and declared Tiberius the emperor. Tiberius swiftly gathered a fleet and sailed for [[Constantinople]], where he then deposed Leontius. Tiberius did not attempt to retake [[Byzantine Africa]] from the Umayyads, but campaigned against them along the eastern border with some success. In 705, former emperor [[Justinian II]], who had been deposed by Leontius, led an army of [[Early Slavs|Slavs]] and [[Bulgars]] from the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] to Constantinople, and after entering the city secretly, deposed Tiberius. Tiberius fled to [[Bithynia]], but was captured a few months later and beheaded by Justinian between August 705 and February 706. His body was initially thrown into the sea, but was later recovered and buried in a church on the island of [[Prote]].

==History==
===Early life===
Sparse details are known of Tiberius before the reign of Byzantine emperor [[Leontius]] ({{reign|695|698}}), except for his birth name, ''Apsimar'', historically considered to be of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] origin.{{sfn|Head|1972|p=101}}{{sfn|Brandes|2003|p=723}} The historian [[Wolfram Brandes]] traces the traditional assumption of a Germanic origin to [[J. B. Bury]], but remarks that it is incorrect.{{sfn|Brandes|2003|p=723}} The [[Byzantinists]] [[Anthony Bryer]] and [[Judith Herrin]] have suggested that the name ''Apsimar'' may be [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] in origin,{{sfn|Bryer|Herrin|1977|p=16}} and the scholars [[Leslie Brubaker]] and [[John Haldon]] have suggested a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] origin.{{sfn|Brubaker|Haldon|2011|p=72}} It is also known that he was a {{Transliteration|grc|[[droungarios]]}} (a commander of about a thousand men) of the [[Cibyrrhaeot Theme]], a military province in southern [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Moore|1999a}}{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751 Tiberius III (#8483/corr.)]}} Some scholars, such as [[Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|Alexander Vasiliev]], have speculated that Tiberius was of [[Gothograecia|Gotho-Greek]] origin.{{sfn|Vasilev|1980|p=194}} The Byzantinist [[Walter Kaegi]] states that Tiberius had won victories over the [[Slavs]] in the [[Balkans]] during his early military career, which granted him a degree of popularity.{{sfn|Kaegi|1981|pp=207 & 318}}

===Background===
{{main|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb}}
In 696, the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] renewed its attack upon the [[Exarchate of Africa]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]], seizing the city of [[Roman Carthage|Carthage]] in 697. The Byzantine Emperor Leontius sent [[John the Patrician]] with an army to retake the city, which John accomplished after launching a surprise attack on its harbor. Despite this initial success, the city was swiftly retaken by Umayyad reinforcements, which forced John to retreat to the island of [[Crete]] to regroup. A group of officers who feared Leontius{{'}}s wrath for failing to recapture Carthage killed John, and declared Apsimar emperor.{{sfn|Moore|1999a}} Apsimar took the [[regnal name]] ''Tiberius'';{{efn|Tiberius is usually referred to as '''Tiberius III''' by modern historians, but is on other occasions called '''Tiberius II''' when the original [[Tiberius]] is excluded from the regnal count. [[Tiberius II Constantine]] is then enumerated as "Tiberius I".{{sfn|Rosser|2001|p=473}}|name = regnal}} during this period, the selection of a regnal name was quite common, but later fell out of favor.{{sfn|Head|1982|p=51}} He gathered a fleet and allied himself with [[Greens (Byzantine Empire)|the Greens]] (one of the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome]] sports and political factions), before sailing for [[Constantinople]], which was enduring an outbreak of the [[bubonic plague]].{{sfn|Moore|1999a}} Tiberius and his troops landed at the port of [[Sykai]] on the [[Golden Horn]], and then proceeded to lay siege to the city.{{sfn|Haldon|2016|p=49}} After several months, the gates of Constantinople were opened for Tiberius{{'}}s forces by members of the Green faction, allowing Tiberius to seize the city and depose Leontius;{{sfn|Moore|1999a}}{{sfn|Haldon|2016|p=49}}{{sfn|Garland|2017|p=2}} this did not prevent his troops from plundering the city.{{sfn|Haldon|2016|p=185}} Tiberius had Leontius{{'}}s [[Rhinotomy|nose slit]], and sent him to live in the [[Monastery of Psamathion]] in Constantinople.{{sfn|Moore|1999a}}{{sfn|Garland|2017|p=2}}{{sfn|Moore|1999b}} According to the 12th-century chronicler [[Michael the Syrian]], himself citing an unnamed contemporary 8th-century Syriac source, Tiberius justified his coup by pointing to Leontius' own dethroning of Emperor [[Justinian II]] ({{reign|685|695|705|711}}) for mismanaging the empire as precedent.{{sfn|Haldon|2016|p=93}}{{sfn|Penna|Morrison|2016|p=27}}{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1956|pp=116–122}} Before Tiberius, no [[Byzantine navy|naval]] officer had ever assumed the throne, partly because Byzantines considered the [[Byzantine army|army]] far more prestigious.{{sfn|Head|1982|p=51}}

===Rule===
[[File:ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.svg|thumb|Map of the Byzantine Empire in 717|alt=A colored map of the Byzantine Empire in 717.|upright=1.8]]
Tiberius was [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|crowned]] by Patriarch [[Callinicus I of Constantinople]] shortly after seizing control of Constantinople and deposing Leontius.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751 Tiberius III (#8483/corr.)]}} Once in power, Tiberius did not attempt to retake Byzantine Africa from the Umayyads but rather focused his attention upon the eastern border of his empire. Tiberius appointed his brother, [[Heraclius (brother of Tiberius III)|Heraclius]],{{efn|Some scholars, such as Walter Kaegi, identify Heraclius as Tiberius' son, rather than his brother.{{sfn|Kaegi|1981|p=189}}|name = heraclius}} as {{Transliteration|grc|[[patrikios]]}} (a prestigious courtly title) and {{Transliteration|grc|[[monostrategos]]}} (head general) of the Anatolian themes (Byzantine administrative regions): the possessions of the Byzantine Empire located in Anatolia (modern-day [[Turkey]]).{{sfn|Brubaker|Haldon|2011|p=738}}{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ13673 Herakleios (#2558)]}}{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991|loc="Tiberios II" (P. A. Hollingsworth), p. 2084}} Heraclius invaded the Umayyad Caliphate in late autumn of 698, crossing the passes of the [[Taurus Mountains]] into [[Cilicia]] before marching for [[Bilad al-Sham|northern Syria]]. Heraclius defeated an Arab army sent from [[Antioch]], then raided as far as [[Samosata]] before pulling back to the safety of Byzantine lands in spring of 699.{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991|loc="Tiberios II" (P. A. Hollingsworth), p. 2084}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=339}}{{Sfn|Bury|1889|p=355}}

Heraclius' military successes led to a series of punitive Arab attacks: the Umayyad generals [[Muhammad ibn Marwan]] and [[Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik]] conquered what little remained of the Byzantine's territory in [[Byzantine Armenia|Armenia]] in a string of campaigns to which Heraclius was unable to effectively respond.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=339}} The Armenians launched a large revolt against the Umayyads in 702, requesting Byzantine aid. Then Abdallah launched a campaign to reconquer Armenia in 704 but was attacked by Heraclius in Cilicia. Heraclius defeated the Arab army of 10,000–12,000 men led by [[Yazid ibn Hunayn]] at [[Sisium]], killing most and enslaving the rest; in spite of this, Heraclius was not able to stop Abdallah from reconquering Armenia.{{Sfn|Moore|1999b}}{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ13673 Herakleios (#2558)]}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=339}}

Tiberius attempted to strengthen the Byzantine military by reorganizing its structure, as well as reorganizing the Cibyrrhaeotic Theme,{{sfn|Moore|1999b}}{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=356}} and repairing the [[Sea Walls of Constantinople|sea walls of Constantinople]].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=2084}} Tiberius also focused his attention on the island of [[Cyprus]], which had been underpopulated since many of the inhabitants were moved to the region of [[Cyzicus]] under his predecessor, Justinian II:{{sfn|Moore|1999b}}{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=356}} Tiberius successfully negotiated with Abdallah in 698/699 to allow the Cypriots who had been moved to Cyzicus, and those who had been captured by the Arabs and taken to Syria, to return to their homelands.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751 Tiberius III (#8483/corr.)]}}{{sfn|Moore|1999b}}{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=356}} He also strengthened the garrison of the island with [[Mardaite]] troops from the Taurus Mountains.{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=356}} According to the historian [[Warren Treadgold]], Tiberius attempted to contain the Arabs at sea by creating new military provinces, creating the [[Byzantine Sardinia|Theme of Sardinia]] and separating the [[Theme of Sicily]] from the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]].{{sfn|Treadgold|1995|p=26}} Tiberius also banished the future emperor [[Philippicus]], the son of a {{Transliteration|grc|patrikios}}, to the island of [[Cephalonia]].{{sfn|Bury|1889|p=357}}

[[File:Byzantine Constantinople-en.png|300px|thumb|A map of Constantinople in Byzantine times; the [[Palace of Blachernae]] is located in the north-west of the city|alt=A colored map of Constantinople in Byzantine times]]

In 702, Justinian II escaped from the [[Cherson (theme)|Theme of Cherson]] (modern [[Crimea]]) and gained the support of [[Khagan]] [[Busir]] ({{reign|688/690|730}}), leader of the [[Khazars]], who gave Justinian his sister [[Theodora of Khazaria|Theodora]] as a bride, and welcomed him to his court in [[Phanagoria]]. By 703, reports that Justinian was attempting to gain support to retake the throne reached Tiberius, who swiftly sent envoys to the Khazars demanding that Justinian be handed over to the Byzantines, dead or alive. Justinian eluded capture, and sought the support of the khan of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]], [[Tervel]] ({{reign|700|721}}).{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=2084}} In 705, Justinian led an army of Slavs and [[Bulgars]] to Constantinople and laid siege to it for three days before scouts discovered an old and disused conduit that ran under the walls of the city. Justinian and a small detachment of soldiers used this route to gain access to the city, exited at the northern edge of the wall near the [[Palace of Blachernae]], and quickly seized the building. Tiberius fled to the city of [[Sozopolis (Bithynia)|Sozopolis]] in [[Bithynia]], and eluded his pursuers for several months before being captured.{{sfn|Moore|1999b}}{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1956|p=142}} The exact timing of Justinian{{'}}s siege and Tiberius{{'}} capture is convoluted. According to the [[numismatist]] [[Philip Grierson]], Justinian II entered the city on 21 August,{{sfn|Head|1969|p=105}}{{sfn|Grierson|Mango|Ševčenko|1962|p=51}} but according to the Byzantinist [[Constance Head]], Justinian seized the city on 10 July, and the 21 August date is instead the date when Tiberius was captured in Sozopolis, or else the date when he was transported back to Constantinople.{{sfn|Head|1969|p=105}} Six months later, probably on 15 February,{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991|loc="Tiberios II" (P. A. Hollingsworth), p. 2084}} Justinian had both Leontius and Tiberius dragged to the Hippodrome and publicly humiliated, before being taken away to the [[Kynegion]] (a city [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quarter]] near the Kynegos Gate) and beheaded.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751 Tiberius III (#8483/corr.)]}}{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=2084}}{{sfn|Grierson|Mango|Ševčenko|1962|p=51}} Their bodies were thrown into the sea, but were later recovered and buried in a church on the island of [[Prote]].{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751 Tiberius III (#8483/corr.)]}}

====Legacy====
Head comments that although little is known of Tiberius, the evidence points to him being a "conscientious and effective ruler", and states that he might be remembered as "one of the truly great emperors of Byzantium" if he had reigned longer.{{sfn|Head|1982|p=51}} Kaegi states that succeeding dynasties of the Byzantine Empire, and their associated historians, tend to blame the permanent loss of Byzantine Africa upon Tiberius, although he posits that, by the time Tiberius took the throne, it was far too late for the Byzantines to restore their control.{{sfn|Kaegi|2010|p=288}}

===Family===
Tiberius had a son, Theodosius, who became [[bishop]] of [[Metropolis of Ephesus|Ephesus]] by 729, presided over the [[Council of Hieria]] in 754,{{sfn|Bryer|Herrin|1977|p=3}}{{sfn|Sumner|1976|p=292}} and advised Emperors [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] ({{reign|717|741}}) and [[Constantine V]] ({{reign|741|775}}).{{sfn|Head|1970|p=15}} The Byzantinist [[Graham Sumner]] has suggested that this son of Tiberius may have later become Emperor [[Theodosius III]] ({{reign|715|717}}). Sumner presents evidence that both figures held the Bishopric of Ephesus at similar times: Emperor Theodosius became bishop after 716, according to the ''[[Chronicon Altinate]]'', and Theodosius the son of Tiberius became bishop by 729, suggesting they may be the same person.{{sfn|Sumner|1976|p=292}} The Byzantinists [[Cyril Mango]] and [[Roger Scott (Byzantine historian)|Roger Scott]] do not view this theory as likely, as it would mean that Emperor Theodosius had to have lived for thirty more years after his [[abdication]].{{sfn|Neil|2000}} Other details of Tiberius's family, including the name of his [[List of Roman and Byzantine empresses|spouses]], are lost: a common consequence of the upheaval of the period in which Tiberius ruled, known as the [[Twenty Years' Anarchy]].{{sfn|Head|1982|p=51}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite journal |last1=Bryer |first1=Anthony |last2=Herrin |first2=Judith |title=Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham, March 1975 |journal=Centre for Byzantine Studies |date=1977 |location=Birmingham |oclc=3135001|publisher=Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham|isbn=978-0-7044-0226-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Bury |first=J.B. |author-link=J.B. Bury |title=A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, 395 A.D. to 800 A.D. |volume=II |publisher=MacMillan & Co. |year=1889 |oclc=168739195 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro02buryuoft|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Garland|first1=Lynda|author-link=Lynda Garland |title=Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-95371-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=Philip |last2=Mango |first2=Cyril |last3=Ševčenko |first3=Ihor |title=The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042); With an Additional Note |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |date=1962 |volume=16 |pages=1–63 |doi=10.2307/1291157 |jstor=1291157|location=Washington D.C.}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Kaegi |first1=Walter |title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521196772}}
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* {{Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit|volume=online|title=Tiberius III|url=https://db.degruyter.com/view/PMBZ/PMBZ19751?rskey=5PSsJ9&result=5&dbq_0=Tiberius+III&dbf_0=pmbz-fulltext&dbt_0=fulltext&o_0=AND}}
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* {{cite web |url=https://www.roman-emperors.org/TiberII.htm |last=Moore |first=R. Scott |title=Tiberius III (698-705 A.D.) |work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]] |year=1999b |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727044039/https://www.roman-emperors.org/TiberII.htm|archive-date=27 July 2019|location=Newport}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=John H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Byzantium|date=2001|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-810-86621-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sumner |first1=Graham V. |title=Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III |journal=[[Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies]] |date=1976 |volume=XVII |url=https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/7911/4803 |access-date=18 February 2020 |oclc= 595088782|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=287–294|publisher=Duke University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Treadgold |first1=Warren |title=Byzantium and its Army, 284–1081 |date=1995 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-3163-8}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vasilev|first=Alexander|title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453. Volume I|date=1980|isbn=978-0-299-00923-6|edition=|location=Madison, Wisconsin|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|oclc=884917915|author-link=Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|orig-year=1929}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||7th century||15 February 706}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Leontius]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Byzantine Emperor]] | years=698–705}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Justinian II]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac | last=[[Justinian II]] | reason = Title lapsed in 686}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] | years=699}}
{{s-vac | next=[[Philippicus]] | reason = Title lapsed until 711}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman Emperors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:TIBERIUS 03}}
[[Category:7th-century Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:8th-century Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:Byzantine admirals]]
[[Category:7th-century births]]
[[Category:706 deaths]]
[[Category:Twenty Years' Anarchy]]
[[Category:690s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:700s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Executed monarchs]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:Byzantine consuls]]