View source for Times New Roman

{{short description|Serif typeface}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox font
| name = Times New Roman
| image = Times New Roman-sample.svg
| style = [[Serif]]
| classifications = [[Transitional serif|Transitional]]<br>[[Serif#Old-style|Old-style]]
| releasedate = 1931<ref name="Clarke 1946">{{cite news|last1=Clarke|first1=C.F.O.|title=The Times: A Revolution in Newspaper Printing|url=http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/GR/1946-05-01/edition/15/page/86|work=Graphis|date=1946|pages=362–375|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227081812/https://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/GR/1946-05-01/edition/15/page/86|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| creator = [[Stanley Morison]]<br>[[Victor Lardent]]
| foundry = [[Monotype Corporation|Monotype]]
| commissioned_by = ''[[The Times]]''
| based_on = [[Plantin (typeface)|Plantin]]
| metrically_compatible_with = [[Croscore_fonts|Tinos]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]|
}}
'''Times New Roman''' is a [[serif]] [[typeface]] commissioned for use by the British newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' in 1931. It has become one of the most popular typefaces of all time and is installed on most [[personal computer]]s. The typeface was conceived by [[Stanley Morison]], the artistic adviser to the British branch of the printing equipment company [[Monotype Imaging|Monotype]], in collaboration with [[Victor Lardent]], a lettering artist in ''The Times's'' advertising department.

Asked to advise on a redesign, Morison recommended that ''The Times'' change their [[body text]] typeface from a spindly nineteenth-century face to a more robust, solid design, returning to traditions of printing from the eighteenth century and before. This matched a common trend in printing tastes of the period. Morison proposed an older Monotype typeface named [[Plantin (typeface)|Plantin]] as a basis for the design, and Times New Roman mostly matches Plantin's dimensions. The main change was that the contrast between strokes was enhanced to give a crisper image. The new design made its debut in ''The Times'' on 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. In Times New Roman's name, Roman is a reference to the regular or [[Roman type|roman]] style (sometimes also called [[Antiqua–Fraktur dispute|Antiqua]]), the first part of the Times New Roman [[typeface family]] to be designed. Roman type has roots in Italian printing of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, but Times New Roman's design has no connection to [[Rome]] or to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].

''The Times'' stayed with the original Times New Roman for 40 years. The paper subsequently has switched typefaces five times between 1972 and 2007 to different variants of the original due to new production techniques and a format change from [[broadsheet]] to [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] in 2004.

==Design==
[[File:Times New Roman and predecessor.jpg|thumb|right|Times New Roman compared to its predecessor "modern" serif font. Times appears larger on the page, with tighter linespacing and more solid in appearance.<ref name="Printing the Times 1932">{{cite book |title=Printing the Times: A record of the changes introduced in the issue for October 3, 1932 |date=1932 |publisher=Times |location=London}}</ref>]]
Times New Roman has a robust [[Type color|colour]] on the page and influences of European [[Early modern period|early modern]] and [[Baroque period|Baroque]] printing.<ref name="Monotype Recorder: The Changing Newspaper">{{cite journal|first=Stanley|last=Morison|title=Monotype Recorder: The Changing Newspaper|journal=Monotype Recorder|volume=35|issue=1|date=1936|url=http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_35_1.pdf}}</ref>{{efn|"The Changing Newspaper" articles in the ''Monotype Recorder'' are unsigned, but Monotype's newspaper consultant [[Allen Hutt]], who co-authored the issue, attributes them to Morison.{{sfn|Hutt|1970|p=263}}}} As a typeface designed for newspaper printing, Times New Roman has a high [[x-height]], short [[descender]]s to allow tight [[linespacing]] and a relatively condensed appearance.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=117}}{{efn|While Times is often described as being quite "condensed" this is relative to its high x-height: typefaces with lower x-height, such as many versions of [[Garamond]], [[Caslon]] and [[Bembo]], are narrower at equalised cap height.}} (Although Hutt,{{sfn|Hutt|1970|p=261}} and most other authors, describe Times New Roman as having a higher x-height than Plantin, Tracy reports based on published Monotype dimensions that in the original small metal-type sizes the difference was not great.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=197}})

[[File:Times ancestors.png|thumb|A digitisation of Times New Roman below the three typefaces originally considered as a basis for the ''Times'' project: [[Perpetua (typeface)|Perpetua]], [[Baskerville]] and [[Plantin (typeface)|Plantin]]. Times is most based on Plantin, but with the letters made taller and its appearance "modernised" by adding eighteenth- and nineteenth-century influences, in particular enhancing the stroke contrast. Compared to Baskerville and Perpetua, the [[x-height]] is a larger proportion of the type height.]]
The roman style of Plantin was loosely based on a metal type created in the late sixteenth century by the French artisan [[Robert Granjon]] and preserved in the collection of the [[Plantin-Moretus Museum]] of [[Antwerp]].<ref name="Where Did Times New Roman Come From?">{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Meredith|title=Where Did Times New Roman Come From?|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2014/12/09/times-new-roman|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Vervliet2008">{{cite book|first=Hendrik D. L. |last=Vervliet|author-link=H. D. L. Vervliet|title=The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA226|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16982-1|pages=226–7}}</ref><ref name="Tally of Types">{{cite book|last1=Morison|first1=Stanley|title=A Tally of Types|url=https://archive.org/details/tallyoftypes0000mori|url-access=registration|date=7 June 1973|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09786-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tallyoftypes0000mori/page/22 22]–24, 106, 124 etc.}}</ref><ref name="Mosley Gros Cicero">{{cite web|last1=Mosley|first1=James|title=Comments on Typophile thread|url=http://www.typophile.com/node/53050|website=Typophile (archived)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013140635/http://www.typophile.com/node/53050|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=13 October 2011|quote=The consensus appears to be that not only the wrong-fount a in the cases at Antwerp but also the italic that Monotype adapted for their Plantin (which can be seen on that first page of the 1905 specimen) may be the work of Johann Michael Schmidt (died 1750), also known as J. M. Smit or Smid.}}</ref> This style is sometimes categorised as part of the "[[Serif#Old-style|old-style]]" of serif fonts (from before the eighteenth century).<ref name="Typographic milestones">{{cite book|last1=Haley|first1=Allan|title=Typographic Milestones|date=1992|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780471288947|pages=99–107|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKeVor1olhkC&pg=PA106|chapter=Stanley Morison}}</ref><ref name="ABC's of type">{{cite book |last1=Haley |first1=Allen |title=ABC's of type |date=1990 |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |isbn=9780823000531 |page=[https://archive.org/details/abcsoftype0000hale/page/86 86] |quote=Times looks like Plantin on a diet. |url=https://archive.org/details/abcsoftype0000hale/page/86 }}</ref><ref name="Leipzig as a Centre of Type-Founding">{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Stanley|editor-last=McKitterick |editor-first=David |title=Selected essays on the history of letterforms in manuscript and print|chapter=Chapter 8: Leipzig as a Centre of Type-Founding|date=2009|pages=149–170|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-18316-1|edition=Paperback reissue, digitally printed version|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G2tQVnPiCAC&pg=PA132}}</ref>{{efn|Times New Roman was called "Times Old Style" in an early stage of its development.{{sfn|Dreyfus|1973|p=166}}}} (The 'a' of Plantin was not based on Granjon's work: the Plantin-Moretus Museum's type had a substitute 'a' cut later.<ref name="Matthew Carter">{{cite book|last1=Mosley|first1=James|chapter=Reviving the Classics: Matthew Carter and the Interpretation of Historical Models|editor1-last=Mosley|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Re|editor2-first=Margaret|editor3-last=Drucker|editor3-first=Johanna|editor4-last=Carter|editor4-first=Matthew|title=Typographically Speaking: The Art of Matthew Carter|date=2003|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=9781568984278|pages=31–34|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqXd_w4S4SsC&pg=PA32|quote=Plantin was a recreation of one of the old types held at the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, of which a specimen, printed in 1905, had been acquired by [[Frank Hinman Pierpont|Pierpont]] on a visit. The type from which the specimen was printed was not only centuries old and worn almost beyond use, but it was contaminated with wrong-font letters (notably the letter 'a') and the italic did not even belong to the roman. The revival, derived by Monotype from an indirect and confused original, is [nonetheless] as sound a piece of type-making as was ever created in the 20th century...behind the foggy image of the roman type lies the...'Gros Cicero' Roman of [[Robert Granjon]], acquired by the Plantin printing office after the death of its founder.}}</ref>) Indeed, the working title of Times New Roman was "Times Old Style".{{sfn|Dreyfus|1973|p=166}} However, Times New Roman modifies the Granjon influence further than Plantin due to features such as its 'a' and 'e', with very large [[Counter (typography)|counters and apertures]], its [[ball terminal]] detailing, a straight-sided 'M' and an increased level of contrast between thick and thin strokes, so it has often been compared to fonts from the late eighteenth century, the so-called '[[Serif#Transitional|transitional]]' genre, in particular the [[Baskerville]] typeface of the 1750s.<ref name="Busic-Snyder">{{cite book |last1=Clair |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf0iDYCr6w0C&pg=PA171 |title=A typographic workbook a primer to history, techniques, and artistry |last2=Busic-Snyder |first2=Cynthia |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781118399880 |edition=2nd |location=Hoboken, N.J. |page=171}}</ref><ref name="Fonts & Encodings">{{cite book |first1=Yannis |last1=Haralambous |translator-first1=P. |translator-last1=Scott |title=Fonts & Encodings|date=2007|publisher=O'Reilly Media|location=Sebastopol, Calif.|isbn=9780596102425|page=417|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA417}}</ref> Historian and sometime Monotype executive Allan Haley commented that compared to Plantin "serifs had been sharpened...contrast was increased and character curves were refined," while Lawson described Times's higher-contrast crispness as having "a sparkle [Plantin] never achieved".<ref name="Haley1992">{{cite book|author=Allan Haley|title=Typographic Milestones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKeVor1olhkC&pg=PA106|date=15 September 1992|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-28894-7|page=106}}</ref><ref name="Anatomy of a Typeface" />

===Italic and bold===
[[File:Times ancestors italic.png|thumb|right|Times compared with its influences in italic. The italic was made simpler than Plantin's, losing flourishes on the 'w' and 'v', but less radically than that of Perpetua.]]
Morison described the companion [[Italic type|italic]] as also being influenced by the typefaces created by the [[Didot family]] in the late 18th and early 19th centuries: a "rationalistic italic that owed nothing to the tradition of the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. It has, indeed, more in common with the eighteenth century."<ref name="Changing the Times">{{cite web|last1=Morison|first1=Stanley|title=Changing the Times|url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/stanley-morison-changing-the-times|website=Eye|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Stanley Morison: A Portrait">{{cite book|last1=Barr|first1=John|title=Stanley Morison: A Portrait|date=1971|publisher=British Museum|page=33|url=https://archive.org/details/stanleymorisonpo0000barrf}}</ref><ref name="Mosley times italic">{{cite web|last1=Mosley|first1=James|title=Comments on Typophile thread|url=http://typophile.com/node/70542|website=Typophile (archived)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313143211/http://typophile.com/node/70542|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2013|quote=One of the distinctive things about French calligraphy of [the 1680s] is that the lead-in stroke of letters like i, m, n and so on have flat, rather 'roman', serifs, making them look a bit like a [[Oblique type|'sloped roman']]...Fournier used it fifty years later in his 'new style' italics, and later so did Firmin Didot. And that French flat serif also turns up in...the italic to Times New Roman.}}</ref> Morison had several years earlier attracted attention for promoting the radical idea that italics in book printing were too disruptive to the flow of text, and should be phased out.<ref name="wardle5">{{cite book
 |last        = Wardle
 |first       = Tiffany
 |title       = The story of Perpetua
 |publisher   = [[University of Reading]]
 |year        = 2000
 |page        = 5
 |url         = http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/articles_essays/pdfs/tc_article_38.pdf
 |access-date  = 2009-03-26
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20061110180517/http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/articles_essays/pdfs/tc_article_38.pdf
 |archive-date = 10 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Fine Print">{{cite journal|last1=Mosley|first1=James|author-link=James Mosley|title=Eric Gill's Perpetua Type|journal=Fine Print}}</ref> He rapidly came to concede that the idea was impractical, and later wryly commented to historian [[Harry Carter (typographer)|Harry Carter]] that 'Times italic' "owes more to [[Didot (typeface)|Didot]] than dogma."<ref name="Tally of Types" /> Morison wrote in a personal letter of Times New Roman's mixed heritage that it "has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular."<ref name="Loxley2006_MorisononGoudy">{{cite book|author=Simon Loxley|title=Type: The Secret History of Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AfP2prmEDUC&pg=PA134|date=12 June 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-028-4|page=134}}</ref><ref name="Alas 2009" />{{efn|Morison continued: "– [[Frederic Goudy|Mr. Goudy]] for instance."<ref name="Updike Morison Letters">{{cite book |last1=Updike |first1=Daniel Berkeley |last2=Morison |first2=Stanley |author-link1=Daniel Berkeley Updike |author-link2=Stanley Morison |editor1-last=McKitterick |editor1-first=David |editor1-link=David McKitterick |title=Stanley Morison & D.B. Updike: selected correspondence |year=1979 |publisher=Moretus Press |url=https://archive.org/details/stanleymorisondb0000mori|isbn=9780896790018 |pages=184–6}}</ref> This refers to [[Frederic Goudy]], one of the leading American type designers of the period. Morison considered his very organic tastes in letter design somewhat florid and self-indulgent.}}
[[File:Times and bold.png|thumb|right|Times New Roman compared to its bold. The bold weight has a different style, more "nineteenth-century" in appearance, with flat serifs on the tops of letters and a more vertical axis visible on the 'o'.{{efn|Walter Tracy felt that in the roman style the high serifs of the 'v' do not sit well with the lower shape of the 'i', and that the designers should have tested words like 'divide' and 'jump' to spot this.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}}}}]]
Rather than creating a companion [[boldface]] with letterforms similar to the roman style, Times New Roman's bold has a different character, with a more condensed and more upright effect caused by making the horizontal parts of curves consistently the thinnest lines of each letter, and making the top serifs of letters like 'd' purely horizontal.<ref name="By printers, for printers">{{cite web|last1=Hare|first1=Steve|title=By printers, for printers|url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/by-printers-for-printers|website=Eye Magazine|access-date=2 February 2016|quote=[Shown are] overlays from the article 'The Evolution of Times New Roman' by [[John Dreyfus]]. He writes: 'These drawings demonstrate how severely the bowl of "p" has been reduced in the bold version, because mainstrokes have been thickened without drawing the bold version any wider.'}}</ref> This effect is not found in sixteenth-century typefaces (which, in any case, did not have bold versions); it is most associated with the [[Didone (typography)|Didone, or "modern"]] type of the early nineteenth century (and with the more recent 'Ionic' styles of type influenced by it that were offered by Linotype, discussed below).<ref name="Anatomy of a Typeface">{{cite book|last1=Lawson|first1=Alexander|title=Anatomy of a Typeface|date=1990|publisher=David R. Godine|location=New York|isbn=9780879233334|pages=270–294|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiJ87ixLs0sC&pg=PA270}}</ref>{{sfn|Lang|1946|p=17}}<ref name="Dutch type 94">{{cite book|last1=Middendorp|first1=Jan|title=Dutch type|date=2004|publisher=010 Publishers|location=Rotterdam|isbn=9789064504600|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR9g5xPPJVQC&pg=PA94}}</ref><ref name="Three chapters in the development of Clarendon/Ionic typefaces">{{cite journal|last1=Miklavčič |first1=Mitja |title=Three chapters in the development of Clarendon/Ionic typefaces |journal=MA Thesis (University of Reading) |date=2006 |url=http://www.typefacedesign.org/resources/essay/MitjaMiclavcic_essay_scr.pdf |access-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125001608/http://www.typefacedesign.org/resources/essay/MitjaMiclavcic_essay_scr.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Coles|first1=Stephen|title=Times Bold Modified|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/stewf/8548006644|website=Flickr|date=10 March 2013 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Some commentators have found 'Times bold' unsatisfactory and too condensed, such as Walter Tracy.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}}

===Historical background===
[[File:Linotype Textype sample Legibility Group typeface.jpg|thumb|left|Linotype's [[Legibility Group]] typefaces were becoming popular for newspaper printing around the time Times New Roman was created]]
During the nineteenth century, the standard roman types for general-purpose printing were "Modern" or Didone designs,{{efn|Excluding some countries, such as Germany, where [[blackletter]] types were still very popular for extended text into the nineteenth century. For some higher-class literary printing eighteenth-century [[Caslon]] types, or more often [[Modernised Old Style (typeface)|Old Style]] faces in imitation of it, were common in Britain.<ref name="Ovink I">{{cite journal|last1=Ovink|first1=G.W.|title=Nineteenth-century reactions against the didone type model - I|journal=Quaerendo|date=1971|volume=1|issue=2|pages=18–31|doi=10.1163/157006971x00301}}</ref>}} and these were standard in all newspaper printing.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=181}}<ref name="Unger 1981">{{cite journal|last1=Unger|first1=Gerard|author-link1=Gerard Unger|title=Experimental No. 223, a newspaper typeface, designed by W.A. Dwiggins|journal=Quaerendo|date=1 January 1981|volume=11|issue=4|pages=302–324|doi=10.1163/157006981X00274}}</ref> Designs in the nineteenth-century style remain a common part of the aesthetic of newspaper printing; for example in 2017 digital typeface designer [[Tobias Frere-Jones]] wrote that he kept his Exchange family, designed for the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', based on the nineteenth-century model as it "had to feel like the news."<ref name="Frere-Jones Exchange">{{cite web|last1=Frere-Jones|first1=Tobias|title=Decompiled & Remixed History: The Making of Exchange|url=https://frerejones.com/blog/decompiled-and-remixed-history-the-making-of-exchange|publisher=Frere-Jones Type|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> According to Mosley and Williamson the modern-face used by ''The Times'' was Monotype's Series 7 or "Modern Extended", based on typefaces by [[Miller and Richard]].{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=97}}<ref name=Mosley>{{cite web |last1=Mosley |first1=James |author-link=James Mosley |title=Comments on Typophile thread |url=http://typophile.com/node/49754 |website=Typophile |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612021330/http://typophile.com/node/49754 |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Times prior newspaper faces.png|thumb|left|Times compared to a modern-face and the wide, monoline Excelsior, part of Linotype's [[Legibility Group]].]]
By the 1920s, some in the publishing industry felt that the modern-face model was too spindly and high-contrast for optimal legibility at the small sizes and punishing printing techniques of newspaper printing.{{sfn|Hutt|1960|p=54}}{{efn|Although it praised many—though not all—aspects of Times' design, so cannot be considered entirely unbiased, a 1937 article by the historian of printing Harry Carter, who had been a draughtsman at the Monotype factory, commented in 1937 that modern faces at 9-point size made for "a very fine engineer's job, but a poor design for reproduction on so small a scale."<ref name="Carter optical">{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Harry |author-link1=Harry Carter (typographer) |title=Optical scale in type founding |journal=Typography |date=1937 |volume=4 |url=https://issuu.com/letterror/docs/harry_carter_optical_scale_in_typefounding |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308221128/https://issuu.com/letterror/docs/harry_carter_optical_scale_in_typefounding |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} In 1925, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, Monotype's main competitor, launched a new newspaper typeface called Ionic, which became the first in a series known as the [[Legibility Group]].{{sfn|Hutt|1960|p=55}}<ref name="Three chapters in the development of Clarendon/Ionic typefaces" /> These kept to the nineteenth-century model but greatly reduced the contrast of the letterform.<ref name="Gaultney Balancing" /> The thinnest strokes of the letter were made thicker and strokes were kept as far apart as possible to maximise legibility. It proved extremely successful: [[Allen Hutt]], Monotype's newspaper printing consultant in the late 1930s,<ref name="Allen Hutt Pimlott">{{cite journal |last1=Pimlott |first1=Herbert |title=The Radical Type? G. Allen Hutt, the Communist Party and the politics of journalistic practice |journal=Journalism Practice |date=February 2013 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |doi=10.1080/17512786.2012.685556|s2cid=142731478 }}</ref> later noted that it "revolutionised newspaper text setting...within eighteen months it was adopted by 3,000 papers."{{sfn|Hutt|1960|p=55}} Although Times New Roman does not in any way resemble it, [[Walter Tracy]], a prominent type designer who worked on a redesign of Times in the 1970s and wrote an analysis of its design in his book ''Letters of Credit'' (1986), commented that its arrival must at least have influenced the decision to consider a redesign.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=194}}

The development of Times New Roman was relatively involved due to the lack of a specific pre-existing model – or perhaps a surfeit of possible choices. Morison wrote in a memo that he hoped for a design that would have relatively sharp serifs, matching the general design of the Times' previous font, but on a darker and more traditional basic structure. Bulked-up versions of Monotype's pre-existing but rather dainty Baskerville and [[Perpetua (typeface)|Perpetua]] typefaces were considered for a basis, and the Legibility Group designs were also examined. (Perpetua, which Monotype had recently commissioned from sculptor [[Eric Gill]] at Morison's urging, is considered a 'transitional' design in aesthetic, although it does not revive any specific model.) Walter Tracy, who knew Lardent, suggested in the 1980s that "Morison did not begin with a clear vision of the ultimate type, but felt his way along."{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=202}}

[[File:Ludlow Times New Roman Type Specimen (14204771208).jpg|thumb|left|A Ludlow Typograph specimen of Times New Roman Type Specimen from the metal type period. The design was altered in smaller sizes to increase readability, particularly obvious in the widened spacing of the six and eight-point samples at centre right of the diagram.<ref name="Gaultney Balancing">{{cite web|last1=Gaultney|first1=Victor|title=Balancing typeface legibility and economy Practical techniques for the type designer|url=http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=BalanLegEcon|publisher=University of Reading (MA thesis)|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> The hollows at the top of upstrokes are also not seen in the standard digitisations.]]
Morison's biographer [[Nicolas Barker]] has written that Morison's memos of the time wavered over a variety of options before it was ultimately concluded that Plantin formed the best basis for a condensed font that could nonetheless be made to fill out the full size of the letter space as far as possible.{{sfn|Barker|1972|pp=286-302}} (Morison ultimately conceded that Perpetua, which had been his pet project, was 'too basically circular' to be practical to condense in an attractive way.{{efn|Dreyfus shows proofs of the experimental recut of Perpetua with shortened descenders to allow tighter linespacing.{{sfn|Dreyfus|1973|p=166}} Morison later commented that "it stared at the reader".}})

Walter Tracy and James Moran, who discussed the design's creation with Lardent in the 1960s, found that Lardent himself had little memory of exactly what material Morison gave him as a specimen to use to design the typeface, but he told Moran that he remembered working on the design from archive photographs of vintage type; he thought this was a book printed by [[Christophe Plantin]], the sixteenth-century printer whose printing office the Plantin-Moretus Museum preserves and is named for.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=196}} Moran and Tracy suggested that this actually might have been the same specimen of type from the Plantin-Moretus Museum that Plantin had been based on,{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=199}} and Barker notes that this is likely to be correct, as although Plantin is based on a Granjon type in the collection of the museum, that specific type was only acquired by Plantin's heirs after his death,<ref name="Vervliet2008" /> and Times and Plantin both copy an 'a' not added to the type after Plantin's death.<ref name="Starling Burgess: No Type Designer" /> The sharpened serifs somewhat recall Perpetua, although Morison's stated reason for them was to provide continuity with the previous Didone design and the crispness associated with the ''Times''' printing; he also cited as a reason that sharper serifs looked better after [[Stereotype (printing)|stereotyping]] or printed on a [[Rotary printing press|rotary press]].{{sfn|Crutchley|1990|p=129}} Although Morison may not have literally drawn the design, his influence on its concept was sufficient that he felt he could call it "my one effort at designing a font" in a letter to [[Daniel Berkeley Updike]], a prominent American printing historian with whom he corresponded frequently.{{efn|Spelling here, and elsewhere in the article, modernised to avoid confusion. Morison wrote "fount", the usual spelling in British English at the time.<ref name="Updike Morison Letters" />}} Morison's several accounts of his reasoning in designing the concept of Times New Roman were somewhat contradictory and historians of printing have suggested that in practice they were mostly composed to rationalise his pre-existing aesthetic preferences: after Morison's death Allen Hutt went so far as to describe his unsigned 1936 article on the topic<ref name="Monotype Recorder: The Changing Newspaper" /> as "rather odd...it can only be regarded as a piece of Morisonian mystification".{{sfn|Hutt|1970|p=264}}

Lardent's original drawings are according to Rhatigan lost, but photographs exist of his drawings. Rhatigan comments that Lardent's originals show "the spirit of the final type, but not the details."<ref name="Time and Times again">{{cite web |last1=Rhatigan |first1=Dan |title=Time and Times again |url=https://ultrasparky.org/blog/2011/09/09/time_and_times_/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Ultrasparky}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rhatigan |first1=Dan |title=My assumption that the Lardent.... |url=https://typo.social/@BijouType/109442722158324807 |website=Mastodon |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2 December 2022 |quote=My assumption that the Lardent drawings for TNR are lost comes from two things:  1) Knowing for sure that no trace of them existed at Salfords, much to the company’s dismay  2) Robin Nicholas’ own frustration at never finding a trace of them, or hearing about them from anyone at the Times.   I suspect that the reproduction of the drawings in “printing of the Times” may have been an enlargement of one of the reference photos originally made of Lardent’s drawings.}}</ref> The design was adapted from Lardent's large drawings by the Monotype drawing office team in [[Salfords]], [[Surrey]], which worked out spacing and simplified some fine details.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=202}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Savoie |first1=Alice |title=The women behind Times New Roman |journal=Journal of Design History |date=1 December 2020 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.1093/jdh/epaa025}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nW2WAguIIAI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200622195559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW2WAguIIAI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Fiona |last2=Savoie |first2=Alice |author1-link=Fiona Ross (type designer) |title=Women in Type |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW2WAguIIAI |website=YouTube |date=14 September 2018 |publisher=[[ATypI]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Savoie |first1=Alice |title=Women in type: the contribution of type drawing offices to twentieth century type-making with Alice Savoie |url=https://vimeo.com/460376476 |website=Vimeo |date=21 September 2020 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mA2ham646Eg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20211110202526/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA2ham646Eg&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |last1=Savoie |first1=Alice |title=Alice Savoie : Présentation du projet de recherche Women in Type |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA2ham646Eg |website=YouTube |date=23 June 2021 |publisher=CRAL - Centre de Recherches sur les arts et le langage |access-date=13 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Further changes were made after manufacturing began (the latter a difficult practice, since new punches and matrices had to be machined after each design change).{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=202}}

Morison continued to develop a close connection with the ''Times'' that would last throughout his life. Morison edited the History of the Times from 1935 to 1952, and in the post-war period, at a time when Monotype effectively stopped developing new typefaces due to [[Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)#Age of Austerity|pressures of austerity]], took a post as editor of the ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'' which he held from 1945 to 1948.<ref name="oxdnb">{{cite book|last=Carter|first=H. G.|others=rev. David McKitterick|title=Morison, Stanley Arthur (1889–1967)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|volume=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> Times New Roman remained Morison's only type design; he designed a type to be issued by the [[Bauer Type Foundry]] of Frankfurt but the project was abandoned due to the war. Morison told his friend [[Ellic Howe]] that the test type sent to him just before the war was sent to the government to be "analysed in order that we should know whether the Hun is hard up for lead or antimony or tin."{{sfn|Crutchley|1990|p=123}} [[Brooke Crutchley]], Printer to Cambridge University,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Sebastian |author1-link=Sebastian Carter |title=Obituary: Brooke Crutchley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/05/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 March 2022 |language=en |date=5 September 2003}}</ref> recorded in his diary a more informal discussion of the design's origins from a conversation in August 1948:<blockquote>SM thought that [[John Dreyfus|Dreyfus]] might in time be able to design a mathematical font but he would first have to get out of his system a lot of personal ideas and searching for effects. He, Morison, had to do all this before he could design the Times font. [[Rampant Lions Press|Will Carter]] came in to consult M about a new type for the ''[[Radio Times]]'', on which he had been invited to experiment. M said that the answer was really Times and that if he worked out the problem from the bottom that was the sort of answer he would get...Will has been experimenting with Plantin, but it doesn't come out well when printed from plates on rotaries, perhaps a face based on Plantin would do the trick. M said that was just how he got to Times.{{sfn|Crutchley|1990|p=129}}</blockquote>

==Metal type versions==
A large number of variants of Times were cut during the metal type period, in particular [[headline]] weights and families of titling capitals for [[headline]]s.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=39}}{{sfn|Hutt|1960|pp=106-108}} Walter Tracy in ''Letters of Credit'', Allen Hutt and others have discussed these extensively in their works on the family.{{sfn|Hutt|1970|p=270}}{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=207}}{{sfn|Hutt|1960|pp=106-108}} (Morison felt in 1953 that the most important part of ''The Times'''s redesign that introduced Times New Roman was not the body text at all, but introducing headline fonts that matched the text type.{{sfn|Morison|1953|pp=70-71}})

===Titling===
Monotype created some caps-only titling designs to match Times New Roman itself.<ref name="The Times: New roman and related founts." /> These are not sold by Monotype in digital format, although Linotype's Times Eighteen in the same style (see below) is.<ref name="Linotype Times Eighteen" />

===Times Hever Titling===
[[File:Times Hever Titling.jpg|thumb|right|Times Hever Titling from a Monotype specimen.]]
An elegant titling caps design, quite different from Times New Roman with a [[Caslon|Caslon-style]] A (with a serif at top left of the letter, suggesting a stroke written with a quill) and old-style C and W; Tracy suggests Monotype's previous [[Bembo|Poliphilus]] design as an influence.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=208}} Named after [[Hever Castle]], the home of the ''Times''' owner [[John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever|Lord Astor]] and designed early on, it was used by the ''Times'' for headings in the lighter sections such as [[Society reporting|society pages]], arts and fashion.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=207}}<ref name="Comments on Typophile thread Savoie Hudson">{{cite web|last1=Savoie|first1=Alice|last2=Hudson|first2=John|title=Comments on Typophile thread |url=http://typophile.com/node/101099 |website=Typophile |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717150729/http://typophile.com/node/101099 |archive-date=17 July 2014 }}</ref> It has not been digitised.

===Times Wide (1938, series 427)===
A variant intended for book printing, avoiding the slight condensation of the original Times New Roman.<ref name="Monotype Recorder first showing">{{cite journal|title=Typographic Problems of the Illustrated Book|journal=Monotype Recorder|date=1938|volume=37|issue=2|page=31|url=http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_37_2.pdf|quote=Some types look larger, size for size, than others, because they have unusually short descenders and ascenders. This allows more room for the [[X-height|'x' or the middle part of the lower-case]] [but] a 'large x' is bound to waste space ''horizontally''...the imperceptible condensation of Monotype Times New Roman puts it in a class by itself as a news face. In the wider book measure, however, condensation is no asset.}}</ref> Although it was popular in the metal type period for book printing, it was apparently never digitised. Monotype also created a version, series 627, with long descenders more appropriate to classic book typography.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=102}} Optional [[text figures]] were also available.<ref name="Effra composition matrices">{{cite web |title=Composition matrices |url=https://shop.effrapress.co.uk/composition-matrices/ |publisher=Effra Press |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030620/https://shop.effrapress.co.uk/composition-matrices/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Series 727 and 827===
Monotype also produced Series 727, in which the heavier strokes of upper-case letters were made slightly thinner.<ref name="Monotype Recorder issue 3 1956" /> This was done to produce a lighter effect in which capital letters do not stand out so much, and was particularly intended for [[German nouns|German use]], since in the German language capitals are far more common since they appear at the start of each noun.<ref name="Monotype Recorder issue 3 1956" /> Series 827 modified some letters (notably the ''R'') to correspond to their appearance in other typefaces popular in French printing. This production of what are now called [[stylistic alternates]] to suit national tastes was common at the time, and many alternates were also offered for [[Gill Sans#Development|Gill Sans]] for use in Europe.<ref name="Monotype Recorder issue 3 1956">{{cite journal|title=Modifications and extensions of a single series|journal=Monotype Recorder|date=1956|volume=40|issue=3|page=14|url=http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_40_3.pdf|access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref>

===Claritas (1951)===
A modified 4{{frac|3|4}} point size of Times Roman was produced by Monotype for use in printing matter requiring a very small size of type.{{sfn|Morison|1953|p=72}} Listed as Times Newspaper Smalls, available as either Series 333 or 335, it was also referred to by the name Claritas.<ref name="Changing the Times" />

===Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569===
This is a variant designed for printing mathematical formulae, using the 4‑line system for mathematics developed by Monotype in 1957.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics">{{cite web |last1=Rhatigan |first1=Daniel |title=The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics |url=http://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/the-monotype-4-line-system-for-setting-mathematics/ |website=Type Culture |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Three typefaces for mathematics">{{cite web|last1=Rhatigan|first1=Daniel|title=Three typefaces for mathematics|url=http://ultrasparky.org/school/pdf/DanielRhatigan_Dissertation.pdf|publisher=[[University of Reading]] (MA thesis)|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> This modified version of Times Roman was designed for use as part of Monotype's 4-line Mathematics system. The major changes to the Times Roman typeface itself were a reduction in the slope of italic characters to 12 degrees from 16 degrees, so as to reduce the need for kerning, and a change in the form of italic 'v' and 'w' so that italic 'v' could be more easily distinguished from a Greek [[Nu (letter)|nu]].<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics"/>

The 4-line system involved casting characters for 10-point Times Roman on 6-point [[Body (typography)|bodies]]. The top of the character would overhang the slug, forming a [[kern (typography)|kern]] which was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type, as it was on a slab of cast metal. This technique had been in previous use on Monotype machines, usually involving double-height matrices, to allow the automatic setting of "advertising figures" (numbers that occupy two or more lines, usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertisement set in small type). This meant that the same matrix could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers. More importantly, it allowed a variable or other item to have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time, one above the other, without inordinate difficulty.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics"/>

Previously, while the Monotype system, due to its flexibility, was widely used for setting mathematical formulas, Monotype's Modern Series 7 was usually used for this purpose.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=97}}<ref name="Printing of Mathematics">{{cite book |last1=Chaundy |first1=Theodore William |last2=Barrett |first2=P. R. |last3=Batey |first3=Charles |author-link1=Theodore William Chaundy |title=The Printing of Mathematics: Aids for Authors and Editors and Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford |date=1954 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref> Because of the popularity of Times Roman at the time, Monotype chose to design a variant of Times Roman suited to mathematical composition, and recut many additional characters needed for mathematics, including special symbols as well as Greek and Fraktur alphabets, to accompany the system instead of designing it around the typeface that was being used, for which characters were already available.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics" /> Matrices for some 700 characters were available as part of Times Roman Series 569 when it was released in 1958, with new characters constantly being added for over a decade afterwards (thus, in 1971, 8,000 characters were included, and new ones were being added at a rate of about 5 per week).<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics" />

=== Others ===
''The Times'' also used a [[sans-serif]] [[wood type]] for printing newbills which had no connection to Times New Roman. It was similar to [[Kabel (typeface)|Kabel Bold Condensed]].<ref name="Righyni">{{cite journal |last1=Righyni |first1=S. L. |title=News Bills: A Retrospectus |journal=Alphabet & Image |date=1946 |issue=2 |pages=34–49}}</ref>

Besides Monotype versions, Times New Roman was also available in metal type from [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Linotype]], discussed below, and [[Intertype Corporation|Intertype]].{{sfn|Morison|1953|p=68}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Intertype Times Roman |publisher=Lettergieterij "Amsterdam" |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>{{efn|Crutchley noted being told in 1948 by [[Rampant Lions Press|Will Carter]] that Intertype were not keen to offer an Intertype version of Times because "Monotype have made such a splash of Times and Intertype don't want to look like mere copycats".{{sfn|Crutchley|1990|p=129}}}}
{{clear}}

==Usage==
[[File:Colliers Times New Roman letter perfect.jpg|thumb|right|A 1943 brochure used by Crowell-Collier, one of the first major American users of Times New Roman, to promote the changeover.<ref name="Happiness is Times New Roman" />]]
Times New Roman's popularity rapidly expanded beyond its original niche, becoming popular in book printing and general publishing. Monotype promoted the typeface in their trade magazine, ''The Monotype Recorder'', and took advantage of this popularity by cutting a widened version, Series 427, for book publishing, although many books ultimately used the original version.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=103}} The first known book published in Times New Roman (the original 327 Monotype series) was ''Minnow Among Tritons'', published by the [[Nonesuch Press]] and printed by R&R Clark in 1934.{{sfn|Monotype Corporation|1934}} {{anchor|Times Old Roman}}(Because the cover of the ''Monotype Recorder'' compared the new "Times New Roman" with a sample of the previous type labelled as "Times Old Roman", some writers have assumed that the Times' previous typeface was actually called this, which it was not.<ref name="It was never called Times Old Roman">{{cite web |last1=Rhatigan |first1=Dan |title=It was never called Times Old Roman |url=https://ultrasparky.org/blog/2011/08/19/it_was_never_ca/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Ultrasparky}}</ref><ref name="Mosley" />)

An early user of Times New Roman outside its origin was by Daniel Berkeley Updike, an influential historian of printing with whom Morison carried an extensive correspondence. Impressed by the design, he used it to set his book ''Some Aspects of Printing, Old and New''.<ref name="Blackwell2004">{{cite book|first=Lewis|last=Blackwell|title=20th-century Type|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNUJ0dKGxmsC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-351-6|pages=76–9}}</ref><ref name="D.B. Updike Set Standard of Great Craftsmanship">{{cite web|last1=Lawson|first1=Alexander S.|title=D.B. Updike Set Standard of Great Craftsmanship|url=http://www.alexanderslawson.com/d-b-updike-set-standard-of-great-craftsmanship/|website=The Alexander S. Lawson Archive (Internet Archive backup)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132703/http://www.alexanderslawson.com/d-b-updike-set-standard-of-great-craftsmanship/|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lawson Morison Obituary">{{cite web|last1=Lawson|first1=Alexander S.|title=Stanley Morison: Significant Historian (obituary)|url=http://www.alexanderslawson.com/stanley-morison-significant-historian/|website=The Alexander S. Lawson Archive|access-date=14 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527130023/http://www.alexanderslawson.com/stanley-morison-significant-historian/|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> It then was chosen by the Crowell-Collier magazines ''[[Woman's Home Companion]]'' and then its sister publications such as ''[[Collier's]]''.{{sfn|Dreyfus|1973|p=172}}<ref name="Lawson1990">{{cite book|author=Alexander S. Lawson|title=Anatomy of a Typeface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiJ87ixLs0sC&pg=PA270|date=January 1990|publisher=David R. Godine Publisher|isbn=978-0-87923-333-4|pages=270–294}}</ref><ref name="Crowell-Collier adopts a Type Developed by London Times">{{cite journal|title=Crowell-Collier adopts a Type Developed by London Times|journal=Inland Printer and American Lithographer|volume=111}}</ref> A brochure was published to mark the change along with a letter from Morison hoping that the redesign would be a success.<ref name="Happiness is Times New Roman">{{cite web|last1=Heller|first1=Steven|title=Happiness is Times New Roman|url=http://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/happiness-is-times-new-roman/|website=Print magazine|date=10 August 2015 |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref> Ultimately it became Monotype's best-selling metal type of all time.<ref name=Badaracco>{{cite journal|last1=Badaracco|first1=Claire|title=Innovative Industrial Design and Modern Public Culture: The Monotype Corporation, 1922–1932|journal=Business & Economic History|date=1991|volume=20 (second series)|pages=226–233|url=http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v020/p0226-p0233.pdf|access-date=19 December 2015|publisher=Business History Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Whittington Press |user=whittingtonpres|number=720745586069213185|date=14 April 2016|title= Sales chart of Monotype die cases.}}</ref>

Walter Tracy, who worked on a redesign, however noted that the design's compression and fine detail extending to the edge of the [[Matrix (printing)|matrices]] was not ideal in the aggressive conditions of most newspaper printing, in which the ''Times'' was unusual for its particularly high standard of printing suiting its luxury market. Users found that in the hot metal period it was common for the molten metal to rapidly eat through the matrices as type was being cast, and so it did not become popular among other newspapers: "Times Roman achieved its popularity chiefly in general printing, not in newspaper work."{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}} He described it as particularly used in "book work, especially non-fiction" such as the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''.{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}}{{efn|According to Hutt, in the period after it was introduced, "two 'class' journals, the ''[[The Observer|Observer]]'' and the ''[[Financial Times]]'', with high production standards, installed it", as well as "a number of local papers, both dailies and weeklies", but they had problems with matrix breakdown.{{sfn|Hutt|1960|p=61}}}} Hutt also commented that Times New Roman's relative condensation was less useful than might be expected for newspaper printing, since in a normal newspaper column frequent paragraph breaks tend to provide area that can absorb the space of wider letters without increasing the number of lines used–but ''The Times'', whose [[Style guide|house style]] in the 1930s was to minimise the number of paragraph breaks, was an exception to this.{{sfn|Hutt|1970|p=264}}{{sfn|Hutt|1960|p=74-75}}

A number of early reviews of Times New Roman were published in Morison's lifetime that discussed aspects of its design.{{sfn|Lang|1946}} Most were appreciative (Morison was an influential figure in publishing) but several noted that it did not follow conventional expectations of newspaper typeface design.{{sfn|Lang|1946}}<ref name="Hutchings 1963">{{cite book |last1=Hutchings |first1=R. S. |title=The Western Heritage of Type Design |date=1963 |publisher=Cory, Adams & Mackay |location=London |pages=56–7 |quote=Times New Roman...was based on a fresh evaluation of the optical and technical problems of news composition. It derives from the old face tradition but its design characteristics were determined solely by utilitarian considerations.}}</ref> One article that discussed its design was ''Optical Scale in Typefounding'', written by Harry Carter and published in 1937, which discussed the differences between small and large-size typeface designs. He commented "The small sizes of Plantin embody what are supposed to be the requirements of a good small type [but] Times Roman, which most people find the easiest to read of small text-types, runs counter to some of them...[Morison] avoided blunt serifs and thickened hairlines because he found they wore down more noticeably than sharper-cut features."<ref name="Carter optical" />

Times New Roman remains popular in publishing, helped by the extremely large range of characters available for international and mathematics printing.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=102}}<ref name="Es gilt das gesprochene Wort">{{cite web |last1=Bergmann |first1=Christopher |title=Es gilt das gesprochene Wort: Schriftarten für IPA-Transkriptionen |url=https://www.isoglosse.de/2014/03/schriftarten-ipa-transkriptionen/ |website=Isoglosse |date=16 March 2014 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> For example, the [[American Psychological Association]] suggests using Times New Roman in papers written in its [[APA style]].<ref name="APA Style Blog">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Chelsea |title=Fonts of Knowledge |url=https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/03/fonts-of-knowledge.html |website=APA Style Blog |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Perea Psicothema">{{cite journal |last1=Perea |first1=Manuel |title=Why Does the APA Recommend the Use of Serif Fonts? |journal=[[Psicothema]] |date=2013 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.7334/psicothema2012.141|pmid=23336537 |hdl=11162/97665 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The [[U.S. Department of State]] used Times New Roman as the standard font in its official documents from 2004 to 2023, before switching to [[Calibri]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/18/state-department-times-new-roman-calibri/|title= A font feud brews after State Dept. picks Calibri over Times New Roman|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2023-01-18|author1= John Hudson|author2=Annabelle Timsit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-state-department-accessible-font-choices-world-instability|title= CALIBRI CRISIS: Biden State Department focuses on 'accessible' font choices amid world instability|work=Fox News|date=2023-01-18|first =Brandon|last=Gillespie}}</ref>

The [[Australian Government]] logo used Times New Roman Bold as a wordmark for departments and agencies are required to use common branding on their websites and print publications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Government Branding Guidelines |url=https://www.dta.gov.au/help-and-advice/guides-and-tools/requirements-australian-government-websites/australian-government-branding-guidelines |website=Digital Transformation Agency |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

==Linotype design (Times Roman)==
[[File:Times Roman.png|thumb|A specimen of the font Times Roman, Linotype's version of Times New Roman]]
[[File:Many accented a (8277806822).jpg|thumb|Working drawings for a Linotype release of "Times Roman". Various accents are drawn together on the same sheet.<ref name="Charli Luc">{{cite web |title=Pencil To Pixel – Monotype |url=https://luccharli.wordpress.com/2012/11/23/pencil-to-pixel-monotype-3/ |website=Charli Luc |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:Times Roman vs Times New Roman.png|thumb|Some differences between Linotype's Times Roman and Monotype's Times New Roman typefaces.<ref name="Strizver TypeTalk" /><ref name="Fonts in Use Low←tech TNR vs. TR">{{cite web |last1=Sluiter |first1=Matthijs |last2=Hardwig |first2=Florian |title=Low←tech Magazine website |url=https://fontsinuse.com/uses/24504/low-tech-magazine-website#comment-630450 |website=Fonts in Use |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>]]
Monotype originally created Times New Roman for its typesetting machines, but its rival, [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Linotype]], rapidly began to offer its version of the typeface with subtle differences. A key reason is that many newspapers, including ''The Times'', also used Linotype equipment for production. Linotype referred to its design as ''Times'' or ''Times Roman''. Monotype and Linotype have since merged, but the lineage of Times has been split into two subtly different designs since its earliest days.

Although Times New Roman and Times are very similar, various differences developed between the versions marketed by Linotype and Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from metal to [[cold type|photo]] and digital media. For example, Linotype has slanted [[serif]]s on the capital S, while Monotype's are vertical, and Linotype has an extra serif on the number 5.<ref name="Strizver TypeTalk">{{cite web|first=Ilene|last=Strizver|url=http://www.creativepro.com/blog/typetalk-times-roman-vs-times-new-roman|title=TypeTalk: Times Roman vs Times New Roman|work=CreativePro.com|date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> Most of these differences are invisible in body text at normal reading distances, or 10pts at 300 dpi. Subtle competition grew between the two foundries, as the proportions and details, as well as the width metrics for their version of Times, grew apart.<ref name="times-development" /> Differences between the two versions do occur in the lowercase z in the italic weight (Times Linotype has a curl also followed in the STIX revival, Times New Roman is straight),{{sfn|Tracy|2003|p=204}} and in the percent sign in all weights (Linotype and STIX have a stroke connecting up the left-hand zero with a slash, Times New Roman does not). Monotype's 'J' is non-descending, but Linotype's in the bold weight descends below the baseline. Linotype's metal version of Times had a shrunken 'f' due to a technical limitation of the Linotype system—it could not cast a [[kerning]] 'f', one that extended into the space of surrounding letters.<ref name="Felici Ligatures" /> This restriction was removed in the digital version.<ref name="Felici Ligatures">{{cite web |last1=Felici |first1=James |title=Ligatures: Is This Trip Really Necessary? |url=https://creativepro.com/ligatures-trip-really-necessary/ |website=CreativePro |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

Linotype licensed its version to [[IBM]], [[Xerox]], and subsequently to [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the [[PostScript]] page description language.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shaw|first1=Paul|title=Some history about Arial|url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/09/blue-pencil-no-18%E2%80%94some-history-about-arial/|website=Paul Shaw Letter Design|access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hitchcock 30 years">{{cite web |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Greg |title=Thirty Years of Monotype's Times New Roman and Arial on Windows |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/thirty-years-monotypes-times-new-roman-arial-windows-greg-hitchcock/ |website=LinkedIn |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> This digital iteration of Times Roman was derived from the 12pt metal type, similar to the phototype version. Microsoft's version of Times New Roman is licensed from Monotype, hence the original name. For compatibility, Monotype had to subtly redraw its design to match the widths from the Adobe/Linotype version.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simonson|first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Simonson|title=Monotype's Other Arials|date=21 February 2001 |url=http://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/monotypes-other-arials|publisher=Mark Simonson Studio|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Versions of Times New Roman from Monotype (discussed below) exist that vary from the PostScript metrics. Linotype applied for registration of the trademark name ''Times Roman'' and received registration status in 1945.<ref name="times-development">{{cite web |url= http://www.truetype-typography.com/articles/times.htm |title=Times (New) Roman and its part in the Development of Scalable Font Technology |first=Charles|last=Bigelow|author-link=Charles Bigelow (type designer) |year=1994 |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>

==Modern releases==

===Monotype variants===

Monotype has released at least eight digital typefaces under the name Times New Roman.<ref name="MyFonts">{{cite web |title=MyFonts |url=https://www.myfonts.com/search/times+new+roman/ |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

====Times New Roman====
Since Windows 3.1, all versions of Microsoft Windows include Times New Roman.<ref name="Times New Roman font family">{{cite web |title=Times New Roman font family |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/times-new-roman |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Version 6.87 of this typeface is available for purchase under the name Times New Roman OS (see below).<ref name="Times New Roman OS">{{cite web |title=Times New Roman OS |url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/mti/times-new-roman-os |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The current 7.03 version of Windows' Times New Roman includes [[small capitals]], text figures, and italic [[swash capitals]].<ref name="TNR 6.96">{{cite AV media | date = 16 July 2016| title = Times New Roman, v. 6.96 | medium = Font digitisation }}</ref><ref name="FIU New Roman Times Swash capital comment">{{cite web |last1=Thiago |last2=Hardwig |first2=Florian |title=New Roman Times – Camper Van Beethoven |url=https://fontsinuse.com/uses/25135/new-roman-times-camper-van-beethoven#comment-631475 |website=Fonts in Use |date=10 February 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> It omits automatic [[typographic ligature|ligature]] insertion, but enabling the "discretionary ligatures" feature will provide ligatures for "fi" and "Th". More complex Unicode ligatures like "ffi" and "ft" are also available.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title="Times New Roman" Enhanced CSS Font Stack |url=https://getbutterfly.com/times-new-roman-enhanced-css-font-stack/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=getButterfly |language=en}}</ref> A previous version of Times New Roman was also distributed as part of Microsoft's [[Core Fonts for the Web]] package.<ref name="apple-techspot">{{cite web | url=http://www.techspot.com/news/26438-microsoft-and-apple-extend-font-licensing-agreement.html |title=Microsoft and Apple extend font licensing agreement |author=Jose Vilches |date=2007-08-03 |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref>

When the system font Times New Roman was expanded to support [[Arabic script]], it was complemented with the Arabic character set from [[Simplified Arabic]], a typeface that [[Compugraphic|Compugraphic Corporation]] had [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] from [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Linotype]] and leased to [[Microsoft]].<ref name="Nemeth">{{Cite book |first=Titus |last=Nemeth |title=Arabic type-making in the Machine Age. The influence of technology on the form of Arabic type, 1908-1993 |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30377-5 |oclc=993032900}}</ref> Times New Roman with support for Arabic was first published in the Arabic version of [[Windows 3.1x]].<ref name="Nemeth" />

====Times New Roman OS====
Also known as Times New Roman World, this is originally based on the version of Times New Roman bundled with [[Windows Vista]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Times New Roman OS|url=http://www.linotype.com/616201/TimesNewOSFamilyPack-valuepack.html?site=details&fetchPart=details|website=Linotype|publisher=Monotype|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> It includes fonts in [[Windows Glyph List|WGL]] character sets, Hebrew and Arabic characters. Similar to [[Helvetica#Helvetica World|Helvetica World]], Arabic in italic fonts are in roman positions.{{clarify|date=March 2023|reason=Is this talking about the layout of glyphs in the font file or what?}}

====Others====
Monotype further sells a wider range of styles and [[Font#Optical size|optical sizes]] in order to meet the needs of newspapers and books which print at a range of text sizes.<ref name="Changing the Times" />
*Times New Roman Pro and Times New Roman Std are the basic releases,  which include Regular, Medium, Semi Bold, and Bold weights with matching italics, along with Extra Bold and Condensed (in regular, italic and bold).<ref name="Times New Roman">{{cite web |title=Times New Roman |url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/mti/times-new-roman/ |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Times New Roman Pro and Std provide standard ligature for "fi".
*Times New Roman Seven is for smaller text and includes Regular and Bold with their italics.<ref name="Times New Roman Seven">{{cite web |title=Times New Roman Seven |url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/mti/times-new-roman-seven/ |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
*Times New Roman Small Text includes Regular, Italic, and Bold.<ref name="Times New Roman Small Text">{{cite web |title=Times New Roman Small Text |url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/mti/times-new-roman-small-text/ |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

===Linotype variants===
{{Redirect|Times Ten|a relational database management system by Oracle|TimesTen}}

====Times====

[[File:Times vs Times New Roman.png|thumb|The Windows version of Times New Roman does not automatically provide ligatures, but provides "fi" and "Th" when discretionary ligatures are enabled. Times provides "fi" as standard ligature, but not "Th".]]

This is the digitalisation of Linotype's Times (see above). It is pre-installed on macOS but not on iOS,<ref name="System Fonts">{{cite web |title=System Fonts |url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/system-fonts/ |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> and is also widely available for purchase. Times provides standard ligature for "fi", but it does not provide any ligature for "Th".

====Others====

Like Monotype, Linotype released additional versions of Times for different text sizes. These include:
*Times Ten is a version specially designed for smaller text (12-point and below). It features wider characters and stronger hairlines.<ref name="Linotype Times Ten">{{cite web|title=Linotype Times Ten|url=http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/times-ten/|website=MyFonts|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Adobe Times Ten|url=http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/times-ten/|website=MyFonts|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715023053/http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/times-ten/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004 prominent typeface designer [[Erik Spiekermann]] said that he believed that it was the best Times New Roman digitisation then available.<ref name="State Department bans Courier New 12, except for treaties">{{cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Shaw (design historian) |title=State Department bans Courier New 12, except for treaties |url=https://www.aiga.org/state-department-bans-courier-new-12-except-for-treaties |publisher=AIGA |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
*Times Eighteen, a headline version for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer. The current version has no italics, but does have a lower case (whereas some Times titling fonts were capitals only).<ref name="Linotype Times Eighteen">{{cite web|title=Linotype Times Eighteen|url=http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/linotype/times-eighteen/|website=MyFonts|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
*Times Europa Office, a 2006 adaptation of ''The Times's'' 1972 design Times Europa (see below). This is a complete family of designs intended for use on poor-quality paper. The updating, created by Akira Kobayashi, contains [[Typeface#Typesetting numbers|tabular]] numbers, mathematical signs, and [[currency symbol]]s. Each character has the same advance width in all the fonts in the family so that changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap.<ref name="Europa Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.linotype.com/en/137439/timeseuropaoffice-family.html |title=Times Europa Office Font Family |publisher=Linotype.com |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Later typefaces used by ''The Times''==
[[File:Balfour Declaration in the Times 9 November 1917.jpg|thumb|''The Times''' previous typeface from an article describing the [[Balfour Declaration]] in 1917]]
''The Times'' newspaper has commissioned various successors to Times New Roman:
*Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for ''The Times'', as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper.<ref name="Hutt Tracy 1973">{{cite journal |last1=Hutt |first1=Allen |author-link=Allen Hutt|title=Walter Tracy, type designer |journal=[[The Penrose Annual]] |date=1973 |pages=101–115}}</ref> It has been released commercially by Adobe, among others, recently in an updating by Linotype as Times Europa Office (discussed above).<ref name="Adobe Times Europa">{{cite web|title=Adobe Times Europa|url=http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/times-europa/|website=MyFonts|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715030647/http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/times-europa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Europa Office" />
*Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982.<ref name="Driver 2006" />
*Times Millennium was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.<ref name="Driver 2006" /><ref name=Briem>{{cite web|last1=Briem|first1=Gunnlaugur|title=BriemTimes|url=http://66.147.242.192/~operinan/2/2.2a/2.2.7.6.btim.letter.htm|publisher=Gunnlaugur SE Briem|access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref>
*Times Classic first appeared in 2001.<ref name="Hall Typography of News">{{cite web|url=http://www.fontshop.com/blog/fontmag/002/02_news/|first=Peter|last=Hall|title=The Typography of News: Bigger, faster, better |publisher=[[FontShop International|FontShop]] |access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415015824/http://www.fontshop.com/blog/fontmag/002/02_news/|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |author1-link=Susan Shaw (publisher) |title=A big impression in a narrow column |work=[[The Times]] |date=17 April 2002 |page=33}}</ref><ref name="New Cuts at The Times">{{cite web |last1=Baines |first1=Phil |title=Face lift: new cuts at The Times |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/face-lift-new-cuts-at-the-times |website=Eye |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Berry Typographic Texture of the News">{{cite web |last1=Berry |first1=John |title=dot-font: The Typographic Texture of the News |url=https://creativepro.com/dot-font-the-typographic-texture-of-the-news/ |website=Creative Pro |date=12 April 2004 |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Berry News on Paper">{{cite web |last1=Berry |first1=John |title=dot-font: News on Paper in the Digital Age |url=https://creativepro.com/dot-font-news-on-paper-in-the-digital-age/ |website=Creative Pro |date=29 March 2004 |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Design Week Housestyle">{{cite web |title=Housestyle is just the type for redesign of The Times newspaper |url=https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/14-february-2002/housestyle-is-just-the-type-for-redesign-of-the-times-newspaper/ |website=Design Week |date=14 February 2002 |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref> Designed as an economical face by Dave Farey and Richard Dawson,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farey |first1=Dave |title=Type For the Times |journal=Parenthesis |date=2011 |volume=20 |page=32|publisher=Fine Press Book Association |location=Cambridge}}</ref> it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper; the new typeface included 120 letters per font.<ref name="Driver 2006">{{cite news |last1=Driver |first1=David |title=After 221 years, the world's leading newspaper shows off a fresh face |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/after-221-years-the-worlds-leading-newspaper-shows-off-a-fresh-face-vxs5wkc0ch6 |access-date=9 April 2020 |work=The Times |date=2006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Farey part 1">{{cite journal|last1=Farey|first1=Dave|title=A Life and Times, Part 1|journal=Ultrabold|date=2014|issue=16|pages=16–25}}</ref><ref name="Farey part 2">{{cite journal|last1=Farey|first1=Dave|title=A Life and Times, Part 2|journal=Ultrabold|date=2014|issue=15|pages=3–13}}</ref>
*Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of Times Classic.<ref name="Driver 2006" /> Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. It was designed by Research Studios, led by designer [[Neville Brody]] with input from [[Ben Preston]], deputy editor of ''The Times''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=184449 |title=Neville Brody's Research Studios Creates New Font and Design Changes for The Times as Compact Format Continues to Attract Loyal Readership |location=London |publisher=PR Newswire UK |date=2006-11-15 |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523125758/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=184449 |archive-date= May 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Luke Prowse interview">{{cite web |first=Alan|last=Formby-Jackson|title=A conversation with Times Modern designer Luke Prowse |url=http://www.visualeditors.com/jackson/2006/11/a-conversation-with-time-modern-designer-luke-prowse/ |website=Visual Editors |date=November 21, 2006 |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208180600/http://www.visualeditors.com/jackson/2006/11/a-conversation-with-time-modern-designer-luke-prowse/|archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref> (Other designs have been released called Times Modern; see below.) During the Times New Roman period ''The Times'' also sometimes used [[Perpetua (typeface)|Perpetua Titling]].<ref name="Tally of Types" /><ref name="The Times: New roman and related founts.">{{cite web |title=The Times: New roman and related founts. |url=http://www.elbrecht.de/TNR&RF.jpg |publisher=Times/Monotype |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916043631/http://www.elbrecht.de/TNR%26RF.jpg |archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

==William Starling Burgess==
In 1994 the printing historian [[Mike Parker (typographer)|Mike Parker]] published claims that the design of Times New Roman's roman or regular style was based on a 1904 design of [[William Starling Burgess]].<ref name="Burgess">
{{cite journal
  | last = Parker
  | first = Mike
  | title = W. Starling Burgess, Type Designer?
  | journal = Printing History
  | volume = 31/32
  | pages = 52–108
  | year = 1994}}
</ref> This theory remains controversial.<ref name="Alas 2009">
{{cite news
 | url = https://www.ft.com/content/a2fa033e-7ca1-11de-a7bf-00144feabdc0
 | last = Alas
 | first = Joel
 | access-date = 26 August 2009
 | date = 1 August 2009
 | title = The history of the Times New Roman typeface
 | newspaper = Financial Times
}}</ref> Parker and his friend [[Gerald Giampa]], a Canadian printer who had bought up the defunct American branch of Lanston Monotype, claimed that, in 1904, Burgess created a type design for company documents at his shipyard in Marblehead, Massachusetts, and hired Lanston Monotype to issue it.<ref name="Burgess" /> However, Burgess abandoned the idea and Monotype shelved the sketches, ultimately reusing them as a basis for Times New Roman. Giampa claimed that he stumbled upon original material in 1987, after he had purchased Lanston Monotype, and that some of the papers that had been his evidence had been lost in a flood at his house, while Parker claimed that an additional source was material in a section of the Smithsonian now closed due to [[asbestos]] contamination.<ref name="Burgess" /><ref name="Stanley Morison and Times New Roman" /> Giampa asked Parker to complete the type from the limited number of surviving letters, which was issued in June 2009 by [[Font Bureau]] under the name of 'Starling'.<ref name="Alas 2009" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Starling |url=http://www.fontbureau.com/fonts/starling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105202634/http://www.fontbureau.com/fonts/starling |archive-date=2010-01-05 |website=The Font Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Starling: A Revival for Our Times |first1=Stanley |last1=Morison |url=https://www.type.co.uk/blog/a_to_z/FreeFonts/Books/pdf/Starling-Keepsake.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226064310/https://www.type.co.uk/blog/a_to_z/FreeFonts/Books/pdf/Starling-Keepsake.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=type.co.uk}}</ref>
 
Reception to the claims was sceptical, with dismissal from Morison's biographer Nicolas Barker and [[Luc Devroye]] among others; Barker suggested that the material had been fabricated in order to aid Giampa in embarrassing Monotype's British branch, while Devroye and Thomas Phinney of [[FontLab]] suggested that the claim had begun as a prank.<ref name="Stanley Morison and Times New Roman">{{cite web|last1=Loxley|first1=Simon|title=Stanley Morison and Times New Roman|url=http://www.simonloxley.com/ar_02_stan.html|publisher=Ultrabold|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313155154/http://www.simonloxley.com/ar_02_stan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Starling Burgess: No Type Designer">{{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Nicolas|title=Form and Meaning in the History of the Book : selected essays|date=2003|publisher=British Library|location=London|isbn=0-7123-4777-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/formmeaninginhis0000bark/page/371 371–390]|chapter=Starling Burgess: No Type Designer|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/formmeaninginhis0000bark/page/371}}</ref><ref name="Devroye on Burgess">{{cite web|last1=Devroye|first1=Luc|title=William Starling Burgess|url=http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-24415.html|website=Type Design Information|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hudson Phinney TypeDrawers" /> In 2010, Mark Owens<ref>{{cite web |title=Writing |url=https://lifeofthemind.net/writing/ |website=Mark Owens |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref> described Parker's article in retrospect as "the scantest of evidence" and a "fog of irrelevant details"<ref name="A Note on the Type">{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Mark |title=A Note on the Type |date=2010 |url=https://readings.design/PDF/a-note-on-the-type.pdf|publisher=Carnegie Museum of Art |pages=268–270}}</ref> and [[Simon Loxley]] that it "doesn't really have a leg to stand on".<ref name="Loxley Ultrabold 2009 editorial">{{cite journal |last1=Loxley |first1=Simon |title=[Editorial] |journal=Ultrabold: The Journal of St Bride Library |date=2009 |pages=2–3}}</ref>{{efn|Among the few prominent figures in typography to express even qualified support for the idea was Tiro Typeworks owner John Hudson, Giampa's neighbour on Vancouver Island. He wrote in 2008 that he had examined Giampa's claimed patterns and that they looked as if they were made using an early Monotype production process obsolete by 1931: "the material evidence of the two-part patterns and their numbering -- if they are genuine --, suggests very strongly a design that significantly pre-dates 1931...The patterns are either deliberate hoax or they are historical artefacts" and that he was "unconvinced that this is a hoax";"<ref name="Hudson on Typophile">{{cite web |last1=Hudson |first1=John |title=Comments on Typophile thread |url=http://typophile.com/node/50470 |website=Typophile (archived) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908011822/http://typophile.com/node/50470 |access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=8 September 2011 }}</ref> but in 2019, after Giampa and Parker's deaths, he said "I do think it entirely possible that the whole thing was a hoax."<ref name="Hudson Phinney TypeDrawers">{{cite web |last1=Hudson |first1=John |last2=Phinney |first2=Thomas |title=Comments on TypeDrawers thread |url=https://typedrawers.com/discussion/3073/never-mind-starling |website=TypeDrawers |date=6 March 2019 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> The claims did convince Walter Tracy, who had written a major analysis of Times New Roman's genesis in his book ''Letters of Credit''; however he died in April 1995, before Parker's finalised publication, and did not live to see the extensive rebuttals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=Walter |title=Letters of Credit: A Correction |journal=Journal of the Printing Historical Society |date=1995 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Designer Jim Rimmer wrote that "Mr Giampa gave me a set of punches for use in numbering my own matrices. The design of these numerals is identical to those used to stamp “54” on the patterns".<ref name="Stanley Morison and Times New Roman" />}} Monotype executive Dan Rhatigan described the theory as implausible in 2011: "I'll admit that I tend to side with the more fully documented (both in general, and in agreement with what little I can find within Monotype to support it) notion that Times New Roman was based on Plantin...I won't rule out the possibility that Starling Burgess drew up the concept first, but [[Occam's razor]] makes me doubt it."<ref name="It was never called Times Old Roman" />

The Times Online web site credits the design to "Stanley Morrison, Victor Lardent and perhaps Starling Burgess".<ref>
{{cite news
 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/feedback/article1185820.ece
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907073804/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/feedback/article1185820.ece
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 7 September 2008
 | access-date = 26 August 2009
 | date = 25 January 2007
 | title = FAQ: infrequently asked questions
 | newspaper = Times Online
}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Designs inspired by Times New Roman==
[[File:Times Modern (7128712341).jpg|thumb|Times Modern [[Swash (typography)|Swash]], an exaggerated and unauthorised display adaptation of Times from the phototypesetting period]]
[[File:Pelham Infant.jpg|thumb|Pelham Infant]]
In the [[phototypesetting]] and digital typesetting periods many font designs have been published inspired by Times New Roman. Although the digital data of Monotype and Linotype releases of Times New Roman are copyrighted, and the name ''Times'' is trademarked,<ref name="Justus Estoesa">{{cite web |last1=Justus |first1=Dana |last2=Estoesa |first2=Ivy Clarice |title="Types" of Protection for Font and Typeface Designs |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/types-protection-font-and-typeface-designs |website=[[The National Law Review]] |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> the design itself is in many countries [[Intellectual property protection of typefaces|not copyrightable]]. Notably, the United States allows alternative interpretations if they do not reuse digital data.<ref name="Compendium313.6C2">{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 906.4 ("Typeface, Typefont, Lettering, Calligraphy, and Typographic Ornamentation") |page=13 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |quote=The copyright law does not protect typeface or mere variations of typographic ornamentation or lettering. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014120/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Coles protection">{{cite web |last1=Coles |first1=Stephen |title=The Last Time the US Considered Copyright Protection for Typefaces |url=https://typographica.org/on-typography/copyright-protection-of-typefaces/ |website=Typographica |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>
*Times Modern was a condensed and bold display variant published by, among others, [[Elsner+Flake]]. It was withdrawn from sale due to trademark disputes with the ''Times'' newspaper, which owns its own unrelated design named 'Times Modern' (see above).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Coles|first1=Stephen|title=Times Modern|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/3368/the-other-times-modern|website=Fonts in Use|date=10 March 2013|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
*CG Times is a variant of Times family made by [[Compugraphic Corporation|Compugraphic]].
*Pelham is a version of Times Roman by DTP Types of Britain, which also designed an [[Schoolbook characters|infant version]] with single-storey 'a' and 'g'.<ref name="Pelham Infant">{{cite web |title=Pelham Infant |url=http://www.type.co.uk/categories/sp/Infant/id/42386 |website=Type.co.uk |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Sample of IBM Magnetic Card Composer Output.png|thumb|Press Roman, a version of Times New Roman typed on a premium IBM typewriter]]
* In the mid-1960s, a derivative of Times New Roman known as 'Press Roman' was used as a font for the [[IBM Composer]].<ref name="Frutiger Typefaces" /> This was an ultra-premium electric 'golfball' [[typewriter]] system, intended to be used for producing high-quality office documents or copy to be photographically enlarged for small-scale printing projects.<ref name="Frutiger Typefaces">{{cite book|last1=Osterer|first1=Heidurn|last2=Stamm|first2=Philipp|last3=Frutiger|first3=Adrian|author-link3=Adrian Frutiger|title=Adrian Frutiger - Typefaces: The Complete Works|date=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3764385811|page=192|edition=English}}</ref> Unlike most typewriters, the Composer produced proportional type, rather than monospaced letters. Ultimately the system proved a niche product, as it competed with increasingly cheap phototypesetting, and then in the 1980s was largely displaced by word processors and general-purpose computers.<ref name="Kalmbach1997">{{cite book|first=James Robert|last=Kalmbach|title=The Computer and the Page: Publishing, Technology, and the Classroom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tKrc3mW2iYC&pg=PA65|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56750-211-4|pages=65–6}}</ref><ref name="McEldowney2013">{{cite book|first=Dennis|last=McEldowney|author-link=Dennis McEldowney|title=A Press Achieved: the Emergence of Auckland University Press, 1927-1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT1eAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-671-4|pages=102–5}}</ref>{{efn|The system returned to public attention in 2004, during the [[Killian documents controversy]], when some documents apparently from the 1970s and presenting the future U.S. president [[George W. Bush]]'s [[George W. Bush military service controversy|military service]] in an unfavourable light were presented by the American news network CBS. The documents were typeset in a form of Times New Roman. As the documents [[Killian documents authenticity issues|looked unlike most typewritten documents]], having proportional spacing rather than the monospacing of almost all typewritten documents, some defenders of the documents suggested that they might have been typed using this method. It is now accepted that they were forged on a modern computer, according to digital font expert Thomas Phinney in the Linotype version of Times New Roman.<ref name=Typekit>{{cite web|last1=Phinney|first1=Thomas|title=Bush Guard memos used Times Roman, not Times New Roman|url=http://blog.typekit.com/2006/08/03/bush_guard_memo/|website=The Typekit Blog|access-date=20 April 2015|date=3 August 2006}}</ref><ref name=WaPo0914>{{cite news | title=Expert Cited by CBS Says He Didn't Authenticate Papers  | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18982-2004Sep13.html | access-date=20 February 2007 | newspaper=The Washington Post | first1=Michael | last1=Dobbs | first2=Howard | last2=Kurtz | date=14 September 2004}}</ref>}}
* Among many digital-period designs loosely inspired by Times, [[Kris Sowersby]]'s popular Tiempos family is a loose Times New Roman revival; it was created for a Spanish newspaper ('tiempo' is Spanish for 'time').<ref name="Tiempos Design Information">{{cite web |last1=Sowersby |first1=Kris |title=Tiempos Design Information |url=https://klim.co.nz/blog/tiempos-design-information/ |publisher=Klim Type Foundry |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Eye Reputations: Kris Sowersby">{{cite web |last1=Thomson |first1=Mark |last2=Sowersby |first2=Kris |title=Reputations: Kris Sowersby |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/reputations-kris-sowersby |website=Eye |access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
* Maxitype designed the Rhymes typeface, which also inspired from the Times New Roman typeface, comprises Display and Text.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rhymes typeface|url=https://maxitype.com/typeface/rhymes/|work=Maxitype|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
* In 2018, art collective [[MSCHF]] released a typeface titled Times Newer Roman, which has the same design as Times New Roman but is 10–15% wider.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gartenberg |first=Chaim |date=2018-09-18 |title=Times Newer Roman is a sneaky font designed to make your essays look longer |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/18/17875054/times-newer-roman-font-essay-length |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

==Free alternatives==
[[File:Times New Roman Liberation Serif comparison.png|thumb|Comparison between Times New Roman and Liberation Serif, showing its much squarer design]]
There are some [[free software]] fonts used as alternatives, including [[metric-compatible]] designs used for [[font substitution]].<ref name="gnufreefont-why">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/articles/Why_Free_Fonts.html |title=GNU FreeFont - Why do we need free outline UCS fonts? |date=4 October 2009 |access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A simple introduction to Font Licensing |url=https://www.keystonelaw.co.uk/keynotes/a-simple-introduction-to-font-licensing |website=Keystone |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times New Roman Font Family License |url=https://www.fonts.com/font/monotype/times-new-roman/licenses |website=Fonts.com |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EULA - Monotype |url=https://www.monotype.com/legal/eula/ |website=monotype.com |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[URW++]] produced a version of Times New Roman called [[Nimbus Roman]] in 1982. Nimbus Roman No9 L, URW's [[PostScript]] variant, was released under the [[GNU General Public License]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tug.org/fonts/deutsch-urw.txt |title=Finally! Good-quality free (GPL) basic-35 PostScript Type 1 fonts. |format=TXT |access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/aladdin/fonts/ghostscript-fonts-std-4.0.tar.gz |title=ghostscript-fonts-std-4.0.tar.gz - GhostScript 4.0 standard fonts - AFPL license |format=TAR.GZ |date=28 June 1996 |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424032316/http://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/aladdin/fonts/ghostscript-fonts-std-4.0.tar.gz |archive-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> and is included with some [[free software|free]] and [[open source software|open source]] software. Various adapted versions exist including [[FreeSerif]],<ref name="gnufreefont-why"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/design-notes.html |title=GNU FreeFont - Design notes |date=4 October 2009 |access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref> TeX Gyre Termes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/tex-gyre/termes/index_html |title=TeX Gyre Termes – GUST Web Presence |access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> and TeX Gyre Termes Math.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/tg-math/download/readme-tex-gyre-termes-math.txt/view |title=README-TeX-Gyre-Termes-Math.txt – GUST Web Presence |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TeX Gyre Termes Font Free by GUST e-foundry|url=https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/tex-gyre-termen|website=fontsquirrel.com|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> Like Times New Roman, many additional styles of Nimbus Roman exist that are only sold commercially, including condensed and extra-bold styles. URW also developed Nimbus Roman No. 4, which is metrically compatible with the slightly different CG Times.<ref name="Epson PCL Fonts">{{cite web |title=PCL Fonts (WF-C5290) |url=https://files.support.epson.com/docid/cpd5/cpd55236/source/printers/source/specifications/reference/wfc5210_5290/pcl_font_table_wfc5290.html |publisher=Epson |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Linux Libertine]] was developed in 2003 and released under the [[GNU General Public License]] and the [[SIL Open Font License]]. In 2010, it was adopted for the redesign of the [[Wikipedia logo]].  
*The [[Libertinus]] family of fonts was forked from Linux Libertine in 2012 and continues to be maintained and developed (2024).[[File:Wikipedia_wordmark.svg|alt=|thumb|250x250px|The Wikipedia wordmark in [[Linux Libertine]]]]
[[File:Times and STIX.png|thumb|A standard Times New Roman digitisation compared to the STIX Two project, an open-source typeface for mathematics based on Times's smaller metal point sizes. STIX Two has a higher x-height and a reduction in fine detail.]]
* The [[STIX Fonts project]] is a four-style set of open-source fonts. They were created for scientific publishing by the Scientific and Technical Information Exchange consortium of publishers, but are also very suitable for general use, including Greek and Cyrillic support.<ref name=STIX>{{cite web|title=STIX Project|url=http://www.stixfonts.org|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Exchange|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> The original version is installed by default on [[OS X|Mac OS X]], and adapted as [[XITS]]. In 2016, a completely redesigned version was released by Ross Mills and John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks. Unlike the previous version, it is an original design, with a higher [[x-height]] than Monotype's Times digitisation.<ref name="10pt metal Times">{{cite web|title=Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/TiroTypeworks/status/804395547259867136|website=Twitter|publisher=Tiro Typeworks|access-date=10 December 2016|quote=The original STIX fonts were based on a Times New Roman clone. The new #STIX2 faces are redesigned, inspired by 10pt metal Times fonts.}}</ref><ref name="stixfonts.org">{{cite web|last1=Twardoch|first1=Adam|title=New "STIX Two" opensource fonts by Tiro: stixfonts.org|url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10154700398143764.1073741830.561698763&type=1&l=16394cf489|website=Facebook|access-date=10 December 2016|quote=The new design is fantastic – it can be described as "the better Times New Roman". It's somewhat similar to Times, but with a touch of [[Joan Michaël Fleischman|Fleischmann]]. Its lower contrast, enlarged x-height and less inclined italic all contribute to superb(!) readability, in both web and print. STIX Text is a neutral, non-invasive text face for continuous reading.}}</ref> 
*[[Liberation Serif]] by [[Steve Matteson]] is metrically equivalent to Times New Roman.<ref name="CC Matteson">{{cite web |last1=Middendorp |first1=Jan |title=Creative Characters: Steve Matteson |url=https://www.myfonts.com/newsletters/cc/201205.html |website=MyFonts |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> It was developed by [[Ascender Corporation|Ascender Corp.]] and published by [[Red Hat]] in 2007 under the [[GPL]] with the [[GPL font exception|font exception]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Webbink |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Webbink |date=9 May 2007 |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/liberation-fonts |title=Liberation Fonts |publisher=Red Hat}}</ref> Widths aside, it does not particularly resemble Times New Roman, being much squarer in shape with less fine detail and blunt ends rather than ball terminals.<ref name="Bean Tinos">{{cite journal |last1=Bean |first1=Jonathan |title=The Times New Roman lie |journal=Interactions |date=27 April 2015 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=24–25 |doi=10.1145/2742938|s2cid=40707590 }}</ref><ref name="Type.today Cyrillic Google Fonts">{{cite web |last1=Strukov |first1=Mikhail |last2=Ostromentsky |first2=Yury |last3=Ruderman |first3=Ilya |title=Cyrillic on Google Fonts: transitional serifs |url=https://type.today/en/journal/transitional |website=Type.today Journal |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> Google's Tinos in the [[Croscore fonts]] package is a derivative of Liberation Serif.<ref name="Type.today Cyrillic Google Fonts" />
===Non-Latin fonts using Times New Roman's Latin-alphabet glyphs ===
Some fonts intended for typesetting multiple writing systems use Times New Roman as a model for Latin-alphabet glyphs:
* [[Bitstream Cyberbit]] is a roman-only font released by [[Bitstream Inc.|Bitstream]] with an expanded character range intended to cover a large proportion of [[Unicode]] for scholarly use, with European alphabets based on Times New Roman.<ref name="Titus Unicode">{{cite web|title=Titus Unicode|url=http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp|website=Department of Empirical Linguistics|publisher=University of Frankfurt|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709125721/http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp|archive-date=9 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Cyberbit Netscape">{{cite web|title=pub/communicator/extras/fonts/windows|url=http://ftp.netscape.com/pub/communicator/extras/fonts/windows/|publisher=Netscape|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907182545/http://ftp.netscape.com/pub/communicator/extras/fonts/windows/|archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> Bitstream no longer offers the font, but it remains downloadable from the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]].<ref name="Titus Unicode 2">{{cite web|title=Titus Is Testing Unicode Script-management|url=http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/unicode/unitest2.htm|publisher=University of Frankfurt|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Doulos SIL]] is a serif typeface developed by [[SIL International]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doulos SIL|url=https://software.sil.org/doulos/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=software.sil.org|date=2 October 2014 }}</ref>
* The Russian [[Astra Linux]] operating system includes PT Astra Serif, a derivative of [[PT Fonts|PT Serif]] metrically compatible with Times New Roman.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.paratype.ru/cinfo/news.asp?NewsId=3469 | title = ПараТайп Новости - Информация о новых гарнитурах и о различных шрифтовых событиях | website = www.paratype.ru | access-date = 2020-04-25 | language = ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103741/https://www.paratype.ru/cinfo/news.asp?NewsId=3469 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.paratype.ru/fonts/pt/pt-astra-serif | title = PT Astra Serif | website = www.paratype.ru | access-date = 2020-04-25 | language = ru}}</ref>
* [[Jomolhari (typeface)|Jomolhari]] is a [[Tibetan script]] [[Uchen script|Uchen font]] created by Christopher J. Fynn, freely available under the [[SIL Open Font License|Open Font License]]. It supports text encoded using the [[Unicode Standard]] and the Chinese national standard for encoding characters of the Tibetan script (GB/T20524-2006 "Tibetan Coded Character Set"). The design of the font is based on Bhutanese manuscript examples<ref>{{cite web |url=http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/free-tibetan |title=Free Tibetan Fonts Project |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Savannah |publisher=Free Tibetan Fonts Project |access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> and it is suitable for text in [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]], [[Dzongkha]] and other languages written in the Tibetan script.
* Two typefaces in the [[National Fonts]] project (specifically Kinnari and Norasi) based their Latin character glyphs from Times New Roman. Typefaces in the National Fonts project were intended to be public alternatives to the widely used, yet licence-restricted, commercial typefaces that came bundled with major operating systems and applications.<ref name="Nectec-national-fonts">{{cite web |author1=Pracha Suveeranont |title=ฟอนต์แห่งชาติ |url=https://thaifaces.com/thaitype/national-fonts/ |website=๑๐ ตัวพิมพ์ กับ ๑๐ ยุคสังคมไทย (10 Faces of Thai Type and Thai Nation) |publisher=Thaifaces |accessdate=22 May 2020 |language=th}} Originally exhibited 18–31 October 2002 at the Jamjuree Art Gallery, Chulalongkorn University, and published in ''Sarakadee''. '''17''' (211). September 2002.</ref> Later on, Thai Linux Working Group (TLWG) released these 2 typefaces alongside 11 others as free and open-source software.<ref name="Fonts-TLWG">{{cite web|url=https://linux.thai.net/projects/fonts-tlwg|title=Fonts-TLWG|access-date=2024-06-24|author=[[Thai Linux Working Group]]}}</ref><ref name="Fonts-TLWG-Github">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/tlwg/fonts-tlwg|title=tlwg/fonts-tlwg|access-date=2024-06-24|author=[[Thai Linux Working Group]]|website=[[GitHub]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Cited literature===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Barker|title=Stanley Morison|url=https://archive.org/details/stanleymorison0000bark|date=1972|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674834255}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Baudin |editor1-first=Fernand |editor1-link=Fernand Baudin|title=Stanley Morison en de typografische traditie |date=1966}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Crutchley |first1=Brooke |title=From a Cambridge Diary |journal=Matrix |date=1990 |volume=10 |publisher=[[Whittington Press]]}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dreyfus|first=John|author-link=John Dreyfus|title=The Evolution of Times New Roman|journal=[[The Penrose Annual]]|date=1973|volume=66}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dreyfus|first1=John|title=Into Print: Selected Writings on Printing History, Typography and Book Production|date=1995|publisher=David R. Godine|location=Boston|isbn=9781567920451|chapter=Stanley Morison, Typographer|pages=198–207|edition=1st hardcover}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hutt |first1=Allen |title=Newspaper Design |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newspaperdesign0000ahut}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hutt|first1=Allen|title=Times Roman: a re-assessment|journal=Journal of Typographic Research|date=1970|volume=4|issue=3|url=http://visiblelanguagejournal.com/issue/15|access-date=5 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192327/http://visiblelanguagejournal.com/issue/15|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Peggy |title=Times Roman: a revaluation |journal=Alphabet & Image |date=1946 |volume=2 |pages=5–17}}
*{{cite journal|last=Monotype Corporation|author-link=Monotype Imaging|title=Book Printed in The Times New Roman|journal=Monotype Newsletter|date=October 1934|volume=15}}
*{{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=James |title=Stanley Morison: His Typographical Achievement |date=1971 |publisher=Lund Humphries |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Stanley |title=Printing The Times Since 1785 |date=1953|publisher=The Times |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Stanley |editor1-last=McKitterick |editor1-first=David |editor1-link=David McKitterick |title=Selected essays on the history of letter-forms in manuscript and print |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521224578 |pages=295–371 |chapter=Memorandum on a proposal to revise the typography of 'The Times' (1930)|date=1980 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=James |title=Stanley Morison: His Typographic Achievement |date=1971 |publisher=Lund Humphries |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/stanleymorisonhi0000mora |isbn=0853313008 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tracy|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Tracy|title=Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8NssjbqNcsC&pg=PA194|date=2003|publisher=D.R. Godine|isbn=978-1-56792-240-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Williamson|first1=Hugh|author-link=Hugh Williamson (book designer)|title=Methods of Book Design|date=1956|url=https://archive.org/details/MethodsOfBookDesign|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
{{refend}}


{{The Times}}
{{Microsoft Windows Typefaces}}
{{Monotype typefaces}}
{{OS X typefaces}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monotype typefaces]]
[[Category:Microsoft typefaces]]
[[Category:Windows XP typefaces]]
[[Category:Transitional serif typefaces]]
[[Category:Corporate typefaces]]
[[Category:Typefaces with optical sizes]]
[[Category:Newspaper and magazine typefaces]]
[[Category:Typefaces with infant variants]]
[[Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1932]]
[[Category:The Times]]
[[Category:Old style serif typefaces]]
[[Category:Typefaces with text figures]]
[[Category:Latin-script typefaces]]
[[Category:IPA typefaces]]
[[Category:Arabic typefaces]]
[[Category:Digital typefaces]]