View source for Tiruchirappalli

{{Short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Tiruchirappalli
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Metropolis]]
| image_seal         = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 |border=infobox
 |image_style=border:1;
 |total_width=300
 |perrow=1/2
 |image1 = 
 |image2 = Rock Fortress - Tiruchirappalli - India.JPG
 |image3 = Aerial view of Our Lourdes church in Tiruchirapalli 2.jpg
 |image4 = Upper Anaicut.JPG
 |image5 = Tiruvanaikaval14.jpg
 |image6 =
 |image7 = ELCOT IT Park.jpg
}}
| image_caption      = Clockwise from top: [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Tiruchirapalli|Our Lady of Lourdes Church]], [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]], [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]], [[Upper Anaicut|Mukkombu]], and [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort]].
| nickname           = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=	Q1445|frame-width=275|frame-height=275|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=10.83|frame-long=78.60|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|10|47|25|N|78|42|17|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates        = {{coord|10|47|25|N|78|42|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{seal|Tamil Nadu}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Tiruchirapalli District|Tiruchirapalli]]
| established_title  = <!-- Established -->
| established_date   = 1866
| founder            = 
| named_for          = 
| government_type    = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body     = [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title       = Mayor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34543#menu |title=About City Municipal Corporation - Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation - E-Services Portal |publisher=Trichycorporation.gov.in |date=2022-09-22 |accessdate=2022-10-08 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007210106/https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34543#menu |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_name        = Mu. Anbalaagan
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 167.23
| area_metro_km2     = 211.51
| area_rank          = 4
| elevation_m        = 81
| population_total   = 916,857<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=733053| title= Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 - Census India 2011}}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[List of most populous cities in India|52nd in India]] <br /> [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|4th in Tamil Nadu]]
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_footnotes = {{efn|name=expansion}}
| population_metro   = 1,022,518
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1  = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|52nd]]
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UA_2011">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract – Urban Agglomeration |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |format=XLS |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref>
| population_demonym = Tiruchiite
| demographics1_title2 = Minority
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code        = 620 xxx
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed (landline) numbers|0431]]
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-45, TN-48, TN-81, TN-81A
| blank_name         = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info         = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1   = [[GDP]](2020)
| blank2_info_sec1   = {{USD|9.94|year=2020}}Billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8448/overview | title=Metroverse &#124; Harvard Growth Lab }}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/|Trichy City Municipal Corporation}}
| footnotes          = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| official_name      = 
| leader_title1      = Deputy Mayor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34545&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu |title=About City Municipal Corporation - Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation - E-Services Portal |publisher=Trichycorporation.gov.in |date=2022-09-22 |accessdate=2022-10-08 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006192540/https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34545&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_name1       = G. Dhivya
| leader_title2      = Commissioner of Police<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ | title=Who's Who &#124; TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT, Govt. Of Tamil Nadu &#124; India }}</ref>
| leader_name2       = G. Karthikeyan IPS
| leader_title3      = Member of Parliament
| leader_name3       = [[Durai Vaiko]]
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = [[Tropical savanna climate|As]]
}}
'''Tiruchirappalli'''{{efn|The official spelling, as per the municipal corporation website is "Tiruchirappalli".<ref name=Corporation>{{cite web|url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218223621/https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2012 |title=Welcome to Tiruchirappalli city&nbsp;... The RockFort City! |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref> However, the spellings Tiruchirapalli, Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used.{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=993}}{{Sfn|Kuppuram|1988|p=101}}<ref name="Operations)1989">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Om Parkash|title=Directory of Cities and Towns in India (Dy. Dir. of Census Operations)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onNDAAAAYAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Kar Kripa Publishers|isbn=978-81-85414-00-3|page=116|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702162006/https://books.google.com/books?id=onNDAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{IPA|ta|ˈt̪iɾɯtːʃiɾapːaɭːi|-|Tiruchirapalli.ogg}}), also known as '''Trichy''', is a major [[tier II city]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. The city is credited with being the best livable<ref name="Karthik">{{cite news|title=Trichy ranked 12th in liveable cities ranking, best in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-ranked-12th-in-liveable-cities-ranking-best-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/65386883.cms |access-date=21 December 2020 |newspaper=Times of India |date=13 August 2018 |first=Deepak |last=Karthik |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202231412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-ranked-12th-in-liveable-cities-ranking-best-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/65386883.cms |archive-date=2 February 2019 }}</ref> and the cleanest city of Tamil Nadu, as well as the fifth safest city for women in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=31848|title=Live Chennai: The safest cities for women in India: Chennai & Coimbatore, safest cities for women in India, Chennai, Coimbatore|website=www.livechennai.com|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520083924/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=31848|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the fourth largest [[urban agglomeration]] in the state. Located {{Convert|322|km}} south of [[Chennai]] and {{Convert|374|km|}} north of [[Kanyakumari]], Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of Tamil Nadu. The [[Cauvery Delta]] begins {{Convert|16|km}} west of the city where the [[Kaveri|Kaveri river]] splits into two, forming the island of [[Srirangam]] which is now incorporated into the [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]. The city occupies an area of {{Convert|167.23|km2|sqmi}} and had a population of 916,857 in 2011.{{efn|name=expansion|The area of the city was expanded from {{Convert|146.9|km2}} to {{Convert|167.23|km2}} in 2010, as a result of which the population increased from 847,387 to 916,857 according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref name=CMA /><ref name=PCA>{{cite web|title=Search PCA Data by District/SubDistrict/Town/Village Name: Tiruchirappalli (M Corp.) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687102 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302230923/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687102 |archive-date=2 March 2016 }}</ref>}}

Tiruchirappalli's recorded history begins under [[Chola Kingdom|Chola]] rule in the 3rd century BC. The city has also been ruled by the [[Pallavas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Nayak Dynasty]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic state]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort|Rockfort]] at [[Teppakulam]], the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple|Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam]] dedicated to the reclining form of Hindu God Vishnu, and is also the largest functioning temple in the world, and the [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval]], which is also the largest temple for the Hindu God Shiva in the world. The archaeologically important town of [[Uraiyur]], capital of the [[Early Cholas]], is now a neighbourhood in Tiruchirappalli. The city played a critical role in the [[Carnatic Wars]] (1746–1763) between the [[East India Company|British]] and the [[French Indies Company|French East India companies]].

The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu, and houses nationally recognized institutions such as [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|National Institute of Technology]] - Tiruchirapalli (NIT-T), [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli|Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM), [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli|Indian Institute of Information Technology]] (IIIT), [[Tamil Nadu National Law University]] (NLU), [[K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College|Government Medical College]]. Industrial units such as [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]], [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]] (OFT) and [[High Energy Projectile Factory]] (HEPF) have their factories in the city. The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of "Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India".  It is one of the few towns and cities in [[List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu]] selected for AMRUT Schemes <ref>{{cite web | url=http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | title=Tufidco }}</ref> from central government and the developmental activities are taken care by government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|website=tcp.tn.gov.in|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of ''[[cheroot]]'' known as the [[Trichinopoly cigar]], which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Tiruchirappalli District Court {{!}} India |url=https://tiruchirappalli.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/#:~:text=Tiruchirappalli%20is%20internationally%20popular%20for,Kingdom%20in%20the%2019th%20century. |access-date=2025-03-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (TRZ) which operates direct flights to the [[Middle East]] (Dubai, Saudi Arabia) and [[Southeast Asia]] (Singapore, Malaysia).

== Etymology ==
Historically, Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as "Trichinopoly".{{Sfn|Jaques|2007|p=1025}} The shortened forms "Trichy" or "Tiruchi" are used in everyday speech and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi-government offices but seldom used by the general public.{{Sfn|Brayley-Hodgetts|2008|p=216}}{{Sfn|Ludden|2004|p=178}}

A Hindu historical account describes Tiruchirapalli's name as being derived from "Thiru-Sriranga-Palli", as the place where the reclining lord [[Ranganatha]] reposed. .{{Sfn|Thirugnanam|2014|p=22}} Another account from [[Hindu mythology]] describes Tiruchirappalli as deriving its name from the three-headed demon ''[[Trishira]]'', who [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|meditated]] on the Hindu god [[Shiva]] near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}} An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}} is that the source of the city's name is the [[Sanskrit]] word "Trishirapuram"—''[[Trishira]]'', meaning "three-headed", and ''palli'' or ''puram'' meaning "city".{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}}{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}}

According to the late scholar [[C. P. Brown]], Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word ''Chiruta-palli'' ({{lit|little town}}).{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}}{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}} [[Orientalists]] [[Henry Yule]] and [[Arthur Coke Burnell]] have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as ''Tiru-ssila-palli'', meaning "holy-rock-town" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}}{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}} Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of ''Tiru-chinna-palli'', meaning "holy little town".{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=2}}{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}} The ''Madras Glossary'' gives the root as ''Tiruććināppalli'' or the "holy (''tiru'') village (''palli'') of the ''shina'' (''[[Cissampelos pareira]]'') plant".{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Tiruchirappalli}}

===Early and medieval history===
Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in [[Tamil Nadu]]; its earliest settlements date back to the Sangam period.{{Sfn|Thani Nayagam|1957|p=324}} [[Uraiyur]], the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards,{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=22}} is a neighbourhood in the present-day Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=19}}{{Sfn|Beck|2006|p=40}} The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian [[Ptolemy]] in his 2nd-century work ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''.{{Sfn|Caldwell|1881|p=25}} The world's oldest surviving dam, the [[Kallanai]] (Lower Anaicut) about {{convert|18|km|mi}} from Uraiyur,<ref>{{Google maps | url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Uraiyur,%20tiruchirappalli&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SauEUoHnA4Sihged24C4DA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg | access-date =3 January 2014}}</ref> was built across the Kaveri River by [[Karikala Chola]] in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn|Pujari|Kolhe|Kumar|2006|p=102}}

The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock-cut cave-temples within the [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort|Rockfort]].{{Sfn|Kuppuram|1988|p=105}}{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=105}}{{Sfn|Beck|2006|pp=42–92}} Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the [[Medieval Cholas]], who ruled until the 13th century.{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=438}}

After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyas]],{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|p=45}} who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by [[Malik Kafur]], the commander of [[Allauddin Khilji]].{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|p=99}}{{Sfn|Lal|1967|pp=251–252}} The victorious armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region.{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|p=99}}{{Sfn|Lal|1967|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|pp=112–116}} The statue of the Hindu god [[Ranganatha]] in the temple of [[Srirangam]] vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years.{{Sfn|Lal|1967|pp=251–252}}{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|pp=112–116}} Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai]] sultanates from 1311 to 1378,{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=213}} but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart.{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|p=185-188}} Gradually, the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom, and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince [[Kumara Kampana|Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar]] in 1371.{{Sfn|Sastri|1935|p=241}} The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s, and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers.{{Sfn|Yunus|Parmar|2003|p=116}} Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century, the [[Madurai Nayaks|Madurai Nayak kingdom]] began to assert its independence.{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1921|p=169}}{{Sfn|Sewell|1900|p=49}}{{Sfn|Sathianathaier|1924|p=234}} The city flourished during the reign of [[Vishwanatha Nayak]] ({{Circa|1529}}–1564), who is said to have protected the area by constructing the [[Teppakulam, Tiruchirapppalli|Teppakulam]] and building walls around the Srirangam temple.{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=51}}{{Sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=73–74}} His successor [[Kumara Krishnappa Nayak]]a made Tiruchirappalli his capital,{{Sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=73–74}} and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.{{Sfn|Sathianathaier|1924|pp=103–160}}{{Sfn|Amaladass|1988|p=122}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1977|pp=12–61}}

In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler, [[Meenakshi (Nayak queen)|Meenakshi]], committed suicide, and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by [[Chanda Sahib]].{{Sfn|Sathianathaier|1924|p=234}}{{Sfn|Ramaswami|1984|pp=43–79}} He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741, when he was captured and imprisoned by the [[Marathas]] in the [[siege of Trichinopoly (1741)]] led by general [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] under the orders of [[Chhattrapati Shahu]].{{Sfn|Ramaswami|1984|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn|Jaques|2007|pp=1034–1035}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|1928|p=52–53}} Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire. Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general [[Murari Rao]] from 1741 to 1743, when it was regain by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] after the six months long [[siege of Trichinopoly (1743)]].{{Sfn|Ramaswami|1984|pp=43–79}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|1928|p=52–53}} Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the Governor and returned to [[Golkonda]].{{Sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=103}} When the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the [[Battle of Ambur]] (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base.{{Sfn|Rose|Newton|1929|pp=126–127}}{{Sfn|Markovits|2004|p=222}}{{Sfn|Ramaswami|1984|p=115}} The subsequent [[siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)]] by Chanda Sahib took place during the [[Second Carnatic War]] between the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the French East India Company on the other.{{Sfn|Ramaswami|1984|p=148}} The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne. During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint [[Nathar Vali]], who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD.{{Sfn|Bayly|2004|p=233}}{{Sfn|Muthiah|2008|p=137}} Tiruchirappalli was invaded by [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]] in 1753 and [[Hyder Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore kingdom]] in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company.{{Sfn|Brayley-Hodgetts|2008|p=217}} A third invasion attempt, by [[Tipu Sultan]]—son of Hyder Ali—in 1793, was also unsuccessful;{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=29}} he was pursued by British forces led by [[William Medows]], who thwarted the attack.{{Sfn|Fortescue|1902|pp=558–559}}

===British rule===
The Carnatic kingdom was [[Carnatic Treaty|annexed by the British]] in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan—an enemy of the British—and [[Umdat Ul-Umra]], son of Wallajah and the [[Nawab]] at the time, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]].{{Sfn|Ingram|1995|pp=5–27}}{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2008|p=74}} Trichinopoly was incorporated into the [[Madras Presidency]] the same year, and the district of [[Trichinopoly District|Trichinopoly]] was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.{{Sfn|Moore|1878|p=178}}

During the [[Company Raj]] and later the [[British Raj]], Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India. According to the [[Indian census|1871 Indian census]]—the first in British India—Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530, making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras (now Chennai).{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=43}} It was known throughout the [[British Empire]] for its unique variety of ''cheroot'', known as the [[Trichinopoly cigar]].{{Sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=938}} Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed [[South Indian Railway Company]] in 1874 until its relocation to [[Madras]] in the early 20th century.{{efn|Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=Destination Puducherry |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm |access-date=29 December 2013 |date=23 September 2006 |first=Deepa H. |last=Ramakrishnan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001854/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/23/stories/2006092300020100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|first=S. |last=Muthiah |title=The railway of the Deep South |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece |access-date=16 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007133037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-railway-of-the-deep-south/article425584.ece |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" caption="Trichinopoly during the British Raj">
File:Town and Fort of Trichinopoly p.302.jpg|alt=The town and fort of Trichinopoly photographed in 1840|The town and fort of Trichinopoly c.&nbsp;1840
File:The tank and Rockfort Trichinopoly.jpg|alt=The Teppakulam and Rockfort photographed in 1860|Rockfort and Teppakulam, c.&nbsp;1860
</gallery>

===Contemporary and modern history===
[[File:Tiruchirapalli1955.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955|alt=a historical map of the city]]
Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the [[Indian independence movement|pre-independence era]]; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the [[Quit India Movement]],{{Sfn|Zaidi|1973|p=101}} notably the [[1928 South Indian Railway Strike|South Indian Railway Strike]] that took place in 1928.{{Sfn|South Indian Railway Strike|1928}} The city was the base for the [[Vedaranyam march|Vedaranyam salt march]] initiated by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in parallel with the [[Dandi March]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite news|first=La. Su. |last=Rengarajan |title=Marathon march |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm |access-date=16 August 2013 |date=10 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007060442/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40|1938]].<ref>{{cite news|title=First anti-Hindi agitation remembered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece |access-date=21 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225437/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/first-antihindi-agitation-remembered/article3716668.ece |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> Later in 1965, Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the "Madras state Anti-Hindi Conference" convened by C. Rajagopalachari.{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=244}}{{Sfn|Rasam|1997|p=98}} The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly, achieving a growth rate of 36.9% during the period 1941–51.{{Sfn|Rao|1974|p=193}} After independence in 1947, Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of growth.{{Sfn|Bala|1986|p=148}}{{Sfn|Rajendran|Arumugam|Chandrasekaran|2002|p=3}}<ref name="thehindu_20110409">{{cite news|title=City of choice |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm |date=9 April 2011 |first1=Aruna V. |last1=Iyer |first2=Asha V. |last2=Sridhar |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831032908/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2011/04/09/stories/2011040950120100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=31 August 2011 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli remained a part of [[Madras State]], which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969.{{Sfn|Rana|2006|p=399}} The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|1980|p=52}}<ref name=business_line>{{cite web|title=Tiruchi: Key centre for fabrication |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece |access-date=5 October 2013 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=7 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007013748/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/tiruchi-key-centre-for-fabrication/article2692965.ece |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> In the early 1980s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] drafted a plan to move the state's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli.<ref name=Mayilvaganan>{{cite news|first=V. |last=Mayilvaganan |title=Residents see development, price rise as major election issues |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2009/05/11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T |access-date=16 August 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006222852/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F05%2F11&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> A [[satellite town]] was developed near [[Navalpattu]] on the outskirts of the city,<ref name=Mayilvaganan /> but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.<ref>{{cite news|first=S. |last=Muthiah |title=Madras Miscellany |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece |access-date=16 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006214525/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2037759.ece |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>

There have been occasional outbreaks of [[Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu|violence against Sri Lankans]]. Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000, security has been increased at sites such as [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html |title=Terror threat to temples in Tamil Nadu |publisher=The Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2008 |access-date=29 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1561396171.html |archive-date=10 June 2014  }}
</ref>

==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Tiruchirappalli}}
{{wide image|Trichy pano7.jpg|1800px|Panorama of Tiruchirappalli showing Cauvery river and the Srirangam island.}}
[[File:Aerial photograph of Srirangam Island between Kaveri and Kollidam rivers.JPG|thumb|right|Aerial photograph of Srirangam island, sandwiched between the rivers Kaveri and Kollidam|alt=Aerial view of an island formed by Kaveri and Kollidam]]

Tiruchirappalli is situated in central south-eastern India, almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu. The [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery Delta]] begins to form {{Convert|16|km|mi}} west of the city where the river divides into two streams—the [[Kaveri]] and the [[Kollidam River|Kollidam]]—to form the [[Srirangam Island|island of Srirangam]].{{Sfn|Rao|1974|p=193}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=117}}{{Sfn|Moore|1878|p=61}} By road it is {{convert|912|km}} south of [[Hyderabad]], {{convert|322|km}} south-west of Chennai and {{convert|331|km|}} south-east of [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Google maps | url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=tiruchirappalli&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SauEUoHnA4Sihged24C4DA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg  | access-date =14 November 2013}}</ref> The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat with an average elevation of {{convert|81|m|ft}}. A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface,<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web|title=Weather data for Tiruchchirappalli, India |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=44334&refer= |publisher=Canty and Associates LLC |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127002021/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=44334&refer= |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}</ref> the highest of which is the Rockfort;{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=26}}{{Sfn|Rajendran|Arumugam|Chandrasekaran|2002|p=1}} its estimated age of 3,800 million years makes it one of the oldest rocks in the world.<ref name=Nuvena>{{cite news|last=Rajendran|first=Nuvena|title=Trichy, rich in heritage and history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/|access-date=3 October 2013|date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-14/travel/32684563_1_srirangam-temple-cauvery-bridge-trichy|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=251}} Other prominent hillocks include the [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], [[Khajamalai]],<ref name=Syed>{{cite news|title=Height of faith: Golden Rock, Rock Fort and Khajamalai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/height-of-faith-golden-rock-rock-fort-and-khajamalai/article2236890.ece |access-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2011 |first=Syed Muthahar |last=Saqaf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013924/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/height-of-faith-golden-rock-rock-fort-and-khajamalai/article2236890.ece |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> and one each at [[Uyyakondan Thirumalai]] and [[Thiruverumbur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Encroachments around Sri Erumbeeswarar Temple removed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2129111.ece |access-date=20 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021021949/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2129111.ece |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref>

Apart from [[Kaveri]] and its tributary [[Kollidam]],{{Sfn|Menon|2013|p=120}} the city is also drained by the Uyyakondan Channel, Koraiyar and [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamurutti river]] channels.<ref>{{cite news|first=S. |last=Ganesan |title=Water hyacinth hinders free flow in rivers and channels |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122658700300.htm |date=26 December 2007 |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702000113/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122658700300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 July 2010 }}</ref> The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri River—which crosses Tiruchirappalli from west to east—consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=32}} on which crops such as [[finger millet]] and [[maize]] are cultivated.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=33}} Further south, the surface is covered by poor-quality [[Vertisol|black soil]].{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=32}} A belt of [[Cretaceous]] rock known as the [[Trichinopoly Group]] runs to the north-east of the city,{{Sfn|GSI|1865|p=104}} and to the south-east there are layers of [[archean|archaean]] rocks, [[granite]] and [[gneiss]] covered by a thin bed of [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomeratic]] [[laterite]].{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=26}} The region falls under [[Seismic hazard|Seismic Zone III]], which is moderately vulnerable to earthquakes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mild tremor jolts Thuraiyur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Mild-tremor-jolts-Thuraiyur/articleshow/12433876.cms|access-date=4 October 2013|date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-28/madurai/31248696_1_mild-tremor-richter-scale-p-manickam|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Urban structure===
{{wide image|Trichy pano4.jpg |800px|Panorama of Tiruchirappalli as seen from the top of the Rockfort.}}
[[File:Trichy Skyline South Blossoms Rooftop Aug22 R16 06237.jpg|thumb|Skyline of the cantonment area, south of the Central Bus Station (ca. August 2022)]]
The city of Tiruchirappalli lies on the plains between the [[Shevaroy Hills]] to the north and the [[Palani Hills]] to the south and south-west.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=489}} Tiruchirappalli is completely surrounded by agricultural fields.{{Sfn|Rajendran|Arumugam|Chandrasekaran|2002|p=3}} Densely populated industrial and residential areas have recently been built in the northern part of the city, and the southern edge also has residential areas.{{Sfn|Rajendran|Arumugam|Chandrasekaran|2002|p=3}} The older part of Tiruchirappalli, within the Rockfort, is unplanned and congested while the adjoining newer sections are better executed.{{Sfn|Superintendent Census Operations|1966|p=215}} Many of the old houses in Srirangam were constructed according to the [[Shilpa Shastras|shilpa sastras]], the canonical texts of Hindu temple architecture.{{Sfn|Ayyar|1920|p=453}}

===Climate===
Tiruchirappalli experiences a dry-summer [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''As''), with no major change in temperature between summer and winter.<ref name=City_Weather>{{cite web|title=City Weather & Demography |url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/cityweat.php#menu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306040856/http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/cityweat.php#menu |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation |access-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruchchirappalli, India – Climate Summary|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=44334&cityname=Tiruchchirappalli%2C+Tamil+Nadu%2C+India&units=|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC|access-date=14 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011555/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=44334&cityname=Tiruchchirappalli%2C+Tamil+Nadu%2C+India&units=|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref> The climate is generally characterised by high temperature and low humidity.{{Sfn|Census of India|1991|p=14}} With an annual mean temperature of {{Convert|28.9|C|F|abbr=on|1}} and monthly average temperatures ranging between {{Convert|25|C|F|abbr=on|0}} and {{Convert|32|C|F|abbr=on|0}},<ref name=City_Weather /> the city is the hottest in the state.<ref name=Gokul>{{cite news|title=Trichy gears up for a blistering month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Trichy-gears-up-for-a-blistering-month/articleshow/13004468.cms|access-date=14 October 2013|date=5 May 2012|first=R.|last=Gokul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025070204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-05/madurai/31585861_1_temperature-trichy-heat-related-diseases|archive-date=25 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The warmest months are from April to June,{{Sfn|Annesley|1841|pp=62–64}} when the city experiences frequent dust storms.{{Sfn|Annesley|1841|pp=62–64}} {{As of|2013|post=,}} the highest temperature ever recorded in Tiruchirappalli was {{Convert|43.9|C|F|abbr=on|1}}, which occurred on 2 May 1896;<ref>{{cite news|title=At 43 degrees, people of Tiruchi virtually get baked |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/at-43-degrees-people-of-tiruchi-virtually-get-baked/article4705945.ece |access-date=14 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 May 2013 |first=S. |last=Ganesan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615115508/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/at-43-degrees-people-of-tiruchi-virtually-get-baked/article4705945.ece |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> the lowest was observed on 6 February 1884 at {{Convert|13.9|C|F|abbr=on|1}}.{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=43}}<ref name=IMDextremes /> The high temperatures in the city have been attributed to the presence of two rivers—Kaveri and Kollidam—{{efn|As the river beds contain a large amount of [[silica]] in the form of sand, heat gets reflected.<ref name=Gokul />}}and the absence of greenery around the city.<ref name=Gokul /> As Tiruchirappalli is on the [[Deccan Plateau]] the days are extremely warm and dry; evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the south-east.<ref name=City_Weather /> From June to September, the city experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers. Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the north-east [[monsoon]] winds, and from December to February the climate is cool and moist.<ref name=City_Weather /> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|841.9|mm|in|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=District Groundwater Brochure Tiruchchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Trichy.pdf |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, SECR |first=S. |last=Suresh |page=1 |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105031151/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Trichy.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> slightly lower than the state's average of {{convert|945|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Northeast monsoon rain is set to arrive in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/northeast-monsoon-rain-is-set-to-arrive-in-tamil-nadu/article169717.ece |access-date=4 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 October 2009 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105024752/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/northeast-monsoon-rain-is-set-to-arrive-in-tamil-nadu/article169717.ece |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season.{{Sfn|Annesley|1841|pp=62–64}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Tiruchirappalli Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.6
| Feb record high C = 40.0
| Mar record high C = 42.2
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 43.3
| Jun record high C = 43.9
| Jul record high C = 41.1
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 40.6
| Oct record high C = 38.9
| Nov record high C = 36.7
| Dec record high C = 35.6
|year record high C = 43.9
| Jan high C = 30.7
| Feb high C = 33.1
| Mar high C = 36.0
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 38.2
| Jun high C = 37.1
| Jul high C = 36.5
| Aug high C = 36.0
| Sep high C = 35.4
| Oct high C = 33.1
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 29.7
|year high C = 34.5
|Jan mean C = 25.6
|Feb mean C = 27.2
|Mar mean C = 29.7
|Apr mean C = 31.8
|May mean C = 32.0
|Jun mean C = 31.5
|Jul mean C = 31.1
|Aug mean C = 30.5
|Sep mean C = 29.9
|Oct mean C = 28.3
|Nov mean C = 26.6
|Dec mean C = 25.4
| Jan low C = 20.7
| Feb low C = 21.6
| Mar low C = 23.5
| Apr low C = 26.2
| May low C = 26.8
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 24.4
| Nov low C = 23.1
| Dec low C = 21.5
|year low C = 24.3
| Jan record low C = 14.4
| Feb record low C = 13.9
| Mar record low C = 15.6
| Apr record low C = 18.3
| May record low C = 19.4
| Jun record low C = 18.0
| Jul record low C = 20.1
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 20.6
| Oct record low C = 18.9
| Nov record low C = 16.7
| Dec record low C = 14.4
|year record low C = 13.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 6.4
| Feb rain mm = 4.0
| Mar rain mm = 3.6
| Apr rain mm = 34.1
| May rain mm = 78.9
| Jun rain mm = 44.9
| Jul rain mm = 57.4
| Aug rain mm = 87.7
| Sep rain mm = 118.2
| Oct rain mm = 154.9
| Nov rain mm = 191.1
| Dec rain mm = 79.0
|year rain mm = 860.3
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 1.9
| May rain days = 4.2
| Jun rain days = 2.8
| Jul rain days = 2.1
| Aug rain days = 4.6
| Sep rain days = 6.2
| Oct rain days = 9.3
| Nov rain days = 8.9
| Dec rain days = 5.0
|year rain days = 46.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 53
| Feb humidity = 42
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 42
| May humidity = 44
| Jun humidity = 45
| Jul humidity = 45
| Aug humidity = 48
| Sep humidity = 52
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 66
|year humidity = 51
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M204
| access-date = 30 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Tiruchirapalli (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 745–746
| access-date = 30 March 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43344
| title = Normals Data: Tiruchirappalli – India Latitude: 10.77°N Longitude: 78.72°E Height: 88 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
|date=May 2012}}Trichy has been ranked 11th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli 1.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli]]
{{main|Demographics of Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Historical populations
| align=left
|state=collapsed
|1871 | 76530
|1881 | 84449
|1891 | 90609
|1901 | 104721
|1911 | 123512
|1921 | 120422
|1931 | 142843
|1941 | 159566
|1951 | 218921
|1961 | 249862
|1971 | 307400
|1981 | 362045
|1991 | 387223
|2001 | 752066
|2011 | 916857
|footnote = Sources:
* 1871&nbsp;– 1901:{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=43}}
* 1891&nbsp;– 1941:{{Sfn|Census of India|1941}}
* 1941&nbsp;– 1961:{{Sfn|Report|1966|p=226}}
* 1961–1991:{{Sfn|Rajendran|Arumugam|Chandrasekaran|2002|p=3}}
* 1991–2001:{{Sfn|Malayala Manorama|2007|p=707}}
* 2011:<ref name=CMA>{{cite web|title=Proceedings of the Commissioner of Municipal Administration |url=http://cma.tn.gov.in/cma/en-in/Downloads/cma1.pdf |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=1 October 2015 |page=4 |date=22 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002195006/http://cma.tn.gov.in/cma/en-in/Downloads/cma1.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 }}</ref>
}}
According to the [[2011 Indian census]], Tiruchirappalli had a population of 847,387,{{efn|name=expansion}} 9.4% of whom were under the age of six, living in 214,529 families within the municipal corporation limits. The recorded population density was {{convert|5768|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}} while the [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 975 males for every 1,000 females.<ref name=PCA /> The Tiruchirappalli urban agglomeration had a population of 1,022,518, and was ranked the fourth largest in Tamil Nadu and the 53rd in India {{as of|2011|lc=yes||post=.}}<ref name="UA_2011" /> The city had an average literacy rate of 91.37%,<ref name=PCA /> significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy Rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231419/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 10.48% and 0.27% of the population respectively.<ref name=PCA /> There were 228,518 people, roughly constituting about 26.96% of the total population, who lived in slums in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract Data (Final Population) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.aspx |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208004957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.aspx |archive-date=8 February 2014 }}Click the link "Primary Census Abstract Data for Slum (India & States/UTs – Town Level) (Excel Format)" to download the file in excel format</ref> The daily [[floating population]] of the city was estimated at around 250,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Waterless loos soon in major places in Trichy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Waterless-loos-soon-in-major-places-in-Trichy/articleshow/11722478.cms|access-date=3 October 2013|date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/madurai/31016344_1_toilets-waterless-odour-free|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city's population is predominantly [[Hindu]].{{Sfn|Brill|1989|p=144}} [[Muslims]] constitute about twenty percent,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hoping to add star power, BJP woos Rajinikanth ahead of Lok Sabha polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hoping-to-add-star-power-BJP-woos-Rajinikanth-ahead-of-Lok-Sabha-polls/articleshow/22561333.cms|access-date=3 October 2013|date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-14/india/42061692_1_bjp-parliamentary-board-narendra-modi-rajinikanth|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> and there is also a considerable Christian population. [[Sikhs]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] are present in smaller numbers.<ref name="thehindu_20101229">{{cite news|title=Lt. Governor felicitated |date=29 December 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/29/stories/2010122964040300.htm |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826144422/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/29/stories/2010122964040300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20110407">{{cite news|title=Jain Sangh celebrates Mahaveer Jayanthi |date=17 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/17/stories/2011041750960200.htm |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423023500/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/17/stories/2011041750960200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 April 2011 }}</ref> [[Roman Catholics]] in Tiruchirappalli are affiliated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]] while [[Protestants]] are affiliated to the [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese|Trichy–Tanjore Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Diocese of Tiruchirapalli |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtiru.html |publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100307/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtiru.html |archive-date=7 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="anglicancommunion">{{cite web|title=Provincial Directory: Trichy-Tanjore |url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/diocese.cfm?Idind=505 |publisher=Anglican Consultative Council |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126235713/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/diocese.cfm?Idind=505 |archive-date=26 November 2011 }}</ref>

The most widely spoken language is [[Tamil language|Tamil]],{{Sfn|Sen|1991|p=606}} but there are significant numbers of [[Telugu language|Telugu]],{{Sfn|Ramappa|Singh|1984|p=116}} [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujaratis gave us this temple |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/gujaratis-gave-us-this-temple/article3446967.ece |access-date=6 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 May 2012 |first=V. |last=Sriram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201411/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/gujaratis-gave-us-this-temple/article3446967.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Kannada]],{{Sfn|Muthanna|1962|p= iii}} [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Trichy defers Onam to Oct|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Trichy-defers-Onam-to-Oct/articleshow/15920320.cms|access-date=3 October 2013|date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/madurai/33474603_1_trichy-onam-malayali-association|archive-date=5 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] speakers.{{Sfn|Paranjape|2009|p=87}} [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] is also spoken by some significant minorities.{{Sfn|Thurston|1913|p=123}} The standard dialect of Tamil spoken is the [[Central Tamil dialect]].{{Sfn|Steever|2003|p=101}}<ref name="langvariations">{{cite web |title=Language Variation in Tamil |url=http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html |publisher=Language Information Service |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723185203/http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> There is also a substantial population of [[Anglo-Indian]]s,{{efn|The Anglo-Indians are present in significant numbers in and around all Southern Railway divisional headquarters where they are employed.{{Sfn|Deefholts|Acharya|2006|p=205}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajendran|first=Nuvena|title=Let them have cake!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Let-them-have-cake/articleshow/17626973.cms|access-date=4 October 2013|date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-16/food-reviews/35836982_1_plum-cakes-cake-mix-christmas-season|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamil migrants]], most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi to kick off PM campaign with Haryana rally today |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-narendra-modi-to-kick-off-pm-campaign-with-haryana-rally-today-1889049 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=5 October 2013 |date=15 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234608/http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-narendra-modi-to-kick-off-pm-campaign-with-haryana-rally-today-1889049 |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20091103">{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan Tamil refugees wish for Indian citizenship |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article42734.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 November 2009 |access-date=21 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article42734.ece |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Administration and politics==
{{See also|Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#fff; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220px"
|-
!  style="background:#a8bdec" colspan="2"|'''Administrative officials''' 
|-
| Collector|| pradeep kumar IAS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/collector-profile/|title=Collector Profile &#124; TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT, Govt. of Tamil Nadu &#124; India|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202135409/https://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/collector-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec" colspan="2"|'''Municipality officials'''
|-
| Mayor||[[Anbalagan ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporation Worshipful Mayor ProfileCorporation Worshipful Mayor Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34543&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu|publisher=[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622160853/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34543&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

| Commissioner||S. Sivasubramanian<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporation Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34544#menu|publisher=[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=2 October 2010|archive-date=19 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919151727/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34544#menu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Deputy Mayor||Vacant<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporation Deputy Mayor Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34545&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu|publisher=[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608090927/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?who=34545&ulvl=Administrator&z=5#menu|archive-date=8 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Commissioner of Police||A. Amalraj<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-commissioner-of-police-takes-charge/article20609057.ece|title=New Commissioner of Police takes charge|date=21 November 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 February 2018|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165918/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-commissioner-of-police-takes-charge/article20609057.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!  style="background:#a8bdec" colspan="2"|'''Members of Legislative Assembly'''
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli East (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli East]] ||[[Inigo S. Irudayaraj|Inigo Irudayaraj]]
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West]]||[[K. N. Nehru]]
|-
| [[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]] ||[[M. Palaniyandi]]
|-
| [[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruverumbur]]||[[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]]<ref name="MLA">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/101_150.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204204105/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/101_150.html|archive-date=4 December 2016|access-date=26 September 2016|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |              '''Member of Parliament'''
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]||[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022004/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref>
|}

Covering {{convert|18|km2|mi2}}, the municipality of Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated under the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866;{{Sfn|Ranking|1867|p=13}} it originally consisted of two ex-officers and nine nominated members.{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=263}} Council elections were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889.{{Sfn|Hemingway|1907|p=263}} The municipality was upgraded to a [[municipal corporation]] as per the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994{{Sfn|Palanithurai|2007|p=80}} by inclusion of the erstwhile Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities.{{Sfn|Baliga|1999|p=1297}} Covering {{convert|167.23|km2|mi2}},{{efn|name=expansion}}<ref name=dennis>{{cite news|last=Selvan|first=Dennis|title=Trichy stakeholders brainstorm on development plans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Trichy-stakeholders-brainstorm-on-development-plans/articleshow/18312760.cms|access-date=7 September 2013|date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011005/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-03/madurai/36720861_1_trichy-chapter-v-p-thandapani-jnnurm|archive-date=5 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> the municipal corporation comprises 65 wards and four administrative zones; these are Srirangam, [[Ariyamangalam]], Golden Rock and [[Abhishekapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Five more wards to come under Tiruchi Corporation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/five-more-wards-to-come-under-tiruchi-corporation/article2203279.ece |access-date=9 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135845/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/five-more-wards-to-come-under-tiruchi-corporation/article2203279.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Trichycorporation.jpg|thumb|left|Headquarters of Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|alt=White three-story building]]

Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council, the legislative body, comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a mayor assisted by a [[Deputy Mayor]].<ref name="citymunc">{{cite web|title=About city municipal corporation|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/aboutc.php#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235751/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/aboutc.php#menu|archive-date=1 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK supporters stone MLA's vehicle|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/madurai/30232670_1_aspirants-wards-trichy-dmk|access-date=3 January 2014|date=1 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103162046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/madurai/30232670_1_aspirants-wards-trichy-dmk|archive-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The executive wing has seven departments—general administration, revenue, town planning, engineering, public health, information technology and personnel—and is headed by a City Commissioner. The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections, and Assistant Commissioners for personnel, accounts and revenue departments, a public relations officer, a city engineer, a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones.<ref name="orgchart">{{cite web|title=Organizational chart|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/orgchart.php#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162344/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/orgchart.php#menu|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> A Local Planning Authority for Tiruchirappalli was created on 5 April 1974 as per the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971 with the District Collector of Tiruchirappalli as chairman and the assistant director of Town and Country Planning as its member secretary.<ref name="tiruchi_lpa">{{cite web|title=Tiruchirappalli Local Planning Authority&nbsp;– An organisation|url=http://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/tlpa/organisation.htm|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Local Planning Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201433/http://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/tlpa/organisation.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013|format=PDF|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

The city of Tiruchirappalli is represented in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] by four elected members, one each for the [[Tiruchirappalli East (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli East]], [[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West]], [[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]] and  [[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruverumbur]] constituencies.<ref name="assemblyconstituencymap">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency map |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="const_map">{{cite web|title=Map showing the new assembly constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/maps/tamil_map.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913202235/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/maps/tamil_map.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2011 }}</ref> [[J.Jayalalithaa]], former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, represented the Srirangam constituency between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.K. Nagar bypoll: Jayalalithaa files nomination|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rk-nagar-bypoll-jayalalithaa-files-nomination/article7285903.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 June 2015|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165918/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rk-nagar-bypoll-jayalalithaa-files-nomination/article7285903.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tiruchirappalli is also part of the [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency]] and once every five years, elects a member to the [[Lok Sabha]]{{mdash}}the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="const_map" /><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the [[Indian National Congress]] for four terms (1957–62,<ref name="1957electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2010 }}</ref> 1984–89,<ref name="1984electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2010 }}</ref> 1989–91<ref name="1989electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011052618/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref> and 1991–96<ref name="1991electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref>), the [[Communist Party of India]] (1962–67,<ref name="1962electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref> 1971–77<ref name="1971electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref> and 1977–80<ref name="1977electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref>) and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (2001–04, 2009–14 and 2014–present) for three terms each<ref name="2009elections">{{cite web|title=Notification No. 308/2009/EPS |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/ECI_15th_Lok_Sabha.pdf |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005162128/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/ECI_15th_Lok_Sabha.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}</ref>) and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1998–99<ref name="1998electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref> and 1999–2001<ref name="1999electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref>) for two terms each. Candidates from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]],<ref name="1967electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref> [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Maanila Congress]] and the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref name="2004electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2010 }}</ref> have won once each. Indian politician [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]], who served as the Minister of Power in the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]],<ref name="cabinetberth_rediff">{{cite news|title=Cabinet berth for Kumaramangalam upsets TN BJP |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/30tnbjp.htm |date=30 March 1998 |work=[[Rediff]] |first=N. |last=Sathiya Moorthy |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126235622/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/30tnbjp.htm |archive-date=26 November 2011 }}</ref> was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchirappalli in the 1998 and 1999 elections.<ref name="1998electionresults" /><ref name="1999electionresults" />

Law and order are enforced by the Tamil Nadu police, which for administrative purposes, has constituted Tiruchirappalli city as a separate district, divided into 18 zonal offices and units, with a total of 38 police stations.<ref name="trichypolice">{{cite web|title=Trichy city |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29620 |publisher=Tamil Nadu police |access-date=12 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012223534/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29620 |archive-date=12 October 2013 }} Click on the "Commissioner Office" tab to get the name and contact details of police commissioner of Tiruchirappalli city district.</ref>
The Tiruchirappalli city police force is headed by a [[Commissioner of police]] assisted by Deputy Commissioners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner of Police, Trichirapalli City |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/Trichycity.pdf |page=1 |publisher=Tamil Nadu police |access-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144604/http://tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/Trichycity.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> Law and order in suburban areas is enforced by the Tiruchirappalli district police.<ref name="trichydistpolice">{{cite web|title=Trichy city district |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29620 |publisher=Tamil Nadu police |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004025703/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29620 |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> It has the lowest proportion of rape and murder cases in the state.<ref name="tnpolice_crimes">{{cite web|title=Chapter 2 – Crimes in cities of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/CIT2011/WRITEUPS_11/WRITEUP2_11.pdf |publisher=Tamil Nadu police |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004647/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/CIT2011/WRITEUPS_11/WRITEUP2_11.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Utility services==
Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB).<ref name="windpro">{{cite web|title=Important Address|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012|access-date=18 December 2011|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association}}</ref> Tiruchirappalli is the headquarters of the Trichy region of TNEB. The city and its suburbs form the Trichy Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is subdivided into six divisions.<ref name="windpro" /> A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters at [[Tennur]].<ref name="windpro" /> Water supply is provided by the [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|Tiruchirappalli City Corporation]].<ref name="waterservices">{{cite web|title=Water supply-Trichy Corporation|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/watersupply.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627205046/http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/watersupply.php|archive-date=27 June 2011|access-date=19 May 2011|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The city gets its drinking water supply from the [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] and 1,470 bore wells linked to 60 service reservoirs in and around the city.<ref name="wateraid">{{cite web|year=2008|title=Tiruchirappalli shows the way|url=http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/tiruchirappalli.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510062628/http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/tiruchirappalli.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=21 August 2013|publisher=Wateraid India|page=4}}</ref> Four of the six head works from which the city gets its water supply are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies.{{Sfn|SLB|2009|p=4}}

Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli. The [[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]] has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air.<ref name="pollution" /> {{As of|2012|post=,}} about {{Convert|432|tonnes|kg}} of solid waste are produced in the city every day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swaminathan|first=Preeti|date=21 March 2012|title=Trichy City Corporation Tackling waste & sanitation issues|url=http://www.cleanindiajournal.com/trichy_city_corporation_tackling_waste_and_sanitation_issues/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130144139/http://www.cleanindiajournal.com/trichy_city_corporation_tackling_waste_and_sanitation_issues/|archive-date=30 November 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|publisher=Clean India Journal}}</ref> Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation; places such as the Gandhi Market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies.{{Sfn|SLB|2009|p=4}} The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam.<ref name="thehindu_20100312">{{cite news|last=Ganesan|first=S.|date=12 March 2010|title=Corporation to go in for scientific closure of garbage dump|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article236840.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235635/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article236840.ece|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam underground drainage (UGD) areas is handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board]] (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation.{{Sfn|SLB|2009|p=4}} {{As of|2013|post=,}} there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 September 2013|title=Trichy corporation to impose fine on buildings without drainage link|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Trichy-corporation-to-impose-fine-on-buildings-without-drainage-link/articleshow/23070024.cms|access-date=20 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Trichy-corporation-to-impose-fine-on-buildings-without-drainage-link/articleshow/23070024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it is estimated that 31% of the city is covered under a networked sewage system; however, {{as of|2020|09|post=,}} the corporation has fast-tracked its project to cover the entire city, funded jointly by urban local body, Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (Tufidco) and [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2020|title=Trichy corporation fast-tracks UGD phase III project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-corporation-fast-tracks-ugd-phase-iii-project/articleshow/78373588.cms|access-date=2020-09-29|website=The Times of India|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929162729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-corporation-fast-tracks-ugd-phase-iii-project/articleshow/78373588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation.{{Sfn|Environmental health|1991|p=92}} The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010–11 was estimated to be {{INRConvert|1559.4|m|year=2011}}.<ref name="thehindu_20110129">{{cite news|date=29 January 2011|title=AIADMK, MDMK councillors stage walk-out; allege neglect of wards|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012961270300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202154654/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012961270300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> In 2013, researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption, the quality of the pond water in the city was "not fit for human usage, agricultural or industrial purposes".<ref>
{{cite web|date=9 July 2013|title=Findings from Bharathidasan University in Environmental Biology Reported|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-336147399.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060304/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-336147399.html|archive-date=10 June 2014|access-date=29 November 2013|publisher=Life Science Weekly}}
</ref>

Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy, Tiruchirappalli was ranked sixth in India and first in Tamil Nadu on the basis of sanitation for the year 2009–10.<ref name="sanitationpolicy">{{cite web|title=Rank of cities on sanitation 2009–10|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/may/d2010051103.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175710/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/may/d2010051103.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=12 May 2011|publisher=National Urban Sanitation Policy}}</ref> In January 2010, Tiruchirappalli became the first city in India where open defecation was prevented in all its slums.<ref name="gramalaya">{{cite web|date=15 January 2010|title=The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums|url=http://www.gramalaya.in/first_ODF_slum.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162030/http://www.gramalaya.in/first_ODF_slum.php|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=12 May 2011|publisher=Gramalaya}}</ref> In a 2016 survey conducted by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], as a part of the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] campaign, Tiruchirappalli was ranked third in the [[Cleanest cities in India|list of cleanest cities in India]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Swachh Survekshan −2016 – ranks of 73 cities|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=136427|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=15 February 2016|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220130401/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=136427|archive-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

Under the ease of living index 2018 published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Tiruchirappalli was ranked twelfth in India and first in Tamil Nadu among the 111 cities considered.<ref name="Karthik"/> The ranking framework was categorised into four pillars, namely Institutional, Social, Economic and Physical, which comprised 78 indicators such as urban transport, waste water management, solid waste management and governance.

Tiruchirappalli comes under the Tiruchi Telecom District of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider.<ref name="thehindu_20100412">{{cite news|date=12 April 2010|title=Tiruchi BSNL wins award|url=http://hindu.com/2010/04/12/stories/2010041257640200.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813220137/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/12/stories/2010041257640200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 August 2010}}</ref> There are about 20,000 business telephone subscribers in the city.<ref name="thehindu_20110518">{{cite news|date=18 May 2011|title=Commercial telephone directory released|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/18/stories/2011051863040300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522042059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/18/stories/2011051863040300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Both Global System for Mobile Communications ([[GSM]]) and [[Code division multiple access]] (CDMA) mobile services are available.<ref name="thehindu_20080903">{{cite news|date=9 March 2008|title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : In-plant training offered|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/03/stories/2008090359700500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213338/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/03/stories/2008090359700500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> BSNL also provides broadband internet services.<ref name="bsnlbroadbandlist">{{cite web|date=1 January 2007|title=List of Cities where BSNL Broadband Service is available (as on 01.01.2007)|url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204070855/http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007|access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> BSNL began offering wireless internet services with the commencement of [[Evolution-Data Optimized]] (EVDO) transmission in 2008.<ref name="thehindu_20080903" /> Tiruchirappalli is one of the few cities in India where BSNL's Caller Line Identification (CLI)-based internet service Netone is available.<ref name="bsnl_netone">{{cite web|title=List of cities where Calling Line Identification (CLI) Based Internet Service is available|url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/opencms/bsnl/BSNL/services/broadband/cities.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508005839/http://www.bsnl.co.in/opencms/bsnl/BSNL/services/broadband/cities.html|archive-date=8 May 2014|access-date=9 December 2013|publisher=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited}}</ref> Softnet (STPI), [[Tata Communications|Tata VSNL]], [[Bharti Airtel|Bharti]] and [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]] are other major broadband internet service providers in the city.<ref name="elcot_cityprofile">{{cite web|title=Destination: Trichy|url=http://www.elcot.in/tiruchy.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807145435/http://www.elcot.in/tiruchy.php|archive-date=7 August 2011|access-date=19 May 2011|publisher=Electronics Corporation of India}}</ref>

Tiruchirappalli has a regional passport office, the second in Tamil Nadu, which commenced its operations on 23 March 1983 bifurcated from Chennai region.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Daniel P|date=12 June 2012|title=Passport office to move to swanky premises next week|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-12/chennai/32193802_1_rayala-towers-three-passport-seva-kendras-data-and-issue-orders|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103144035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-12/chennai/32193802_1_rayala-towers-three-passport-seva-kendras-data-and-issue-orders|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> After Coimbatore and Madurai regional office were established in late 2000s by bifurcating from Trichy region, currently the office caters to the needs of Trichy and seven adjacent districts namely, [[Karur District|Karur]], Nagappattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Ariyalur and Tiruvarur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional passport office|url=http://passport.gov.in/trichy.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517113754/http://passport.gov.in/trichy.html|archive-date=17 May 2011|access-date=21 May 2011|publisher=Trichy passport office}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Tiruchirappalli}}
[[File:WDS6 36524R SSB NR.jpg|thumb|left|A WDS6 locomotive manufactured at the [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]]|alt=A refurbished locomotive waiting at a junction]]

During British rule, Tiruchirappalli was known for its [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]], cigar-manufacturing units and oil presses.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=36}} At its peak, more than 12 million cigars were manufactured and exported annually.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=36}} Tanned hides and skins from Tiruchirappalli were exported to the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=36}} The city has a number of retail and wholesale markets, the most prominent among them being the [[Gandhi Market]], which also serves people from other parts of the district.<ref name="thehindu_20101228">{{cite news|title=Arrival of onions from Maharashtra stabilizes price |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/28/stories/2010122854770800.htm |first=Syed Muthathar |last=Saqaf |date=28 December 2010 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231072338/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/28/stories/2010122854770800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=31 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20100601">{{cite news|title=Market to be shifted |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/01/stories/2010060158570100.htm |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606024606/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/01/stories/2010060158570100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=6 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="trichytourism">{{cite web|title=Trichy a land of tradition |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/otherother.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012037/http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/otherother.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> Other notable markets in the city are the flower bazaar in Srirangam<ref name="trichytourism" /> and the mango market at [[Mambazha Salai]].<ref name="thehindu_20050504">{{cite news|title=Bitter fall in mango prices, thanks to huge arrivals |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/04/stories/2005050415600300.htm |date=4 May 2005 |first=M. |last=Balaganessin |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108054227/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/04/stories/2005050415600300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref> The suburb of [[Manachanallur]] is known for its rice mills, where polished ''[[Ponni Rice|Ponni]]'' rice is produced.<ref name="thehindu_20081017">{{cite news|title=Power holiday stifles output of rice mills |first=S. |last=Ganesan |date=17 October 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101754900500.htm |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060049/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101754900500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref>

Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub in India.<ref name=business_line /> The [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]], which moved to Tiruchirappalli from [[Nagapattinam]] in 1928, is one of the three railway [[workshop]]–cum–production units in Tamil Nadu.{{Sfn|Caplan|2003|p=126}} The workshops produced 650 conventional and low-container flat wagons during 2007–2008.<ref name="goldenrock_thehindu20080411">{{cite news|title=Golden Rock railway workshop rolls out stainless steel wagon prototype |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041156540200.htm |first=P. |last=Rajaram |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109083152/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041156540200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref>

A high-pressure boiler manufacturing plant was set up by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), India's largest public sector engineering company, in May 1965.{{Sfn|Srinivasan|2009|p=71}}{{Sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=122}} This was followed by a [[:wikt:seamless|seamless]] steel plant and a boiler auxiliaries plant.{{Sfn|Maheshwari|Chaturvedi|1997|p=19}} In 2010, the Tiruchirappalli unit of the company contributed to nearly 30 per cent of its total sales, making it the largest of all units.<ref name=Bhel>{{cite news|title=Bhel Trichy turnover crosses Rs 10,000 crore|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-02/news/27571487_1_boiler-plant-mw-capacity-turnover-target|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209105732/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-02/news/27571487_1_boiler-plant-mw-capacity-turnover-target|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2011|post=,}} the Tiruchirappalli division employed about 10,000 people,<ref name=Bhel /> and is supported by a number of ancillary industries producing almost {{Convert|250000|tonnes|kg}} of fabricated materials.<ref name=business_line /> These ancillary units together with BHEL contribute nearly 60 per cent of India's steel fabrication,<ref name=business_line /> earning the city the title, "Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|title=Energy Excellence Exhibition to roll out in September |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/energy-excellence-exhibition-to-roll-out-in-september/article1281042.ece |access-date=19 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020113534/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/energy-excellence-exhibition-to-roll-out-in-september/article1281042.ece |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> Other important industries in Tiruchirappalli include Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL), which was established at [[Senthaneerpuram]] in the former Golden Rock municipality in 1966.{{Sfn|Madras District Gazetteers|1998|p=553}} and the Trichy Steel Rolling Mills, which was started as a private limited company on 27 June 1961.{{Sfn|Madras District Gazetteers|1998|p=539}} The Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited manufactures [[rectified spirit]],{{Sfn|Madras District Gazetteers|1998|p=553}} [[acetaldehyde]],{{Sfn|Madras District Gazetteers|1998|p=553}} [[acetic acid]],{{Sfn|Madras District Gazetteers|1998|p=553}} [[acetic anhydride]]{{Sfn|United Nations Publications|2010|p=56}} and [[ethyl acetate]]. It is one of the biggest private sector distilleries in Tamil Nadu and produced {{Convert|13.5|Ml|e6impgal|abbr=off}} of [[Distilled beverage|spirit alcohol]] between December 2005 and November 2006.<ref name="gov_prohibition">{{cite web|title=Demand No. 37: Prohibition and Excise|publisher=Home, Prohibition and Excise Department|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2007-08/pdf/prohibition_excise.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121013115/http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2007-08/pdf/prohibition_excise.pdf|page=12|archive-date=21 January 2012|access-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> The [[Ordnance Factories Board]] runs a weapons manufacturing unit and a [[Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project]] (HAPP) facility;<ref name="oft">{{cite web|url=http://ofbindia.nic.in/units/index.php?unit=oft |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli |publisher=Ordnance Factory Board, Defence Ministry, Government of India |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423103517/http://ofbindia.nic.in/units/index.php?unit=oft |archive-date=23 April 2011 }}</ref> the latter was set up in the late 1980s and consists of a [[flexible manufacturing system]] (FMS)—the first of its kind in India.{{Sfn|Radhakrishnan|2008|p=656}}<ref name="happ">{{cite web|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project |url=http://ofbindia.nic.in/units/index.php?unit=happ |publisher=Ordnance Factory Board, Defence Ministry, Government of India |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527001950/http://ofbindia.nic.in/units/index.php?unit=happ |archive-date=27 May 2011 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramakrishnan|2007|p=50}}

From the late 1980s, a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city; the gemstones are cut and polished in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] and in [[Pudukottai district]].{{Sfn|The Small Hands of Slavery|1996|p=69}} In 1990, the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of [[Cubic zirconia|American diamonds]] and training local artisans in semi-automated machinery and technology. The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of {{INRConvert|100|m|year=1995}} by the mid-1990s.{{Sfn|The Small Hands of Slavery|1996|pp=69–70}} Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9–14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry.{{Sfn|The Small Hands of Slavery|1996|pp=69–70}}{{Sfn|Stanley|2004|p=63}} As a result, in 1996, Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the [[National Child Labour Project]] and in the running of special schools to educate working children.{{Sfn|The Administrator|1996|pp=63–64}}

{{As of|2010|post=,}} the Tiruchirappalli region annually exports around {{INRConvert|262.1|m|year=2010}} of software.<ref>{{cite news|title=Software exports from Tiruchi set to rise |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/software-exports-from-tiruchi-set-to-rise/article943525.ece |access-date=21 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 December 2010 |first=R. |last=Krishnamoorthy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203162924/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/software-exports-from-tiruchi-set-to-rise/article943525.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="economictimes_it">{{cite news|title=Trichy: IT infrastructure to pep up property prices |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/property/trichy-it-infrastructure-to-pep-up-property-prices/articleshow/5429292.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=11 May 2011 |date=10 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019004658/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/property/trichy-it-infrastructure-to-pep-up-property-prices/articleshow/5429292.cms |archive-date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> The [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]]—the city's first IT park—commissioned at a cost of {{INRConvert|600|m|year=2010}} was inaugurated in December 2010.<ref name="thehindu_tiruchiitcomm">{{cite news|title=Tiruchi IT Park commissioned |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/10/stories/2010121061490100.htm |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212220301/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/10/stories/2010121061490100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_itpark">{{cite news|title=Tiruchi gets IT park |date=10 December 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/10/stories/2010121059100100.htm |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923003955/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/10/stories/2010121059100100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 September 2011 }}</ref> Set up by the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu, the park occupies an area of {{Convert|59.74|ha|acre}} and constitutes a [[Special Economic Zone]].<ref name="thehindu_itpark" /><ref name="thehindu_20080719">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/19/stories/2008071953840500.htm |title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : ELCOT to build 50,000 sq.ft. of office space in Tier II cities |date=19 July 2008 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109083318/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/19/stories/2008071953840500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref>

Employing a workforce of over 1,500, more than six companies including [[Vuram]], iLink Systems Pvt. Ltd., Scientific Publishing Company, Vdart Technologies, GI Tech Gaming Co. India Pvt. Ltd., VR Della IT Services Pvt. Ltd., and the Tamil Nadu Disaster Recovery Centre function out of the existing building, occupying the entire built-up space.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/firms-in-expansionist-mode-welcome-budget-plan-for-navalpattu-it-park/article30854967.ece|title=Firms in expansionist mode welcome budget plan for Navalpattu IT Park|date=19 February 2020|work=The Hindu|author=R Krishnamoorthy}}</ref> The [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]] is in close proximity to the Tiruchi International Airport. The facility was highlighted through the two editions of Global Investors Meet and became a key factor for the demand for the built-up space.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/navalpattu-it-park-to-get-additional-built-up-space/article26367972.ece|title=Construction of additional built-up space at Navalpattu IT Park to start soon|date=25 February 2019|work=The Hindu|author=R Krishnamoorthy}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{See also|Tamil culture|Tamil cuisine}}
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Jallikattu]] match|alt=image of a bull fight]]

A resident of Tiruchirappalli is generally referred to as a ''Tiruchiite''.<ref name="thehindu_201100320">{{cite news|title=Isha yoga classes give breather to Tiruchiites |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/20/stories/2011032062630200.htm |date=20 March 2011 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323121948/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/20/stories/2011032062630200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 March 2011 }}</ref> Situated at the edge of the Kaveri Delta, the culture of Tiruchirappalli is predominantly [[:wikt:Brahmanism|Brahminical]], prevalent elsewhere in the delta.{{Sfn|Subramaniam|1974|p=27}} With a substantial population of students and migrant industrial workers from different parts of India, Tiruchirappalli has a more cosmopolitan outlook than the surrounding countryside.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dutta |first=Madhumita |title=Come south, young man, but here be dragons |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/come-south-young-man-but-here-be-dragons/article2974594.ece |access-date=6 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016073237/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/come-south-young-man-but-here-be-dragons/article2974594.ece |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rajendran|first=Nuvena|title=Trichy, a hub of educational institutions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/Trichy-a-hub-of-educational-institutions/articleshow/14941740.cms|access-date=6 October 2013|date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/travel/32684460_1_trichy-architecture-student-personality-development|archive-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The main festival celebrated in Tiruchirappalli is [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], a regional harvest festival celebrated during January. As part of the Pongal celebrations, [[Jallikattu]], a bull-taming village sport played on the last day of the festival,<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |title=Raging bulls train ahead of jallikattu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/raging-bulls-train-ahead-of-jallikattu/article2788532.ece |access-date=3 January 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103155121/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/raging-bulls-train-ahead-of-jallikattu/article2788532.ece |archive-date=3 January 2014 }}</ref> is occasionally held on the outskirts of the city.<ref name="thehindu_20110508">{{cite news|title=19 injured in jallikattu held near Tiruchi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/08/stories/2011050850430100.htm |date=8 May 2011 |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121140029/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/08/stories/2011050850430100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 November 2011 }}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]],<ref name="thehindu_20090804">{{cite news|title='Adi Perukku' celebrated with gaiety, enthusiasm |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/04/stories/2009080458940300.htm |date=4 August 2009 |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211073632/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/04/stories/2009080458940300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=11 February 2012 }}</ref> Samayapuram flower festival,<ref>{{cite news|last=Selvan|first=Dennis|title=Samayapuram fest begins in all earnest|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/madurai/31152348_1_car-festival-devotees-temple-authorities|access-date=19 October 2013|date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/madurai/31152348_1_car-festival-devotees-temple-authorities|archive-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]],<ref name="sify_vaikuntaekadasi">{{cite news|title=Vaikuntha Ekadasi celebrations in Trichy |url=http://www.sify.com/news/vaikuntha-ekadasi-celebrations-in-trichy-news-national-kmrnugfgeha.html |date=17 December 2010 |work=Sify |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105000/http://www.sify.com/news/vaikuntha-ekadasi-celebrations-in-trichy-news-national-kmrnugfgeha.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> Srirangam car festival,<ref name="thehindu_20100401">{{cite news|title=Car festival at Srirangam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/01/stories/2010040161840600.htm |date=1 April 2010 |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917122901/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/01/stories/2010040161840600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 September 2011 }}</ref> and the Teppakulam float festival are some of the prominent festivals that are held locally.{{Sfn|Bradnock|1994|p=720}} [[Bakrid]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]] are also widely celebrated, owing to the substantial number of Muslims in the city.<ref name="thehindu_20081210">{{cite news|title=Bakrid celebrated in Trichy with gaiety |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121059380300.htm |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226060231/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121059380300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rajendran|first=Nuvena|title=Iftar treat for the city|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-29/food-reviews/32907541_1_ramzan-feasts-population|access-date=28 November 2013|date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-29/food-reviews/32907541_1_ramzan-feasts-population|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nationwide festivals such as the [[New Year's Day|Gregorian New Year]],<ref name="thehindu_20110102">{{cite news|title=City rings in New Year with glitz |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010255980600.htm |date=2 January 2011 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809043633/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010255980600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 August 2011 }}</ref> Christmas, [[Deepavali]]<ref name="thehindu_20110611">{{cite news|title=Sweet delicacies |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/06/stories/2004110600530100.htm |first=Prathibha |last=Pramaeshwaran |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004538/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/06/stories/2004110600530100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> and [[Holi]]<ref name="thehindu_20110321">{{cite news|title=Explosion of colours ushers in spring early home |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/21/stories/2011032160350200.htm |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526055022/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/21/stories/2011032160350200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> are also celebrated in Tiruchirappalli.

The 12th century Tamil epic ''[[Kambaramayanam]]'' was first recited at the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy temple]] in Srirangam. In 1771, ''Rama Natakam'', a musical drama written [[Arunachala Kavi]] and based on the ''[[Ramayana]]'',  was also performed there.{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=232}} Tiruchirappalli was home to some of the prominent [[Carnatic music]]ians—including [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[Srirangam Kannan]] and [[A. K. C. Natarajan]]—and scholars such as [[T. S. Murugesan Pillai]], Kundalam Rangachariar and [[K. A. P. Viswanatham]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|1992|p=307}} Composers, poets and vocalists such as [[G. Ramanathan]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Music composer Ramamoorthy passes away |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/326730/music-composer-ramamoorthy-passes-away.html |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018001508/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/326730/music-composer-ramamoorthy-passes-away.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[P. Madhuri]], who have made significant contributions to [[Music of Tamil Nadu#Film music|Tamil film music]] hail from the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tributes continue to pour in for Vaali |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tributes-continue-to-pour-in-for-vaali/1143992/ |access-date=3 January 2014 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003222127/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tributes-continue-to-pour-in-for-vaali/1143992/ |archive-date=3 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sound track record |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sound-track-record/article868464.ece |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 November 2010 |first=P. K. |last=Ajith Kumar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017193339/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sound-track-record/article868464.ece |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>

Textile weaving, leather-work and gem cutting are some of the important crafts practised in Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn|Playne|Bond|Wright|1914|p=468}} Wooden idols of Hindu gods and goddesses are sold at ''Poompuhar'', the crafts emporium run by the Government of Tamil Nadu.{{Sfn|Nicholson|1985|p=215}} The Trichy Travel Federation (TTF) was formed on 5 May 2009 to promote Tiruchirappalli as a favourable tourist destination.<ref name="thehindu_20100813">{{cite news|title=Trichy Travel Federation |date=13 August 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350770200.htm |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816140638/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350770200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 August 2010 }}</ref> The federation organises an annual food festival called ''Suvai''.<ref name="thehindu_20110804">{{cite news|title=Second edition of food fest in Tiruchi in September |date=4 August 2011 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2320725.ece |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010335/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2320725.ece |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> Lack of infrastructure has been a major deterrent to the city's tourism industry.<ref name="thehindu_20110515">{{cite news|title=High expectation in Srirangam constituency after Jayalalithaa victory |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/15/stories/2011051563920700.htm |date=15 May 2011 |first=S. |last=Ganesan |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915162735/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/15/stories/2011051563920700.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20110814">{{cite news|title=Travel federation to organise rally tomorrow |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2356272.ece |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235658/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2356272.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:Srirangam Temple Gopuram.jpg|upright|thumb|right|The "Vellai Gopuram" (white tower) on the eastern entrance of the Srirangam temple named after a [[Devadasi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The legend of Vellay |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/the-legend-of-vellayi/article2774700.ece |access-date=3 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 January 2012 |first=T. A. |last=Narasimhan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220809/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/the-legend-of-vellayi/article2774700.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref>]]

Once a part of the [[Chola]] kingdom, Tiruchirappalli [[List of temples in Tiruchirappalli|has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples]] and fortresses.<ref name="thehindu_20010422">{{cite news|title=Poetry in stone |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322049n.htm |date=22 April 2001 |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083522/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322049n.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Malaikovil Full View.JPG|thumbnail|left|The [[Erumbeeswarar Temple]] has been designated a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].|alt=Erumbeeswarar Temple at Tiruverumbur]]

Most of the temples, including the Rockfort temples, the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangam]], the [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval]], the [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple]], the [[Erumbeeswarar Temple, Thiruverumbur|Erumbeeswarar Temple]], [[Neelivaneswarar Temple|Gneeliwaneswarar Temple at Thiruppaingneeli]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/ |title=Welcome to Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707142347/http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/ |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the temples in [[Urayur]], are built in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]];{{Sfn|Untracht|1997|p=389}} the Ranganathaswamy Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple are often counted among the best examples of this style.{{Sfn|The Indian year book|1939|p=27}}{{Sfn|Brown|1968|p=99}}{{Sfn|Urwick|1881|p=61}} The rock-cut cave temples of the Rockfort, along with the gateway and the Erumbeeswarar Temple, are listed as [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Tamil Nadu|monuments of national importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220445/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Night View of Trichy.jpg|thumb|left|Night View of Trichy from the top of Rockfort, photographed from the temple window.]]

Considered one of the symbols of Tiruchirappalli, the Rockfort is a fortress which stands atop a 273-foot-high rock.{{Sfn|Sundararaj|1981|p=119}} It consists of a set of monolithic rocks accommodating many rock-cut cave temples. Originally built by the Pallavas, it was later reconstructed by the Madurai Nayaks and [[Vijayanagara]] rulers. The temple complex has three shrines, two of which are dedicated to [[Lord Ganesha]], one at the foot and the [[Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|Ucchi Pillayar Temple]] at the top, and the [[Thayumanavar Temple, Rockfort|Thayumanavar Temple]] between them. The Thayumanavar temple, the largest of the three, houses a shrine for ''[[Parvati|Pārvatī]]'' as well as the main deity. As per a legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Because of the santamarutham, eight kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam into eight different places which are Thirugonamalai ([[Trincomalee|Trincomalee, Sri Lanka]]), [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Thirukalahasti]], Thiruchiramalai (Rock fort), [[Thiruengoimalai Maragadachaleswarar Temple|Thiruenkoimalai]], [[Velliangiri Mountains|Rajathagiri]], [[Narthamalai|Neerthagiri]], [[Kulithalai|Ratnagiri]], and Swethagiri [[Neelivaneswarar Temple|Thirupangeeli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/History.html |title=Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple -History |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705225129/http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/History.html |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.divinebrahmanda.com/2015/06/sri-neelakandeswarar-temple.html |title=Sri Neelakandeswarar Temple, Thiruppaingneeli, Trichy – 275 Shiva Temples |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711151944/http://www.divinebrahmanda.com/2015/06/sri-neelakandeswarar-temple.html |archive-date=11 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Rockfort is visible from almost every part of the city's north.<ref name=Nuvena /> The Teppakulam at the foot of the Rockfort is surrounded by bazaars.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Venkatraman|Bain|2006|p=243}} It has a [[mandapa]] at its centre.<ref>{{cite news|first=S. |last=Ganesan |title=Crocodile in Rockfort temple tank keeps visitors away |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/10/stories/2005031004690600.htm |date=10 March 2005 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221800/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/10/stories/2005031004690600.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref>

The Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], is located on the island of Srirangam.<ref name=Nuvena /> Often cited as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world,<ref name=Nuvena /> it has a perimeter of {{Convert|4116|m|ft}} and occupies {{Convert|156|acre|m2}}.{{Sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2012|p=456}} Considered to be among the 108 [[Divya Desams]] (Holy shrines of Lord Vishnu),<ref>{{cite news|title=Voluntary body cleans up Srirangam temple |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/voluntary-body-cleans-up-srirangam-temple/article1962056.ece |access-date=3 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220942/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/voluntary-body-cleans-up-srirangam-temple/article1962056.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> the temple is believed to house the mortal remains of the [[Vaishnavite]] saint and philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1908|p=229}} Originally built by the Cholas,{{Sfn|Sajnani|2001|p=312}} the temple was later renovated by the Pandyas, the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]], the Madurai Nayaks and the Vijayanagar empire between the 9th and 16th centuries AD.{{Sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=462}} There are 21 [[gopurams]] (towers),<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Ranganatha Swami Temple, Srirangam |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/srirangam.htm |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022234943/http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/srirangam.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref> of which the ''Rajagopuram'' is {{Convert|236|ft|m}}.{{Sfn|Chand|1987|p=36}} According to the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'', it was the tallest temple tower in the world until 1999.{{Sfn|Limca Book of Records|1999|loc=chpt. Tallest temple tower}}

[[File:St Mary's Church - Trichy.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mary's Cathedral]]
The [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval]] and the [[Erumbeeswarar Temple|Erumbeeswarar Temple at Thiruverumbur]] were built in the rule of the Medieval Cholas.{{Sfn|Nagaswamy|1982|p=161}}{{Sfn|Gangoly|1978|p=23}} The Jambukeswarar Temple is one of the [[Pancha Bhoota Stalam]]s dedicated to Lord Shiva; it is the fifth largest temple complex in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beggars run over heritage temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Beggars-run-over-heritage-temple/articleshow/21134559.cms|access-date=4 October 2013|date=18 July 2013|first=B.|last=Sivakumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/madurai/40656662_1_temple-complex-temple-watchman-srirangam|archive-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's best known mosque is the [[Nadir Shah Mosque]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Footprint South India Handbook: The Travel Guide|year=2000|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|isbn=978-1-900949-81-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/footprintsouthin00foot/page/127 127]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/footprintsouthin00foot/page/127}}</ref> The Christ Church constructed by the German Protestant missionary [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]] in 1766 and the [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Tiruchirapalli|Our Lady of Lourdes Church]] are noted examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture]] in the city.{{Sfn|Asher|2003|p=471}}
[[File:Butterfly park trichy9.jpg|thumb|[[Tropical butterfly conservatory, Trichy|Tropical butterfly conservatory]]]]
The [[Chokkanatha Nayak Palace]], which houses the [[Rani Mangammal Mahal]], was built by the Madurai Nayaks in the 17th century; it has now been converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |title=Testimony to a rich past |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951290400.htm |access-date=15 October 2013 |date=19 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017205057/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951290400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> The [[Nawab of Arcot|Nawab]]'s palace,{{Sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1900|p=242}}  the [[Railway Heritage Centre, Tiruchirappalli|Railway Heritage Centre]],<ref name="open">{{cite news|title=Tiruchi Rail museum to receive visitors from April |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchi-rail-museum-to-receive-visitors-from-april/article5705316.ece |access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 February 2014 |location=[[Tiruchi]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228235353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchi-rail-museum-to-receive-visitors-from-april/article5705316.ece |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> the [[Upper Anaicut]] constructed by [[Sir Arthur Cotton]], and the world's oldest functional dam, the [[Grand Anaicut]], are some of the other important structures in Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn|Hope|Digby|1900|p=231}}{{Sfn|Hill|2008|p=257}}

==Education==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Trichy}}

Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=48}}{{Sfn|John Murray|1920|p=586}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Selvan|first=Dennis|title=First rank still eludes education hub|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/madurai/39167662_1_trichy-district-collector-jayashree-muralidharan-pass-percentage|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/madurai/39167662_1_trichy-district-collector-jayashree-muralidharan-pass-percentage|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]], which opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883, is one of the oldest educational institutions in South India.{{Sfn|Herbermann|Pace|Pallen|Shahan|1913|p=41}} The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) college, established in 1883, is a premium missionary institution in the city.{{Sfn|Burn|Cotton|1908|p=48}}

[[File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|150px|left|thumb|[[List of Indian Nobel laureates|India's second Nobel laureate]], [[C. V. Raman]], was born in Tiruchirappalli.|alt=A portrait of C. V. Raman]]

{{As of|2013|post=,}} Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges, 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli is located in a area of 800 acres. National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked this NIT the first among other others in India.<ref name=hemalatha>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=Hemalatha|title=Trichy, not Chennai, preferred for education|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/chennai/39578598_1_k-selvakumar-iim-trichy-national-law-school|access-date=15 October 2013|date=28 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619215652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/chennai/39578598_1_k-selvakumar-iim-trichy-national-law-school|archive-date=19 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The St. Joseph's College, [[National College, Tiruchirappalli|National College]],<ref name="thehindu_20100927">{{cite news|title=Campus Connect: Tiruchirapalli |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2010/09/27/stories/2010092750410800.htm |date=27 September 2007 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416152910/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2010/09/27/stories/2010092750410800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref> [[Bishop Heber College]],{{Sfn|Commonwealth universities yearbook|2003|p=737}} [[Jamal Mohamed College]],{{Sfn|Qādirī|Siddiqui|1998|p=13}} MIET Engineering College, and the [[Government Law College, Tiruchirappalli|Government Law College]] are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences.{{Sfn|Lok Sabha debates|2007|p=350}} There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city.<ref name="economictimes_it" /> The [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College,{{Sfn|Handbook of Universities|2006|p=636}} has a campus at [[Thuvakudi]] on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli.<ref name="outlook-2009">{{cite journal|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250245 |title=Top 75: Engineering Colleges |journal=[[Outlook India]] |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517052136/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250245 |archive-date=17 May 2011 }}</ref> National Institute of Technology-Trichy (NIT-T) released the enhanced version of e-commerce mobile application, the institute Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology

The [[Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute]] was established as a constituent college of [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 1989, and the National Research Centre for Banana offer higher education and research in agriculture.{{Sfn|Handbook of Universities|2006|p=812}} The [[Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli branch of Anna University]] was established after the bifurcation of Anna University in 2007.<ref name="annaunivcbe">{{cite web|url= http://www.annauniv.ac.in/about.aspx|title=About University|publisher=Anna University, Coimbatore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620130817/http://www.annauniv.ac.in/about.aspx|archive-date=20 June 2009|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> 64 self-financing colleges which offer courses in engineering, architecture, management and computer applications in the districts of [[Ariyalur District|Ariyalur]], [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore]], [[Nagapattinam District|Nagapattinam]], [[Perambalur District|Perambalur]], [[Pudukkottai District|Pudukkottai]], [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]] and [[Tiruvarur District|Tiruvarur]] are affiliated to Anna University.<ref name="annaunivbifurcation">{{cite web|url=http://tau.edu.in/colleges/|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015046/http://tau.edu.in/colleges/|archive-date=12 June 2011|title=Anna university of Technology, Tiruchirappalli – University Campuses|publisher=Anna university of Technology Tiruchirappalli}}</ref> The [[SRM Group of Colleges]] established the [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] at [[Irungalur]] near Tiruchirappalli; this was followed by Chennai Medical College and Hospital in 2007. A proposal by the group to include the institutions in SRM University is under review by the Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India.<ref name="toi_20110328">{{cite news|title=SRM varsity a step closer to off-campus centre in Tiruchi|date=28 March 2011|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-28/chennai/29353695_1_srm-university-ugc-resolution-ugc-guidelines|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126232933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-28/chennai/29353695_1_srm-university-ugc-resolution-ugc-guidelines|archive-date=26 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Bharathidasan University]] was established in Tiruchirappalli in 1982 and controls 104 colleges in Tiruchirappalli district and seven neighbouring districts.<ref name="R. Krishnamoorthy" />{{Sfn|Gupta|Kumar|2006|p=121}} The university also runs a management school, the [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]] in the city in collaboration with BHEL.<ref name="thehindu_20090205">{{cite news|title=Shifting of Centre of Distance Education begins |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560220600.htm |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626114619/http://hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560220600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 June 2009 }}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli]] was set up during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]], along with five other IIMs opened during the 2011–12 academic season.<ref name="indianexpress_20100430">{{cite news|title=Now, IIM-Kashipur, IIM-Trichy |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-iimkashipur-iimtrichy/613308/ |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412001009/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-iimkashipur-iimtrichy/613308 |archive-date=12 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="toi_20110211">{{cite news|title=IIM-Trichy to commence operations from June|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28548198_1_iim-trichy-prafulla-agnihotri-faculty|date=11 February 2011|access-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103194820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28548198_1_iim-trichy-prafulla-agnihotri-faculty|archive-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD) approved [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Srirangam|Indian Institute of Information Technology]] (IIIT),<ref>{{cite news|title=IIIT-Tiruchi to function from BIT campus in 2013–14 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/iiittiruchi-to-function-from-bit-campus-in-201314/article4525437.ece |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 March 2013 |first=R. |last=Krishnamoorthy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026032714/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/iiittiruchi-to-function-from-bit-campus-in-201314/article4525437.ece |archive-date=26 October 2013 }}</ref> and the [[Tamil Nadu National Law School]], modelled on the [[National Law School of India University]], both started their operations in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Law School set up in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226979/national-law-school-set-up.html |access-date=5 October 2013 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=13 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006202711/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226979/national-law-school-set-up.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> The city is also the regional headquarters of the [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]] for the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbhpscentral.org/introduction.html|title=Welcome to Dakshin Bharath Hindi Prachar Sabha {{!}} Introduction|website=www.dbhpscentral.org|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428054128/http://www.dbhpscentral.org/introduction.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli;<ref name=hemalatha /> notable ones are the [[St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]],<ref name="thehindu_20050802">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/08/26/stories/2005082602460600.htm |title=St. John's Vestry Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School |date=26 August 2005 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604201226/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2005/08/26/stories/2005082602460600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>
[[Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]],{{Sfn|Lok Sabha debates|1998|p=28}} [[St.Joseph's School, Trichy|St Joseph's Anglo Indian Girls Higher Secondary School]],<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Tiruchi's Anglo-Indian HSS bags top ranks|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/school/article2054116.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165931/https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/school/tiruchis-angloindian-hss-bags-top-ranks/article2054116.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>  [[Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School]], [[Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/reunion-of-srirangam-boys-school-today/article6069115.ece |title=Reunion of Srirangam 'boys school' today |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603121144/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/reunion-of-srirangam-boys-school-today/article6069115.ece |archive-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref> and [[RSK Higher Secondary School]].{{Sfn|Amarnath|Ghosh|2005|p=18}}{{Sfn|Westrip|Holroyde|2010|p=380}}

Notable people who were either born or educated at Tiruchirappalli include [[C. V. Raman]],{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=202}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]],{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=1}} [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[G. N. Ramachandran]], and former President of India [[R. Venkataraman]].<ref name="R. Krishnamoorthy">{{cite news|title=Higher education scenario in central region promising|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/higher-education-scenario-in-central-region-promising/article2231697.ece|access-date=20 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 July 2011|first=R.|last=Krishnamoorthy|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/higher-education-scenario-in-central-region-promising/article2231697.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Hockey Turf Anna Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|Synthetic turf hockey ground in the [[Anna Stadium]]|alt=synthetic turf in Anna stadium]]

[[Field hockey|Hockey]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bustling with activity |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051750630400.htm |access-date=28 November 2013 |date=17 May 2008 |first=G. |last=Prasad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052936/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051750630400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20050926">{{cite news|title=Reporter's Diary |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/26/stories/2005092617130300.htm |date=26 November 2005 |access-date=28 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219193244/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/26/stories/2005092617130300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 December 2009 }}</ref> Former Indian hockey goalkeepers [[Charles Cornelius]] and [[Leslie Fernandez (hockey player)|Leslie Fernandez]];<ref name="thehindu_20110125">{{cite news|title=Veteran hockey players delighted with synthetic turf in Tiruchi |date=25 January 2011 |first=G. |last=Prasad |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm |access-date=28 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130010059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 January 2011 }}</ref> [[Rajagopal Sathish]] who represents the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]];<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajagopal Sathish |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33870.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004717/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33870.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> and [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]] who represents [[Chennai City F.C.]] in the [[I-League|I League]];<ref>{{cite web|last=Vignesh|first=Anuj|title=Chennai City want to do it for Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.espn.in/football/story/3033487/chennai-city-want-to-do-it-for-tamil-nadu|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=7 January 2017|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164143/http://www.espn.in/football/story/3033487/chennai-city-want-to-do-it-for-tamil-nadu|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> all hail from the city. The [[Anna Stadium]] complex is the main venue for sports in the city; it hosts an indoor stadium and an [[astro turf]] hockey ground.<ref name="thehindu_20110125" /> The stadium complex also includes a football ground, an athletic track, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, a badminton court and a hostel for the athletes.<ref name="thehindu_20080616">{{cite news|title=Anna Stadium to get astro turf |first=G. |last=Prasad |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650310100.htm |date=16 June 2008 |access-date=28 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622080032/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650310100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref> The Tiruchirappalli District Cricket Association (TDCA) is one of the constituents of the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]],<ref>{{cite web|title=District Umpires |url=http://www.tncadcu.in/districts.htm |publisher=Tamil Nadu Cricket Association District Cricket Umpires |access-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209094520/http://tncadcu.in/districts.htm |archive-date=9 December 2013 }}</ref> and regulates school, college and club cricket in the district.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Cricket |url=http://www.tnca.in/livesite/districtcrickettext.aspx |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] |access-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103223115/http://www.tnca.in/livesite/districtcrickettext.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2014 }}</ref> [[First-class cricket|First class cricket]] matches were held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirappalli|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]{{mdash}}formerly the Khajamalai Stadium.<ref name="cricinfo_grounds">{{cite news|title=Jawaharlal Nehru stadium |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58488.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325003057/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58488.html |archive-date=25 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=First-class matches played on Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirapalli |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1242_f.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055318/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1242_f.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> At the association's golden jubilee celebrations in 2008–09, plans for the establishment of another cricket stadium and an academy in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli city were mooted.<ref name="thehindu_20080721">{{cite news|title=A golden year for Tiruchi District Cricket Association |first=G. |last=Prasad |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/21/stories/2008072153020200.htm |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314224240/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/21/stories/2008072153020200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20090126">{{cite news|title=Cricket is all about confidence and self-belief, says Srikkanth |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012655800900.htm |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602044059/http://hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012655800900.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 June 2009 }}</ref> The [[Mannarpuram]] Cricket Academy is one of the noted cricket coaching academies in Tiruchirappalli.<ref name="trichycoaching_cricinfo">{{cite news|title=Coaching Academies in Trichy |url=http://static.cricinfo.com/db/INTERACTIVE/COACHING/ACADEMY/TRICHY-LIST.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123001453/http://static.cricinfo.com/db/INTERACTIVE/COACHING/ACADEMY/TRICHY-LIST.html |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> Domestic association football, tennis and volleyball tournaments are held in and around the city.<ref name="thehindu_20050113">{{cite news|title=Kennedy FC posts win |url=http://hindu.com/2005/01/13/stories/2005011307911800.htm |date=13 January 2005 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007053952/http://hindu.com/2005/01/13/stories/2005011307911800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20110207">{{cite news|title=Tennis time in rock city |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article1164418.ece |date=7 February 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209161951/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article1164418.ece |archive-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20110107">{{cite news|title=Boosting success off the net |first=G. |last=Prasad |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1047196.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006191109/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1047196.ece |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli hosted the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], a knockout-style club football tournament in 1984 and an open chess tournament organised by [[FIDE]] in 2006.{{Sfn|Illustrated Weekly of India|1986|p=13}}<ref name="indchessfed">{{cite web|title=1st Trichy International (FIDE) Rating Open Chess Tournament 15th June&nbsp;– 20th June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023221153/http://www.indianchessfed.org/News/2006/04news77.asp?id=1|url=http://www.indianchessfed.org/News/2006/04news77.asp|archive-date=23 October 2006 |publisher=All India Chess Federation|access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref>

==Media==
According to the [[Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India|Registrar of Newspapers in India]], more than 100 newspapers have been registered in Tiruchirappalli {{as of|2013|lc=yes|post=.}}<ref name="newspapers-list">{{cite web |url=http://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp |title=Publication Place Wise-Registration – Tamil Nadu |publisher=Registrar of Newspapers for India |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918081835/http://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp |archive-date=18 September 2013  }} On this page, enter "Trichy", "Tiruchirapalli", "Tiruchirappalli" and "Tiruchi" in the tab to get the name and other details of the newspapers.</ref> The weekly newspaper ''Wednesday Review'', founded in 1905, is the first prominent journal to be published in Tiruchirappalli.{{Sfn|The Feudatory and zemindari India|1933|p=50}} Among the major English-language newspapers being published in Tiruchirappalli are ''[[The Hindu]]'' which launched a Tiruchirappalli edition in 2004,<ref name="thehindu_aboutus">{{cite news|title=About us |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/navigation/?type=static&page=aboutus |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609031408/http://www.thehindu.com/navigation/?type=static&page=aboutus |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> and ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', which was publishing in Tiruchirappalli before ''The Hindu''.{{Sfn|Agricultural mechanisation in Asia, Africa and Latin America|2004|p=75}} Some of the important Tamil-language newspapers that publish a Tiruchirappalli edition are ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''<ref name="dinathanthi">{{cite web|title=''Dhina Thanthi'' Tiruchi edition Home page|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/home.asp?EditionID=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990827210631/http://www.dailythanthi.com/home.asp?EditionID=12|archive-date=27 August 1999|language=ta|work=[[Daily Thanthi]]|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[Dina Mani]]'',<ref name="dinamani">{{cite web|title=''Dina Mani'' e-newspaper Trichy edition |url=http://dinamani.com/edition_trichy/ |work=[[Dina Mani]] |access-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822122907/http://dinamani.com/edition_trichy/ |archive-date=22 August 2013 }}</ref> ''[[Dina Malar]]'', ''[[Malai Malar]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'',{{Sfn|Benn's press directory|1978|p=95}} ''[[Tamil Murasu]]'' and ''[[Tamil Sudar]]''.<ref name="newspapers-list" /> The popular Tamil weekly ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' launched a local supplement for Tiruchirappalli in 2011.<ref name="thehindu_20110303">{{cite news|title=Vikatan celebrates 85th anniversary |date=3 March 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/03/stories/2011030356220400.htm |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306181059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/03/stories/2011030356220400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=6 March 2011 }}</ref>

The first radio transmission station in Tiruchirappalli was opened by [[All India Radio]] (AIR) on 16 May 1939.{{Sfn|Luthra|1986|p=}}{{Sfn|Wireless world|1947|p=297}} AIR started providing direct-to-home enabled radio broadcasting service from 2006.<ref name="thehindu_20060112">{{cite news|title=Three AIR stations to go DTH by mid-year |date=12 January 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011207900500.htm |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015163725/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011207900500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, the AIR launched ''Ragam'', a separate Carnatic music station, from the city.<ref name="businessline_20070525">{{cite web |title=AIR launches ''Ragam'' for DTH audience |first=R. |last=Ravikumar |work=Business Line |date=27 July 2007 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/05/25/stories/2007052500940500.htm |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307164010/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/05/25/stories/2007052500940500.htm |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref> Apart from the [[Government of India|government]]-owned AIR, private FM radio stations such as [[Hello FM|Hello]] and [[Suryan FM]] and [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi 95.0]] from Tiruchirappalli.<ref name="asiawaves">{{cite web|author=Venkat |title=FM stations in trichy |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/tamil-nadu-radio.htm#tiruchirapalli-radio |publisher=Asiawaves |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603232033/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/tamil-nadu-radio.htm |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]'s ''Gyan Vani'' started broadcasting from the city in 2008.<ref name="thehindu_20080907">{{cite news|title=Gyan Vani to be on air from Tiruchi in 3 months |first=R. |last=Krishnamoorthy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090757310600.htm |date=7 September 2008 |access-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015163729/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090757310600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli's first campus community radio station was started by Holy Cross College on 22 December 2006.<ref name="thehindu_20061222">{{cite news|title=Community radio is best suited for fulfilling information needs of villages|work=The Hindu|date=22 December 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006122225180300.htm&date=2006/12/22/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125085807/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006122225180300.htm&date=2006/12/22/&prd=th&|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>

Television broadcasting from Chennai was started on 15 August 1975.<ref name="thehindu_20091009">{{cite news|title=Celebrating a milestone |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article31314.ece |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015074659/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article31314.ece |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Satellite television channels have been available since 1991.{{Sfn|Bhatt|1994|p=}} Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by [[DD Direct Plus]]<ref name="thehindu_20041219">{{cite news|title=Demonstration of DTH technology |date=19 December 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/19/stories/2004121904450300.htm |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201105941/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/19/stories/2004121904450300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="dth_dealerlist">{{cite web|title=List of Dealers in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/DTH/Dealers/TamilNadu.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022054112/http://www.ddinews.gov.in/DTH/Dealers/TamilNadu.htm|publisher=DD News|archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Television relay in Trichy">{{cite web|title=Doordarshan |url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Maintenance+Centres |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422100657/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About%2BDD/Doordarshan%2BMaintenance%2BCentres |publisher=Doordarshan |archive-date=22 April 2006 |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and various other operators.<ref name="thehindu_20070924">{{cite news|title=Strike hits cable TV services |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092458660300.htm |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015155439/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092458660300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}

[[File:TRZ Check In Counters.jpg|thumb|right|[[Airport check-in|Check-in counters]] at the integrated terminal of [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]].|alt=Check-in counters at Trichy Airport]]
[[File:E1 Tejas Exp 22672 Trichy Junction Aug22 A7C 02355.jpg|thumb|Madurai-Chennai Tejas Express at Trichy Junction]]

The most commonly used modes of local transport in Tiruchirappalli are the state government-owned [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC) buses, and [[auto rickshaw]]s.<ref name=master>{{cite web|title=Tiruchirapalli Master Plan – Review |url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/masterplan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618111528/http://trichycorporation.gov.in/masterplan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2017 |publisher=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |access-date=9 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trichy Corporation issue ultimatum for removal of auto-rickshaw signboards|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/madurai/39335807_1_trichy-corporation-auto-rickshaw-signboards|access-date=9 September 2013|date=17 May 2013|first=R.|last=Gokul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-17/madurai/39335807_1_trichy-corporation-auto-rickshaw-signboards|archive-date=5 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Kumbakonam division of the TNSTC.<ref name="rtimanual_tnstckumbakonam">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Kumbakonam) Limited&nbsp;– RTI Manual |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-kmb.pdf |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2005 |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218191931/http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-kmb.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2011 }}</ref> The city has two major bus termini; [[Chatram Bus Stand]] and [[Central Bus Stand]], both of which operate intercity services and local transport to suburban areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chatram bus stand vendors up in arms against midnight closure of shops|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/madurai/40535690_1_bus-stand-shops-mofussil-buses|access-date=7 September 2013|date=12 July 2013|first=R.|last=Gokul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/madurai/40535690_1_bus-stand-shops-mofussil-buses|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> A third major bus terminus, the [[Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli|Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus]], was recently inaugurated and is now operational, serving as a new hub for long-distance and mofussil services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-16 |title=Panjapur bus terminus becomes operational |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/panjapur-bus-terminus-becomes-operational/article69818968.ece |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The municipal administration and water supply department has accorded administrative sanction to construct new bus stands in three central districts at a total cost of 31.8 crore. The state infrastructure amenities promotion committee has approved providing 50% of the estimated cost in 10 towns and cities across the state.

Tiruchirappalli sits at the junction of two major National Highways{{mdash}}[[National Highway 45 (India)|NH 45]] and [[National Highway 67 (India)|NH 67]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karaikal Port – Road Connectivity |url=http://www.karaikalport.com/road-connectivity.php |publisher=[[MARG Limited|MARG]] |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819212709/http://www.karaikalport.com/road-connectivity.php |archive-date=19 August 2013 }}</ref> NH 45 <ref name=NHAI>{{cite web |title=National Highways passing through Trichy |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |publisher=National Highways Authority of India |access-date=17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhandari|2009|p=19}}{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|2010|p=351}} is one of the most congested highways in south India and carries almost 10,000 lorries on the Tiruchirappalli–Chennai stretch every night.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four-lane highway cuts cost, improves profit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fourlane-highway-cuts-cost-improves-profit/article4600907.ece |access-date=3 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221450/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fourlane-highway-cuts-cost-improves-profit/article4600907.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> Other National Highways originating in the city is NH336 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/list-of-roads/national-highways|title=Tamilnadu Highways|website=www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in}}</ref> 
connecting [[Trichy]]-[[Pudukkottai]]-[[Devakottai]], this two lane route is going to be converted to four lane route till [[Karaikudi]] as there is a massive increments in road PCU usages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-sivagangai/welcome-to-the-karaikudi--trichy-four-lane-highway/3494512|title=காரைக்குடி---திருச்சி நான்கு வழிச்சாலைக்கு வரவேற்பு|date=2 December 2023|website=Dinamalar}}</ref> State highways that start from the city include [[State Highway 25 (Tamil Nadu)|SH 25]] and SH 62.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Highways |url=http://www.tnhighways.org/images/roadlist/SH_ListofRoads_31032011.pdf |publisher=Highways Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102954/http://www.tnhighways.org/images/roadlist/SH_ListofRoads_31032011.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli has {{convert|715.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of road maintained by the municipal corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporation Roads Location |url=https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/roads.php#menu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316091946/http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/roads.php#menu |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2010 |publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation |access-date=13 September 2013 }}</ref> A semi-ring road connecting all the National Highways is being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=New bypass sanctioned for Tiruchi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031761430100.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |date=17 March 2010 |first=S. |last=Ganesan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013701/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031761430100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> {{As of|2013|post=,}} approximately 328,000 two-wheelers, 93,500 cars and 10,000 public transport vehicles operate within the city limits,<ref name=pollution>{{cite news|title=Blame your vehicle for air pollution|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-09/trichy/42865322_1_carbon-dioxide-carbon-monoxide-combustion|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131015093550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-09/trichy/42865322_1_carbon-dioxide-carbon-monoxide-combustion|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|date=9 October 2013|first=R.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last=Gokul}}</ref> apart from the 1,500 inter-city buses that pass through Tiruchirappalli daily.<ref name=dennis/> Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station.<ref name=dennis /><ref>{{cite news|title=Encroachments constrict Tiruchi's Vayalur Road from both sides |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/encroachments-constrict-tiruchis-vayalur-road-from-both-sides/article3880467.ece |access-date=7 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2012 |first=S. |last=Ganesan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223630/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/encroachments-constrict-tiruchis-vayalur-road-from-both-sides/article3880467.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref>

Passenger trains also carry a significant number of passengers from nearby towns.<ref name=master /> The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established in 1853 with its headquarters at England.{{Sfn|Muthiah|2004|p=321}} In 1859, the company constructed its first railway line connecting Tiruchirappalli and Nagapattinam.{{Sfn|Muthiah|2004|p=321}} The company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the [[South Indian Railway Company]] with Tiruchirappalli as its headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway—Tiruchchirappalli Division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359956335265-SOUTHERN%20RAILWAY.pdf |publisher=Southern Railway |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161259/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359956335265-SOUTHERN%20RAILWAY.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency|1877|p=260}} The city retained the position until 1908 when the company's headquarters was transferred to Madras.<ref>{{cite news|title=Integrating transport |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/article3390781.ece |access-date=7 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2012 |first=S. |last=Muthiah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220939/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/article3390781.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} is one of the busiest in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's best railway stations |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2012-railway-indias-best-stations/20120314.htm#11 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 September 2013 |date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901170424/http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2012-railway-indias-best-stations/20120314.htm |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref> It constitutes a [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|separate division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]].<ref name="trichydivision">{{cite web|title=Tiruchchirappalli division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,582 |publisher=[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531132711/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C263%2C579%2C582 |archive-date=31 May 2014 }}</ref> Tiruchirappalli has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India.{{Sfn|Bhandari|2009|p=19}} Other railway stations in the city include {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Fort}}, {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Town}}, {{rws|Srirangam}}, {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Palakkarai}} and {{rws|Golden Rock (Ponmalai)}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Computerised ticketing at Palakkarai railway station|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/madurai/29931056_1_southern-railway-computerised-station|access-date=4 October 2013|date=26 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/madurai/29931056_1_southern-railway-computerised-station|archive-date=5 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|p=71}} Non-stop flight time from Chennai to Trichy is '''between 1 hr to 1 hr 30 mins''' depending on the aircraft's cruising speed, technical condition and weather/wind.

Tiruchirappalli is served by [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] {{airport codes|TRZ|VOTR}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Location Indicators by State |url=http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%20Incident%20Reporting%20Guidance/LocationIndicatorsByState.pdf |publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] |access-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115201356/http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/Accident%20Incident%20Reporting%20Guidance/LocationIndicatorsByState.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2016 }}</ref> {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city centre.<ref name="aai">{{cite web|title=Tiruchirappalli: Technical Information (Archived)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102142/http://aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_TI.jsp|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_TI.jsp|archive-date=15 January 2010 |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Statistics – Passengers |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf |publisher=Airports Authority of India |access-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518081740/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> The airport handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services, making it the only airport in India with this huge variation. It serves as a gateway to immigrants from [[Southeast Asia|South-east Asian countries]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed Draft Note- Marketing of International airport |url=http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/ProposedDraftNoteMktgofIntlApts.pdf |publisher=Airports Authority of India |access-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203050730/http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/ProposedDraftNoteMktgofIntlApts.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2013 }}</ref> There are regular flights to Chennai,<ref name="thehindu_20110328">{{cite news|title=JET Airways starts Tiruchi-Chennai service |date=28 March 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/28/stories/2011032858340200.htm |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402083218/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/28/stories/2011032858340200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 April 2011 }}</ref> Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, [[Colombo]],<ref name="lbo_20111207">{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka carrier plans Nepal, Bangladesh flights, Indian frequencies up |url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/news/sri-lanka-carrier-plans-nepal,-bangladesh-flights,-indian-frequencies-up/749489233 |work=Lanka Business Online |date=7 December 2011 |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622030143/http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/news/sri-lanka-carrier-plans-nepal%2C-bangladesh-flights%2C-indian-frequencies-up/749489233 |archive-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref> [[Dubai]], [[Kuala Lumpur]],<ref name="thehindu_20081202">{{cite news|title=Air Asia begins service to Tiruchi |date=2 December 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120254400500.htm |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727193847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120254400500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow, Lal Bhadur Shastri Airport Varanasi and Airports at Tiruchirapalli, Mangalore and Coimbatore as International Airports |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88173 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=14 August 2013 |date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180056/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88173 |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> The airport handled more than 1 million passengers and 2012 tonnes of cargo during the fiscal year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Statistics – Freight |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex4.pdf |publisher=Airports Authority of India |access-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518082623/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex4.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tiruchirappalli metropolitan area]]
* [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]]
* [[List of people from Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Classification of Indian cities]]
* [[Upper Anaicut|Mukkombu]]
* [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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* {{Cite book |last=Sajnani|first=Manohar |title=Encyclopedia of tourism resources in India, Volume 2 |year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=81-7835-014-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year=1935|title=The Cōlas|publisher=[[University of Madras]]}}
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* {{cite web|title=SLB Results Workshop|url=http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/GroupB/Trichy.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India|date=14–15 December 2009|access-date=20 May 2011|ref={{harvid|SLB|2009}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002191530/http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/GroupB/Trichy.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2011}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Sundararaj|first=T.|journal=Journal of Indian History|volume=59|publisher=Dept. of Modern Indian History|year=1981|title=A Historical Sketch of Trichinopoly Rock Fort|pages=117–128}}
* {{cite journal|last=Superintendent Census Operations|journal=Census of India, 1961|title=Madras|volume=9|issue=1|publisher=Government of India|year=1966}}
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* {{cite book |last=Thirugnanam |first=Ko.|title= 108 Divya Desangalin Purana Kathaiyudan Varaipadangal |trans-title= The Historical Stories of 108 Divya Desam Temples with Drawings|language= Tamil|publisher= T. Rajarajeswari |year=2014|page=22}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite news|last=Kempthorne|first=T. V.|title=A visit to Ceylon and India|work=[[Otago Witness]]|date=5 April 1905|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW19050405.2.288|page=80|issue=2664|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815054939/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW19050405.2.288|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Molony|first=J. Chartres|title=Book of South India|chapter=Trichinopoly and Ootacamund|pages=33–50|year=1926|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Newell|first=H. A.|title=Trichinopoly: (The three great temples) : An Illustrated Guide|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]|year=1920}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=V. N. Hari|title=A history of Trichinopoly and Srirangam|publisher=University of Madras|year=1948}}
* {{cite news|last=Viji|first=Chitra|title=Jewel on the Cauvery|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/13/stories/1313049c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070330/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/13/stories/1313049c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|date=13 February 2000|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 December 2011}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Category:Tiruchirapalli | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Tiruchirappalli | species=no | d=no | mw=no | display=Tiruchirappalli}}
* [https://tiruchirappalli.nic.in/ Trichy District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100304140428/http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ Trichy Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111121152934/http://www.trichy.tn.nic.in/tlpa/default.htm Trichy Local Planning Authority]

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