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{{Short description|Play by A. A. Milne}}
{{for|the character|Mr. Toad}}
{{italic title}}
[[Image:toad-of-toad-hall.jpg|thumb|right|Poster for a 2008 theatrical production of ''Toad of Toad Hall'']]

'''''Toad of Toad Hall''''' is a play written by [[A. A. Milne]] – the first of several dramatisations of [[Kenneth Grahame]]'s 1908 novel ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' – with [[incidental music]] by [[Harold Fraser-Simson]]. It was originally produced by [[William Armstrong (theatre director)|William Armstrong]] at the [[Playhouse Theatre, Liverpool]], on 21 December 1929. It was given in the [[West End theatre|West End]] the following year, and has been revived frequently by many theatrical companies.

== Background and first productions==
For his stage version of Grahame's book, the humorist and playwright [[A. A. Milne]] concentrated on the adventures of [[Mr. Toad|Mr Toad]], which make up about half of the original book, because they lent themselves most easily to being staged. He loved Grahame's book, which was one of the reasons why he decided to adapt it. He wrote in the introduction to the published play:
{{blockindent|There are familiarities which we will allow only ourselves to take. Your hands and my hands are no cleaner than anybody else's hands, yet the sort of well-thumbed bread-and-butter which we prefer is that on which we have placed our own thumbs. It may be that to turn Mr Kenneth Grahame into a play is to leave unattractive finger-marks all over him, but I love his books so much that I cannot bear to think of anybody else disfiguring them. That is why I accepted a suggestion, which I should have refused in the case of any other book as too difficult for me, that I should dramatize ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]''.<ref>Milne (1946), p. v</ref>|}}

The first production was at the [[Playhouse Theatre, Liverpool]], on 21 December 1929, under the direction of [[William Armstrong (theatre director)|William Armstrong]]. The first London productions were at the [[Lyric Theatre, London|Lyric Theatre]] on 17 December 1930 and the [[Savoy Theatre]] on 22 December 1931, directed by [[Frank Cellier (actor)|Frank Cellier]].<ref name=first/>

===Original casts===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left; margin-right: 0;"
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" |Liverpool, 1929
! scope="col" |Lyric, 1930
! scope="col" |Savoy, 1931
|-
| Nurse
| Mamie Hunt 
| Mona Jenkins
| Mona Jenkins
|-
| Marigold
| Katrina Kaufmann 
| [[Wendy Toye]]
| [[Nova Pilbeam]]
|-
| The Mole
| [[Alan Webb (actor)|Alan Webb]]
| [[Richard Goolden]]
| Richard Goolden
|-
| The Water Rat
| [[Lloyd Pearson]]
| [[Ivor Barnard]]
| [[Cameron Hall (actor)|A. Cameron Hall]]
|-
| Mr Badger
| [[Wyndham Goldie]] 
| Eric Stanley
| Eric Stanley
|-
| Toad
| Leslie Kyle 
| [[Frederick Burtwell]]
| Frederick Burtwell
|-
| Alfred
| Peter Mather 
| R. Halliday Mason
| R. Halliday Mason
|-
| Back Legs of Alfred
| Martin Hyde 
| Frank Snell
| Frank Snell
|-
| Chief Weasel
| Nelson Welch 
| Ronald Alpe
| Robert Hughes
|-
| Chief Stoat
| John Guinness 
| William McGuigan
| Leslie Stroud
|-
| Chief Ferret
| John Robinson 
| Alfred Fairhurst
| Neal Alston
|-
| First Field-Mouse
| Sally Lockhart 
| Gordon Tucker
| Jim Neal
|-
| Second Field-Mouse
| Audrey Wilson 
| Robert Sinclair
| Jim Soloman
|-
| Policeman
| Herbert Bickerstaff 
| Alban Blakelock
| Alban Blakelock
|-
| Gaoler
| Basil Nairn 
| Alfred Fairhurst
| Robert Hughes
|-
| Judge
| [[James Harcourt]]
| Alfred Clark
| [[Tom Reynolds (actor)|Tom Reynolds]]
|-
| Usher
| Alfred Sangster 
| Humphrey Morton
| Beeson King
|-
| Turkey
| Lorraine Cromarty 
| Gordon Tucker
| Jim Soloman
|-
| Duck
| Trevor Reid
| Robert Sinclair
| Jim Neal
|-
| Phoebe
| Joan Harker
| Joan Harker
| Wendy Toye
|-
| Washerwoman
| [[Marjorie Fielding]]
| Dorothy Fane
| Dorothy Fane
|-
| Mama Rabbit
| Elizabeth Ripley 
| Phyllis Coulthard
| Phyllis Coulthard
|-
| Harold Rabbit
| Doris Forrest 
| Marcus Haig
| Jim Ned
|-
| Lucy Rabbit
| Kathleen Boutcher
| Daphne Allen
| Daphne Allen
|-
| Barge-Woman
| Pauline Lacey
| Frances Waring
| Muriel Johnston
|}
:Sources: ''[[The Stage]]'' (1929); ''[[The Era (newspaper)|The Era]]'' (1930); and playscript (1931).<ref name=first>"Provincial Productions", ''The Stage'', 26 December 1929, p. 18; "Toad of Toad Hall", ''The Era'', 24 December 1920, p. 1; and Milne (1932), p. iii</ref>

==Synopsis==
The play comprises a prologue, four acts and an epilogue:

*Prologue and Act 1
:*Down by the Willows
:::The play is framed by scenes featuring two characters not in Grahame's book: a 12-year-old girl, Marigold, and her [[nanny|nurse]], sitting near a river. Marigold tells her nurse about the riverbank animals, and the scene fades into the main action. Marigold and the nurse are not seen again until the epilogue of the play. Mole emerges from his underground home, and meets Rat and Badger for the first time. They are joined by Toad, who persuades Mole and Rat to join him on a holiday in his new horse-drawn caravan, pulled by the querulous horse Alfred. Unseen, the weasels, ferrets and stoats curse Toad, whom they hate. The caravan is in collision with a motor-car, and Toad becomes instantly obsessed with becoming a motorist. Mole and Rat lead him homewards.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 1–24</ref>
*Act II
::1. The Wild Wood
:::In deep snow, Toad, who has once again crashed his car (his eighth), walks fearfully through the wood, harried by the weasels and their allies. When he has gone, Mole stumbles on, lost, and is rescued by Rat, who has been looking for him. They find themselves at the entrance to Badger's house and ring the bell.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 25–32</ref>
::2. Badger's House
:::Safely inside Badger's underground house, Mole and Rat refresh themselves, and discuss with Badger the excesses Toad has been committing, squandering his fortune on expensive cars and crashing them. Toad now finds Badger's house, and seeks refuge. Badger lectures him about his foolish ways, but Toad is unrepentant. Badger says that Toad must stay with him until his motor-mania has worn off, and Toad is locked into the guest-bedroom.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 33–46</ref>
::3. The Same. Some Weeks Later
:::In the absence of Badger and Mole, Toad tricks Rat into letting him escape from his confinement at Badger's house and he flees, singing a gleeful and boastful song to himself.
*Act III
::1. The Court-House
:::Toad is on trial for stealing a motor-car, driving recklessly, and, most seriously, being grossly impertinent to a police officer. He is found guilty and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 47–66</ref>
::2. The Dungeon
:::Phoebe, the jailer's daughter, takes pity on Toad, and helps him escape by disguising him as a washerwoman.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 67–75</ref>
::3. The Canal Bank
:::Toad shakes off the pursuing forces of law and order, and hitches a ride on a canal barge. He quarrels with the barge-woman, steals her horse and rides off.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 76–84</ref>
*Act IV
::1. Rat's House by the River
:::Toad makes his way to Rat's house, where he learns to his horror that his grand residence, Toad Hall, has been occupied by the weasels, ferrets and stoats. When Mole and Badger enter, the four discuss how to drive the occupiers out.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 85–95</ref>
::2. The Underground Passage
:::In a secret underground passage the four friends prepare to enter Toad Hall and catch the occupiers unawares.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 96–98</ref>
::3. The Banqueting-Room at Toad Hall
:::The Chief Weasel's birthday party is in progress. Badger leads the attack and the enemy is quickly routed. Toad sings a song about his homecoming and gradually the other characters of the play – including the weasels, Mole, Rat, the judge, Alfred, the barge-woman, Phoebe, and last of all Badger – join in dancing in a circle round the triumphant Toad.<ref>Milne (1946), pp. 99–110</ref>
*Epilogue
::The Wind in the Willows
:::The scene at Toad Hall fades away and the setting is as it was for the prologue. Marigold is asleep; a badger, a water-rat, a mole and finally a toad pass the slumbering child, before the nurse tells her it is time to wake up and come home.<ref>Milne (1946), p. 111</ref>

==Music ==
Although not a musical, the play contains ten musical numbers composed by [[Harold Fraser-Simson]]:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
:1. "Down by the Willows" (introductory music)
:2. Thunderstorm, war-song, dance and chorus, "Toad, Toad, Down with Toad!"
:3. Mole's song, "'I Have Noticed Before', Said the Wise Mr. Rat"
:4. Carol-singers' chorus, "Joy Shall Be Yours in the Morning"
:5. Rat's song, "Duck's Ditty"
{{col-break}}
:6. Toad's first song, "The World Has Held Great Heroes"
:7. The Judge's song, "If an Animal Errs or a Citizen Sins"
:8. Quartet, "When Night Comes on and the Owls Are Hooting
:9. Weasel's song: "Toad He Went A-Pleasuring Gaily Down the Road"
:10. Toad's second song, "The Toad Came Home".<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9773823 "Toad of Toad Hall"], WorldCat. Retrieved 23 April 2021</ref>
{{col-end}}

==Critical response==
Reviewing the Liverpool premiere, ''[[The Stage]]'' commented that Milne had succeeded brilliantly in putting Grahame's characters on the stage, but thought the play might be over the heads of a children's audience, having "so much in it to appeal to the adult mind".<ref>"Provincial Productions", ''The Stage'', 26 December 1929, p. 18</ref> The other principal theatrical paper, ''[[The Era (newspaper)|The Era]]'', thought that there might be "a certain amount of doubt whether Mr Milne has succeeded in bringing the peculiar and indefinable atmosphere of Kenneth Grahame's little classic in the realms of fantasy, ''The Wind in the Willows'', on to the stage. But perhaps he never attempted to do so. What he has actually done has been to provide an entertainment brimful of delight, for childish hearts".<ref>"Toad of Toad Hall", ''The Era'', 24 December 1920, p. 1</ref>

==Revivals==
The play was revived in the [[West End theatre|West End]] each year from 1932 to 1935, and was next seen there in 1954, in a production first seen at the [[Royal Shakespeare Theatre]], [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], with [[Leo McKern]] as Toad, [[William Squire]] as Rat, [[Edward Atienza]] as Mole and [[Brewster Mason]] as Badger.<ref>"Christmas Shows", ''The Stage'', 31 December 1954, p. 8</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s there were annual West End revivals during the Christmas season, with Goolden returning to the part of Mole in every year except one.<ref>Herbert, pp. 482–483</ref> Among the actors appearing in the play in London and elsewhere were, in the title role [[Michael Bates (actor)|Michael Bates]],<ref>Herbert, p. 391</ref> [[Hywel Bennett]],<ref>Herbert, p. 403</ref> [[Derek Godfrey]],<ref>Herbert, p. 658</ref> [[Nicky Henson]],<ref>Herbert, p. 723</ref> [[Michael Hordern]],<ref>Herbert, p. 745</ref> [[Paul Scofield]],<ref>Trewin, p. 8</ref> [[Ian Wallace (bass-baritone)|Ian Wallace]],<ref>"Theatres", ''The Times'', 23 December 1964, p. 11</ref> [[Michael Williams (actor)|Michael Williams]],<ref>Herbert, p. 1257</ref> [[Peter Woodthorpe]]<ref>Herbert, p. 1269</ref> and [[Patrick Wymark]].<ref>[http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc-performances/toa195612 "Toad of Toad Hall"], Royal Shakespeare Company. Retrieved 23 April 2021</ref>   [[Alan Badel]] and [[Clive Revill]] were among those seen as Rat;<ref>Herbert, p. 374 and 1059</ref> Badgers included [[Michael Blakemore]], [[Mark Dignam]], [[John Justin]] and [[John Woodvine]].<ref>Herbert, pp. 420, 553, 794 and 1269</ref> Performers seen in other roles in the play included [[Beverley Cross]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Ian McKellen]], [[Rita Tushingham]] and [[Brett Usher]].<ref>Herbert, pp. 521, 545, 1199 and 27; and [https://www.mckellen.com/stage/00119.htm "Toad of Toad Hall"], Ian McKellen. Retrieved 23 April 2021</ref>
In the 1980s and subsequently the play has been frequently revived in London, the British provinces and in North America.<ref>''The Stage'', 15 October 1981, p. 1, 8 July 1982, p. 2, 30 June 1983, p. 23, 12 January 1984, p. 11, 17 January 1985, p. 29, 16 January 1986, pp. 34–35, 18 June 1987, pp. 1–2 and 10 August 1989, p. 26; ''Illustrated London News'', 8 December 1990, p. 83, 2 December 1991, p. 79, 2 March 1992, p. 84, 6 December 1993, p. 74, 6 December 1994, p. 75 and 4 December 1995, p. 83; ''The Guardian'', 18 November 2000, p. 174; ''Calgary Herald'', 19 January  2010, p. 42; ''The Missoulian'', 17 November 2010, p. 43; and ''Red Deer Advocate'', 25 November 2011, p. 31</ref>

== Adaptations ==
The [[BBC]] has broadcast several adaptations of the play. A 1942 radio version featured Goolden and Burtwell reprising their roles from the first London production, [[Fred Yule]] was Badger and [[Vernon Harris]] was Rat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210423131853/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/d41dedd715474a3e8820cae36d71a85c "Toad of Toad Hall"], ''Radio Times'', 26 December 1942, p. 22</ref> [[Michael Barry (television producer)|Michael Barry]]'s television version of the play was broadcast live on eight occasions between 1946 and 1950 with varying casts, the only principal common to all eight being [[Kenneth More]] as Badger.<ref name=genome/> A 1953 television version featured [[Gerald Campion]] as Toad and [[Patrick Troughton]] as Badger.<ref name=genome/>

A serialised radio adaptation of the play was broadcast on ''[[Children's Hour]]'' in 1948; [[Norman Shelley]] played Toad, Goolden was Mole and [[Leslie French]] Rat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210423131852/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/853e1d186ef9403bbefb42e8052fd9f8 "Toad of Toad Hall"], ''Radio Times'', 26 April 1948, p. 10</ref> A 1973 radio version featured Goolden with Derek Smith as Toad, [[Bernard Cribbins]] as Rat, [[Cyril Luckham]] as Badger and [[Hugh Paddick]] as the Judge. This version was broadcast again in 1973, 1976, 1979, 1981 and 1990.<ref name=genome>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210423131854/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/40/20?order=asc&q=%22Toad+of+Toad+Hall%22#search "Toad of Toad Hall"], BBC Genome. Retrieved 23 April 2021</ref>

==References and sources==

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===

* {{cite book|editor-last= Herbert|editor-first=Ian  |year= 1977|title=Who's Who in the Theatre |edition=sixteenth|location=London and Detroit|publisher= Pitman Publishing and Gale Research |isbn=978-0-273-00163-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Milne | first=A. A. | title= Toad of Toad Hall | year= 1932| location= London | publisher=Samuel French | url= https://archive.org/details/toadoftoadhallpl0000fras|oclc=772896476 }}
* {{cite book | last= Milne | first=A. A. | title= Toad of Toad Hall | year= 1946| location =London  | publisher =Methuen |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.5335/page/n7/mode/2up| oclc=963200557 }}
* {{cite book | last= Trewin | first=J. C. | title= Paul Scofield: An illustrated study of his work | year= 1956 | location= London | publisher= Rockliff | oclc= 1150965542}}
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Toad of Toad Hall (play)|''Toad of Toad Hall''}}
*{{wikisource-inline|Toad of Toad Hall|''Toad of Toad Hall''|single=true}}
{{The Wind in the Willows}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}

[[Category:1929 plays]]
[[Category:Plays by A. A. Milne]]
[[Category:Incidental music]]
[[Category:Compositions by Harold Fraser-Simson]]
[[Category:West End plays]]
[[Category:Works based on The Wind in the Willows]]