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{{short description|American cartoon series and franchise}}
{{Redirect|Tom & Jerry|other uses|Tom and Jerry (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Copy edit|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = ''Tom and Jerry''
| image = Tom and Jerry logo.svg
| caption = Logo used since 1985
| creator = [[William Hanna]]<br>[[Joseph Barbera]]
| origin = ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]'' (1940)
| owner = [[Turner Entertainment Co.]]<br>([[Warner Bros.]])
| years = 1940–present
| comics = [[#Comic books|List of comics]]
| strips = [[#Comic strip|List of comic strips]]
| films = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Movie]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry (2021 film)|Tom and Jerry]]'' (2021)
* ''Tom and Jerry: Forbidden Compass'' (2025)
}}
| dtv = [[List of Tom and Jerry feature films#Direct-to-video films|List of direct-to-video films]]
| shorts = [[Tom and Jerry filmography|List of shorts]] (1940–1967, 2001–present)<br>''[[Spike and Tyke]]'' (1957)
| animated_series = [[#Television|List of animated series]]
| tv_specials = ''[[Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers]]'' (2014)
| tv_shorts = ''[[The Mansion Cat]]'' (2001)
| musicals = ''[[#Musical adaptation|Tom and Jerry: Purr-Chance to Dream]]'' (2019)
| video_games = [[List of Tom and Jerry video games|List of video games]]
| soundtracks = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Tom and Jerry & Tex Avery Too!]]''
* ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 soundtrack)|Tom & Jerry]]'' (2021)
}}
}}
'''''Tom and Jerry''''' (also known as '''''Tom & Jerry''''') is an American [[Animated cartoon|animated]] media franchise and series of comedy [[short film]]s created in 1940 by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]]. Best known for its 161 theatrical short films produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], the series centers on the rivalry between a cat named [[Tom Cat|Tom]] and a mouse named [[Jerry Mouse|Jerry]]. Many shorts also feature [[List of Tom and Jerry characters#Recurring characters|several recurring characters]].

Created in 1940 as the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio|MGM cartoon studio]] struggled to compete with [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] and [[Leon Schlesinger Productions]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bingen|first=Steven|title=The 50 MGM Films That Transformed Hollywood: Triumphs, Blockbusters, and Fiascos|date=2022|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.|location=[[Lanham, Maryland]]|isbn=9781493070893|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYh0EAAAQBAJ|access-date=June 18, 2025}}</ref> ''Tom and Jerry''{{'}}s initial short-film titled ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]'' proved successful in theaters and garnered an [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject (Cartoon)]]. Hanna and Barbera later directed a total of 114 ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts for its initial MGM run from 1940 to 1958.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-02-17/tom-and-jerrys-75th-anniversary-proves-cat-and-mouse-games-never-get-old/|title=Tom and Jerry's 75th anniversary proves cat and mouse games never get old|last=Jones|first=Paul|date=February 17, 2015|website=[[Radio Times]]|access-date=February 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718191510/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-02-17/tom-and-jerrys-75th-anniversary-proves-cat-and-mouse-games-never-get-old/|archive-date=July 18, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this time, they won seven [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Academy Awards for Best Animated Short Film]], tying for first place with [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Silly Symphonies]]'' with the most awards in the category. After the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio|MGM cartoon studio]] closed in 1957, MGM revived the series with [[Gene Deitch]] directing an additional thirteen ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts for [[Rembrandt Films]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], from 1961 to 1962. ''Tom and Jerry'' became the highest-grossing animated short-film series of that time, overtaking ''[[Looney Tunes]]''. [[Chuck Jones]] produced another 34 shorts with [[MGM Animation/Visual Arts|Sib Tower 12 Productions]] between 1963 and 1967. Five more shorts have been produced since 2001, making a total of [[Tom and Jerry filmography|166 shorts]].

A number of spin-offs have been made, including the television series ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]'' (1975), ''[[The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show]]'' (1980–1982), ''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]'' (1990–1993), ''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]'' (2006–2008), and ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]'' (2014–2021). In 1992, the first feature-length film based on the series, ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Movie]]'', was released. Thirteen [[#Feature films|direct-to-video films]] have been produced since 2002. In 2019, a musical adaptation of the series, titled ''Tom and Jerry: Purr-Chance to Dream'', debuted in Japan, in advance of ''Tom and Jerry''{{'}}s 80th anniversary. In 2021, the live-action/animated hybrid film ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom and Jerry]]'' was released, while a Chinese-American computer-animated film, ''Tom and Jerry: Forbidden Compass'', premiered in June 2025.

==Plot==
The series features comic fights between an iconic set of adversaries, a house cat (Tom) and a house mouse (Jerry). The plots of many shorts are often set in the backdrop of a house, centering on Tom (who is often enlisted by a human) trying to capture Jerry, and the mayhem and destruction that follows. Tom rarely succeeds in catching Jerry, mainly because of Jerry's cleverness, cunning abilities, and luck. However, on several occasions, they have displayed genuine friendship and concern for each other's well-being. At other times, the pair set aside their rivalry in order to pursue a common goal, such as when a baby escapes the watch of a negligent babysitter, causing Tom and Jerry to pursue the baby and keep it away from danger, in the [[Short subject|shorts]] ''Busy Buddies'' and ''[[Tot Watchers]]'' respectively. Despite their endless attacks on one another, they have saved each other's lives every time they were truly in danger, with the exception of ''[[The Two Mouseketeers]]'' and ''[[Blue Cat Blues]]''.

The cartoons are known for their violent gags; Tom uses axes, hammers, firearms, firecrackers, explosives, traps and poison to kill Jerry, and Jerry's methods of retaliation are far more violent, with frequent success, including slicing Tom in half, decapitating him, shutting his head or fingers in a window or a door, stuffing Tom's tail in a [[waffle iron]] or a [[Mangle (machine)|mangle]], kicking him into a refrigerator, getting him electrocuted, pounding him with a [[mace (bludgeon)|mace]], club or [[mallet]], letting a tree or electric pole drive him into the ground, sticking matches into his feet and lighting them, etc.<ref name="DailyTeleL">{{cite news|title=Master cartoonist who created Tom and Jerry draws his last|last=Whitworth|first=Melissa|date=December 20, 2006|work=The Daily Telegraph (LONDON)|page=9}}</ref> While ''Tom and Jerry'' has often been criticized as excessively violent, there is no blood or gore in any scene.<ref name="Sennett">{{cite book|last=Hanna|first=William|author2=Joseph Barbera|author3=with Ted Sennett|title=The Art of Hanna-Barbera: Fifty Years of Creativity|year=1989|publisher=Viking Studio Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-670-82978-1|url=https://archive.org/details/artofhannabarber00teds}}</ref>{{rp|42}}<ref name="Smoodin">{{cite journal|last=Smoodin|first=Eric|title=Cartoon and Comic Classicism: High-Art Histories of Lowbrow Culture|journal=American Literary History|volume=4|issue=1 (Spring, 1992)}}</ref>{{rp|134}}

Music plays a very important part in the shorts, emphasizing the action, bringing in humor, filling in for traditional sound effects, and lending emotion to the scenes. Musical director [[Scott Bradley (composer)|Scott Bradley]] created complex scores that combined elements of [[jazz]], [[Classical music|classical]], and [[pop music]].<ref name="Hollywood Film">{{cite book|title=The Hollywood Film Music Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUZ4nphj58C&pg=PA51|isbn=978-0195331189|access-date=October 18, 2025|last=Cooke|first=Mervyn|date=November 4, 2010|page=51|publisher=OUP USA}}</ref><ref name="Jazz Socialist">{{cite book|title=Jazz in Socialist Hà Nội: Improvisations between Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t5aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT114|isbn=978-1000555684|access-date=October 18, 2025|last1=Tan-Tangbau|first1=Stan BH|last2=Minh|first2=Lưu Quang|last3=Đắc|first3=Quyền Thiện|date=March 22, 2022|page=114|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Bradley often used contemporary pop songs and songs from other films, including MGM films like ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' and ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]''.

Even though ''Tom and Jerry'' almost never speak, the shorts also often had dialogue from other characters. Minor characters are not similarly limited, and the two lead characters speak English on rare occasions. For example, the character [[Mammy Two Shoes]] has lines in nearly every cartoon in which she appears. Most of the vocal effects used for ''Tom and Jerry'' are their high-pitched laughs and gasping screams.

==Characters==
{{Main|List of Tom and Jerry characters}}
{{original research|section|date=May 2017}}

=== '''Tom and Jerry''' ===
{{Main|Tom Cat|Jerry Mouse}}
[[Tom Cat|Tom]], named "Jasper" in his debut appearance, is a gray and white [[Domestic short-haired cat|domestic shorthair cat]]. "Tom" is a generic name for a male cat. He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while [[Jerry Mouse|Jerry]], whose name is not explicitly mentioned in his debut appearance, is a small, brown [[house mouse]] who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origins of Tom & Jerry |url=https://thelondonmagazine.org/article/the-origins-of-tom-jerry/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The London Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 3/2
| total_width       = 800
| image_style       = border:none
| image1            = Tom Cat evolution.png
| link1             = Tom Cat
| image2            = Jerry Mouse evolution.png
| link2             = Jerry Mouse
| footer            = Evolution of Tom Cat (top) and Jerry Mouse
(bottom):
1940 to 1958: Hanna-Barbera era
1961 to 1962: Gene Deitch era
1963 to 1967: Chuck Jones era
1975 to 1977: ''The Tom and Jerry Show''
1980 to 1982: ''The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show''
1990 to 1994: ''Tom and Jerry Kids''
1992: ''Tom and Jerry: The Movie''
2006 to 2008: ''Tom and Jerry Tales''
2014 to 2021: ''The Tom and Jerry Show''
| direction         = horizontal
| caption1          = Thomas Jasper Cat Sr.
| caption2          = Gerald Jinx Mouse
| align             = center
}}

Although cats typically chase mice to eat them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry. He tries to hurt or compete with him just to taunt Jerry, even as revenge, or to obtain a reward from a human, including his owner(s)/master(s), for catching Jerry, or for generally doing his job well as a house cat. By the final "fade-out" of each cartoon, Jerry usually gets the best of Tom.

Other results may be reached. On rare occasions, Tom triumphs, usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or he pushes Tom a little too far. In ''[[The Million Dollar Cat]]'', Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal, especially mice. He then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates. In ''[[Timid Tabby]]'' Tom's look-alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge. Occasionally and usually ironically, they both lose, usually because Jerry's last trap or attack on Tom backfires on him or he overlooks something. In Chuck Jones' ''[[Filet Meow]]'', Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish. Afterward, the shark scares Jerry away as well. They occasionally end up being friends, although there is often a last-minute event that ruins the truce. One cartoon that has a friendly ending is ''[[Snowbody Loves Me]]''.
[[File:Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse characters.png|thumb|Tom and Jerry in ''[[Mouse Cleaning]]''|left]]
Both characters display [[Sadism and masochism|sadistic]] tendencies, in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other, although it is often in response to a triggering event. However, when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party, the other will develop a conscience and save him. Occasionally, they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks. Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty, and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it, usually against a third party who manages to [[torture]] and humiliate them both.

Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens, or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary. This is the case in ''[[Posse Cat]]'', when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner, but Tom then reneges. Other times, Tom keeps his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved.

Tom changes his love interest many times. The first love interest is Toots who appears in ''Puss n' Toots'', and calls him "Tommy" in ''The Mouse Comes to Dinner''. He is interested in a cat called Toots in ''The Zoot Cat'' although she has a different appearance to the original Toots. The most frequent love interest of Tom's is [[Toodles Galore]], who never has any dialogue in the cartoons.

Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom's apparent death, his [[Comic book death|demise is never permanent]]. He even reads about his own death in a flashback in ''Jerry's Diary''. He appears to die in explosions in ''[[Mouse Trouble]]'', after which he is seen in [[heaven]], ''[[Yankee Doodle Mouse]]'' and in ''Safety Second'', while in ''[[The Two Mouseketeers]]'' he is guillotined [[offscreen]]. The short ''[[Blue Cat Blues]]'' ends with both ''Tom and Jerry'' sitting on the railroad tracks with the intent of [[suicide]] while the whistle of an oncoming train is heard foreshadowing their imminent death.

====''Tom and Jerry'' speaking====
Although many supporting and minor characters speak, ''Tom and Jerry'' rarely do so themselves. One exception is ''The Lonesome Mouse'' where they speak several times briefly, primarily Jerry, to contrive to get Tom back into the house. Tom more often sings while wooing female cats. For example, Tom sings [[Louis Jordan]]'s "[[Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby]]" in the 1946 short ''[[Solid Serenade]]''. In that short and ''Zoot Cat'', Tom woos female cats using a deep, heavily French-accented voice in imitation of then-popular leading man, actor [[Charles Boyer]].<ref name="CartoonVoices1">{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Keith|title=Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 1|date=3 October 2022|publisher=BearManor Media|page=|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CartoonVoices2">{{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Keith|title=Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2|date=3 October 2022|publisher=BearManor Media|page=|language=en}}</ref>

At the end of ''The Million Dollar Cat'', after beginning to antagonize Jerry he says, "Gee, I'm throwin' away a million dollars... BUT I'M HAPPY!". In ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring]]'', Jerry says, "No, no, no, no, no." when choosing the shop to remove his ring. In ''The Mouse Comes to Dinner'', Tom speaks to his girlfriend Toots while inadvertently sitting on a stove: "Say, what's cookin'?", to which Toots replies "You are, stupid."

Another instance of speech comes in ''Solid Serenade'' and ''The Framed Cat'', where Tom directs Spike through a few dog tricks in a dog-trainer manner. In ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]'', Jerry begs and prays for his life when Tom catches him by the tail. Jerry has whispered in Tom's ear on several occasions. In ''Love Me, Love My Mouse'', Jerry calls Toots "Mama".

Co-director William Hanna provided most of the vocal effects for the pair, including Tom's leather-lunged scream, created by recording Hanna's scream and eliminating the beginning and ending of the recording, leaving only the strongest part of the scream on the soundtrack,<ref>{{cite book|title=About cats|last=Sfetcu|first=Nicolae|year=2014|pages=289|publisher=Nicolae Sfetcu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtVvAwAAQBAJ|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421034650/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtVvAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and Jerry's nervous gulp.

The only other reasonably common vocalization is made by Tom when some external reference claims a certain scenario or eventuality to be impossible, which inevitably thwarts Tom's plans – at which point, a bedraggled and battered Tom appears and says in a haunting, echoing voice "Don't you believe it!", a reference to the then-popular 1940s radio show ''[[Don't You Believe It!]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.day3media.com/DontYouBelieveIt.mp3|title=Sample audio: introduction to an episode of ''Don't You Believe It!'', January 4, 1947 (mp3 audio)|access-date=October 1, 2013|archive-date=August 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821115141/http://www.day3media.com/DontYouBelieveIt.mp3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005035853/http://www.myoldradio.com/old-radio-episodes/don-t-you-believe-it-ep-154/1 Recording of ''Don't You Believe It!'' from January 4, 1947. ''My Old Radio Show''. Retrieved October 2, 2013]</ref> In ''Mouse Trouble'', Tom says "Don't you believe it!" after being beaten up by Jerry, which also happens in ''The Missing Mouse''. In the 1946 short ''Trap Happy'', Tom hires a [[Butch (Tom and Jerry)|cat]] disguised as a mouse exterminator who, after several failed attempts to dispatch Jerry and suffering a lot of accidents in the process, changes profession to ''Cat'' exterminator by crossing out the "Mouse" on his title and writing "CAT", resulting in Tom spelling out the word out loud before reluctantly pointing at himself.

One short, 1956's ''Blue Cat Blues'', is narrated by Jerry in [[voiceover]], voiced by [[Paul Frees]],<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/><ref name="CartoonVoices2"/> as they try to win back their ladyfriends. Jerry was voiced by [[Sara Berner]] during his appearance in the 1945 MGM musical ''[[Anchors Aweigh (film)|Anchors Aweigh]]''.<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/><ref name="CartoonVoices2"/> ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Movie]]'' is the first, and so far only installment of the series where the famous cat-and-mouse duo regularly speaks or is able to be understood by humans. In that film, Tom was voiced by [[Richard Kind]], and Jerry was voiced by [[Dana Hill]].

===Spike and Tyke===
{{Main|Spike and Tyke (characters)}}

In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to deal with Spike, known as "Killer" and "Butch" in some shorts, an angry, vicious but gullible [[American Bulldog|bulldog]] who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry. Originally, Spike was unnamed and mute, aside from howls and biting noises as well as attacking indiscriminately, not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom. In later cartoons, Spike spoke often, using a voice and expressions, performed by [[Billy Bletcher]] and later [[Patrick McGeehan]], Jerry Mann, Bob Shamrock, [[John Brown (actor)|John Brown]], [[Stan Freberg]] and [[Daws Butler]], modeled after comedian [[Jimmy Durante]].<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/><ref name="CartoonVoices2"/> Spike's coat has altered throughout the years between gray and creamy tan. The addition of Spike's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike's character and a short-lived spin-off theatrical series called ''[[Spike and Tyke]]''.

Most cartoons with Spike in them conform to a theme: usually, Spike is trying to accomplish something, such as building a dog house or sleeping, when ''Tom and Jerry''<nowiki/>'s antics stop him doing it. Spike then presumably due to prejudice, singles out Tom as the culprit, and threatens him that if it ever happens again, he will do "something horrible" to him, effectively forcing Tom to take the blame, while Jerry overhears. Afterward, Jerry usually does anything he can to interrupt whatever Spike is doing, while Tom barely manages to stop him, usually getting injured in the process. Usually, Jerry eventually wrecks whatever Spike is doing in spectacular fashion, and leaves Tom to take the blame, forcing him to flee from Spike and inevitably lose.

Off-screen, Spike does something to Tom, and Tom is generally shown injured or in a bad situation while Jerry smugly cuddles up to Spike unscathed. Tom sometimes gets irritated with Spike. An example is in ''That's My Pup!'', when Spike forces Tom to run up a tree every time his son barked, causing Tom to hang Tyke on a flag pole. At least once, Tom does something that benefits Spike, who promises not to interfere ever again, causing Jerry to frantically leave the house and run into the distance, in ''Hic-cup Pup''. Spike is well known for his famous "''Listen pussycat!''{{-"}} catchphrase when he threatens Tom, his other famous catchphrase is "''That's my boy!''{{-"}} normally said when he supports or congratulates his son.

Tyke is described as a cute, sweet-looking, happy and lovable puppy. He is Spike's son. Unlike Spike, Tyke does not speak and only communicates, mostly towards his father, by barking, yapping, wagging his tail, whimpering and growling. Spike would always go out of his way to care and comfort his son and make sure that he is safe from Tom. Tyke loves his father and Spike loves his son and they get along like friends, although most of time they would be taking a nap or Spike would teach Tyke the main facts of life of being a dog. Like Spike, Tyke's appearance has altered throughout the years, from gray, with white paws, to creamy tan. When ''Tom & Jerry Kids'' first aired, this was the first time that viewers heard Tyke speak.

===Butch and Toodles Galore===
Butch is a black, cigar-smoking alley cat who also wants to eat Jerry. He is Tom's most frequent adversary. For most of the shorts he appears in, he is usually seen rivaling Tom over Toodles. Butch was Tom's chum as in some cartoons, where Butch is leader of Tom's alley cat buddies, who are mostly [[Lightning (Tom and Jerry)|Lightning]], [[Topsy (Tom and Jerry)|Topsy]], and [[Meathead (Tom and Jerry)|Meathead]]. Butch talks more often than Tom or Jerry in most shorts.

Butch and Toodles were originally introduced in [[Hugh Harman]]'s 1941 short ''[[The Alley Cat (1941 film)|The Alley Cat]]'', but were integrated into ''Tom and Jerry'' rather than continuing in their own series.

===Nibbles===
{{main|Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)}}

Nibbles is a small gray mouse who often appears in shorts as an orphan mouse. He is a carefree individual who very rarely understands the danger of the situation, simply following instructions the best he can both to Jerry's command and his own innocent understanding of the situation. This can lead to such results as "getting the cheese" by simply asking Tom to pick it up for him, rather than following Jerry's example of outmaneuvering and sneaking around Tom. Many times Nibbles is an ally of Jerry in fights against Tom, including being the second Mouseketeer. He is given speaking roles in all his appearances as a Mouseketeer, often with a high-pitched French tone, provided by [[Francoise Brun-Cottan]].<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/><ref name="CartoonVoices2"/> However, during a short in which he rescued Robin Hood, his voice was instead a more masculine, gruff Cockney accent, provided by [[Lucille Bliss]].<ref name="CartoonVoices2"/>

===The Housekeeper ===
{{main|Mammy Two Shoes}}

The [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]], usually seen from the torso down,  is a heavy-set, middle-aged black woman who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters. Voiced by character actress [[Lillian Randolph]],<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/><ref name="CartoonVoices2"/> she is often seen as the owner of Tom, and perhaps the homeowner as well. Her face was only shown once, very briefly, in ''[[Saturday Evening Puss]]''. Her appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings, since her character is a [[mammy archetype]] that had been protested as [[racist]] by the [[NAACP]] and other civil rights groups since the 1940s.<ref name=race/><ref name="LehmanBook">{{Cite book|last=Lehman|first=Christopher P.|title=The Colored cartoon: Black representation in American animated short films, 1907-1954|date=2007|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-61376-119-9|location=Amherst|pages=97–99|oclc=794701592}}</ref> In a 1975 article in Film Comment she was referred to as "Mammy Two Shoes," a moniker that has been inaccurately attributed to the character ever since, The name "Mammy Two-Shoes" was on the Disney model sheets for a character in a Silly Symphony cartoon, though the name was never spoken in the cartoon. A similar housekeeper then appeared in MGM Bokso cartoons by Harman and Ising, also without a name. At no time, ever, was the name used in any Tom and Jerry cartoon, The author of the 1975 article later apologized, but too much time had established the incorrect information, including on the DVD releases of the cartoons, in which the script read by [[Whoopi Goldberg]] on the ''[[Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection|Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection: Vol. 2]]'' DVD set, while explaining the importance of African-American representation in the cartoon series, however stereotyped, mentions the incorrect name numerous times.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=T. R.|title=Tom and Jerry: fifty years of cat and mouse|date=1991|publisher=Pyramid Books|isbn=978-1-85510-086-2|location=London}}</ref>

==History==
{{image array|perrow=2|width=500|height=120|border-width=1|image1=Titlecard T&J.jpeg|caption1=''Tom and Jerry'' titlecard from 1947 to 1953|image2=TomandJerryTitleCards.jpg|caption2=Other ''Tom and Jerry'' titlecards from 1940s to 1950s}}
"''Tom and Jerry''" was a commonplace phrase for young men given to drinking, gambling, and riotous living in 19th-century [[London]], [[England]]. The term comes from ''[[Life in London (novel)|Life in London]]; or, The Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn, Esq., and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom'' (1821) by [[Pierce Egan]], the British sports journalist who authored similar accounts compiled as ''[[Boxiana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|edition=2|year=1989|chapter=Tom and Jerry|title-link=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> However [[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|Brewer]] notes no more than an "unconscious" echo of the [[Regency era]], and thus [[Georgian era]], origins in the naming of the cartoon.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McMahon|first1=Seán|last2=O'Donoghue|first2=Jo|title=Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable|year=2004|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36334-6|page=799}}</ref>

===Hanna-Barbera era (1940–1958)===
In August 1937, animator and storyman [[Joseph Barbera]] began to work at [[MGM]], then the largest studio in Hollywood.<ref name=APP94>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press-cartoon-czars/184118093/|title=Cartoon Czars|first=Mark|last=Voger|date=22 May 1994|newspaper=Asbury Park Press|access-date=19 January 2019|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|archive-date=November 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101185525/https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press-cartoon-czars/184118093/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CST93/> He learned that co-owner [[Louis B. Mayer]] wished to boost the animation department by encouraging the artists to develop some new cartoon characters, following the lack of success with its earlier cartoon series based on the ''[[The Katzenjammer Kids|Captain and the Kids]]'' comic strip. Barbera then teamed with fellow Ising unit animator and director [[William Hanna]], who joined Harman-Ising Productions in 1930, and pitched new ideas, among them was the concept of two "equal characters who were always in conflict with each other".<ref name=CST93>{{cite news|url=https://newspapers.com/clip/27364718/tom_and_jerry_1993/|title=Tom and Jerry make their big screen comeback|first=William|last=Arnold|date=8 August 1993|newspaper=Caster Star-Tribune|access-date=18 January 2019|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702022114/https://newspapers.com/clip/27364718/tom_and_jerry_1993/|url-status=live}}</ref> An early thought involved a fox and a dog before they settled on a cat and mouse. The pair discussed their ideas with producer [[Fred Quimby]], then the head of the short film department who, despite a lack of interest in it, gave them the green-light to produce one cartoon short.<ref name=CST93/>

The first short, ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]'', features a cat named Jasper and an unnamed mouse,<ref name=TO91>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-more-than-20-things-youll/184118265/|title=More than 20 things you'll need to know about... Tom & Jerry|page=79|newspaper=The Observer|date=22 September 1991|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=November 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101185655/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-more-than-20-things-youll/184118265/|url-status=live}}</ref> named Jinx in pre-production, and an African American housemaid named Mammy Two Shoes. [[Leonard Maltin]] described it as "very new and special [...] that was to change the course of MGM cartoon production" and established the successful ''Tom and Jerry'' formula of comical cat and mouse chases with slapstick gags.{{sfn|Beck|Maltin|1987|p=287}}<ref name=CST93/> It was released onto the theatre circuit on February 10, 1940. The pair, having been advised by management not to produce any more, focused on other cartoons including ''[[Gallopin' Gals]]'' (1940) and ''[[Officer Pooch]]'' (1941).<ref name=CST93/> Matters changed when Texas businesswoman Bessa Short sent a letter to MGM, asking whether more cat and mouse shorts would be produced, which helped convince management to commission a series.<ref name="LeonardMaltin">{{Cite video|people=[[Leonard Maltin]]|title=Interview with Joseph Barbera|medium=Digital|publisher=[[Archive of American Television]]|date=1997|url=http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/joseph-barbera|access-date=March 25, 2013|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404215604/http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/joseph-barbera|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=APP94/>

A studio contest held to rename both characters was won by animator John Carr, who suggested Tom the cat and Jerry the mouse. Carr was awarded a first-place prize of $50, {{inflation|US|50|1940|fmt=eq}}.{{inflation/fn|US}}{{sfn|Barbera|1994|p=76}} It has been suggested, but not proven, that the names were derived from a 1932 story by [[Damon Runyon]], who took them from the name of a [[Tom and Jerry (drink)|popular Christmastime cocktail]], itself derived from the names of two characters in [[Tom and Jerry, or Life in London|an 1821 stage play]] by [[William Moncrieff]], an adaptation of 1821 Egan's book titled ''Life in London'' where the names originated, which was based on [[George Cruikshank]]'s, [[Isaac Robert Cruikshank]]'s, and Egan's own careers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cryer|first1=Max|title=Is It True?: The facts behind the things we have been told|date=March 2014|publisher=Exisle Publishing|isbn=978-1-77559-151-1|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnjzAgAAQBAJ&q=%22tom%20and%20jerry%22%20%22john%20carr%22&pg=PA118|language=en}}</ref> ''Puss Gets the Boot'' was a critical success, earning an [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject: Cartoons]] in 1941 despite the credits listing Ising and omitting Hanna and Barbera.{{sfn|Beck|Maltin|1987|p=287}}<ref name=CST93/>

After MGM gave the green-light for Hanna and Barbera to continue, the studio entered production on the second ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon, ''The Midnight Snack'' (1941).<ref name=TO91/> The pair continued to work on the series for the next fifteen years of their career.{{sfn|Beck|Maltin|1987|p=289}} The composer of the series, [[Scott Bradley (composer)|Scott Bradley]], made it difficult for the musicians to perform his score which often involved the [[twelve-tone technique]] developed by [[Arnold Schoenberg]].<ref name=TO91/> The series developed a quicker, more energetic and violent tone which was inspired by the work of MGM colleague [[Tex Avery]]. Hanna and Barbera made minor adjustments to ''Tom and Jerry''<nowiki/>'s appearance so they would "age gracefully".<ref name=TO91/> Jerry lost weight and his long eyelashes, while Tom lost his jagged fur for a smoother appearance, had larger eyebrows, and received a white and gray face with a white mouth.<ref name=TO91/> He adopted a quadrupedal stance at first, like a real cat, to become increasingly and almost exclusively bipedal.

Hanna and Barbera produced 114 cartoons for MGM, thirteen of which were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Short Subject. Seven went on to win, breaking the winning streak held by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney's studio]] in the category. ''Tom and Jerry'' won more Academy Awards than any other character-based theatrical animated series. Barbera estimated the typical budget of $50,000 for each ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon which made the duo take "time to get it right".<ref name=CST93/> A typical cartoon took around six weeks to make.<ref name=TO91/>

As per standard practice for American animation production at the time, Barbera and Hanna did not work with a script beforehand.<ref name=APP94/> After coming up with a cartoon idea together, Barbera would flesh out the story by drawing a [[storyboard]] and provide character designs and [[Traditional animation#Design, timing, and layout|animation layouts]].<ref name="TJDocu">{{Cite AV media|title=How Bill And Joe Met Tom And Jerry|date=2004|type=Documentary featurette|language=en}}</ref> Hanna did the animation timing - planning the music and temporal beats and accents the animation action would occur on - and assigned the animators their scenes and supervised their work.<ref name="TJDocu" /> Hanna provided incidental voice work, in particular Tom's numerous screams of pain.<ref name="TJDocu" /> Despite minimal creative input,<ref name="TJDocu" /> as head of the MGM cartoon studio, Quimby was credited as the producer of all cartoons until 1955.<ref name=TO91/>

The rise in television in the 1950s caused problems for the MGM animation studio, leading to budget cuts on ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons due to decreased revenue from theatrical screenings. In an attempt to combat this, MGM ordered that all subsequent shorts be produced in the widescreen [[CinemaScope]] format. The first, ''Pet Peeve'', was released in November 1954. The studio found that re-releases of older cartoons were earning as much as new ones, resulting in the executive decision to cease production on ''Tom and Jerry'' and later the animation studio on May 15, 1957.<ref name=APP94/> The final cartoon produced by Hanna and Barbera, ''[[Tot Watchers]]'', was released on August 1, 1958.<ref name=TO91/> The pair decided to leave and went on to focus on their own production company [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]], which went on to produce such popular animated television series including ''[[The Flintstones]]'', ''[[The Yogi Bear Show|Yogi Bear]]'', ''[[The Jetsons]]'' and ''[[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!|Scooby-Doo]]''.<ref name=TO91/>

====Production formats====
Before 1954, all ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons were produced in the standard [[Academy ratio]] and format. In 1954 and 1955, some of the output was dually produced in dual versions: one Academy-ratio negative composed for a flat [[widescreen]] (1.75:1) format and one shot in the CinemaScope process. From 1955 until the close of the MGM cartoon studio a year later, all ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons were produced in CinemaScope. Some even had their soundtracks recorded in [[Perspecta|Perspecta directional audio]]. All of the Hanna and Barbera cartoons were shot as successive color exposure negatives in [[Technicolor]].

===Gene Deitch era (1961–1962)===
In 1961, MGM revived the ''Tom and Jerry'' franchise, and contracted European animation studio [[Rembrandt Films]] to produce 13 ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]].<ref name="cell">{{cite web|url=http://www.rembrandtfilms.com/buyraretom-jerry.html|title=Rare Tom & Jerry Cell|publisher=[[Rembrandt Films]]|access-date=August 17, 2010|archive-date=March 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324104152/http://www.rembrandtfilms.com/buyraretom-jerry.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Define">{{cite book|last1=Brion|first1=Patrick|title=Tom & Jerry: The Definitive Guide to their Animated Adventures|date=1990|publisher=Harmony Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-517-57351-8|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/108884830.html?dids=108884830:108884830&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+11%2C+1962&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Popeye%2C+Tom+%26+Jerry+Join+Trend+to+Shift+Production+Overseas&pqatl=google|title=Popeye, Tom & Jerry Join Trend to Shift Production Overseas|access-date=August 17, 2010|date=June 11, 1962|author=MacDougall, Kent|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807002114/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/108884830.html?dids=108884830:108884830&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+11,+1962&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Popeye,+Tom+&+Jerry+Join+Trend+to+Shift+Production+Overseas&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lehman">{{cite book|title=American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961–1973|author=P. Lehman, Christopher|isbn=978-0-7864-2818-2|chapter=The Cartoons of 1961–1962|pages=23–24|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|year=2007}}</ref> All were directed by [[Gene Deitch]] and produced by [[William L. Snyder]].<ref name="cell"/><ref name="Lehman"/> Deitch wrote most of the cartoons, with occasional assistance from [[Larz Bourne]] and [[Eli Bauer]]. [[Štěpán Koníček]] provided the musical score for the Deitch shorts. Sound effects were produced by [[electronic music]] composer [[Tod Dockstader]] and Deitch. The majority of vocal effects and voices in Deitch's films were provided by [[Allen Swift]] and Deitch.<ref name="date">{{cite news|last=Grimes|first=William|title=Allen Swift, Voice Actor for Radio and TV, Dies at 86|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/arts/28swift.html|date=April 27, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115200347/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/arts/28swift.html|archive-date=November 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Deitch Collection">{{cite web|url=http://www.rotoscopers.com/2015/06/21/tom-and-jerry-the-gene-deitch-collection-dvd-review/|title='Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection' – DVD Review|publisher=Rotoscopers.com|first=Jonathan|last=North|date=June 21, 2015|access-date=November 6, 2015|archive-date=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912040746/http://www.rotoscopers.com/2015/06/21/tom-and-jerry-the-gene-deitch-collection-dvd-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Deitch states that, being a "[[UPA (animation studio)|UPA]] man", he was not a fan of the ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons, thinking they were "needlessly violent".<ref name="DeitchDVD"/><ref name="Deitch">{{cite web|url=http://genedeitch.awn.com/index.php3?ltype=chapter&chapter=20|title=Tom & Jerry: The First Reincarnation|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|year=2001|author=Deitch, Gene|access-date=September 27, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226202824/http://genedeitch.awn.com/index.php3?ltype=chapter&chapter=20|archive-date=December 26, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, after being assigned to work on the series, he quickly realized that "nobody took [the violence] seriously", and it was merely "a parody of exaggerated human emotions".<ref name="DeitchDVD">{{cite video|people=Deitch, Gene|date=2015|title=''Tom and Jerry...and Gene'' in Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> He also came to see what he perceived as the "biblical roots" in ''Tom and Jerry''<nowiki/>'s conflict, similar to [[David and Goliath]], stating "That's where we feel a connection to these cartoons: the little guy can win (or at least survive) to fight another day."<ref name="DeitchDVD"/>

Since the Deitch/Snyder team had seen only a handful of the original ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooper|first1=Kelly-Leigh|title=Tom and Jerry: 80 years of cat v mouse|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51357832|website=BBC|date=February 9, 2020|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> and since the team produced their cartoons on a tighter budget of $10,000, the resulting films were considered [[surrealist]] in nature, though this was not Deitch's intention.<ref name="Define"/><ref name="Deitch"/> The animation was [[Limited animation|limited]] and jerky in movement compared to the more fluid Hanna-Barbera shorts, and often utilized [[motion blur]]. Background art was done in a more simplistic, angular, [[Art Deco]]-esque style. The soundtracks featured sparse and echoic [[electronic music]], futuristic [[sound effects]], heavy [[reverb]] and dialogue that was mumbled rather than spoken. According to Jen Nessel of ''[[The New York Times]]'', "The Czech style had nothing in common with these gag-driven cartoons."<ref name="NY Times">Nessel, Jen (August 9, 1998). [http://www.fortheloveofprague.com/9_media.html "...a spicy, funny memoir!"]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020557/http://www.fortheloveofprague.com/9_media.html|date=July 11, 2011}}. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved August 17, 2010.</ref>

Whereas Hanna-Barbera's shorts generally took place in and outside of a house, Deitch's shorts opted for more exotic locations, such as a 19th-century whaling ship, the jungles of [[Nairobi]], an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] acropolis, or the Wild West. In addition, Mammy Two Shoes was replaced as Tom's owner by a bald, overweight, short-tempered, middle-aged white man, who bore a striking resemblance to another Deitch character, [[Clint Clobber]]. Just like Spike the Bulldog, he was also significantly more brutal and violent in punishing Tom's actions as compared to previous owners, often beating and thrashing Tom repeatedly; the character and his extreme treatment of Tom was poorly received.

To avoid being linked to Communism, Deitch modified the Czech names of his crew in the [[opening credits]] of the shorts to look more conventional to English-speaking audiences, e.g. Štěpán Koníček became "Steven Konichek" and Václav Lídl became "Victor Little". These shorts are among the few ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons not to carry the "Made In Hollywood, U.S.A." phrase on the end title card. Due to Deitch's studio being behind the [[Iron Curtain]], the production studio's location is omitted entirely on it.<ref name="Deitch"/> After the 13 shorts were completed, Joe Vogel, the head of production, was fired from MGM. Vogel had approved of Deitch and his team's work, but MGM decided not to renew their contract after Vogel's departure.<ref name="Deitch"/> The final of the 13 shorts, ''[[Carmen Get It!]]'', was released on December 21, 1962.<ref name="Define"/>

Deitch's shorts were commercial successes. In 1962, the ''Tom and Jerry'' series became the highest-grossing animated short film series of that time, dethroning ''[[Looney Tunes]]'', which had held the position for 16 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tom and Jerry: Laughter Is Pain|url=https://scoop.previewsworld.com/Home/4/1/73/1016?articleID=178338|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202034425/https://scoop.previewsworld.com/Home/4/1/73/1016?articleID=178338|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lehman"/> However, unlike the Hanna-Barbera shorts, none of Deitch's films were nominated for any [[Academy Award]]s.<ref name="Lehman"/> In retrospect, these shorts are often considered the worst of the ''Tom and Jerry'' theatrical output.<ref name="DeitchDVD"/> Deitch stated that due to his team's inexperience as well as their low budget, he "hardly had a chance to succeed", and "well understand[s] the negative reactions" to his shorts. He believes "They could all have been better animated – truer to the characters – but our T&Js were produced in the early 1960s, near the beginning of my presence here, over a half-century ago as I write this!"<ref name="Deitch CartResearch">{{cite web|last=Deitch|first=Gene|title=Tom & Jerry – The Gene Deitch Collection|url=http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/tom-jerry-the-gene-deitch-collection/|website=Cartoon Research|access-date=August 21, 2017|archive-date=August 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821090802/http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/tom-jerry-the-gene-deitch-collection/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the criticism, Deitch's ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts are appreciated by some fans due to their uniquely surreal nature.<ref name="Deitch Collection"/> The shorts were released on DVD in 2015 in ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection]]''.<ref name="Deitch Collection"/>

; Production formats
The 1960s entries were done in [[Metrocolor]] but returned to the standard Academy ratio and format.

===Chuck Jones era (1963–1967)===
After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released, [[Chuck Jones]], who had been fired from his 30-plus year tenure at [[Warner Bros. Cartoons]], started his own animation studio, [[MGM Animation/Visual Arts|Sib Tower 12 Productions]] (later renamed MGM Animation/Visual Arts), with partner Les Goldman. Beginning in 1963, Jones and Goldman went on to produce [[Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection|34 more ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts]], all of which carried Jones' distinctive style, and a slight psychedelic influence.

Jones had trouble adapting his style to ''Tom and Jerry''{{'}}s brand of humor, and a number of the cartoons favored full animation, personality and style over storyline. The characters underwent a slight change of appearance: Tom was given thicker [[eyebrow]]s (resembling Jones' [[Grinch]], Count Blood Count or [[Wile E. Coyote]]), a less complex look (including the color of his fur becoming gray), sharper ears, longer tail and furrier cheeks (resembling Jones' [[Claude Cat]] or [[Sylvester the Cat|Sylvester]]), while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears, a lighter brown color, and a sweeter, [[Porky Pig]]-like expression.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KC|date=2009-06-23|title=Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection|url=https://comicsworthreading.com/2009/06/23/tom-and-jerry-the-chuck-jones-collection/|access-date=2023-07-14|website=Comics Worth Reading|language=en-US|archive-date=July 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714055236/https://comicsworthreading.com/2009/06/23/tom-and-jerry-the-chuck-jones-collection/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of Jones' ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons are reminiscent of his work with [[Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner]], included the uses of [[blackout gag]]s and gags involving characters falling from high places. Jones co-directed the majority of the shorts with layout artist [[Maurice Noble]]. The remaining shorts were directed by [[Abe Levitow]] and [[Ben Washam]], with [[Tom Ray]] directing two shorts built around footage from earlier ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons directed by Hanna and Barbera, and Jim Pabian directed a short with Maurice Noble. Various vocal characteristics were made by [[Mel Blanc]], [[June Foray]] and even Jones himself. These shorts contain a memorable opening theme, in which Tom first replaces the MGM lion, then is trapped inside the "O" of his name.<ref name="50yrs"/>

Though Jones's shorts were generally considered an improvement over Deitch's, they had varying degrees of critical success. MGM ceased production of ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts in 1967, by which time Jones had moved on to television specials and the feature film ''[[The Phantom Tollbooth (film)|The Phantom Tollbooth]]''.<ref name="50yrs"/> The shorts were released on DVD in 2009 on ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection]]''.

===''Tom and Jerry'' hit television===
Beginning in 1965, the Hanna and Barbera ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons began to appear on television in heavily edited versions. The Jones team was required to take the cartoons featuring Mammy Two Shoes and remove her by pasting over the scenes featuring her with new scenes. Most of the time, she was replaced with a similarly fat white Irish woman. Occasionally, as in ''[[Saturday Evening Puss]]'', a thin white teenager took her place instead, with both characters voiced by [[June Foray]].<ref name="CartoonVoices1"/>

Recent telecasts on [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] retain Mammy with new voiceover work performed by [[Thea Vidale]] to remove the stereotypical black jargon featured on the original cartoon soundtracks.<ref name="CartResearch">{{cite web|last=Korkis|first=Jim|title=Animation Anecdotes #312|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animation-anecdotes-312/|website=Cartoon Research|access-date=September 6, 2025}}</ref> The standard ''Tom and Jerry'' opening titles were removed as well. Instead of the roaring [[Leo the Lion (MGM)#Tanner (1934–1956, 1963–1967)|MGM Lion]] sequence, an opening sequence featuring different clips of the cartoons was used instead. The title cards were also changed. A pink title card with the name written in white font was used instead.

Debuting on [[CBS]]' Saturday morning schedule on September 25, 1965, ''Tom and Jerry'' moved to CBS Sundays in 1967 and remained there until September 17, 1972.

===Second Hanna-Barbera era: ''The Tom and Jerry Show'' (1975–1977)===
In 1975, ''Tom and Jerry'' were reunited with Hanna and Barbera, who produced ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]'' for Saturday mornings. These 48 seven-minute cartoon shorts were paired with ''[[The Great Grape Ape Show|Grape Ape]]'' and ''[[The Mumbly Cartoon Show|Mumbly]]'' cartoons, to create ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry/Grape Ape Show]]'', ''[[The Mumbly Cartoon Show|The Tom and Jerry/Grape Ape/Mumbly Show]]'', and ''[[The Mumbly Cartoon Show|The Tom and Jerry/Mumbly Show]]'', all of which initially ran on ABC Saturday mornings between September 6, 1975, and September 3, 1977.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erickson|first1=Hal|title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003|date=2005|edition=2nd|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=978-1476665993|pages=858–862}}</ref> In these cartoons, ''Tom and Jerry'', now with a red bow tie, who had been enemies during their formative years, became nonviolent pals who went on adventures together, as Hanna-Barbera had to meet the stringent rules against violence for children's TV. This format has not been used in newer ''Tom and Jerry'' entries.<ref name="50yrs">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=T.R.|title=Tom and Jerry: Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse|year=1991|publisher=Crescent Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-517-05688-2}}</ref>

===Filmation era (1980–1982)===
[[Filmation|Filmation Studios]] were commissioned by [[MGM Television]] to produce a ''Tom and Jerry'' TV series, ''[[The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show]]'', which debuted in 1980 and featured new cartoons starring [[Droopy]], Spike, Slick Wolf, and [[Barney Bear]], not seen since the original MGM shorts. The Filmation ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons were noticeably different from Hanna-Barbera's efforts, as they returned ''Tom and Jerry'' to the original chase formula, with a somewhat more "[[slapstick]]" humor format. This incarnation, much like the 1975 version, was not as well received by audiences as the originals, and lasted on [[CBS]] Saturday mornings from September 6, 1980, to September 4, 1982.<ref name="50yrs"/>

===Tom and Jerry's new owners===
[[File:Cartoonnetwork Lake Speed 1998.jpeg|thumb|Tom and Jerry on the No.9 Cartoon Network-sponsored Ford in June 1998, driven by [[Lake Speed]]]]
In 1986, MGM was purchased by [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]] founder [[Ted Turner]]. Turner sold the company a short while later, but retained MGM's pre-1986 film library. ''Tom and Jerry'' became the property of [[Turner Entertainment Co.]], where the rights stand today via [[Warner Bros.]], and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner-run channels, such as [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]], [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]], [[Cartoon Network]], [[The WB]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], and [[Turner Classic Movies]].

===Third Hanna-Barbera era: ''Tom & Jerry Kids'' (1990–1994)===
One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the "babyfication" (child versions) of classic cartoon stars. On March 2, 1990, ''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]'', co-produced by Turner Entertainment Co. and Hanna-Barbera Productions (which was sold to Turner in 1991).  debuted on [[Fox Kids]], and aired for a few years on British children's block, [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]]. It featured a youthful version of the famous cat-and-mouse duo chasing each other. As with the 1975 H-B series, Jerry wears his red bowtie, while Tom now wears a red cap. Spike and his son Tyke, who now had talking dialogue, and Droopy and his son Dripple, appeared in back-up segments for the show, which ran until November 18, 1994. ''Tom & Jerry Kids'' was the last ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon series produced in 4:3 (full screen) aspect ratio.

===One-off productions (2001; 2005)===
In 2001, a new television special titled ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Mansion Cat]]'' premiered on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]. It featured Joe Barbera (who was also a creative consultant) as the voice of Tom's owner, whose face is never seen. In this cartoon, Jerry, housed in a [[habitrail]], is as much of a house pet as Tom is, and their owner has to remind Tom to not "blame everything on the mouse".

In 2005, a new ''Tom and Jerry'' theatrical short, titled ''[[The Karate Guard]]'', which had been written and directed by Barbera and Spike Brandt, [[storyboard]]ed by Joseph Barbera and [[Iwao Takamoto]] and produced by Joseph Barbera, Spike Brandt, and Tony Cervone premiered in Los Angeles cinemas on September 27, 2005, as part of the celebration of ''Tom and Jerry''{{'}}s sixty-fifth anniversary. This marked Barbera's first return as a writer, director and storyboard artist on the series since his and Hanna's original MGM cartoon shorts, and last overall. He died shortly after production ended. Director/animator, Spike Brandt was nominated for an Annie award for best character animation. The short debuted on the Cartoon Network on January 27, 2006. The short was filmed in the standard Academy ratio and format.

===Warner Bros. era (2006–present)===
In 1996, Turner merged with [[Time Warner]], the parent company of [[Warner Bros.]] The characters from the MGM library, including ''Tom and Jerry'', were placed under the control of [[Warner Bros. Animation]]. A relaunch of the theatrical shorts series was planned for 2003 alongside a similar relaunch of the ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' theatrical shorts, but was canceled after the financial failure of ''[[Looney Tunes: Back in Action]]''.

In 2006, a new series called ''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]'' premiered. Thirteen half-hour episodes each consisting of three shorts were produced. Some of the segments, like ''The Karate Guard'', had originally been produced and completed in 2003 and/or 2005 as part of the planned theatrical cartoon relaunch. The show debuted in markets outside the US and UK, before premiering in February 2006 on the UK version of [[Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)|Boomerang]], and the following autumn in the US on [[Kids' WB]] on [[The CW]].<ref name="toynews">{{cite web|url=http://toynewsi.com/news.php?catid=194&itemid=9316|title=Kids' WB! on The CW Announces 2006–2007 "Too Big for Your TV" Saturday Morning Programming Schedule – Cartoons|publisher=ToyNewsI.com|access-date=November 16, 2012|archive-date=July 8, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708064630/http://toynewsi.com/news.php?catid=194|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tales'' is the first ''Tom and Jerry'' TV series that utilizes the original style of the classic shorts, along with the slapstick. ''Tales'' is the first ''Tom and Jerry'' production produced in 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio, but was cropped to 4:3 fullscreen aspect ratio when initially aired on in the United States. The series was canceled in 2008, shortly before the Kids' WB block shut down.
[[File:Tom And Jerry Logo 2014.png|thumb|''The Tom and Jerry Show'' logo|link=The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)]]
[[Cartoon Network]], which began rerunning ''Tom and Jerry Tales'' in January 2012, subsequently launched a series titled ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]'' consisting of two 11-minute shorts, later produced as separate 7-minutes length episodes, per episode that likewise sought to maintain the look, core characters and sensibility of the original theatrical shorts. Similar to other reboot works like ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]]'' and ''[[New Looney Tunes]]'', several episodes the new series brought ''Tom and Jerry'' into contemporary environments, telling new stories and relocating the characters to more fantastic worlds, from a medieval castle to a mad scientist's lab. The series was produced by Warner Bros. Animation, with [[Sam Register]] serving as executive producer in collaboration with [[Darrell Van Citters]] and [[Ashley Postlewaite]] at [[Renegade Animation]]. Originally slated for a 2013 Cartoon Network premiere,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cartoon Network Upfront Presentation 2013|url=http://animatedtv.about.com/od/picturegallerie1/ss/Cartoon-Network-Upfront-Presentation-2013_9.htm|publisher=About.com|access-date=January 3, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103190551/http://animatedtv.about.com/od/picturegallerie1/ss/Cartoon-Network-Upfront-Presentation-2013_9.htm|archive-date=January 3, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the series was pushed back to April 9, 2014. It is the second ''Tom and Jerry'' production presented in 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio.<ref name="bcdb">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.bcdb.com/tom-jerry-show-coming-cartoon-network-4850/|title=The Tom and Jerry Show Coming to Cartoon Network|publisher=Big Cartoon News|date=October 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206014416/http://blog.bcdb.com/tom-jerry-show-coming-cartoon-network-4850/|archive-date=December 6, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In November 2014, a two-minute sketch was shown as part of the [[Children in Need]] telethon in the United Kingdom. The sketch was produced as a collaboration with Warner Bros.<ref name="radiotimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-11-14/tom-and-jerry-chase-their-way-through-strictly-and-the-apprentice-for-children-in-need|title=Children in Need 2014: Tom and Jerry chase their way through EastEnders, Strictly, Match of the Day and The Apprentice|work=Radio Times|access-date=August 21, 2017|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118224216/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-11-14/tom-and-jerry-chase-their-way-through-strictly-and-the-apprentice-for-children-in-need/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[WB Kids]] began releasing excerpts from various ''Tom and Jerry'' works to the online platform [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; Sorry Safari|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0vGtGkLGbU|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/c0vGtGkLGbU|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=May 19, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; It's Greek to Me-Ow|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmaJo3BJQQA|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/YmaJo3BJQQA|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=June 7, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; Back to Oz: What's Happening|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VyLKtY1rHM|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/_VyLKtY1rHM|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=June 17, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By January 2017, compilation videos of the ''Tom and Jerry'' franchise began to be released by WB Kids on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; Tom's Top 10 Bad Guy Moments|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FFKpbDo_js|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/-FFKpbDo_js|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=January 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; Outsmarting Tom! &#124; Compilation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saygJ4gBWok|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/saygJ4gBWok|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=April 6, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=WB Kids|title=Tom & Jerry &#124; Tom Vs Spike &#124; WB Kids|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfakmzcBJo|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/7RfakmzcBJo|archive-date=2021-10-28|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Google, LLC|access-date=June 23, 2020|date=April 6, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On February 20, 2021, Warner Bros. released two new shorts onto [[HBO Max]] titled ''[[Tom and Jerry Special Shorts]]'' to honor the 81st anniversary of ''Tom and Jerry'', as well as to promote the 2021 film. These shorts share the style of the other HBO Max original ''[[Looney Tunes Cartoons]]'', also produced by Warner Bros. Animation.<ref>{{Cite tweet|title='TOM AND JERRY SPECIAL SHORTS' is now available on HBO Max|url=https://twitter.com/thecartooncrave/status/1363157628516499459|user=thecartooncrave|author=Cartoon Crave|number=1363157628516499459|date=February 20, 2021|access-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=TOM & JERRY SPECIAL SHORTS Released on HBO Max (Review!) {{!}} CARTOON NEWS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3hMmfV7TNk|website=YouTube|date=February 20, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/Y3hMmfV7TNk|archive-date=October 28, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 21, 2021|title=New 'Tom and Jerry' Shorts Are Streaming on HBO Max|url=https://www.rotoscopers.com/2021/02/21/new-tom-and-jerry-shorts-are-streaming-on-hbo-max/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Rotoscopers|language=en|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221162009/https://www.rotoscopers.com/2021/02/21/new-tom-and-jerry-shorts-are-streaming-on-hbo-max/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2021}}

A new ''Tom and Jerry'' series made its debut on July 1, 2021, as a [[Max Originals|Max Original]] on HBO Max, called ''[[Tom and Jerry in New York]]'', which basically served as a spin-off of ''The Tom and Jerry Show'' by having the exact same animation style and slapstick, except that the events take place in the city of [[New York City]]. It was loosely based on the 2021 film, as the humans in the series were shown with the faces intact.

On November 11, 2022, [[Cartoon Network (Japanese TV channel)|Cartoon Network in Japan]] premiered a new series of animated shorts, ''Tom and Jerry'' ({{Langx|ja|とむとじぇりー|Tomu to Jerī}}{{Efn|Generally, loanwords and non-Japanese names are transliterated in [[katakana]], like {{Lang|ja|トム}} (Tom) and {{Lang|ja|ジェリー}} (Jerry). However, the series' title uses [[hiragana]] to spell out the names of Tom ({{Lang|ja|とむ}}) and Jerry ({{Lang|ja|じぇりー}}).<ref name="AnimMag-22Nov16-TnJ" />}}), marking the first Japanese production based on the property.<ref name="AnimMag-22Nov16-TnJ">{{cite news|title=Tom and Jerry Get a Kawaii Makeover for New Made-in-Japan Series|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/11/tom-and-jerry-get-a-kawaii-makeover-for-new-made-in-japan-series/|access-date=7 May 2023|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=November 16, 2022|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507162119/https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/11/tom-and-jerry-get-a-kawaii-makeover-for-new-made-in-japan-series/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TurnerJP-22Nov08-TnJPR">{{cite press release|script-title=ja:日本オリジナル新ショートアニメ「とむとじぇりー」カートゥーン ネットワーク 11/11(金)世界初放送！|url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000650.000030758.html|access-date=7 May 2023|agency=PR Times|publisher=[[Turner Japan]]|date=November 8, 2022|language=ja|archive-date=December 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114247/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000650.000030758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Featuring the voices of Megumi Aratake (as Tom), Aya Yonekura (as Jerry) and Eri Tanaka and Nana Kumagai (as [[Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)|Tuffy]]), the shorts were animated by [[Fanworks (animation studio)|Fanworks]] in co-operation with Studio Nanahoshi. Ayu handled the character design and Captain Mirai composed the musical scores.<ref name="Fanworks-23FEB10-TnJ">{{cite press release|script-title=ja:⽇本オリジナル新ショートアニメーションシリーズ「とむとじぇりー」新話数公開！|url=https://fanworks.co.jp/news/20230210tj/|access-date=7 May 2023|publisher=[[Fanworks (animation studio)|Fanworks]]|date=February 10, 2023|language=ja|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507162120/https://fanworks.co.jp/news/20230210tj/|url-status=live}}</ref> The November 11, 2022 premiere coincided with Cartoon Network's celebration of Cheese Day, which is organized by cheese industry in Japan.<ref name="AnimMag-22Nov16-TnJ" /><ref name="TurnerJP-22Nov08-TnJPR" /><!-- An earlier version of the episode 1, originally released in 2021, featured the character design based on Chara Chara Makiart's ''[[#Tom to Jerry: Nanairo|Tom to Jerry: Nanairo]]'' comics. But this version was discarded after one of Chara Chara Makiart members was found guilty for sexually assaulting a minor. --> In 2025, the series was renamed ''Tom and Jerry Gokko'' ({{Langx|ja|とむとじぇりーごっこ|Tomu to Jerī Gokko}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duuran|first1=Misael|title=Tom & Jerry's Anime Makeover Drops New Look Before Streaming Release|url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/tom-and-jerry-gokko-trailer-streaming/|date=May 27, 2025|publisher=ComicBook.com|access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Geolas|first1=Paris|title=Nearly 3 Years Later, Cartoon Network's Tom & Jerry Anime Is Finally Coming to Streaming|url=https://www.cbr.com/tom-and-jerry-anime-international-streaming/|date=May 28, 2025|publisher=CBR|access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref>

On July 25, 2023, the [[Southeast Asian]] version of ''[[Tom and Jerry (2023 TV series)|Tom and Jerry]]'' animated shorts was announced, to be presented on [[Cartoon Network Asia]] alongside [[HBO Asia]] streaming platform [[HBO GO]] before it was aired globally. The animated shorts, which were set in [[Singapore]], were produced by [[Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific]]'s director of original kids content Carlene Tan, with animation by Aum Animation Studios India alongside Singapore-based Robot Playground Media and Chips and Toon Studios for both the stories and designs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|title='Tom and Jerry' Asia Version Set at Cartoon Network, HBO Go|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/tom-and-jerry-asia-version-1235680351/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=July 25, 2023|access-date=July 26, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726044856/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/tom-and-jerry-asia-version-1235680351/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/series/tom-and-jerry-carlene-tan-singapore-233950.html|title=Relocating Animation's Most Famous Cat-And-Mouse Duo To Asia: How Tom And Jerry Ended Up In Singapore|first=Jamie|last=Lang|website=Cartoon Brew|date=October 20, 2023|access-date=April 18, 2024}}</ref>

==Outside the United States==
[[File:GER Ingolstadt Rankestraße 001.jpg|thumb|center|''Tom and Jerry'' decoration in [[Ingolstadt]], [[Germany]] in 2021]]
When shown on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom, from April 1967 to February 2001, usually on the [[BBC]], ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons were not edited for violence, and Mammy was retained. As well as having regular slots, mainly after the evening BBC News with around two shorts shown every evening and occasionally shown on children's network [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]] in the morning, ''Tom and Jerry'' served the BBC in another way. When faced with disruption to the schedules, for example when live broadcasts overran, the BBC would invariably turn to ''Tom and Jerry'' to fill any gaps, confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop. This proved particularly helpful in 1993, when ''[[Noel's House Party]]'' had to be cancelled due to an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] bomb scare at [[BBC Television Centre]]. ''Tom and Jerry'' was shown instead, bridging the gap until the next programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tom And Jerry Tv Show Program Creators - ixazawixamab.tk|url=https://ixazawixamab.tk/info/tom-and-jerry-tv-show-program-creators.php|access-date=September 14, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 2006, a mother complained to [[Ofcom]] about the smoking shown in the cartoons, since Tom often attempts to impress love interests with the habit, resulting in reports that the smoking scenes in ''Tom and Jerry'' films may be subject to censorship.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5271470.stm|work=BBC News|title=Smoke's no joke for Tom and Jerry|date=August 21, 2006|access-date=May 25, 2010|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912063026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5271470.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to its very limited use of dialogue, ''Tom and Jerry'' was easily translated into various foreign languages. ''Tom and Jerry'' began broadcast in Japan in 1965. A 2005 nationwide survey taken in Japan by [[TV Asahi]], sampling age groups from teenagers to adults in their sixties, ranked ''Tom and Jerry'' No. 85 in a list of the top 100 "[[anime]]" of all time. Their web poll taken after the airing of the list ranked it at No. 58 – the only non-Japanese animation on the list, and beating anime classics like ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'', ''[[A Little Princess Sara]]'', and the ultra-classics ''[[Macross]]'' and ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]''. In Japan, the word "anime" refers to ''all'' animation regardless of origin, not just Japanese animation.<ref name="anime">{{cite web|url=http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/anime100/contents/ranking/cur/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124035134/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/anime100/contents/ranking/cur/index.html|archive-date=November 24, 2005|date=November 24, 2005|access-date=November 16, 2012|title=日本全国徹底調査！好きなアニメランキング100}}</ref>

''Tom and Jerry'' serve as the [[Yuru-chara|long-time licensed mascots]] for [[Gifu]]-based [[Juroku Bank]].

[[File:Vitoria - Graffiti & Murals 1127 12.JPG|thumb|''Tom and Jerry'' graffiti in [[Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain]]]]
''Tom and Jerry'' have long since been popular in Germany. The different shorts are usually linked together with key scenes from ''Jerry's Diary'' (1949), in which Tom reads about his and Jerry's past adventures. The cartoons are introduced with rhyming [[German language]] verse, and when necessary, a German voice spoke the translations of English labels on items and similar information.

The show was aired in mainland China by [[China Central Television|CCTV]] in the mid-1980s to the early 1990s and was extremely popular at the time. Collections of the show are still a prominent feature in Chinese book stores.

In the Philippines, the series was aired on [[ABS-CBN]] from 1966 until its closure due to the country's declaration of martial law in 1972, with the later Hanna-Barbera shorts from Barbecue Brawl to Tot Watchers and all of Gene Deitch and Chuck Jones shorts. [[Radio Philippines Network|RPN]] aired most of Hanna-Barbera shorts from 1977 until 1989. ABS-CBN would later return to the air after the [[People Power Revolution|restoration of democracy]] in 1986 and air the same shorts as in the pre-martial law era. This lasted until the end of 1988.
[[File:Stamp of Albania - 2005 - Colnect 374068 - Tom and Jerry.jpeg|thumb|Albanian [[Postage stamp|stamps]] of ''Tom and Jerry'']]
In Indonesia, the series was aired on TPI (later re-branded as [[MNCTV]]) from the mid-1990s to early 2010s and [[RCTI]] during 2000s.

Even though [[Gene Deitch]]'s shorts were created in Czechoslovakia (1960–1962), the first official TV release of ''Tom and Jerry'' were in 1988. It was one of the few cartoons of western origin broadcast in Czechoslovakia (1988) and Romania (until 1989) before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989.

==Feature films==
{{See also|List of Tom and Jerry feature films}}
''Tom and Jerry''<nowiki/>'s first feature film appearance was in the 1945 MGM musical ''[[Anchors Aweigh (film)|Anchors Aweigh]]'', in which Jerry performs a dance number with [[Gene Kelly]]. In this scene, Tom made a cameo as a servant. Filmmakers had wanted [[Mickey Mouse]] for the scene, but [[Walt Disney]] had rejected the deal, as the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney studio]] was focusing on its own cartoons to help pay off its debts after [[World War II]].<ref>Bob Thomas.''Building a Company: Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire''. Eventually Disneys lent out their effects wizard [[Joshua Meador]] to spruce up MGM's 1956 ''[[Forbidden Planet]]''.</ref> William Hanna and Joe Barbera supervised animation for the scene.

In 1953, ''Tom and Jerry'''s second feature film appearance was swimming with [[Esther Williams]] in a dream sequence in another MGM musical, ''[[Dangerous When Wet]]''.
[[File:Tom and Jerry — The Movie.png|thumb|''Tom and Jerry: The Movie'' logo]]
On October 1, 1992, the first international release of ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Movie]]'' arrived when the film was released overseas to theaters in Europe<ref name=VarietyFilm>{{cite news|last1=McBride|first1=Joseph|title=Review: Tom and Jerry|url=https://variety.com/1992/film/reviews/tom-and-jerry-the-movie-1200430861/|access-date=August 19, 2014|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 2, 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819152708/http://variety.com/1992/film/reviews/tom-and-jerry-the-movie-1200430861/|archive-date=August 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and then domestically by [[Miramax Films]] on July 30, 1993,<ref name=LATimesFilm>{{cite news|title=Movie Review: Tom and Jerry': A Bland Cat-and-Mouse Chase : The formulaic story feels like a rerun and borrows characters from many other classics.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-30-ca-18331-story.html|last=Solomon|first=Charles|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 30, 1993|access-date=August 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019164803/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-30/entertainment/ca-18331_1_tom-jerry-cats|archive-date=October 19, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> with future video and DVD releases that would be sold under [[Warner Bros.]], which, following [[Miramax#Disney era (1993–2010)|Disney's acquisition of Miramax]] and [[Turner Broadcasting System#1990s|Turner's subsequent merger]] with [[Time Warner]], had acquired the film's distribution rights. Barbera served as creative consultant for the picture, which was produced and directed by [[Phil Roman]]. The film was a musical with a structure similar to MGM's blockbusters, ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' and ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]''.

In 2001, Warner Bros., which had, by then, merged with Turner and assumed its properties, released the duo's first direct-to-video film, ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring]]'', in which Tom covets a ring that grants mystical powers to the wearer, and has become accidentally stuck on Jerry's head. It was the last time Hanna and Barbera co-produced a ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon together, as William Hanna died shortly after ''The Magic Ring'' was released.
[[File:Tom and Jerry — The Magic Ring text.png|thumb|''Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring'' logo|left]]
Four years later, [[Bill Kopp]] scripted and directed two more ''Tom and Jerry'' DTV features for the studio, ''[[Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars]]'' and ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'', the latter one based on a story by Barbera. Both were released on DVD in 2005, marking the celebration of ''Tom and Jerry'''s 65th anniversary. In 2006, another direct-to-video film, ''[[Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers]]'', tells the story about the pair having to work together to find the treasure. Joe came up with the storyline for the next film, ''[[Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale]]'', as well as the initial idea of synchronizing the on-screen actions to music from Tchaikovsky's ''[[Nutcracker Suite]]''. This DTV film, directed by [[Spike Brandt]] and [[Tony Cervone]], was Joe Barbera's last ''Tom and Jerry'' project due to his death in December 2006. The holiday-set animated film was released on DVD in late 2007 and dedicated to Barbera.

A new direct-to-video film, ''[[Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes]]'', was released on August 24, 2010. It is the first made-for-video ''Tom and Jerry'' film produced without any of the characters' original creators. The next direct-to-video film, ''[[Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz]]'', was released on August 23, 2011, and was the first made-for-video ''Tom and Jerry'' film made for [[Blu-ray]]. It had a preview showing on Cartoon Network. ''[[Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse|Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse]]'' was released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 2, 2012.<ref name="MerryMouse">{{cite news|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2012/08/pr-tom-jerry-robin-hood-and-his-merry-mouse-comes-to-blu-ray-and-dvd-on-october-2-2012/|title=PR: "Tom & Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse" Comes to Blu-ray and DVD on October 2, 2012|last=Liu|first=Ed|date=August 9, 2012|newspaper=ToonZone|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-date=July 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713162535/http://www.toonzone.net/2012/08/pr-tom-jerry-robin-hood-and-his-merry-mouse-comes-to-blu-ray-and-dvd-on-october-2-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure]]'' was released in 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD.<ref name="BlurayGiantAdv">{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=11000|title=Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Blu-ray|date=April 25, 2013|newspaper=Blu-ray.com|access-date=April 25, 2013|archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071902/https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=11000|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon]]'' was released on DVD on September 2, 2014.<ref name="AWNLostDragon">{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/tom-and-jerry-lost-dragon-hits-shelves-sept-2|title='Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon' Hits Shelves Sept. 2|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|date=June 26, 2014|publisher=Animation World Network|access-date=July 25, 2014|archive-date=February 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219084936/https://www.awn.com/news/tom-and-jerry-lost-dragon-hits-shelves-sept-2|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest]]'' was released on DVD on June 23, 2015.<ref name="Forces of Geek">{{cite web|title=Tom and Jerry Team up with Jonny Quest in 'Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest'|url=http://www.forcesofgeek.com/2015/03/tom-and-jerry-team-up-with-jonny-quest.html|publisher=Forces of Geek|access-date=March 20, 2015|date=March 17, 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203531/http://www.forcesofgeek.com/2015/03/tom-and-jerry-team-up-with-jonny-quest.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz]]'' was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=King |first1=Katherine |url=http://www.mrskathyking.com/tom-jerry-back-oz-dvd-release/|title=Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz DVD Release on June 21 - www.MrsKathyKing.com|work=Mrs. Kathy King CEO of Tiara Marketing &#124; A Kaleidoscope of Ideas for Families |date=April 15, 2016|access-date=August 21, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921153549/https://www.mrskathyking.com/tom-jerry-back-oz-dvd-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory]]'' was released on DVD on July 11, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/tom-jerry-willy-wonka-movie-trailer/|title='Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory' Trailer Confuses the Internet|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=April 20, 2017|access-date=April 26, 2017|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115102304/https://collider.com/tom-jerry-willy-wonka-movie-trailer/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tom and Jerry - Official Movie Trailer.webm|thumb|Trailer of 2021 ''Tom and Jerry'' film]]
A [[Tom & Jerry (2021 American film)|live action/3D animated hybrid film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/tom-and-jerry-scooby-doo-tim-story-warner-animation-1202978052/|title='Tom and Jerry,' 'Scooby-Doo' Movies Land Top Talent at Warner Animation Group (EXCLUSIVE)|first1=Justin|last1=Kroll|date=October 15, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=October 15, 2018|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124020435/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/tom-and-jerry-scooby-doo-tim-story-warner-animation-1202978052/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> was directed by [[Tim Story]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pursuenews.com/tom-and-jerry-live-action-movie-will-begin-production-in-summer-2019-plot-details/|title=Tom And Jerry Live-Action Movie Will Begin Production In Summer 2019, Plot Details|last=Prasad|first=R. A. Karthik|date=January 24, 2019|website=Pursue News|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108025810/https://pursuenews.com/tom-and-jerry-live-action-movie-will-begin-production-in-summer-2019-plot-details/|url-status=live}}</ref> and starred [[Chloë Grace Moretz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/chloe-grace-moretz-tom-and-jerry-movie/|title=Exclusive: Chloë Grace Moretz to Star in WB's 'Tom and Jerry' Movie|website=Collider|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|date=April 26, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2019|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117200801/https://collider.com/chloe-grace-moretz-tom-and-jerry-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Michael Peña]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/michael-pena-tom-jerry-warner-bros-1202619871/|website=Deadline|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=May 21, 2019|access-date=May 21, 2019|title=Michael Peña Joins Hybrid 'Tom & Jerry' Movie at Warner Bros|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108024517/https://deadline.com/2019/05/michael-pena-tom-jerry-warner-bros-1202619871/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Colin Jost]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/saturday-night-live-colin-jost-tom-jerry-cast-1202640706/|title='Saturday Night Live's Colin Jost Joins Warner Bros' 'Tom And Jerry'|website=Deadline|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201073708/https://deadline.com/2019/07/saturday-night-live-colin-jost-tom-jerry-cast-1202640706/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rob Delaney]] and [[Ken Jeong]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Couch|first=Aaron|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-jerry-adds-ken-jeong-rob-delaney-1227956|title=Warner Bros.' 'Tom and Jerry' Adds Ken Jeong and Rob Delaney|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[MRC (company)|MRC Media and Info]]|date=July 30, 2019|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-date=July 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730221440/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-jerry-adds-ken-jeong-rob-delaney-1227956|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on February 26, 2021.<ref name=Tom&JerryRelease>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/sesame-street-pic-anne-hathaway-lands-winter-2021-release-1194256|title=Anne Hathaway's 'Sesame Street' Movie Lands Winter 2021 Release|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|date=March 12, 2019|access-date=March 14, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/sesame-street-pic-anne-hathaway-lands-winter-2021-release-1194256|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/tom-and-jerry-live-action-and-animated-hybrid-film-moves-up-to-christmas-2020/|title='Tom and Jerry' Live-Action and Animated Hybrid Film Moves Up to Christmas 2020 Release|work=TheWrap|first=Brian|last=Welk|date=October 25, 2019|access-date=October 25, 2019|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121757/https://www.thewrap.com/tom-and-jerry-live-action-and-animated-hybrid-film-moves-up-to-christmas-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/matrix-4-godzilla-vs-king-release-date-changes-1202958388/|title='Matrix 4' Moves To 2022, 'Godzilla Vs. Kong' Stomps To 2021 & More: Warner Bros. Release Date Change Friday|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 12, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630231733/https://deadline.com/2020/06/matrix-4-godzilla-vs-king-release-date-changes-1202958388/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 12, 2024, it was announced that a new animated ''Tom and Jerry'' feature film is in the works from [[Warner Bros. Pictures Animation]], with [[Rashida Jones]], [[Will McCormack]] and Michael Govier writing the script.

A feature-length computer-animated film titled ''Tom and Jerry: Forbidden Compass'' ({{zh|猫和老鼠:星盘奇缘}}), directed by Zhang Gang and co-produced by China and the United States, premiered at the 27th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] on June 21, 2025, and is set for general release in China on August 9, 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Shanghai Film Fest Unveils Golden Goblet Lineup With Record Submissions|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shanghai-film-fest-golden-goblet-lineup-1236415204/|access-date=June 18, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media|Penske Media Corporation]]|date=June 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Screening Schedule|url=https://www.siff.com/page/paipianen|website=[[Shanghai International Film Festival]]|access-date=June 18, 2025|quote=06/21 Sat 13:00 [-] BAIYING CINKER PICTURES ScreeningRoom [sic]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Merican|first=Sara|title=Warner Bros. Pictures Unveils Release Date For Chinese Co-Production 'Tom And Jerry: Forbidden Compass'|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/warner-bros-pictures-china-tom-and-jerry-forbidden-compass-release-date-1236439076/|access-date=June 23, 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media|Penske Media Corporation]]|date=June 20, 2025}}</ref>

==Controversies==
[[File:TruceBlackface.jpg|thumb|200px|A frame from the short ''[[The Truce Hurts]]''. The characters in this shot have turned into black stereotypes after a passing car splashed mud on their faces. Scenes such as this are frequently highly edited or cut from modern broadcasts of ''Tom and Jerry''.]]

Like many animated cartoons from the 1930s to the 1950s, ''Tom and Jerry'' featured racial stereotypes.<ref name=race>{{Cite book|last=Brian|first=Behnken|title=Racism in American Popular Media: From Aunt Jemima to the Frito Bandito|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euT1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|year=2015|pages=92–99|publisher=Abc-Clio|isbn=978-1-440-82977-2}}</ref> After explosions, for example, characters with blasted faces would resemble [[blackface]] stereotypes, with large lips and bow-tied hair. Perhaps the most controversial element of the show is the character Mammy Two Shoes, a poor black maid who speaks in a stereotypical "black accent". Today, the blackface gags are often censored when these shots are aired.

Following the 1949 re-issue of the 1943 ''Tom and Jerry'' short ''The Lonesome Mouse,'' the [[NAACP]], which had begun protesting stereotypical and racist depictions of African-Americans in Hollywood cinema, began a campaign against the use of the maid character in the ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts.<ref name="LehmanBook" /> Lillian Randolph left her role as the voice of Mammy Two Shoes in 1952 to instead take a job on television in ''[[Amos & Andy]]'', and Hanna and Barbera retired the character at that time.<ref name="LehmanBook" />

In the 1960s, shorts featuring Mammy Two Shoes were re-animated in part by Chuck Jones' team at MGM, alongside their work on the newer entries produced by Jones, in order to be shown on television. These versions of the shorts replace the African-American maid with a white woman, voiced by [[June Foray]] with an Irish accent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Karl F.|title=Forbidden animation: censored cartoons and blacklisted animators in America|date=1997|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=0-7864-0395-0|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=37246766|pages=57}}</ref> These versions of the ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts were broadcast on television until the MGM catalog's acquisition by Turner in 1986. Turner redubbed Mammy Two Shoes' voice in these shorts in the mid-1990s to make the character sound less stereotypical.

Two shorts – ''His Mouse Friday'', which depicts cannibals, and ''A Mouse in the House'', which shows Mammy getting spanked repeatedly by Tom and Butch in the end resulting in [[racial abuse]] – have been removed from circulation. Two others in particular – ''[[Casanova Cat]]'', which features a scene where Jerry's face is blackened by Tom with cigar smoke and he is forced to perform a [[Minstrel show|minstrel]] dance, and ''[[Mouse Cleaning]]'', where Tom is shown with blackface speaking in a stereotypical "[[Negro dialect]]" – were omitted from DVD/Blu-ray releases. Notably the other two – ''Fraidy Cat'', showed Tom biting Mammy in the rear near the end, and ''The Mouse Comes to Dinner'', including Jerry briefly dressing up as a Native American stereotype during the beginning – have Mammy edited in complete absence.

At the start of the 2005 ''[[Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection|Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection: Vol 2.]]'' DVD set, a disclaimer by actress and comedian [[Whoopi Goldberg]] warns viewers about the potentially offensive material in the cartoons. Goldberg's disclaimer emphasizes that the racial and ethnic stereotypes present in the shorts were "wrong then and they are wrong today", borrowing a phrase used in disclaimers done for Warner Bros. ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'' DVD sets. This disclaimer is also used in the ''Tom and Jerry Golden Collection: Volume 1'' Blu-ray/DVD/digital release as well.
[[File:PDVD 002.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the ''Tom and Jerry'' short ''[[Saturday Evening Puss]]'', in which her full face was shown for the first time]]
{{pull quote|The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time. They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in U.S. society. These depictions were wrong then and they are wrong today. While the following does not represent the Warner Bros. view of today's society, these cartoons are being presented as they were originally created, because to do otherwise would be the same as claiming that these prejudices never existed.|author=Disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-jerry-cartoons-get-racial-737969|title='Tom and Jerry' Cartoons Get "Racial Prejudices" Disclaimer on iTunes|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 10, 2014|access-date=March 9, 2016|archive-date=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008171433/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-jerry-cartoons-get-racial-737969|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Since 2020, all episodes featuring Mammy Two Shoes are no longer seen on [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] and are removed from the Boomerang app. There are other shorts (''The Lonesome Mouse'',{{efn|This short, which was released during [[World War II]] (1943) contains a reference where Jerry paint marks on a picture of Tom's face like [[Adolf Hitler]] and then spits on it. This scene is cut out of reruns}} ''Blue Cat Blues'',{{efn|The subplot of this short is considered dark since it had references of [[alcoholism]] and [[suicide]].}} and ''The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R.''{{efn|The beginning of this short contains [[strobe light|rapid flickering]] from the projector, which this technique was notorious for inducing [[photosensitive epilepsy|epileptic seizures]].}}) that are found inappropriate for the intended audiences rather than just having racist contents and are censored from the two channels as well.

In 2006, the [[Boomerang (British TV channel)|British version of the Boomerang channel]] made plans to edit ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons being aired in the UK where the characters were seen to be smoking. There was a subsequent investigation by UK media watchdog Ofcom.<ref name="BBC"/> It has also taken the U.S. approach by censoring blackface gags, though this seems to be random as not all scenes of this type are cut. One Gene Deitch-era short, ''Buddies Thicker Than Water'', is shortened as one scene involves [[Alcohol intoxication|drunkenness]].

In 2013, it was reported that [[Cartoon Network (Latin American TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] of Brazil censored 27 shorts on the grounds of being "politically incorrect".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kogut.oglobo.globo.com/noticias-da-tv/noticia/2013/09/cartoon-network-considera-tom-e-jerry-politicamente-incorreto.html|title=Cartoon Network tira do ar 'Tom e Jerry': politicamente incorreto|date=September 25, 2013|access-date=September 25, 2013|newspaper=[[O Globo]]|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154559/http://kogut.oglobo.globo.com/noticias-da-tv/noticia/2013/09/cartoon-network-considera-tom-e-jerry-politicamente-incorreto.html|archive-date=February 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an official release, the channel confirmed that it had censored only two shorts, ''The Two Mouseketeers''{{efn|This short has a dark offscreen ending where Tom was [[guillotine]]d.}} and ''Heavenly Puss''{{efn|The subplot of this short is considered dark since it had a reference of [[damnation]] in [[Hell]].}} "by editorial issues and appropriateness of the content to the target audience—children of 7 to 11 years".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judao.com.br/televisao/cartoon-network-confirma-censurou-episodios-tom-jerry/|title=Cartoon Network confirma que tirou do ar "apenas" DOIS episódios de Tom & Jerry|date=September 26, 2013|access-date=September 26, 2013|publisher=Judão|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063124/http://www.judao.com.br/televisao/cartoon-network-confirma-censurou-episodios-tom-jerry/|archive-date=September 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==In other media==
===Comic books===
[[File:Tom and Jerry art on the notebook.jpg|thumb|center|''Tom and Jerry'' by Chhay Hak Books, featuring Tom Cat chasing Jerry Mouse]]
''Tom and Jerry'' began appearing in [[comic book]]s in 1942, as one of the features in [[Dell Comics]]' ''Our Gang Comics''. In 1949, with MGM's live-action ''[[Our Gang]]'' shorts having ceased production five years earlier, the series was renamed ''Tom and Jerry Comics''. That title ran 212 issues with Dell before being handed off to [[Western Publishing]], where it ran until issue #344 in 1984. ''Tom and Jerry'' continued to appear in various comic books for the rest of the 20th century.<ref name="comics">{{cite web|url=http://funnies.goldenagecartoons.com/doubletrouble/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825004657/http://funnies.goldenagecartoons.com/doubletrouble/|archive-date=August 25, 2006|title=Tom and Jerry Comics|date=August 25, 2006|access-date=November 16, 2012}}</ref> ''Tom and Jerry'' comics were also extremely popular in Norway, Germany, Sweden, the UK, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia and Australia.<ref>[https://www.comics.org/searchNew/?q=Tom+and+Jerry&selected_facets=facet_model_name_exact:series Grand Comics Database]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123164347/https://www.comics.org/searchNew/?q=Tom+and+Jerry&selected_facets=facet_model_name_exact:series|date=January 23, 2021}}. Accessed Jan. 6, 2019.</ref><ref name="kovacevic">{{cite book|last=Kovačević|first=Zoran|title=Nićifor|year=2024|publisher=Nišli kulturni centar / Udruženje ljubitelja stripa "Branko Plavšić"|location=Niš|page=72}}</ref>  A licensed European version has been drawn by Spanish artist Oscar Martin since 1986. Another licensed version was published in Yugoslavia, started in 1983 and drawn by a number of artists, including Zoran Kovačević, Bojan Đukić, [[Zdravko Zupan]] and Dušan Reljić.<ref name="kovacevic"/>

===Comic strip===
{{Infobox comic strip
| title = Tom and Jerry
| image = Tom és Jerry.png
| caption = 
| author = {{ubl|[[Fred Quimby]] (1950–52)|Kelly Jarvis (1989–94)}}
| illustrator = 
| status = Ended
| first = {{Start date and age|1950|4|1}}
| last = {{End date and age|1994|3|13}}
| syndicate = [[Editors Press Service]] (1989–94)
| publisher = 
| genre = Humor
| rating = 
| preceded by = 
| followed by = 
}}
A ''Tom and Jerry'' [[comic strip]] was syndicated from 1950 to 1952. Although credited to MGM animation studio head [[Fred Quimby]], experts believe the strips were [[Ghostwriter|ghosted]] by Gene Hazelton and possibly Ernie Stanzoni and Dan Gormley.<ref>Apeldoorn, Ger. [http://allthingsger.blogspot.com/2009/06/eternal-cat-mouse-game-tuesday-cmic.html "The Eternal Cat an Mouse Game,"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205183747/http://allthingsger.blogspot.com/2009/06/eternal-cat-mouse-game-tuesday-cmic.html|date=December 5, 2020}} ''The Fabuleous Fifties'' (June 30, 2009).</ref> ''Tom and Jerry'' was revived as a comic strip from 1989 to 1994, syndicated to the South American market by [[Editors Press Service]]. The strip was produced by Kelley Jarvis<ref>[https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/jarvis_kelly.htm Jarvis entry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809111328/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/jarvis_kelly.htm|date=August 9, 2020}}, Lambiek's ''Comiclopedia''. Accessed Jan. 6, 2019.</ref> during this era, with the exception of a short period in 1990–1991 when it was done by [[Paul Kupperberg]] & Rich Maurizio.<ref>{{cite web|title=AUCTION – Kelly Jarvis Signed "Tom & Jerry" 3/21 1990 Original Pen & Ink Comic Strip Actually Published in Newspaper (PA LOA)|url=https://www.pristineauction.com/a362958-Kelly-Jarvis-Signed-Tom-Jerry-321-1990-Original-Pen-Ink-Comic-Strip-Actually-Published-in-Newspaper-PA-LOA|website=www.pristineauction.com|access-date=23 August 2019|language=en|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126222210/https://www.pristineauction.com/a362958-Kelly-Jarvis-Signed-Tom-Jerry-321-1990-Original-Pen-Ink-Comic-Strip-Actually-Published-in-Newspaper-PA-LOA|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Tom to Jerry: Nanairo''===
[[File:Tosaden 625 tram 20200725 (50183445013).jpg|thumb|''Tom and Jerry'' [[tram]] in [[Japan]] in 2020|left]]
'''''Tom to Jerry: Nanairo''''' ({{Langx|ja|とむとじぇりーナナイロ|Tomu to Jerī Nanairo|Tom and Jerry: Seven Colors}}) is a short-lived series of Japanese comics authored by Chara Chara Makiart as a spin-off of ''Tom and Jerry''. It was first featured in the August 2021 issue of the ''[[Nakayoshi]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ja:花森ぴんく「ぴちぴちピッチ」の新章が次号のなかよしで連載開始、主人公はるちあの娘|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/435168|access-date=8 May 2023|work=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=July 2, 2021|language=ja|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508162353/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/435168|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Nanairo'', along with Chara Chara Makiart's other project ''Harapeko Penguin Cafe'', was cancelled in December 2021 as [[Kodansha]] (''Nakayoshi''{{'}}s publisher) has terminated its contract with the creative unit after one of Makiart members was found guilty for sexually assaulting a minor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pineda|first1=Rafael Antonio|title=Manga Creator in Chara Chara Makiart Unit Found Guilty of Sexual Assault on Minor|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-12-14/manga-creator-in-chara-chara-makiart-unit-found-guilty-of-sexual-assault-on-minor/.180605|access-date=8 May 2023|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2021-12-14|language=en|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508162353/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-12-14/manga-creator-in-chara-chara-makiart-unit-found-guilty-of-sexual-assault-on-minor/.180605|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ja:なかよし連載の「はらぺこペンギンカフェ」など連載終了、著者と契約破棄|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/457545|access-date=8 May 2023|work=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=December 14, 2021|language=ja|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508162353/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/457545|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ja:「なかよし」連載2作品終了、著者と契約破棄 原作担当が女児わいせつで有罪判決「卑劣かつ悪質」|url=https://www.j-cast.com/2021/12/14427013.html?p=all|access-date=8 May 2023|work=J-Cast News|publisher=J-Cast|date=14 December 2021|language=ja|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508162353/https://www.j-cast.com/2021/12/14427013.html?p=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Video games===
[[File:Tom and Jerry in MultiVersus.png|thumb|Tom and Jerry in ''[[MultiVersus]]'']]
{{Main|List of Tom and Jerry video games}}

===Musical adaptation===
A musical, or {{Nihongo|[[jp:音楽劇|music drama]]|音楽劇|ongaku geki}}, adaptation of the cartoon series, titled {{nihongo|''Tom and Jerry: Purr-Chance to Dream''|トムとジェリー 夢よもう一度|Tomu to Jerī Yume yo Mōichido}}, debuted in Japan in 2019 in advance of the series' upcoming 80th anniversary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tom and Jerry Musical - Purr-Chance to Dream (Tokyo)|url=https://www.japankuru.com/en/event-calendar/e246.html|access-date=25 September 2019|work=Japan Kuru|publisher=Global Daily Co., Ltd.|date=September 2019|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192155/https://www.japankuru.com/en/event-calendar/e246.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|author=音楽劇「トムとジェリー 夢よもう一度」|date=August 31, 2019|title=音楽劇「トムとジェリー 夢よもう一度」9月東京公演／10月大阪公演|trans-title=Music Drama "Tom and Jerry: Purr-Chance to Dream" Tokyo Performance in September / Osaka Performance in October|language=ja|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0DgT2vNkg|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/yi0DgT2vNkg|archive-date=2021-10-28|access-date=September 25, 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The musical was composed by [[Masataka Matsutoya]], staged by Seiji Nozoe, and written by Shigeki Motoiki.<ref>{{cite web|title=音楽劇「トムとジェリー 夢よもう一度」オフィシャルホームべージ|url=https://www.musical-tomandjerry.jp/|website=音楽劇「トムとジェリー 夢よもう一度」|publisher=meteodesign|access-date=September 25, 2019|language=ja|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117150545/https://www.musical-tomandjerry.jp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cultural influences==
[[File:4th of July Independence Parade 2013 (9257062899).jpg|thumb|Jerry Mouse balloon on 4th of July Independence Parade from [[Macy's]] in 2013|left]]
Throughout the years, the term and title ''Tom and Jerry'' became practically synonymous with never-ending rivalry, as much as the related "cat and mouse fight" metaphor has. Yet in ''Tom and Jerry'' it was not the more powerful Tom who usually came out on top. In 2005, TV Asahi ranked ''Tom and Jerry'' as 58th of the Top 100 Animated TV Series in Japan overall, outranking titles like ''[[Rurouni Kenshin]]'', ''[[Initial D]]'', and even ''[[Macross]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime|title=TV Asahi Top 100 Anime|date=June 12, 2023|access-date=May 31, 2020|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216014349/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2009, IGN named ''Tom and Jerry'' as the 66th best in the Top 100 Animated TV Shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/66.html|title=IGN – 66. Tom and Jerry|publisher=Tv.ign.com|access-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008065737/http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/66.html|archive-date=October 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
[[File:Bus Stop in Wendtorf (2).jpg|thumb|left|Tom Cat graffiti in [[Wendtorf]], Germany]]
[[Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner]] were originally meant to parody ''Tom and Jerry''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Steve|title=That's All Folks!: The Art of Warner Bros. Animation|year=1988|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|publication-place=New York, New York|page=222}}</ref>
In 1973, the magazine ''[[National Lampoon (magazine)|National Lampoon]]'' referenced ''Tom and Jerry'' in a violence-filled [[comic book]] parody, ''Kit 'n' Kaboodle''.<ref name="debate">{{cite web|url=http://silverbox.com/krusty/debate3.html|title=Who Were Itchy & Scratchy Modeled After?|work=The Krusty the Clown Homepage|year=1999|access-date=September 17, 2015|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991118212950/http://silverbox.com/krusty/debate3.html|archive-date=November 18, 1999}}</ref><ref name="Simonson">{{cite web|url=http://www.marksverylarge.com/issues/7306.html|last=Simonson|first=Mark|work=Mark's Very Large National Lampoon Site|title=June 1973|year=1997|access-date=September 17, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810061413/http://www.marksverylarge.com/issues/7306.html|archive-date=August 10, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Kit 'n' Kaboodle|journal=National Lampoon|date=June 1973|volume=6|issue=6|page=33|url=https://archive.org/details/NationalLampoon1973_06}}</ref> In ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[The Itchy & Scratchy Show]]'' is a spoof of ''Tom and Jerry''—a "cartoon within a cartoon".<ref name="DailyTeleL" /><ref name="tvguide">{{cite magazine|title=Flash! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves|date=2000-10-21|magazine=[[TV Guide]]|first=Joe|last=Rhodes}}</ref><ref name="Groening1">{{cite video|people=Groening, Matt|date=2002|title=The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode "Itchy & Scratchy & Marge"|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> In an episode of the series titled "[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]", ''Worker and Parasite'', a replacement cartoon for ''Itchy & Scratchy'', is a reference to [[History of Russian animation|Soviet-era animation]].<ref name="Groening">Groening, Matt. (2004). DVD Commentary for "Krusty Gets Kancelled", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The Italian [[Adult comics|adult]] [[black comedy]] [[comic strip]] ''[[Squeak the Mouse]]'' created by artist [[Massimo Mattioli]] satirizes ''Tom and Jerry'', taking the content to extreme levels, which includes [[Graphic violence|gory]], [[horror fiction|horror]], violence, and explicit sexual content.<ref name="lambiek.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mattioli.htm|title=Massimo Mattioli|access-date=June 24, 2025|archive-date=January 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005802/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mattioli.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bus Stop in Wendtorf (1).jpg|thumb|Jerry Mouse graffiti in Wendtorf, Germany]]
[[File:Tom & Jerry cosplayers (16008600361).jpg|thumb|Tom and Jerry cosplayer mascots in [[Arizona]], US]]

''Tom and Jerry'' made a cameo appearance in the 1992 animated TV special ''[[Little Rosey|The Rosey and Buddy Show]]''.<ref name="Rosey Buddy">{{cite web|last1=Bollettieri|first1=Spencer|title=15 Bizarre Celebrity Cartoons You've Never Heard Of|url=https://www.cbr.com/bizarre-celebrity-cartoons/|date=November 25, 2024|publisher=CBR|access-date=May 1, 2025}}</ref>

In an interview found on the DVD releases, several ''[[Mad TV]]'' cast members stated that ''Tom and Jerry'' is one of their biggest influences for slapstick comedy. Also in the [[Cartoon Network]] show ''[[Mad (TV series)|MAD]]'', ''Tom and Jerry'' appear in three segments: "Celebrity Birthdays", "Mickey Mouse Exterminator Service", and "Tom and Jury". [[Johnny Knoxville]] from ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'' has stated that watching ''Tom and Jerry'' inspired many of the stunts in the films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viceland.com/int/v17n10/htdocs/behind-the-scenes-with-johnny-knoxville-554.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007062314/http://www.viceland.com/int/v17n10/htdocs/behind-the-scenes-with-johnny-knoxville-554.php|archive-date=October 7, 2013|title=Behind the Scenes with Johnny Knoxville|work=Vice Magazine|access-date=December 3, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2003, British agency [[Ogilvy & Mather]] produced a 40-minute [[Ford Motor Company|Ford UK]] commercial promoting their then-recent [[Ford Mondeo]], which featured ''Tom and Jerry''. In the commercial, the characters break out of a television, wrecking the living room, and eventually breaking the door and going outside. Jerry then enters the Ford Mondeo via the exhaust pipe, and Tom gets chased away by a bulldog.<ref name="Ford 1">{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=Rachel|title=Mondeo uses Tom and Jerry|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/mondeo-uses-tom-jerry/187486|date=8 August 2003|work=Campaign|access-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312060239/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/mondeo-uses-tom-jerry/187486|archive-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ford 2">{{cite news|author=Marketing Week staff|title=Ford to play on Thunderbirds movie tie-up|url=https://www.marketingweek.com/ford-to-play-on-thunderbirds-movie-tie-up/|date=6 May 2004|publisher=Marketing Week|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TOM & JERRY|url=https://www.lovethework.com/work-awards/entries/90347|publisher=Love The Work|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ford Mondeo 2003 Advert|url=https://prezi.com/p/iez8adxtkaao/ford-mondeo-2003-advert/|publisher=Prezi|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> The commercial was directed by Jeff Stark, written by Dale Winton,<ref name="Ford 1"/> drafted by Paul Frost,<ref name="PaulFrost1">{{cite web|title=Ford Mondeo - Tom and Jerry|url=https://www.paulfrost.me.uk/PaulFrost/Ford_Mondeo_commercial-_Tom_%26_Jerry.html|publisher=Paul Frost|access-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430234840/https://www.paulfrost.me.uk/PaulFrost/Ford_Mondeo_commercial-_Tom_%26_Jerry.html|archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="PaulFrost2">{{cite web|title=C.V.|url=http://www.paulfrost.me.uk/PaulFrost/CV.html|publisher=Paul Frost|access-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110141154/http://www.paulfrost.me.uk/PaulFrost/CV.html|archive-date=10 November 2017}}</ref> and produced by Kim Parrot and Cathy Green.<ref name="JamesSaunders">{{cite web|title=James Showreel|url=https://lfosound.co.uk/James-s-Showreel|publisher=LFO Sound Design|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Animation was done by Jerry Forder at Icepics Animation Studios,<ref name="Ford 1"/><ref name="Ford 3">{{cite web|title=UK: TOM & JERRY MAKE COMEBACK FOR MONDEO|url=https://www.fordforums.com/threads/uk-tom-jerry-make-comeback-for-mondeo.46407/|date=15 August 2003|publisher=Ford Forums|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> with backgrounds by Monica Herman<ref name="MonicaHerman">{{cite web|title=Project List|url=http://www.monicaherman.com/CV/projectlist.html|publisher=Monica Herman|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> and art direction by Hamish Pinnell and John Bramble.<ref name="Ford 1"/><ref name="PaulFrost1"/><ref name="PaulFrost2"/> Sound design was done by James Saunders.<ref name="JamesSaunders"/> The music was composed by Goldstein.<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://goldsteinmusic.com/|publisher=Goldstein|access-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113134425/http://goldsteinmusic.com/|archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> Post-production was done by Paul Hannaford at Rushes.<ref name="Ford 1"/><ref name="Ford 4">{{cite news|title=Rushes complete new Ford Mondeo commercial|url=https://www.4rfv.co.uk/industrynews/19099/rushes_complete_new_ford_mondeo_commercial|date=15 August 2003|publisher=4rfv.co.uk|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Leader of Iran|supreme leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]] likened the [[Iran–United States relations|rivalry]] between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran to ''Tom and Jerry'', with the United States in the role of Tom and Iran in the role of Jerry.<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-05-24|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/u-s-iran-tom-jerry-cat-mouse-khamenei-trump-pompeo/29249142.html|title=U.S. Plays Cat, and Iran the Mouse in 'Tom and Jerry' Comparison|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|last1=Bezhan|first1=Frud}}</ref> [[Time Magazine]] noted that late Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] admired ''Tom and Jerry'' because, in his view, the mouse always outwits the cat—mirroring how Palestinians, seen as the underdog, persist despite adversity.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Beyer|first=Lisa|date=November 22, 2004|title=The Eternal Agitator|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/archive/6739979/the-eternal-agitator/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arafat loved watching 'Tom and Jerry'|date=21 November 2011|location=Gaza|url=https://www.emirates247.com/offbeat/arafat-loved-watching-tom-and-jerry-2011-11-21-1.429262|website=Emirates 247|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[Pac-Man]]'''s playful chase dynamic was inspired by the back-and-forth antics seen in ''Tom and Jerry'', as stated by creator [[Toru Iwatani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2020/08/03/fun-first-after-40-years-pac-man-creator-toru-iwatanis-first-concern-is-still-players/|title=Pac Man: 40 years later, creator Toru Iwatani speaks|last1=|first1=|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|quote=Iwatani says the ghosts were inspired by manga artists and Casper the Friendly Ghost, while their back-and-forth hostility with Pac-Man was inspired by Tom and Jerry episodes. "I designed Pac-Man to be simple to the point that he doesn't have eyes or any other adornments," Iwatani said.}}</ref>
''Tom and Jerry'' was the primary influence for [[Xilam]]'s ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', which employs [[silent comedy]] and [[slapstick]] humour much like ''Tom and Jerry''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=7 May 2016|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/May/07/remembering-oggy-and-the-cockroaches-933639.html|title=Remembering Oggy and the Cockroaches|work=Indian Express|language=en|issn=2195-1349|access-date=15 September 2024|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810183622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/may/07/Remembering-Oggy-and-the-Cockroaches-933639.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Home media==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2009}}
[[File:The Truce Hurts Super 8 reel.jpeg|thumb|200px|Super 8 reel of 1947's ''The Truce Hurts'', {{Circa|1973}}]]
In the pre-video era, ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons were a popular subject for [[8 mm film|8mm]] home movies, with the UK-based Walton Films issuing dozens of titles as colour one-reel Super 8 films, in both silent and sound editions. Walton's agreement with MGM obligated them to release the films in slightly edited form, even though the single-reel format would have comfortably accommodated the cartoons' seven to eight minute running time. These releases were discontinued before the dawn of the 1980s.

[[File:T&JCartoonFestival1981.jpeg|thumb|125px|left|''Tom and Jerry Cartoon Festival'' marks their video debut.]]
As early as 1981, [[MGM/UA Home Video|MGM/CBS]] released ''Tom and Jerry Cartoon Festival'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Mick|last2=Porter|first2=Marsha|title=Video Movie Guide 1991|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=0-345-36945-9|page=196}}</ref> the very first ''Tom and Jerry'' release on numerous home video formats, including [[VHS]], [[Betamax]], [[CED Videodisc]], and [[Laserdisc]], and mostly consisted the original Hanna-Barbera-era shorts (excluding the CinemaScope cartoons). The VHS and Beta versions released a total of four volumes up through 1984, while releases on the other two formats were discontinued after the second volume due to marketing difficulties of Laserdisc and CED players during that time period.

Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, [[MGM/UA Home Video]] released a series of ''Tom and Jerry'' VHS tapes under their ''Cartoon Movie Stars'' banner. Also in the early 1990s, MGM/UA released a released three volumes of [[Laserdisc]] box sets for collectors, entitled ''The Art of Tom & Jerry''. Volumes 1 and 2 contain all of the Hanna and Barbera era shorts in chronological order, with the CinemaScope shorts being presented in [[letterboxed]] versions. The cartoons were mostly presented uncut with three exceptions: ''His Mouse Friday'', where the cannibal's dialogue had been removed, ''[[Saturday Evening Puss]]'', which is the re-drawn version with June Foray's voice added, and ''The Framed Cat'' where Mammy-Two Shoes' dialogue had been redubbed. A third volume to ''The Art of Tom & Jerry'' was released and contains all of the Chuck Jones-era ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts; however, it omitted any of the Gene Deitch-era shorts. This was the final home media release of ''Tom and Jerry'' release by MGM.

In 1999, three years after [[Time Warner]]'s acquisition of [[Turner Broadcasting]], the rights to ''Tom and Jerry'' (along with the rest of MGM's Pre-1986 library) moved from MGM to [[Warner Bros.]] with [[Warner Home Video]] handling all future releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-16-fi-17731-story.html|title=MGM Buys Its Way Out of Pact for $225 Million|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=16 March 1999}}</ref> DVD and Blu-Ray releases of ''Tom and Jerry'' have encountered difficulties in terms of restoration, due to most of the original [[film negatives]] being destroyed in a vault fire in the 1970s, leaving only inferior duplicate copies.

In April 2004, Warner Home Video released ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Classic Collection]]'' in [[DVD region code|Regions 2 and 4]]; a six disc double-sided DVD box-set in the United Kingdom, and 12 single-layer individual DVD volumes issued throughout Western Europe and Australia. The set includes almost every single ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon released between 1940 and 1967 in chronological order; with the exceptions of ''The Million Dollar Cat'' and ''Busy Buddies'', which were not included for unexplained reasons. The cartoons on this set were sourced from unrestored 1980s Turner broadcast prints as seen on [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]] and [[Cartoon Network]], and therefore many of the shorts were censored: with many [[blackface]] gags being cut (including ''His Mouse Friday'' being heavily edited) and almost all of Mammy Two Shoes' dialogue being redubbed by [[Thea Vidale]].<ref name="CartResearch"/> Also the CinemaScope cartoons were presented in 4:3 [[pan and scan]], with the exceptions of ''The Egg and Jerry'', ''Tops with Pops'' and ''Feedin' the Kiddie'' which were released in non-[[anamorphic]] widescreen as seen on ''The Art of Tom and Jerry'' laserdiscs. ''The Classic Collection'' also contained no bonus material. Unlike the U.S. DVDs however, ''Mouse Cleaning'' and ''Casanova Cat'' were included on these sets and were presented uncut.

There have been several ''Tom and Jerry'' DVDs released in [[DVD region code|Region 1]] (United States and Canada), such as the ''Tom and Jerry's Greatest Chases'' DVDs. In October 2004, Warner Home Video released the first volume of ''[[Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection]]''; a two-disc set with an assortment of ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons presented in random order. Much like the U.K ''Classic Collection'', most of the cartoons were unrestored and sourced from the '80s Turner prints, however the CinemaScope cartoons were restored in their correct 2.35:1 aspect ratios and released in 16:9 anamorphic widescreen. The ''Spotlight Collection'' also contained numerous [[special features]]. In October 2005, Volume 2 of the ''Spotlight Collection'' was released - which much like the first volume had a random assortment of cartoons, sourced from unrestored Turner Prints (except the CinemaScope cartoons), and contained numerous extras - including an introduction by [[Whoopi Goldberg]] about the [[politically incorrect]] content in some cartoons. Despite this however, some of the cartoons on Volumes 1 & 2 were censored: having cuts and redubbed Mammy Two Shoes dialogue. Warner Home Video eventually offered a disc replacement program offering fixing these errors, and modern pressings of Volumes 1 & 2 present the cartoons uncut. A third and final volume of the ''Spotlight Collection'' was released in September 2007 - bringing a total of 112 of the 114 original Hanna and Barbera-era ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts having been released. Volume 3 received a negative response from fans due to ''His Mouse Friday'' being edited (with an extreme zoom-in towards the end to avoid showing a pygmy cannibal), the CinemaScope cartoon ''Pup on a Picnic'' being cropped to 16:9, and the cartoons ''[[Mouse Cleaning]]'' and ''Casanova Cat'' being excluded from these sets due to brief blackface gags.

On June 23, 2009, Warner Home Video released the ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection]]'' DVD, which contains all thirty-four shorts as well as special features.<ref name="TVShowsOnDVD">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Chuck-Jones-Collection/11388|title=Tom and Jerry: New 2-DVD set collects the Chuck Jones Shorts into One Package|publisher=Tvshowsondvd.com|access-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203120/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Chuck-Jones-Collection/11388|archive-date=October 18, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Gene Deitch-era ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts were released in a one-disc set titled ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection]]'' in June 2015.<ref name="Deitch CartResearch"/><ref name="Deitch Collection"/>

In October 2011, [[Warner Home Video]] released the first volume of the ''[[Tom and Jerry Golden Collection]]'' on DVD and Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Golden-Collection-Volume-1/15578|title=Tom and Jerry DVD news: Announcement for Tom and Jerry – Golden Collection Volume 1|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|access-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019192315/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Golden-Collection-Volume-1/15578|archive-date=October 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Unlike the ''Spotlight Collections'', the ''Golden Collections'' were aimed at adult collectors. This time the cartoons were presented uncut, in chronological order and restored from [[Internegative|CRI negative elements]] resulting in a much more pristine image quality. Despite this however, 12 cartoons (''Puss n' Toots'', ''The Bowling Alley Cat'', ''Sufferin' Cats!'', ''The Lonesome Mouse'', ''The Zoot Cat'', ''The Million-Dollar Cat'', ''Puttin' on the Dog'', ''[[Mouse Trouble]]'', ''[[Quiet Please!]]'', ''The Milky Waif'', ''[[Heavenly Puss]]'' and ''Jerry's Diary'') were sourced from 1960s [[Metrocolor]] prints, resulting in a washed out image, which drew some criticism from fans and collectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Bugs-Bunny-Looney-Tunes-Comedy-Hour-Stu's-Show-Jerry-Beck/14771|title=The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour DVD news: Jerry Beck guest stars on Stu's Show|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|date=May 25, 2007|access-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004232950/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Bugs-Bunny-Looney-Tunes-Comedy-Hour-Stu%27s-Show-Jerry-Beck/14771|archive-date=October 4, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Komorowski|first1=Thad|title="I'll strangle the guy who sez CRI Technicolor!"|url=https://www.whataboutthad.com/2011/10/24/ill-strangle-the-guy-who-sez-cri-technicolor/|website=What About Thad|access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> A second volume of the ''Golden Collection'' series was scheduled to be released in June 2013. However, in February 2013, it was announced by [[TVShowsOnDVD.com]] that, much like the ''Spotlight Collections'', ''Mouse Cleaning'' and ''Casanova Cat'' would not be included. The product received negative reviews on Amazon and various other websites, which eventually led Warner Home Video to cancel Volume 2 and the ''Golden Collection'' series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Golden-Collection-Volume-2/18039|title=Tom and Jerry DVD news: Details for Tom and Jerry - Golden Collection Volume 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com|website=tvshowsondvd.com|access-date=August 21, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821124752/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Tom-Jerry-Golden-Collection-Volume-2/18039|archive-date=August 21, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The transfers made for Volume 2 (excluding ''Mouse Cleaning'' and ''Casanova Cat'') were eventually made available on the [[ITunes Store]] and [[YouTube Movies]]. Prior to 2015, the Gene Deitch-era ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts saw limited availability on home media, with the most notable release being on the U.K. ''Classic Collection'' box-set.

In February 2025, to coincide with ''Tom and Jerry's'' 85th Anniversary, [[Warner Archive Collection]] released ''Tom and Jerry: The Complete CinemaScope Collection'', a single disc Blu-Ray set which contained all 23 CinemaScope ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons presented in their correct aspect ratios - including ''Pup on a Picnic''. The set also included three non-''Tom and Jerry'' CinemaScope cartoons by Hanna and Barbera - ''[[Good Will to Men]]'' (1955), ''Give and Tyke'' and ''Scat Cats'' (both 1957) - which were included as extras. This set received mostly positive feedback from fans and collectors.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller III|first1=Randy|title=Tom and Jerry: The Complete CinemaScope Collection Blu-ray Review|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Tom-and-Jerry-The-Complete-CinemaScope-Collection-Blu-ray/377312/#Review|website=Blu-Ray.com|access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Komorowski|first1=Thad|title=The THAD Review: "Tom and Jerry: The Complete CinemaScope Collection"|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-thad-review-tom-and-jerry-the-complete-cinemascope-collection/|website=Cartoon Research|access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref>

In September 2025, Warner Archive announced ''Tom and Jerry: The Golden Era Anthology'', a multi-disc Blu Ray set collecting the entirety of the original 114 Hanna-Barbera era shorts - uncut and restored - including ''Mouse Cleaning'' and ''Casanova Cat'', as well as an unedited version of ''His Mouse Friday''. The set will also feature brand new transfers of 12 cartoons previously sourced from inferior MetroColor prints on the previous ''Golden Collection'' Blu-Rays. The set will include over 3 hours of bonus material (including two new featurettes) and a 28-page booklet. ''Tom and Jerry: The Golden Era Anthology'' is scheduled for a December 2, 2025 release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Iconic Cartoon Duo 'Tom and Jerry' Coming to 'Golden Era Anthology' Set in December |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/09/iconic-cartoon-duo-tom-and-jerry-coming-to-golden-era-anthology-set-in-december/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2025 |title=COMING to Blu-Ray on December 2nd from the WARNER ARCHIVE COLLECTION! TOM AND JERRY: THE GOLDEN ERA ANTHOLOGY (1940-1958) |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17LntWVoE6/?mibextid=wwXIfr |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Millard |first=Tim |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Announcing the TOM AND JERRY GOLDEN ERA ANTHOLOGY Blu-Ray |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/the-extras/id1567580798?i=1000725781022 |website=The Extras}}</ref>

==Theatrical shorts==
{{for|a list of all theatrical Tom and Jerry cartoon shorts|Tom and Jerry filmography}}

The following cartoons won the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Short Subject: Cartoons]]:<ref name="IndVallanceB">{{cite news|title=Joseph Barbera: Animation pioneer whose creations with William Hanna included the Flintstones and Tom and Jerry|last=Vallance|first=Tom|date=December 20, 2006|work=The Independent (London)}}</ref>
* 1943: ''[[The Yankee Doodle Mouse]]''
* 1944: ''[[Mouse Trouble]]''
* 1945: ''Quiet Please!''
* 1946: ''[[The Cat Concerto]]''
* 1948: ''[[The Little Orphan]]''
* 1952: ''[[The Two Mouseketeers]]''
* 1953: ''[[Johann Mouse]]''

These cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons, but did not win:
* 1940: ''[[Puss Gets the Boot]]''
* 1941: ''[[The Night Before Christmas (1941 film)|The Night Before Christmas]]''
* 1947: ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse''
* 1949: ''Hatch Up Your Troubles''
* 1950: ''Jerry's Cousin''
* 1954: ''Touché, Pussy Cat!''

==Television==
===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Series<br />{{abbr|no.|number}}
! Title
! Seasons
! Episodes
! Broadcast run
! Production company
! Original network
|-
! style="background:#D1FF33;" |
! 1
| ''[[The Tom & Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|The Tom & Jerry Show]]''
| rowspan="2" | 1
| 16
| 1975
| [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]]<br />[[MGM Television]]
| [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|-
! style="background:indigo;" |
! 2
| ''[[The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show]]''
| 15
| 1980
| [[Filmation]]<br />MGM Television
| [[CBS]]
|-
! style="background:gold;" |
! 3
| ''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]''
| 4
| [[List of Tom & Jerry Kids episodes|65]]
| 1990–93
| Hanna-Barbera Productions<br />[[Turner Entertainment]]
| [[Fox Kids]]
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
! 4
| ''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]''
| 2
| [[List of Tom and Jerry Tales episodes|26]]
| 2006–08
| rowspan="4" | Turner Entertainment<br />[[Warner Bros. Animation]]
| [[Kids' WB]]
|-
! style="background:yellow;" |
! 5
| ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]''
| 5
| [[List of The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series) episodes|117]]
| 2014–21
| [[Cartoon Network]] (2014–16)<br />[[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] [[Video on demand|SVOD]] (2017–21)<br />[[Cartoon Network#Mobile app|Cartoon Network App]] (2021)
|-
! style="background:#006400;" |
! 6
| ''[[Tom and Jerry Special Shorts]]''
| 1
| 2
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| rowspan="2" | [[HBO Max]]
|-
! style="background:#FF5F67;" |
! 7
| ''[[Tom and Jerry in New York]]''
| 2
| 13
|-
! style="background:#1A59A1;" |
! 8
| ''Tom and Jerry Gokko''
| rowspan="2" | 1
| 14
| 2022–present
| [[Fanworks (animation studio)|Fanworks]]<br />Studio Nanahosi<br />Turner Entertainment<br />[[Warner Bros. Japan]]
| [[Cartoon Network (Japanese TV channel)|Cartoon Network (Japan)]]
|-
! style="background:red;" |
! 9
| ''Tom and Jerry Singapore''
| 7
| 2023
| Turner Entertainment<br />Warner Bros. Animation
| [[Cartoon Network (Asian TV channel)|Cartoon Network (Asia)]]<br />[[HBO Go]]
|}

===Packaged shows and programming blocks===
{| class="wikitable"
!Series<br />{{abbr|no.|number}}
!Title
!Broadcast run
!Original channel
|-
!1
|''Tom and Jerry'' (1960s packaged show)
|1965–72
|[[CBS]]
|-
!2
|''Tom and Jerry''
|1967–2001
|[[BBC]]
|-
!3
|''Tom and Jerry's Funhouse on TBS''
|1986–95
|[[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]
|-
!4
|''Cartoon Network's Tom and Jerry Show''
|1992–2004
|[[Cartoon Network]]
|}

===Television specials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Release date
|-
| align="center" | 1 || ''[[Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration]]'' || align="right" | {{dts|1989|7|17}}
|-
| align="center" | 2 || ''[[Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbshop.com/product/tom+and+jerry-+santa%27s+little+helpers+%28dvd%29+dvd+1000497403.do?sortby=ourPicks&refType=&from=Search|title=Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (DVD) DVD-Movies & TV: On Sale-WBshop Savings WBshop.com – Warner Bros.|access-date=August 21, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050907/http://www.wbshop.com/product/tom+and+jerry-+santa's+little+helpers+(dvd)+dvd+1000497403.do?sortby=ourPicks&refType=&from=Search|archive-date=March 4, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> || align="right" | {{dts|2014|10|7}}
|-
| align="center" | 3 || ''A Fundraising Adventure (Children in need special)'' || align="right" | {{dts|2014|11|14}}
|}

==See also==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Animation|Film|United States}}
* [[Tom and Jerry filmography|''Tom and Jerry'' filmography]]
* {{slink|Tom and Jerry Tales|Episodes|display=''Tom and Jerry Tales''}}
* [[Golden age of American animation]]
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio]] and [[MGM Animation/Visual Arts]]
* [[List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions]]
* [[List of Hanna-Barbera characters]]
* [[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]
* [[Pakdam Pakdai]]
*[[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]] and [[Jerry (WWII)|Jerries]], respective nicknames for generic British and German soldiers during the World Wars.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''References'''
* {{cite book|last=Barbera|first=Joseph|title=My Life in "Toons": From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|isbn=978-1-57036-042-8|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb}}
* {{cite book|last1=Beck|first1=Jerry|last2=Maltin|first2=Leonard|title=Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Revised and Updated Edition|year=1987|publisher=Plume|isbn=978-0-452-25993-5}}

==Further reading==
* Adams, T.R. (1991). ''Tom and Jerry: Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse''. Crescent Books. {{ISBN|0-517-05688-7}}.
* Aravind, Aju. ''Mammy Two Shoes: Subversion and Reaffirmation of Racial Stereotypes in Tom and Jerry.'' The IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol. V, No. 3, July 2011. Pp.&nbsp;76–83. {{ISSN|0973-8517}}.
* Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-503759-6}}.

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{{The Hanna–Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts|state=collapsed}}
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}}

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