View source for Tomahawk missile

{{Short description|Long-range, subsonic cruise missile}}
{{Other uses|Tomahawk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[File:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|300px|border]]
| caption            = A BGM-109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002
| origin             = [[United States]]
| type               = [[Cruise missile]]<br />[[Anti-ship missile]]<ref>{{Cite web | work = Defense news |url= https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2021/03/17/us-navy-set-to-take-delivery-of-the-latest-version-of-its-tomahawk-missile/ |title= US Navy set to receive latest version of the Tomahawk missile|date=17 March 2021}}</ref> (Block V & TASM variants)<br />[[Submarine-launched cruise missile]]<br />[[Land-attack missile]]<br />[[Surface-to-surface missile]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42712/the-army-plans-to-fire-its-version-of-the-navys-sm-6-missile-from-this-launcher |title=The Army Plans to Fire Its Version of The Navy's SM-6 Missile from This aLauncher |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |date=13 October 2021 |website=The Drive |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208001251/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42712/the-army-plans-to-fire-its-version-of-the-navys-sm-6-missile-from-this-launcher |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| used_by            = See ''[[#Potential_operators|Operators]]''
| manufacturer       = [[General Dynamics]] (initially)<br />[[McDonnell Douglas]]<br />[[Hughes Aircraft Company]]<br />[[Raytheon Missiles & Defense]]
| unit_cost          = {{ubli
 | $1.87 million (FY2017)<ref name="FY17budget">{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf#page=63 |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=January 2016 }}</ref> (Block IV)
 | $2 million (FY2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2021/06/02/anti-ship-missiles-top-marines-2-95b-fiscal-year-2022-wishlist|title = Anti-Ship Missiles Top Marines $2.95B Fiscal Year 2022 Wishlist|date = 2 June 2021}}</ref> (Block V)
 | '''Export cost:''' $4 million (FY2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/17/australia-to-buy-up-to-220-tomahawk-missiles-from-the-us | title=Australia to buy 220 Tomahawk cruise missiles from US }}</ref>}}
| service            = 1983–present
| engine             = [[Williams International]] [[Williams F107|F107-WR-402]] [[turbofan]] <br />using [[TH-dimer]] fuel <br />and a [[solid-fuel rocket]] booster
| weight             = {{convert|2900|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, {{convert|3500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} with booster
| length             = {{ubli
 | {{convert|18|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} without booster;
 | {{convert|20|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} with booster
 }}
| diameter           = {{convert|20.4|in|m|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = {{convert|8|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}
| speed              = Subsonic; ~Mach 0.74. about {{convert|570|mph|knots km/h|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range      = Block II TLAM-N – {{convert|1350|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} <br />
Block III TLAM-C, Block IV TLAM-E – {{convert|900|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} <br />
Block III TLAM-D – {{cvt|700|nmi|mi km}}<ref name=CSIS>{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]]|date=15 June 2018}}</ref> <br />
Block IV – {{cvt|864|nmi|mi km}}<br /> Block Vb – >900&nbsp;nmi (>1036&nbsp;mi; >1666&nbsp;km) (exact range is classified)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/06/u-s-marines-experimenting-with-tomahawk-for-land-attack-and-anti-ship-missions/|title = U.S. Marines Experimenting with Tomahawk for Land-Attack and Anti-Ship Missions|date = 17 June 2021}}</ref> <br />RGM/UGM-109B TASM – 250 miles, 460&nbsp;km<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-109.html|title = Raytheon AGM/BGM/RGM/UGM-109 Tomahawk}}</ref>
| altitude           = {{convert|30-50|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[above ground level|AGL]]<ref>[http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/5112-tomahawk-cruise-missiles-proved-to-be-difficult-targets-for-russian-electronic-warfare-system.html Tomahawk cruise missiles proved to be difficult targets for Russian electronic warfare systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111103435/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/5112-tomahawk-cruise-missiles-proved-to-be-difficult-targets-for-russian-electronic-warfare-system.html |date=2022-01-11 }} – Navyrecognition.com, 18 April 2017</ref>
| filling            =
BGM-109A: [[W80 (nuclear warhead)|W80]] [[Nuclear weapons|nuclear warhead]] (yield {{convert|5|to|200|ktTNT|abbr=on}}) (retired)<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://nuke.fas.org/cochran/nuc_84000001c_01.pdf | title=The Role of Nuclear Weapons in U.S. and Allied Military Forces | journal=Nuclear Weapons Databook | volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="FAS">{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 March 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><br />
BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B {{convert|690|lb|kg}} unitary warhead containing {{convert|265|lb|kg}} of [[PBXN-107]] high explosive<ref name="PEO(U&W)">{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 October 2025 |date=27 March 2009}}</ref><br />
BGM-109D: [[submunitions]] dispenser with 166 [[BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb]]lets with {{convert|287|g|lb}} [[Cyclotol]] high explosive per munition<ref name="PEO(U&W)"/>
| guidance           = [[GPS]], [[Inertial guidance|INS]], [[TERCOM]], [[DSMAC]], [[active radar homing]] (RGM/UGM-109B)
| detonation         = FMU-148 since TLAM Block III, others for special applications
| launch_platform    = [[Mark 41 Vertical Launching System]]<br /> [[Torpedo tubes]] <br /> [[Surface combatants|Surface ships]] <br /> [[Attack submarines|Submarines]] <br /> [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]]
}}

The '''BGM-109 Tomahawk''' '''Land Attack Missile''' ('''TLAM''') is an American long-range, all-weather, jet-powered, [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] [[cruise missile]] that is used by the [[United States Navy]], [[Royal Australian Navy]], Royal Netherlands Navy and [[Royal Navy]] in ship and submarine-based land-attack operations.

Developed at the [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] of [[Johns Hopkins University]] under James H. Walker near Laurel, Maryland, the Tomahawk emerged in the 1970s as a modular cruise missile first manufactured by [[General Dynamics]]. Early tests of the missile took place between 1983 and 1993, during which time 23 cruise missiles were tested over northern Canada under the "Canada–U.S. Test and Evaluation Program". The goal of the program was to simulate the climate and terrain similar to that of the northern Soviet Union, and to allow the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) to develop an anti-cruise capability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 January 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}</ref> The Tomahawk aimed to fulfill the need for a medium- to long-range, low-altitude missile with diverse capabilities. Its modular design allows for compatibility with a range of warheads, including high-explosive, submunitions, and bunker-busters. The Tomahawk can use a variety of guidance systems, including [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[Inertial navigation system|inertial navigation]], and [[TERCOM|terrain contour matching]]. Over a dozen variants and upgraded versions have been developed since the original design, including air-, sub-, and ground-launched configurations with both conventional and nuclear armaments.  The Tomahawk's manufacturing history has seen several transitions. General Dynamics served as the sole supplier in the 1970s. From 1992 until 1994, [[McDonnell Douglas]] was the sole supplier of Tomahawks, producing Block II and Block III versions and remanufacturing many Tomahawks to Block III specifications.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 March 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=2019-02-15 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}</ref> In 1994, [[Hughes Aircraft Corporation|Hughes Aircraft]], having purchased General Dynamics' missile division in 1992, outbid McDonnell Douglas to become the sole supplier of Tomahawks.<ref name=hughes-gd>{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=1992-05-12 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=2023-12-17|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=hughes-solo>{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=1994-09-17 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=2023-12-17}}</ref> A joint venture between Hughes and [[RTX Corporation|Raytheon]] manufactured the missile from 1995 until Raytheon's acquisition of Hughes in 1997, solidifying their position as the sole supplier.<ref name=hughes-raytheon>{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=1995-03-18 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=2023-12-17}}</ref><ref name=raytheon-hughes>{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=1997-01-17 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=2020-08-15 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2016, the US Department of Defense purchased 149 Tomahawk Block IV missiles for $202.3 million.<ref name="FY17budget" /> {{As of|2024}}, Raytheon remains the sole manufacturer of non-nuclear, sea-launched Tomahawk variants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-24 }}</ref>

== Variants ==
The variants and multiple upgrades to the missile include:

* BGM-109A Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – Nuclear (TLAM-N) with a [[W80 (nuclear warhead)|W80]] nuclear warhead. Retired from service sometime between 2010 and 2013.<ref name="FAS" /> Reports from early 2018 state that the US Navy is considering reintroducing a (yet unknown type of) nuclear-armed cruise missile into service.<ref name=Burgess>{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 February 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile (TASM) – [[Anti-ship missile|Anti-ship]] variant with [[active radar homing]]; withdrawn from service in 1994 and converted to TLAM-E Block IV version.<ref name=CSIS />
* BGM-109C Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – Conventional (TLAM-C Block II) with WDU-25/B unitary warhead also used on the [[AGM-12 Bullpup|AGM-12B Bullpup]]. The WDU-25/B warhead weighed {{convert|992|lb|kg}} and contained {{convert|378|lb|kg}} of [[Picratol]] and [[Composition H-6]] high explosives. Starting in May 1993, the WDU-25/B warhead was replaced by the lighter WDU-36/B warhead weighing {{convert|690|lb|kg}} and filled with {{convert|265|lb|kg}} of [[PBXN-107]] high explosive. The smaller warhead allowed the fuel tank to be enlarged, increasing the maximum range. This version was given the designation TLAM-C Block III.<ref name="PEO(U&W)"/>
* BGM-109D Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – Dispenser (TLAM-D) with a [[submunitions]] dispenser that carried 166 [[BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb]]lets with {{convert|287|g|lb}} [[Cyclotol]] high explosive per munition<ref name="PEO(U&W)"/>
** ''Kit 2'' Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – with a [[graphite bomb|unique warhead]] used to disable [[electrical grid]]s. First used in the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}</ref>
* RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM-E Block IV) – improved version of the TLAM-C Block III.<ref name=CSIS /> Also called ''Tactical Tomahawk''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}</ref>
* [[BGM-109G Gryphon]] Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) – with a [[W84]] nuclear warhead; withdrawn from service in 1991 to comply with the [[INF Treaty]].<ref name=CSIS />
* AGM-109H/L Medium Range Air-to-Surface Missile (MRASM) – a shorter-range, [[turbojet]] powered [[air-launched cruise missile]] with conventional non-nuclear warheads intended for USAF and Navy. AGM-109H for USAF, {{convert|5.84|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long, with TERCOM en-route and DSMAC terminal guidance, and payload of runway cratering submunitions for use against airfields. AGM-109L for US Navy, {{convert|4.87|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long, with unitary warhead for use against ships or high value land targets, and [[imaging infra-red]] seeker and datalink.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Never entered service, cost {{US$|link= yes}}569,000 (1999).<ref name= "USN fact file">{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1300&ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 October 2015 |archive-date= 27 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1300&ct=2 }}</ref>{{fv|cited source does not mention MRASM and does not appear to have mentioned it in 2015 when it appears to have been added|date=January 2025}}

[[BGM-109G Gryphon]] Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and their truck-like launch vehicles were employed at bases in Europe; they were withdrawn from service to comply with the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]].<ref name=CSIS /> Many of the anti-ship versions were converted into TLAMs at the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref name=Burgess /> The Block III TLAMs that entered service in 1993 can fly farther using their new [[turbofan]] engines<ref name=CSIS /> and use [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receivers to strike more precisely.<ref name=Burgess /> Block III TLAM-Cs retain the Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigation system, allowing three kinds of navigation: GPS-only, which allow for rapid mission planning, with some reduced accuracy, DSMAC-only, which take longer to plan but terminal accuracy is somewhat better; and GPS-aided missions that combine DSMAC II and GPS navigation for greatest accuracy.<ref name=CSIS /> Block IV TLAMs have an improved turbofan engine that allows them to get better fuel economy and change speeds in flight.<ref name=CSIS /> The Block IV TLAMs can loiter better and have electro-optical sensors that allow real-time battle damage assessment.<ref name=CSIS /> The Block IVs can be given a new target in flight and can transmit an image, via [[Satellite Communications|satcom]], immediately before impact to help determine whether the missile is on target and the likely damage from the attack.<ref name=CSIS />

==Upgrades==
[[File:UGM-109 hits target on San Clemente Island 1986.JPEG|thumb|right|300px|UGM-109 Tomahawk missile detonates above a test target, 1986.]]
A major improvement to the Tomahawk is [[network-centric warfare]]-capabilities, using data from multiple sensors (aircraft, [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], satellites, foot soldiers, tanks, ships) to find its target. It will also be able to send data from its sensors to these platforms.

''Tomahawk Block II'' variants were all tested during January 1981 to October 1983. Deployed in 1984, some of the improvements included: an improved booster rocket, cruise missile radar altimeter, and navigation through the Digital Scene Matching Area Corellator (DSMAC).{{citation needed|date= August 2023}} DSMAC was a highly accurate rudimentary AI which allowed early low power computers to navigate and precisely target objectives using cameras on board the missile. With its ability to visually identify and aim directly at a target, it was more accurate than weapons using estimated GPS coordinates. Due to the very limited computer power of the day, DSMAC did not directly evaluate the maps, but instead would compute contrast maps and then combine multiple maps into a buffer, then compare the average of those combined images to determine if it was similar to the data in its small memory system. The data for the flight path was very low resolution in order to free up memory to be used for high resolution data about the target area. The guidance data was computed by a mainframe computer which took spy satellite photos and estimated what the terrain would appear like during low level flight. Since this data would not match the real terrain exactly, and since terrain changes seasonally and with changes in light quality, DSMAC would filter out differences between maps and use the remaining similar sections in order to find its location regardless of changes in how the ground appeared. It also had an extremely bright strobe light it could use to illuminate the ground for fractions of a second in order to find its position at night, and was able to take the difference in ground appearance into account.<ref>"Image Processing for Tomahawk Scene Matching". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 15, Number 3. Geoffrey B. Irani and James P. Christ.</ref>

''Tomahawk Block III'' introduced in 1993 added time-of-arrival control and improved accuracy for Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator (DSMAC) and jam-resistant [[GPS]], smaller, lighter WDU-36 warhead, engine improvements and extended missile's range.<ref name="USN fact file" /><ref name="dote.osd.mil">{{cite book |title=Navy Programs |date=2002 |publisher= Department of Defense |pages=219–22 |url= http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2002/pdf/navy/2002TacticalTomahawkMissile.pdf |chapter=Tactical Tomahawk Missile |access-date=2017-03-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170201062752/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2002/pdf/navy/2002TacticalTomahawkMissile.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-01 }}</ref>

''Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS)'' takes advantage of a loitering feature in the missile's flight path and allows commanders to redirect the missile to an alternative target, if required. It can be reprogrammed in-flight to attack predesignated targets with GPS coordinates stored in its memory or to any other GPS coordinates. Also, the missile can send data about its status back to the commander. It entered service with the US Navy in late 2004. The Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS) added the capability for limited mission planning on board the firing unit (FRU).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/ttwcs.html|title=Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS) |date=23 July 2019 |publisher=Lockheed Martin}}</ref>

''Tomahawk Block IV'' introduced in 2006 adds the strike controller which can change the missile in flight to one of 15 preprogrammed alternate targets or redirect it to a new target. This targeting flexibility includes the capability to loiter over the battlefield awaiting a more critical target. The missile can also transmit battle damage indication imagery and missile health and status messages via the two-way satellite data link. Firing platforms now have the capability to plan and execute GPS-only missions. Block IV also has an improved anti-jam GPS receiver for enhanced mission performance.
Block IV includes Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS), and Tomahawk Command and Control System (TC2S).<ref>{{Cite press release |url= https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/navy-posts-successful-test-of-raytheons-block-iv-tomahawk-cruise-missile-56249122.html |title=Navy Posts Successful Test of Raytheon's Block IV Tomahawk Cruise Missile| publisher = Raytheon | via = PR news wire |access-date=2018-05-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180523100051/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/navy-posts-successful-test-of-raytheons-block-iv-tomahawk-cruise-missile-56249122.html|archive-date=2018-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/tomahawk/|title=Raytheon: Tomahawk Cruise Missile|first=Raytheon Corporate|last=Communications}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://defense-update.com/20170117_tomahawk-2.html|title=Tomahawk Cruise Missiles to Become Dual-Mission, Assume Anti-Ship Role|work= Defense Update|first=Tamir|last=Eshel|date=17 January 2017|publisher=Raytheon}}</ref>

On 16 August 2010, the Navy completed the first live test of the Joint Multi-Effects Warhead System (JMEWS), a new warhead designed to give the Tomahawk the same blast-fragmentation capabilities while introducing enhanced penetration capabilities in a single warhead.  In the static test, the warhead detonated and created a hole large enough for the follow-through element to completely penetrate the concrete target.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-navy-completes-first-test-of-new-warhead-for-tomahawk-block-iv-missile-105636038.html U.S. Navy Completes First Test of New Warhead for Tomahawk Block IV Missile] – Raytheon press release via PRNewswire.com, 24 October 2010</ref> In February 2014, [[US Central Command]] sponsored development and testing of the JMEWS, analyzing the ability of the programmable warhead to integrate onto the Block IV Tomahawk, giving the missile [[bunker buster]] effects to better penetrate hardened structures.<ref name="defensetech14feb14">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140215033304/http://defensetech.org/2014/02/14/navy-wants-its-tomahawks-to-bust-more-bunkers/ Navy Wants Its Tomahawks to Bust More Bunkers]}} – Defensetech.org, 14 February 2014</ref>

In 2012, the USN studied applying [[AGM-88 HARM#AGM-88E AARGM|Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM)]] technology into the Tactical Tomahawk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fbohome.sam.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=ce29712f50a890896efe1e1e53b71d5a&tab=core&_cview=1 |title=Viability Study associated with Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile |website=Federal Business Opportunities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185418/https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=ce29712f50a890896efe1e1e53b71d5a&tab=core&_cview=1 |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, Raytheon began testing Block IV improvements to attack sea and moving land targets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/feature/rms14_tomahawk/?sf2104381=1|title=Raytheon|author=Raytheon Corporate Communications |access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141112221116/http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/feature/rms14_tomahawk/?sf2104381=1|archive-date= 12 November 2014}}</ref> The new [[passive radar]] seeker will pick up the electromagnetic [[radar signature]] of a target and follow it, and actively send out a signal to bounce off potential targets before impact to discriminate its legitimacy before impact.<ref name="defensetech14feb14"/> Mounting the multi-mode sensor on the missile's nose would remove fuel space, but company officials believe the Navy would be willing to give up space for the sensor's new technologies.<ref name="ndm2april14">[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=1458 Facing End of Tomahawk Production, Raytheon Plays Industrial Base Card] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904024907/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=1458 |date= 2015-09-04 }}, National defense magazine, 2 April 2014</ref> The previous Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile, retired over a decade earlier, was equipped with inertial guidance and the seeker of the [[Harpoon missile]] and there was concern with its ability to clearly discriminate between targets from a long distance, since at the time Navy sensors did not have as much range as the missile itself, which would be more reliable with the new seeker's passive detection and [[millimeter-wave]] [[active radar homing]].<ref>[https://aviationweek.com/defense/new-seeker-could-put-tomahawk-long-range-anti-ship-missile-race New Seeker Could Put Tomahawk In Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile Race] – Aviationweek.com, 12 November 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/story/defense/2015/12/01/navy-ships-weapons-surface-warfare-fanta-rowden-burrow-engineers/76639422/ US Navy: More Can Be Done if Risks Are Accepted] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041917/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/defense/2015/12/01/navy-ships-weapons-surface-warfare-fanta-rowden-burrow-engineers/76639422/ |date=2015-12-03 }}, Military times, 1 December 2015</ref> Raytheon estimates adding the new seeker would cost $250,000 per missile.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/budget/2016/02/03/pentagon-fy17-budget-tomahawk-missiles-billion-raytheon/79770278/ Pentagon Budget Requests $2B for Tomahawks, $2.9B for SM-6] – Defensenews.com, 3 February 2016</ref> Other upgrades include a [[sea-skimming]] flight path.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://warisboring.com/ship-killing-missiles-are-the-pentagons-big-budget-winner/|title=Ship-Killing Missiles Are the Pentagon's Big Budget Winner|work=War is Boring|date=10 February 2016|last=Beckhusen|first=Robert}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense-update.com/20150206_synthetic_tomahawk_cruise_missile.html|title=Enhanced Tomahawk cruise missile engages moving targets |work=Defense Update|first=Tamir|last=Eshel|date=6 February 2015 |publisher=Raytheon}}</ref> The first Block IV TLAMs modified with a maritime attack capability were scheduled to enter service in 2021.<ref>[http://news.usni.org/2016/02/18/west-u-s-navy-anti-ship-tomahawk-set-for-surface-ships-subs-starting-in-2021 U.S. Navy Anti-Ship Tomahawk Set for Surface Ships, Subs Starting in 2021] – News.USNI.org, 18 February 2016</ref>

A supersonic version of the Tomahawk is under consideration for development with a [[ramjet]] to increase its speed to Mach 3.  A limiting factor to this is the dimensions of shipboard launch tubes.  Instead of modifying every ship able to carry cruise missiles, the ramjet-powered Tomahawk would still have to fit within a {{convert|21|inch|adj=on}} diameter and {{convert|20|ft|adj=on}} long tube.<ref name="ndm2april14"/>

In October 2015, Raytheon announced the Tomahawk had demonstrated new capabilities in a test launch, using its onboard camera to take a reconnaissance photo and transmit it to fleet headquarters.  It then entered a loitering pattern until given new targeting coordinates to strike.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-navy-raytheon-demonstrate-network-enabled-tomahawk-cruise-missiles-in-flight-300154203.html US Navy, Raytheon demonstrate network-enabled Tomahawk cruise missiles in flight]: Raytheon press release via PRNewswire, 5 October 2015</ref>

By January 2016, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] was working on a project to turn unburned fuel left over when a Tomahawk reaches its target into an additional explosive force.  To do this, the missile's [[JP-10 (fuel)|JP-10]] fuel is turned into a [[fuel air explosive]] to combine with oxygen in the air and burn rapidly.  The [[thermobaric]] explosion of the burning fuel acts, in effect, as an additional warhead and can even be more powerful than the main warhead itself when there is sufficient fuel left in the case of a short-range target.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a18994/tomahawk-missiles-fuel-air-explosion/ Tomahawk Missiles Will Get Twice as Deadly by Blowing Up Their Own Fuel], ''Popular Mechanics'', 15 January 2016</ref>

[[File:The guided-missile destroyer USS Chafee (DDG 90) launches a Block V Tomahawk, the weapon’s newest variant, during a three day missile exercise. (50702859426).jpg|thumb|The {{USS|Chafee|DDG-90}} launches a Block V Tomahawk during the start of operational testing in 2020.]]
Tomahawk Block V was introduced in 2021 with improvements to navigation and in-flight targeting. Block Va, the Maritime Strike Tomahawk (MST) which allows the missile to engage a moving target at sea, and Block Vb outfitted with the JMEWS warhead for hard-target penetration, will be released after the initial batch of Block V is delivered in March 2021.<ref name= "auto2">{{Cite web | work = Naval news |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/03/raytheon-delivers-first-batch-of-block-v-tomahawk-missiles-to-us-navy/|title = Raytheon delivers first batch of Block V Tomahawk Missiles to US Navy |date = 26 March 2021}}</ref> In 2025, a spokesperson for the U.S. Navy's Tomahawk program announced that the MST would be operational on destroyers by the end of September that year, with deployment to attack submarines to follow in FY26.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-navy-anti-ship-tomahawk-missile-china-military-2080100|title=US Announces 'Game Changer' Missile Upgrade to Rival China|date=3 June 2025|website=[[Newsweek]]|last=Chan|first=Ryan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606002753/https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-navy-anti-ship-tomahawk-missile-china-military-2080100|archive-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> All Block IV Tomahawks will be converted to Block V standard, while the remaining Block III missiles will be retired and demilitarized.<ref>[https://news.usni.org/2020/01/22/entire-navy-tomahawk-missile-arsenal-will-upgrade-to-block-v Entire Navy Tomahawk Missile Arsenal Will Upgrade To Block V]. ''USNI News''. 22 January 2020.</ref>

Tomahawk Block V have longer range and dynamic targeting with the capability to hit vessels at sea (maritime strike role). Raytheon is recertifying and modernizing the missile, extending its service life by 15 years, and resulting in the new Tomahawk Block V series:
* Block V: A modernized TACTOM with upgraded navigation and communication
* Block VA: Block V anti-ship version, capable of hitting moving targets at sea. Block VA's range is shorter than the Block V's, due to the extra space for the new navigation/sensor/passive radar needs. Estimate the Block VA's range is {{cvt|500|to|700|km|mi|order=flip}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* Block VB: Block V, with a joint multi-effects warhead that can hit more diverse land targets.<ref name="auto2"/>

In 2020, Los Alamos National Laboratory reported that it would use [[corn ethanol]] to produce domestic fuel for Tomahawk missiles, which also does not require harsh acids to manufacture, compared to petroleum-based JP-10.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://cdn.lanl.gov/nss-spring2020-online-final_93ee8.pdf|title=Revolutionizing Tomahawk fuel| publisher =Los Alamos National Laboratory|date=20 April 2020|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200521132110/https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/national-security-science/2020-spring/tomahawk.php}}</ref>

==Launch systems==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2015}}

Each missile is stored and launched from a pressurized canister that protects it during transportation and storage, and also serves as a launch tube.<ref>{{cite book|last1=GAO|title=Test and evaluation impact of DOD|publisher=DIANE Publishing|date=October 1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucSRou3gDTEC|access-date=2013-08-30|isbn=978-1-4289-7929-1}}</ref> These canisters were racked in [[Armored Box Launcher]]s (ABL), which were installed on the four reactivated ''Iowa''-class battleships {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, {{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|6}}, {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, and {{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|6}}. The ABLs were also installed on eight {{sclass|Spruance|destroyer}}s, the four {{sclass|Virginia|cruiser}}s, and the nuclear cruiser {{USS|Long Beach|CGN-9|6}}. These canisters are also in [[vertical launching system]]s (VLS) in other surface ships, capsule launch systems (CLS) in the later {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine}} and {{sclass|Virginia|submarine|1}}s, and in submarines' [[torpedo tube]]s.
All ABL equipped ships have been decommissioned.

For submarine-launched missiles (called UGM-109s), after being ejected by gas pressure (vertically via the VLS) or by water impulse (horizontally via the torpedo tube), a [[solid-fuel rocket|solid-fuel booster]] is ignited to propel the missile and guide it out of the water.<ref>{{cite news |title=AGM-109/BGM-109 Tomahawk |url=https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=282 |access-date=15 February 2019 |work=Forecast International |date=January 2007}}</ref>

After achieving flight, the missile's wings are unfolded for lift, the airscoop is exposed and the turbofan engine is employed for [[cruise flight]]. Over water, the Tomahawk uses [[inertial guidance]] or GPS to follow a preset course; once over land, the missile's guidance system is aided by [[TERCOM|terrain contour matching]] (TERCOM). Terminal guidance is provided by the Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation ([[DSMAC]]) system or GPS, producing a claimed [[circular error probable]] of about {{convert|10|m|ft|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.

The Tomahawk Weapon System consists of the missile, Theater Mission Planning Center (TMPC)/Afloat Planning System, and either the Tomahawk Weapon Control System (on surface ships) or Combat Control System (for submarines).

Several versions of control systems have been used, including:
* v2 TWCS – Tomahawk Weapon Control System (1983), also known as "green screens", was based on an old tank computing system.
* v3 ATWCS – Advanced Tomahawk Weapon Control System (1994), first Commercial Off the Shelf, uses [[HP-UX]].
* v4 TTWCS – Tactical Tomahawk Weapon Control System, (2003).
* v5 TTWCS – Next Generation Tactical Tomahawk Weapon Control System. (2006)

On 18 August 2019, the United States Navy conducted a test flight of a Tomahawk missile launched from a ground-based version of the [[Mark 41 Vertical Launching System|Mark 41 Vertical Launch System]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5656057/pentagon-missile-test-inf-treaty-russia/|title=Pentagon Tests New Missile System, Weeks After a U.S./Russia Nuclear Arms Treaty Collapsed|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> It was the United States' first acknowledged launch of a missile that would have violated the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, from which the Trump administration withdrew on 2 August after Russia broke it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2019/08/us-just-launched-long-outlawed-missile-welcome-post-inf-world/159278/|title=The US Just Launched a Long-Outlawed Missile. Welcome to the Post-INF World|website=Defense One|date=19 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><gallery>
File:USN Tactical Tomahawk launch.jpg|Launch of a [[#Upgrades|Tactical Tomahawk]] cruise missile from {{USS|Stethem|DDG-63|6}}
File:Missouri missile BGM-109 Tomahawk.JPG|Battleship USS ''Missouri'' launching a Tomahawk missile
File:US Navy 030114-N-XXXXX-001 USS Florida launches a Tomahawk cruise missile during Giant Shadow in the waters off the coast of the Bahamas.jpg|Submarine launch from {{USS|Florida|SSGN-728|6}}
File:US Navy 030327-N-9964S-519 The guided missile destroyer USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG 81) launches a Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) toward Iraq.jpg|Launch trajectory from an {{sclass|Arleigh Burke |destroyer|1}}
File:2023-06-28 Typhon MRC.jpg|[[Typhon missile launcher]].
</gallery>

The [[United States Army]] has successfully launched a Tomahawk from the [[Typhon missile launcher]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.army.mil/article/269227/army_successfully_fires_tomahawk_missiles_from_mrc_system | title=Army successfully fires Tomahawk missiles from MRC system | publisher=United States Army | date=22 August 2023 }}</ref>

Latest launcher is the Extreme Multi-Mission Autonomous Vehicle (X-MAV) built by Oshkosh<ref>https://oshkoshdefense.com/oshkosh-defense-introduces-the-family-of-multi-mission-autonomous-vehicles-fmav-at-ausa-2025/</ref>

==Munitions==
The TLAM-D contains 166 [[cluster munition|sub-munitions]] in 24 canisters: 22 canisters of seven each, and two canisters of six each to conform to the dimensions of the airframe. The sub-munitions are the same type of Combined Effects Munition bomblet used in large quantities by the US Air Force with the [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition]]. The sub-munitions canisters are dispensed two at a time, one per side. The missile can perform up to five separate target segments which enables it to attack multiple targets. However, in order to achieve a sufficient density of coverage typically all 24 canisters are dispensed sequentially from back to front.

==Navigation==
TERCOM – Terrain Contour Matching. A digital representation of an area of terrain is mapped based on digital terrain elevation data or stereo imagery. This map is then inserted into a TLAM mission which is then loaded onto the missile. When the missile is in flight it compares the stored map data with radar altimeter data collected as the missile overflies the map. Based on comparison results the missile's inertial navigation system is updated and the missile corrects its course. TERCOM was based on, and was a significant improvement on, "Fingerprint," a technology developed in 1964 for the [[Supersonic Low Altitude Missile|SLAM]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

DSMAC – Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation. A digitized image of an area is mapped and then inserted into a TLAM mission. During the flight, the missile will verify that the images that it has stored correlates with the image it sees below itself. Based on comparison results, the missile's inertial navigation system is updated and the missile corrects its course.

GPS – The Tomahawk relies on the [[Global Positioning System|Global Positioning Recognition System]] as a guidance mechanism.

==Operational history==
[[File:Tomahawk operators new.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0066ff|Current}}{{legend|#5aa02c|Potential}}]]
[[File:Downed Tomahawk cruise missile in Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Remnants of the turbofan engine of a Tomahawk allegedly shot down during the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], on display at the [[Museum of Aviation (Belgrade)|Museum of Aviation]] in Belgrade, Serbia.]]

===United States===
====Air Force====
{{air force|USA}}

The Air Force is a former operator of the nuclear-armed version of the Tomahawk, the [[BGM-109G Gryphon]].<ref name=bgm-109>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/photos/coldwar/bgm-109.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217213553/http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/photos/coldwar/bgm-109.htm|title=General Dynamics/McDonnell Douglas BGM-109G "Gryphon" Ground-launched Cruise Missile|archive-date=17 February 2006}}</ref>

====Army====
{{army|USA}}

In November 2020, the [[United States Army]] selected the Tomahawk to fulfill its [[Typhon missile launcher|Mid-Range Capability (MRC)]], giving it a land-based long-range missile capable of striking ground and sea targets. The Army plans to use the Tomahawk alongside a ground-based [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM|SM-6]] and field them by late 2023.<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/army-picks-tomahawk-sm-6-for-mid-range-missiles/ Army Picks Tomahawk & SM-6 For Mid-Range Missiles]. ''Breaking Defense''. 6 November 2020.</ref><ref name="US Army 21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/06/21/us-armys-first-mid-range-missile-battery-coming-in-fy23-with-three-to-follow/|title = US Army's first mid-range missile battery coming in FY23 with 3 to follow|date = 21 June 2021}}</ref>

====Navy====
{{naval|USA}}

{{cleanup section|reason=[[WP:PROSELINE]]|date=October 2022}}
* In the 1991 [[Gulf War]], 288 Tomahawks were launched, 12 from submarines and 276 from surface ships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson|first=John|url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18652189.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904024907/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18652189.html|archive-date= 4 September 2015|title=Tomahawk launch breaks submarine silence|date= 5 September 1996 |work=Defense Daily}}</ref> The first salvo was fired by the destroyer {{USS|Paul F. Foster}}<ref>{{Citation | title = Paul F Foster | publisher =United States Navy | url = https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/TeamShips/SEA21/InactiveShips/Historic/2013/EDD964-Paul-F.-Foster-Final-DOI.pdf}}.</ref> on 17 January 1991. The attack submarines {{USS|Pittsburgh|SSN-720|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pittsburgh-iv.html |title= Pittsburgh IV (SSN 720) |publisher=United States Navy |access-date= 2017-04-27 |archive-date= 2017-05-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170511141812/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pittsburgh-iv.html }}</ref> and {{USS |Louisville|SSN-724|6}} followed.
* 17 January 1993: [[January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq|46 Tomahawks were fired]] at the Zafraniyah Nuclear Fabrication Facility outside [[Baghdad]], in response to Iraq's refusal to cooperate with UN disarmament inspectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/iraq/facility/zaafaraniyah.htm|title= Zaafaraniyah / Zafraniya Facility 409 / Ma'mal al-Rabia' / al-Rabbiyah / al-Rabee-ah Facility 416 / Al-Dijla [Dijjla] Nidda / Al Nida Establishment Nahr az Zafaraniyah [aka Zafrani]|website=FAS.org|date= October 9, 2000}}</ref> 
* 26 June 1993: [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (1993)|23 Tomahawks were fired]] at the Iraqi Intelligence Service's command and control center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-26 |title=Clinton orders attack on Iraq, June 26, 1993 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/06/clinton-orders-attack-on-iraq-june-26-1993-024213 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>
* 10 September 1995: {{USS|Normandy|CG-60|6}} launched 13 Tomahawk missiles from the central Adriatic Sea against a key air defense radio relay tower in Bosnian Serb territory during [[Operation Deliberate Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Dr Dean Simmons; Dr Phillip Gould; Dr Verena Vomastic; Colonel Philip |date=1997-05-01 |title=Air Operations over Bosnia |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1997/may/air-operations-over-bosnia |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>
* 3 September 1996: 44 ship-launched UGM-109 and B-52-launched AGM-86 cruise missiles [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (1996)|were fired]] at air defense targets in southern Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm |title=2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq |date= 9 February 2005 |website= Emergency |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050209080929/http://www.emergency.com/2ndcruse.htm |archive-date= 9 February 2005}}</ref>
* 20 August 1998: [[Operation Infinite Reach|79 Tomahawk missiles were fired]] simultaneously at two targets in Afghanistan and Sudan in retaliation for the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|bombings of American embassies]] by [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjGvQpMmR8IC&q=operation+infinite+reach+79+tomahawk+missiles&pg=PT31|title=The Discourse Trap and the US Military: From the War on Terror to the Surge|first=J.|last=Michaels|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-37205-4}}</ref>
* 16 December 1998: 325 Tomahawk missiles were fired at key Iraqi targets during [[Bombing of Iraq (1998)|Operation Desert Fox]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1998 – Operation Desert Fox |url=https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/458976/1998-operation-desert-fox/https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/458976/1998-operation-desert-fox/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Air Force Historical Support Division}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* In early 1999, 218 Tomahawk missiles were fired by US ships and a British submarine during the [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] against targets in the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-ggAwAAQBAJ&q=1999+218+tomahawk+missiles+yugoslavia&pg=PA88|title=Death by Moderation: The U.S. Military's Quest for Useable Weapons|first=David A.|last=Koplow|date=30 November 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48401-5}}</ref>
* October 2001: about 50 Tomahawk missiles struck targets in Afghanistan in the opening hours of [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Operation Enduring Freedom]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncOnCwAAQBAJ&q=operation+enduring+freedom+50+tomahawk+missiles&pg=PA24|title=F-14 Tomcat Units of Operation Enduring Freedom|first=Tony|last=Holmes|date=20 November 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-735-7}}</ref>
* During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], more than 802 Tomahawk missiles were fired at key Iraqi targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomahawk |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Missile Threat}}</ref>
* 3 March 2008: two Tomahawk missiles were fired at a target in Somalia by a US vessel during the [[Dobley airstrike]], reportedly in an attempt to kill [[Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan]], an al Qaeda militant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/world/africa/04somalia.html|title=U.S. Forces Fire Missiles into Somalia at a Kenyan|date=4 March 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Nathan Hodge, 'US strikes Al-Qaeda target located in southern Somalia," ''JDW'', 12 March 2008 (Vol 45, Issue 11), p.18</ref>
* 17 December 2009: two Tomahawk missiles were fired at targets in Yemen.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/cruise-missiles-strike-yemen/story?id=9375236 Cruise Missiles Strike Yemen]. ABC News (18 December 2009). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref> One TLAM-D struck an Al-Qaeda training camp in [[Al-Majalah camp attack|al-Ma'jalah]] in al-Mahfad, a region of the Abyan governorate of [[Yemen]]. <ref name="mine">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/cp/display/region_profiles/theme/313|title=United States: Cluster Munition Ban Policy|work=Landmine monitor, US 2011 report|publisher=International Campaign to Ban Landmines|date=22 October 2010|access-date=23 November 2011|archive-date=30 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830142832/http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/cp/display/region_profiles/theme/313|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 19 March 2011: 124 Tomahawk missiles<ref>{{cite news|title=Live blog: allied airstrikes continue against Gadhafi forces|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/|date=2011-03-20|publisher=CNN|access-date=2011-03-20|archive-date=2011-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321064002/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/}}</ref> [[2011 military intervention in Libya|were fired]] by US and British forces (112 US, 12 British)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8400079/Libya-Navy-running-short-of-Tomahawk-missiles.html|title=Libya: Navy running short of Tomahawk missiles|date=23 March 2011|work=Telegraph|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> against at least 20 [[Libya]]n targets around [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Misrata]].<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. launches first missiles against Gadhafi forces|url=http://us.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1|date=2011-03-19|publisher=CNN|access-date=2011-03-19|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130730/http://us.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1}}</ref> As of 22 March 2011, 159 UGM-109 were fired by US and UK ships against Libyan targets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324052912/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/22/libya.civil.war/index.html?hpt=T1|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2011|publisher=CNN|title=U.S. aviators rescued; Gadhafi remains defiant|date=11 May 2011}}</ref>
* 23 September 2014: 47 Tomahawk missiles [[2014 military intervention against ISIS|were fired]] by the United States from {{USS|Arleigh Burke|DDG-51|6}} and {{USS|Philippine Sea|CG-58|6}}, which were operating from international waters in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, against [[ISIL]] targets in Syria in the vicinity of [[Raqqa]], Deir ez-Zor, Al-Hasakah and Abu Kamal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centcom.mil/en/news/articles/sept.-23-u.s.-military-partner-nations-conduct-airstrikes-against-isil-in-s|title=23 Sept.: U.S. Military, Partner Nations Conduct Airstrikes Against ISIL in Syria|date=23 September 2014|publisher=U.S. Central Command|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925071344/http://www.centcom.mil/en/news/articles/sept.-23-u.s.-military-partner-nations-conduct-airstrikes-against-isil-in-s|archive-date=25 September 2014|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> and against [[Khorasan (Islamist group)|Khorasan group]] targets in Syria west of Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29330395|title=Al-Qaeda Khorasan cell in Syria attack 'was imminent'|date=23 September 2014|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
* 13 October 2016: five Tomahawk cruise missiles were launched by {{USS|Nitze}} at three radar sites in Yemen held by [[Houthi]] rebels in response to [[anti-ship missile]]s fired at US Navy ships the day before.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dan|first1=Lamothe|title=Navy launches Tomahawk missiles at rebel sites in Yemen after attacks on U.S. ships|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/10/12/more-missiles-fired-from-rebel-held-territory-in-yemen-at-u-s-navy-ships/|access-date=13 October 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
* on 6 April 2017, 59 Tomahawk missiles [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|were launched]] from {{USS|Ross|DDG-71}} and {{USS|Porter|DDG-78}}, targeting [[Shayrat Airbase]] near [[Homs]], in Syria. The strike was in response to [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]], an act carried out by Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]]. [[United States Central Command|US Central Command]] stated in a press release that Tomahawk missiles hit "aircraft, hardened aircraft shelters, petroleum and logistical storage, ammunition supply bunkers, defense systems, and radars".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1144711/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria/|title=Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in Syria|date=7 April 2017|publisher=U.S. Central Command|access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Initial US reports claimed "approximately 20 planes" were destroyed, and that 58 out of the 59 cruise missiles launched had "severely degraded or destroyed" their intended target.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/world/syria-military-strikes-donald-trump-russia/index.html|title=US investigates possible Russia role in Syria chemical attack|author1=Laura Smith-Spark |author2=Barbara Starr|date=7 April 2017|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |title=Trump launches military strike against Syria|first1=Barbara|last1=Starr|first2=Jeremy|last2=Diamond|publisher=CNN|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> 
* On 14 April 2018, the US launched 66 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Syrian targets near Damascus and Homs, as part of the [[April 2018 missile strikes against Syria]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/14/602550478/images-show-3-syrian-chemical-weapons-sites-before-and-after-missile-strikes|title=PHOTOS: 2 Syrian Chemical Weapons Sites Before And After Missile Strikes|publisher=NPR|date=14 April 2018|author=Jenny Gathright}}</ref> These strikes were carried out as retaliation for the [[Douma chemical attack]]. The [[United States Department of Defense]] said Syria fired 40 defensive missiles at the allied weapons but did not hit any targets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-claims-ally-syria-shot-090208590.html|title=Syria fired 40 missiles 'at nothing' after allied air strikes destroyed three Assad chemical sites|author=Gareth Davies|work=The Telegraph|via=Yahoo News|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> The Russian military said that Syrian air defenses shot down 71 of the 103 missiles launched by the US and its allies, but it was not possible to verify the claims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/14/russia-claims-syria-air-defences-shot-down-majority-missiles|title=Russia claims Syria air defences shot down 71 of 103 missiles|author1=Peter Beaumont|author2=Andrew Roth|date=14 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* On 11 January 2024, US officials stated that over 80 Tomahawk cruise missile [[2024 missile strikes in Yemen|were launched]] by [[USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)]], [[USS Gravely]], [[USS Mason (DDG-87)]], and [[USS Florida (SSGN-728)]] According to US officials these strikes targeted Houthi assets including command and control nodes, munitions, depots, launching systems, production facilities, and air defense radar systems these were then followed up by attacks from aircraft launched from the carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. These strikes came in response to Houthi attacks on civilian vessels transiting the [[Red Sea]] and failure to abide by repeated warnings from western officials.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Oren Liebermann |author2=Haley Britzky |author3=Natasha Bertrand |author4=Kevin Liptak |author5=Alex Marquardt |author6=MJ Lee |author7=Jennifer Hansler |date=2024-01-11 |title=US and UK carry out airstrikes against Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=US launches fresh strike on Yemen a day after broader attack |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2024/01/13/us-launches-fresh-strike-on-yemen-a-day-after-broader-attack/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |author=Lauren Frias |title=These are ships and aircraft that struck back at the Houthi military |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-uk-ships-aircraft-that-struck-back-at-houthi-military-2024-1 |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> With strikes continuing in the following months, this number had increased to 135 missiles by 24 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/a-us-navy-carrier-strike-group-fired-nearly-800-missiles-and-bombs-during-its-red-sea-fight-against-the-houthis/ar-BB1qqNOa?ocid=BingNewsVerp | title=A US Navy carrier strike group fired nearly 800 missiles and bombs during its Red Sea fight against the Houthis | first=Jake | last=Epstein | date=2024-07-22 | website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
* On 21 June 2025, a US official stated that submarines fired 30 TLAM cruise missiles at Iranian nuclear sites in [[Natanz Nuclear Facility|Natanz]] and [[Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center|Isfahan]] as part of a larger set of [[American strikes on Iranian nuclear sites]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=2025-06-22 |title=With Decision to Bomb Iran, Trump Injects U.S. Into Middle East Conflict |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/21/world/middleeast/us-bomb-iran-trump-war.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Marines====
{{marines|USA}}

In May 2022 the Defense Department announced a contract to buy Tomahawk missiles for the Navy, the Army, and the Marine Corps.<ref name="US Marines 22">{{cite web | url=https://news.usni.org/2022/05/25/raytheon-awarded-217m-tomahawk-missiles-contract-for-navy-marines-army | title=Raytheon Awarded $217M Tomahawk Missiles Contract for Navy, Marines, Army | date=25 May 2022 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | {{vanchor |Number of Tomahawk missiles fired}}
|-
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Operation
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Target country
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Year
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Number
|----
| align="left" | [[Gulf War]]
|Iraq||1991-01-17 || align="right"| 288
|----
| align="left" |  Part of Iraq disarmament
|Iraq|| 1993-01-17 || align="right" | 46
|----
| align="left" |  Part of Iraq disarmament
|Iraq|| 1993-06-26 || align="right" | 23
|----
| align="left" | [[Operation Deliberate Force]]
|Bosnia-Herzegovina|| 1995-09-10 || align="right" | 13
|----
| align="left" |  Part of Iraq disarmament
|Iraq|| 1996-09-03 || align="right" | 44
|----
| align="left" | [[Operation Infinite Reach]]
|Afghanistan / Sudan ||  1998-08-20 || align="right" | 79
|----
| align="left" | [[Operation Desert Fox]]
|Iraq|| 1998-12-16|| align="right" | 325
|----
| align="left" | [[NATO intervention in Yugoslavia]]
|Yugoslavia|| 1999-03-24 || align="right"| 218
|----
| align="left" | [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
|Afghanistan|| 2001-10-07 || align="right"| 50
|----
| align="left" | [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]
|Iraq||  2003-03-20 || align="right"| 802
|----
| align="left" | [[Dobley airstrike]]
|Somalia|| 2008-03-03|| align="right" | 2
|----
| align="left" |  Against an Al-Qaeda training camp in Yemen 
|Yemen||  2009-12-17 || align="right" | 2
|----
| align="left" | [[2011 military intervention in Libya]]
|Libya|| 2011-03-19|| align="right" | 124
|----
| align="left" | [[Military intervention against ISIL]]
|Iraq||  2014-09-23 || align="right" | 47
|----
| align="left" |  In response to anti-ship missiles fired by Houthis in Yemen
|Yemen||2016-10-13 || align="right" | 5
|----
| align="left" | [[Shayrat missile strike]]
|Syria|| 2017-04-06 || align="right" | 59
|----
| align="left" | [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs]] 
|Syria|| 2018-04-13 || align="right" | 66
|-----
| align="left" | [[2024 missile strikes in Yemen]] 
|Yemen||  2024-01-11 || align="right" | 135
|----
| align="left" | [[March 2025 United States attacks in Yemen]] 
|Yemen||  2025-03-15 || align="right" | n/a
|----
| align="left" | [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|Attack on Iranian nuclear sites]]
|Iran|| 2025-06-22 || align="right" | 30
|----
|}

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Royal Navy Submarine HMS Astute Fires a Tomahawk Cruise Missile (TLAM) During Testing Near the USA MOD 45153387.jpg|thumb|Royal Navy submarine {{HMS|Astute|S119|6}} fires a Tomahawk cruise missile in 2011]]
{{naval|UK}}

In 1995, the US agreed to sell 65 Tomahawks to the UK for torpedo-launch from their nuclear attack submarines. The first missiles were acquired and test-fired in November 1998; all [[Royal Navy]] fleet submarines are now Tomahawk capable, including the [[Astute-class submarine|''Astute''-class]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Astute Class Submarines|url=http://www.baesystems.com/page/BAES_021231|work=BAE Systems Maritime – Submarines|publisher=BAE Systems|access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Royal Navy Submarine Fires First Tomahawk Missiles Across North American Skies|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/November/14/111114-Astute-Tomahawk|publisher=Royal Navy/MOD|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020329/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/November/14/111114-Astute-Tomahawk|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Astute "surpassed every expectation" on her toughest test yet |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/March/02/120302-Astute-Clyde |publisher=Royal Navy/MOD |access-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020442/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/March/02/120302-Astute-Clyde |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Astute on show in the world's biggest naval base|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/December/07/111207-US-Astute-Norfolk|publisher=Royal Navy/MOD|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020333/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/December/07/111207-US-Astute-Norfolk|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Kosovo War]] in 1999 saw the Swiftsure-class [[HMS Splendid (S106)|HMS ''Splendid'']] become the first British submarine to fire the Tomahawk in combat. The UK subsequently bought 20 more Block III to replenish stocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo991102/text/91102w07.htm#91102w07.htm_sbhd3|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 2 Nov 1999 (pt 7)|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044704/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo991102/text/91102w07.htm#91102w07.htm_sbhd3}}</ref> The Royal Navy has since fired Tomahawks during the 2000s Afghanistan War, in [[Operation Telic]] as the British contribution to the 2003 [[Iraq War]], and during [[Operation Ellamy]] in Libya in 2011.

In April 2004, the UK and US governments reached an agreement for the British to buy 64 of the new generation of Tomahawk missile—the Block IV or '''TacTom''' missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040421/wmstext/40421m01.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Ministerial Statements for 21 Apr 2004 (pt 1)|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044704/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040421/wmstext/40421m01.htm}}</ref> It entered service with the Royal Navy on 27 March 2008, three months ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.12161/changeNav/6568|title=World-Class Missile Achieves In-Service Date|website=Royal Navy LIVE|date= 4 April 2008 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081018171139/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.12161/changeNav/6568|archive-date=2008-10-18}}</ref> In July 2014 the US approved the sale to the UK of a further 65 submarine-launched Block IV's at a cost of US$140m including spares and support;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-kingdom-tomahawk-block-iv-torpedo-launched-land-attack-missiles |title=United Kingdom – Tomahawk Block IV Torpedo Launched Land-Attack Missiles |publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency |date=1 July 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011|lc=on}} the Block III missiles were on British books at £1.1m and the Block IV at £0.87m including VAT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110517/text/110517w0001.htm#11051744000014 |title=Daily Hansard – Written Answers to Questions |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185736/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110517/text/110517w0001.htm#11051744000014 }}</ref>

The [[Sylver Vertical Launching System]] on the new [[Type 45 destroyer]] is claimed by its manufacturers to have the capability to fire the Tomahawk, although the A50 launcher carried by the Type 45 is too short for the weapon (the longer A70 silo would be required). Nevertheless, the Type 45 has been designed with weight and space margin for a strike-length Mk41 or Sylver A70 silo to be retrofitted, allowing Type 45 to use the TLAM Block IV if required. Both the new [[Type 26 frigate]]s and the [[Type 31 frigate]] will be filled with strike-length Mk41 VLS.<ref name="mk41">{{cite news |title=Royal Navy looking to 'increase lethality' of Type 31 Frigates |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/type-31-frigates-to-receive-advanced-weapon-systems/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=[[UK Defence Journal]] |date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

In June 2022, the UK announced it would be upgrading its Tomahawk cruise missiles to Block V standard through a £265 million contract with the US government. The missiles will be upgraded from 2024.<ref name="block5">{{cite news |title=£265 million missile upgrade for UK submarines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/265-million-missile-upgrade-for-uk-submarines |access-date=4 June 2022 |work=[[GOV.UK]] |date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{naval|Australia}}

In September 2021, [[Australia]]n Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] announced that Australia would acquire Tomahawks for the [[Royal Australian Navy]]'s (RAN) [[Hobart-class destroyer|''Hobart''-class]] air warfare destroyers.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Prime Minister |author2=Minister for Defence |author3=Minister for Foreign Affairs |author4=Minister for Women |title=Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/australia-pursue-nuclear-powered-submarines-through-new-trilateral-enhanced-security |website=Prime Minister of Australia |date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927191633/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/australia-pursue-nuclear-powered-submarines-through-new-trilateral-enhanced-security |archive-date=27 September 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2023, the US [[United States Department of State|State Department]] approved a [[Foreign Military Sales|Foreign Military Sale]] to Australia of up 200 Block V and up to 20 Block IV missiles worth an estimated US$895 million.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Australia – Tomahawk Weapon System |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/australia-tomahawk-weapon-system |website=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |access-date=19 March 2023 |date=16 March 2023 |id=23-02}}</ref> In January 2024, the US State Department approved the sale of support equipment worth US$250 million.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Australia – General Tomahawk Weapons System Support Services Uplift |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/australia-general-tomahawk-weapons-system-support-services-uplift |website=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |access-date=25 December 2024 |date=10 January 2024|id=23-91}}</ref>

In December 2024, Australia's [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]] said the RAN had successfully fired its first ever Tomahawk missile. The missile was fired from {{HMAS|Brisbane|DDG 41}}, a ''Hobart''-class air warfare destroyer, making Australia the third nation, after the United States and UK, to acquire and fire the weapon.<ref name="MinisterDefenceDec2024">{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Minister for Defence Industry and Capability Delivery Pat Conroy |title=Navy conducts successful firing of Tomahawk cruise missile |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-12-10/navy-conducts-successful-firing-tomahawk-cruise-missile |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=25 December 2024 |date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Naval News Staff |title=Australia has fired Tomahawk for the First Time |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/12/embargoed-australia-has-fired-tomahawk-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=Naval News |date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

===Japan===
{{naval|JPN}}

The [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] is negotiating with the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] to purchase US-made Tomahawk cruise missiles for attacking enemy bases and counterattack purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2023/10/05/japan-accelerating-1-4b-tomahawk-strike-missile-buy-after-pentagon-meeting|title=Japan Accelerating $1.4B Tomahawk Strike Missile Buy After Pentagon Meeting - USNI News |date=5 October 2023 }}</ref> The Japanese government decided to purchase the Tomahawk cruise missile before their domestic improved range "Type 12 surface-to-ship missile" start full-scale operation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-28 |title=Japan in late-stage talks with U.S. for Tomahawk purchase -Yomiuri|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/japan-late-stage-talks-with-us-tomahawk-purchase-yomiuri-2022-10-28/ |access-date=2022-10-28}}</ref>Former Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] announced Japan will be buying 400 Tomahawk missiles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahadzir |first=Dzirhan |date=18 January 2024 |title=Japan Signs Deal for 400 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles |url=https://news.usni.org/2024/01/18/japan-signs-deal-for-400-tomahawk-land-attack-missiles |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=U.S Naval Institute}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=US approves the sale of Tomahawk cruise missiles to Japan |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/missile-dialogue-initiative/2023/12/us-approves-the-sale-of-tomahawk-cruise-missiles-to-japan/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=IISS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Japan signs agreement to purchase 400 Tomahawk missiles as US envoy lauds its defense buildup |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-tomahawk-missile-defense-0bcabfc4a87bf1a16beceec1b0c426fb |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> They will be deployed in fiscal year 2026-27 and will serve as a bridge until the deployment of indigenous missiles like the extended range [[Type 12 surface-to-ship missile]] and the [[Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/pm-kishida-announces-japan-will-acquire-400-tomahawk-missiles-from-us/|title=PM Kishida Announces Japan Will Acquire 400 Tomahawk Missiles From US|website=thediplomat.com}}</ref>

The [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency|United States Defense Security and Cooperation Agency]] announced on 17 November 2023 that the US State Department had approved a possible sale of up to 200 RGM-109E ''Tomahawk'' Block IV and up to 200 RGM-109E ''Tomahawk'' Block V LACMs to Japan for an estimated US$2.35 billion.<ref name=":0" />

===Netherlands===
{{navy|NLD}}

After initial interest and planning (2005), the Dutch Ministry of Defence in 2023 confirmed ordering the ship launched- and submarine launched versions of the Tomahawk to be installed on both existing as well as future frigates & submarines.

[[File:HNLMS De Ruyter launches Tomahawk missile (March 11, 2025).jpg|thumb|HNLMS De Ruyter launches a Tomahawk missile off the coast of Norfolk, VA (11 March 2025)]]
In 2022 plans for acquiring long-range and precision-guided weapon systems for the frigates and submarines of [[The Royal Netherlands Navy]] were announced as part of the Strategic Defence Review 2022, Tomahawk was identified.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Netherlands Ministry of Defence |title=Lees de Defensienota 2022 |url=https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/defensienota-2022/lezen |website=Defensie |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601091227/https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/defensienota-2022/lezen |archive-date=1 June 2022 |language=Dutch |date=1 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Karreman |first1=Jaime |title=Kruisvluchtwapens voor marineschepen |url=https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Kruisvluchtwapens-voor-marine-300522.html |website=Marineschepen.nl |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530125911/https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Kruisvluchtwapens-voor-marine-300522.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |language=Dutch |date=30 May 2022}}</ref> In March 2023, the commander of the Royal Netherlands Navy announced that the project to acquire maritime strike capability had been approved by the Ministry of Defence, and would include both the [[De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate]]s and the [[Walrus-class submarine]]s. While initially no announcement on missile type was made, the Tomahawk was confirmed as the frigates and submarines are equipped with US-standard Mark 41 Vertical Launching System, and torpedo tubes suited for launching UGM-109 Tomahawk respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tas |first1=René |title=Veiligheid en voedselzekerheid |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2023/02/01_column_02-tas |website=Alle Hens 2 |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315154928/https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2023/02/01_column_02-tas |archive-date=15 March 2023 |language=Dutch |date=15 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Karreman |first1=Jaime |title=Langeafstandsraketten voor fregatten en onderzeeboten; Tomahawk testlancering in 2024 |url=https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Maritime-strike-voor-LCF-en-Walrusklasse-150323.html |website=Marineschepen.nl |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173306/https://marineschepen.nl/nieuws/Maritime-strike-voor-LCF-en-Walrusklasse-150323.html |archive-date=16 March 2023 |language=Dutch |date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, the Netherlands Ministry of Defence announced the procurement of Tomahawk missiles.<ref name="NLProcurement">{{cite press release |title=Defensie versterkt vuurkracht met raketartillerie en langeafstandswapens |trans-title=Army strengthens firepower with rocket artillery and long range weapons |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/04/03/defensie-versterkt-vuurkracht-met-raketartillerie-en-langeafstandswapens |website=Defensie.nl |publisher=Netherlands Ministry of Defence |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403170824/https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/04/03/defensie-versterkt-vuurkracht-met-raketartillerie-en-langeafstandswapens |archive-date=3 April 2023 |language=Dutch |date=5 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 11 March 2025, the air defense and command frigate HNLMS ''De Ruyter'' launched a Tomahawk missile for the first time. This took place off the coast of Norfolk, United States. It was the first time a Dutch naval ship fired this type of missile.<ref>
[https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2025/03/12/marineschip-test-lancering-tomahawk-raket Marineschip test lancering Tomahawk-raket], defensie.nl, March 12, 2025.</ref>

==Potential operators==
===Canada===
{{naval|CAN}}

According to infographics released by the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] in 2020, the new {{sclass2|River|destroyer|1||2030s}}s will be equipped with the missile.<ref name=navalcan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/11/royal-canadian-navy-unveils-new-details-on-csc-frigates/|title = Royal Canadian Navy Unveils New Details on CSC Frigates|date = 9 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=drivecan>{{Cite news |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=Canada's New Frigate Will be Brimming with Missiles |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/37506/canadas-new-frigate-will-be-brimming-with-missiles |work=The Drive |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113224800/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/37506/canadas-new-frigate-will-be-brimming-with-missiles |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Germany ===
{{DEU}}

To comply with the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] (INF Treaty), all nuclear and conventional ground-launched [[ballistic missile]]s, cruise missiles, and [[Rocket launcher|missile launchers]] with ranges of {{convert|500|to|1000|km|mi|order=flip}} (short to medium-range) and {{convert|1000|to|5500|km|mi|order=flip}} (intermediate-range) were dismantled or withdrawn from Europe by the treaty's deadline of 1 June 1991.

On 10 July 2024, a joint statement of the US and [[Germany]] was released, announcing the beginning of episodic deployments of long-range fires units with conventional warheads. Deployment will start from 2026, including Typhon missile launchers with [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM|SM-6]] and Tomahawk missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biden |first=Joe |date=2024-07-10 |title=Joint Statement from United States and Germany on Long-Range Fires Deployment in Germany |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/10/joint-statement-from-united-states-and-germany-on-long-range-fires-deployment-in-germany/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The White House}}</ref> This is considered as a direct response to Russia's President [[Vladimir Putin]]'s call to resume production and global deployment of intermediate range missiles, two weeks prior. Putin accused the United States of already producing these missiles and pointed to the development and testing of the [[Typhon missile launcher]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=Putin calls for new production of intermediate-range missiles |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/06/29/putin-calls-for-production-of-missiles-banned-under-now-defunct-arms-treaty |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=euronews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=Putin calls for resuming production of intermediate missiles after scrapping of treaty with US |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-us-missiles-treaty-56adac2df74be4b53c56bcc887ee89f8 |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> On 28 July 2024, Putin warned of a [[Cold War]]-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/28/putin-warns-us-against-deploying-long-range-missiles-in-germany |work=The Guardian |date=28 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany |url=https://www.dw.com/en/a-new-arms-race-in-europe-us-long-range-weapons-in-germany/a-69648733 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Critics say the United States' move would trigger a new [[arms race]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-split-on-us-stationing-long-range-cruise-missiles/a-69638145 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=11 July 2024}}</ref>

===Other potential operators===
{{ESP}} was interested in acquiring the Tomahawk system in 2002 and 2005, but the order was later cancelled in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neurope.eu|title=Neurope.eu - News aus Europa - Neurope.eu - News aus Europa|date=May 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2009/10/12/espana/1255298414_850215.html|title=Defensa comunica a EE UU que no comprará misiles Tomahawk|newspaper=El País|date=12 October 2009|via=elpais.com}}</ref>

{{ISR}} developed the [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|SLCM]] version of the [[Popeye (missile)|Popeye missile]] after the US government in 2000 refused an [[Israel]]i request to purchase Tomahawk SLCMs because of international [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] proliferation rules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/db/submarines/israel/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070704194800/http://www.nti.org/db/submarines/israel/|title=Submarine Proliferation: Israel Current Capabilities |archive-date=4 July 2007 |access-date=6 August 2011 }}</ref>

{{POL}} expressed interest in purchasing long-range Tomahawk missiles for its future submarines in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/submarines/2015/03/12/poland-submarine-tender-tomahawk-orka-jankowski/70223826/|title=Poland To Launch Sub Tender, Eyes Tomahawks|date=12 March 2015|work=Defense News|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

{{navy|BRA}} [[Tamandaré-class frigate|''Tamandaré''-class frigates]] are fitted to launch the TLAM variant, but the vessels are not yet equipped with the missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4934808/acerca-botadura-primera-fragata-clase-tamandare-legado-clase-niteroi |title=El legado de la Clase Niterói: Brasil está a un paso de la botadura de la primera fragata clase Tamandaré|date=19 July 2024 |website=Infodefensa|language=es}}</ref>

{{UKR}} is being considered as a possible operator of Tomahawk missiles, but no final decision has been made.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Steve |date=2025-09-28 |title=Vance says US considering Tomahawk missiles for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/vance-says-us-considering-tomahawk-missiles-ukraine-2025-09-28/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Ukraine1025>{{Cite web |title='Very dramatic moment' — Moscow concerned over possible Tomahawk missiles supplies to Ukraine |url=https://kyivindependent.com/very-dramatic-moment-moscow-concerned-over-possible-tomahawk-missiles-supplies-to-ukraine |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|AV-TM 300}}
* {{anl|Babur (cruise missile)|Babur}}
* {{anl|CJ-10}}
* {{anl|Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)|Hoveyzeh}}
* {{anl|Hsiung Feng IIE}}
* {{anl|Hyunmoo-3}}
* {{anl|Kalibr}}
* {{anl|Kh-55}}
* {{anl|MdCN (missile)|Missile de Croisière Naval (MdCN)}}
* {{anl|Nirbhay}}
* {{anl|R-360 Neptune}}
* {{anl|RK-55}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book |editor-last=Pretty |editor-first=Ronald T. |title=Jane's Weapon Systems 1983–84 |year=1983 |edition=Fourteenth |location=London |publisher=Jane's Yearbooks |isbn=0-7106-0776-8}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/tomahawk/ Raytheon official site for the Tomahawk missile]
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/ CSIS Missile Threat – Tomahawk Cruise Missile]

{{US missiles}}
{{Raytheon}}{{Current and future Australian missiles}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Naval cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Submarine-launched cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Nuclear cruise missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Nuclear cruise missiles of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Cold War anti-ship missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Raytheon Company products]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1983]]