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{{Short description|Tenth emperor of the Inca Empire (before 1471 – 1493)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name               = Topa Inca Yupanqui
| image              = File:Tupac-inca-yupanqui-small.png
| image_size         = 220
| caption            = Drawing by [[Guaman Poma]] in 1615, which says: {{lang|es|El decimo inga Topa Inga Ivpanqvi}} "The tenth Inca - Topa Inca Yupanqui"
| succession         = [[Sapa Inca]] of the [[Inca Empire]]
| reign              = 1471–1493
| full name          = Túpac Inca Yupanqui
| native_lang1       = [[Quechua language|Quechua]]
| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|qu|Tupa Inka Yupanki}} or {{lang|qu|Thupaq Inka Yupanki}}
| native_lang2       = Spanish
| native_lang2_name1 = {{lang|es|Túpac Inca Yupanqui}}
| birth_date         = before 1471
| birth_place        = [[Cusco]], [[Inca Empire]]
| death_date         = 1493
| death_place        = [[Chinchero District|Chincheros]], Inca Empire
| predecessor        = [[Pachacuti]]
| successor          = [[Huayna Capac]]
| queen              = [[Mama Ocllo Coya|Mama Ocllo]]
| issue              = [[Huayna Capac]]
| dynasty            = Hanan Qusqu
| father             = [[Pachacuti]]
| mother             = Mama Anahuarque
}}

'''Topa Inca Yupanqui''' or '''Túpac Inca Yupanqui''' ({{langx|quz|Thupa Inka Yupanki}}, {{IPA|quz|ˈtʰupa ˈiŋka juˈpaŋki|pron}}),<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Andean-civilization#ref69433 |title=The origins and expansion of the Inca state |website=britannica.com |last=von Hagen |first=Victor W. |last2=Murra |first2=John V. |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> also '''Topa Inga Yupangui''', erroneously translated as "noble Inca accountant" (before 1471{{spnd}}1493) was the tenth [[Sapa Inca]] (1471–1493) of the [[Inca Empire]], fifth of the Hanan dynasty. His father was [[Pachacuti]], and his son was [[Huayna Capac]].<ref name="Gamboa"/>{{rp|93}} Topa Inca belonged to the {{lang|qu|Qhapaq Panaca}} (one of the clans of Inca nobles).<ref name="britannica" /> His [[Qoya|quya]] (principal wife) was his older sister, [[Mama Ocllo Coya|Mama Ocllo]].<ref name="Gamboa">de Gamboa, P.S., 2015, History of the Incas, {{ISBN|9781463688653}}</ref>{{rp|88}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Inca Expansion.svg|thumb|Inca expansion under the reign of Tupac Yupanqui in yellow]]

His father appointed him to head the [[Inca]] army before his reign as emperor, granting him the title of [[Auqui (crown prince)|Auqui]], or crown prince, at a young age. Topa Inca launched multiple large-scale expeditions to the north during his period as Auqui, subduing regions such as Hatun Xauxa, the Bombon Plateau, and [[Huaylas province|Huaylas]]. Cities and sites the army he commanded besieged and captured at this time include Curamba, Huaylla-Pucara, Canta, and, most importantly, [[Chan Chan]]. He extended the realm along the Andes through modern Ecuador,<ref name="Prescott">Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}</ref>{{rp|144}} and developed a special fondness for the city of [[Quito]], which he rebuilt with architects from [[Cusco]]. During this time his father [[Pachacuti]] reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the {{lang|qu|Tawantinsuyu}}, the "region of four provinces". Topa Inca led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca empire across much of Southern America.<ref name="Gamboa"/>{{rp|89–92}}

He became Sapa Inca (sole ruler) in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He [[Chimor–Inca War|conquered Chimor]], which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas.

He conquered the province of [[Antisuyu]] and subdued the [[Qulla people]]. He imposed rules and taxes, creating two Suyuyoc Apu (Governor Generals), one in [[Jauja]] and the other in [[Tiwanaku]]. The fortress [[Saksaywaman]], established by Pachacuti on the high plateau above Cusco, was constructed throughout Topa Inca Yupanqui's reign.<ref name="Gamboa"/>{{rp|98–105}}

Topa Inca died about 1493 in [[Chinchero District|Chincheros]], leaving two legitimate sons and 90 illegitimate sons and daughters. Chuqui Ocllo, one of the wives of Topa Yupanqui, convinced him that his son Capac Huari would succeed him, however, Topa Inca Yupanqoi changed his mind and decided on his son Titu Cusi Hualpa (who would later become emperor [[Huayna Capac]]). This provoked anger in Chuqui Ocllo and she poisoned Topa Inca. She and her favorite son were both killed soon after Topa Inca's death.<ref name="Gamboa"/>{{rp|106–107}}

== The Pacific Expedition ==
=== Original account ===
Topa Inca Yupanqui is also credited with leading a roughly 10-month-long voyage of exploration into the [[Pacific]] around 1470, under the reign of his father, reportedly visiting islands he called {{lang|qu|Nina Chumpi}} ("fire belt")<ref name="laime">{{Ref Laime}}</ref> and {{lang|qu|Hawa Chumpi}} ("outer belt",<ref name="sime">{{Ref Simi}}</ref><ref name="laime">{{Ref Laime}}</ref> also spelled {{lang|qu|Avachumpi, Hahua chumpi}}). The voyage is mentioned in the ''History of the Incas'' by [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]], as well as in the works of [[Martín de Murúa]] and [[Miguel Cabello de Balboa]].<ref>See [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20218 online version] of the book, page 91; in English.</ref> Pedro Sarmiento described the expedition as follows:

<blockquote>:...there arrived at Tumbez some merchants who had come by sea from the west, navigating in balsas with sails. They gave information of the land whence they came, which consisted of some islands called Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, where there were many people and much gold. Topa Inca was a man of lofty and ambitious ideas, and was not satisfied with the regions he had already conquered. So he determined to challenge a happy fortune, and see if it would favour him by sea...<!-- Text has been cut off from here, keep the mark! -->

:The Inca, having this certainty, determined to go there. He caused an immense number of balsas to be constructed, in which he embarked more than 20,000 chosen men...<!-- Text has been cut off from here, keep the mark! -->

:Topac Inca navigated and sailed on until he discovered the islands of Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, and returned, bringing back with him slaves, gold, a chair of brass, and a skin and jaw bone of a horse. These trophies were preserved in the fortress of Cusco until the Spaniards came. The duration of this expedition undertaken by Topa Inca was nine months, others say a year, and, as he was so long absent, every one believed he was dead.<ref name="Gamboa" />{{rp|93–94}}

:– [https://revistaenraizada.com/index.php/2020/11/07/viajaron-los-incas-por-oceania/ "¿Viajaron los Incas por Oceanía?"] Revista Enraizada, in Spanish, 2020.</blockquote>

=== Analysis ===
Historians and anthropologists such as [[María Rostworowski]], Waldemar Espinoza, [[José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu]] and Jean Hervé Daude, believe that the two islands mentioned by the chroniclers are [[Mangareva]] and [[Easter Island]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco |first=María |title=Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui |publisher=Tallandier |isbn=978-2-84734-462-2 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Espinoza |first=Waldemar |title=Los Incas |publisher=Amaru Editores |date=1997}}</ref><ref>José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu, ''Túpac Yupanqui. Descubridor de Oceanía'', 2006.</ref> where oral traditions have claimed that a group of long-eared {{lang|rap|[[hanau eepe]]}} came to the island from an unknown land.<ref>[http://www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/031.htm The "Hanau Eepe", their Immigration and Extermination], Rongorongo.</ref> Some historians, however, are skeptical that the voyage ever took place.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Peru|Monarchy|History|Biography}}
* [[Pre-Columbian rafts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Tupac Inca Yupanqui|year=1889|short=x|notaref=x}}
* [https://revistaenraizada.com/index.php/2020/11/07/viajaron-los-incas-por-oceania/ "¿Viajarón los Incas por Oceanía?"] Revista Enraizada, in Spanish, 2020.

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Pachacuti]]
| title  = [[Sapa Inca]]
| years  = 1471 – 1493
| after  = [[Huayna Capac]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sapa Incas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupac Inca Yupanqui}}
[[Category:Inca emperors]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1493 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Sapa Incas]]