View source for Torres Strait Creole

{{Short description|English-based creole language spoken in parts of the Torres Strait Islands and nearby land}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Torres Strait Creole
|nativename=''Yumplatok''
|region= [[Australia]]<br>[[Papua New Guinea]]
|speakers={{sigfig|7776|2}}
|speakers2=20,000–30,000 [[First language|L1]]–[[Third language|L3]]<ref name=2010yrbk>{{cite web | title=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2009–10  | website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | date=4 June 2010 | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/BB322D1AD0D30A7FCA25773700169C19 | access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=aiatsis2014>{{cite report| url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-09/2014-report-2nd-national-indigenous-languages-survey.pdf| title=Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey| first1=Doug| last1= Marmion| first2=Kazuko|last2= Obata| first3=Jakelin|last3= Troy| date=2014| publisher= [[AIATSIS]]|isbn= 9781922102249| access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>
|date=2021 census
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref>
|familycolor=Creole
|fam1=[[English-based creole languages|English Creole]]
|fam2=Pacific
|iso3=tcs
|glotto=torr1261
|glottorefname=Torres Strait-Lockhart River Creole
|aiatsis=P2
|lingua=52-ABB-cb (varieties: <br>52-ABB-cba to -cbd)
|notice=IPA
|ietf=tcs-AU (Australia)<br/>tcs-PG (Papua New Guinea)
}}
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Languages used at home.jpg|thumb|Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset “2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title=“2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder”|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
'''Torres Strait Creole''' ({{langx|tcs|Yumplatok}}), also known as '''Torres Strait Pidgin''', '''Brokan/Broken''',  '''Cape York Creole''', '''Lockhart Creole''', '''Kriol''', '''Papuan''', '''Broken English''', '''Blaikman''', '''Big Thap''', '''Pizin''', and '''Ailan Tok''',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pacific Pidgins and Creoles|last=Tryon|first=Darrell T.|last2=Charpentier|first2=Jean-Michel|publisher=Die Deutsche Bibliothek|year=2004|isbn=3-11-016998-3|location=Berlin|pages=16}}</ref> is an [[English-based creole languages|English-based creole language]] (a variety of [[List of English-based pidgins|Pidgin English]]) spoken on several [[Torres Strait Islands]] of [[Queensland]], Australia; Northern [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]]; and south-western coastal [[Papua New Guinea]] (PNG).

It has an estimated 20,000–30,000 [[mother-tongue]] and bi/tri-lingual speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crump |first=Des |date=2020-12-14 |title=Language of the Week: Week Twenty-Nine - Torres Strait Creole |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/language-week-week-twenty-nine-torres-strait-creole |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=State Library Of Queensland |language=en}}</ref> It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.

==History==
Records of pidgin English being used in Torres Strait exist from as early as the 1840s (e.g. Moore 1979), and therefore Torres Strait Creole may very well be as old as, if not older, than its sister languages, and not a descendant of any of these. It was spread throughout the islands because many considered it to be English.<ref>{{Citation |last=Malcolm |first=Ian |title=Torres Strait Creole |date=2020 |work=The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English |url=https://ewave-atlas.org/languages/63#:~:text=Torres%20Strait%20Creole%20belongs%20to,Papua%20New%20Guineans%20and%20others. |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref> The main importers of the pidgin were British and other sailors, many of whom were South Sea Islanders, both Melanesian and Polynesian, as well as Island South-East Asians, [[Jamaicans]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese Chinese]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], and others. Therefore, Torres Strait Creole has various characteristics of these different types of Pidgin, the main ones being mid- to late 1800s Malay-area Pidgin English (but not [[Singlish]], one of its modern representatives), Pacific Pidgin and [[Jamaican Patois]]. It may have creolised quite early (pre-1900) on [[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Darnley Island]], and somewhat later (post-1910) at [[St Paul's Island|St Pauls]] on [[Moa Island (Queensland)|Moa]] and on [[Yorke Island (Queensland)|Yorke Island]] in the Central Islands. Creolisation is post-1960s elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

The Papuan dialect was replaced by [[Hiri Motu]] in many parts of its former territory, which in turn is being replaced by [[Tok Pisin]].

==Dialects==
Torres Strait Creole has six main dialects: Papuan, Western-Central, TI, Malay, Eastern, and Cape York. Its main characteristics show that it is a Pacific Pidgin, but the future in ''X [i] go VERB'' aligns it with Atlantic Creoles. Related languages are [[Pijin]] of the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tok Pisin]] of Papua New Guinea, and [[Bislama]] of [[Vanuatu]]. The other creoles of Australia (such as Roper River Kriol and [[Australian Kriol language]]) are more distantly related, being descendants of the Pidgin English that developed in and around [[Sydney]] after the [[colonisation of Australia]].

[[Dialect]]s differ mainly from the influences in the various areas the language is spoken or by the language of the ethnic groups that use the language as well as a certain amount of superstrata influence from English. Apart from accent and intonation, differences are mainly vocabulary used for local fauna, flora and so on, retentions from local indigenous languages or other substrata languages (such as Malay) and minor differences in pronunciation because of substrata influences.

The dialects group generally into the Western-Central-Cape York dialects where the western and central language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya) has a strong influence (an influence which is also 'over-powering' other sub-strata influences), 'TI' Brokan with a strong [[Malay language|Malay]]/[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]-[[Filipino language|Filipino]]-European influence, Eastern Brokan with a South Seas and [[Meriam Mìr]] influence, and Papuan, with influences from languages such as [[Agöb]], [[Bine language|Bine]], [[Gizrra]], [[Wipi]], [[Kiwai language|Kiwai]], [[Motu language|Motu]] and (now) [[Tok Pisin]]. Influences from other languages such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] are to do with vocabulary specific to Japanese (or the like) items.

==Continuum==
Torres Strait Creole exists as part of a lect continuum: a local language ([[Kalaw Lagaw Ya|Kalaw Kawaw Ya]]), a local language mix called Ap-ne-Ap, a pidgin basilect creole, a mesolect English influenced creole, local Torres Strait (Thursday Island) English, and General [[Australian English]], as this example shows:
* English: ''I'm really tired''
* Thursday Island English: ''I'm proper tired''
* Mesolect Brokan: ''Ai prapa taiad''
* Basilect Brokan: ''Ai mina taiad''
* Ap-ne-Ap: ''Ngai mina taiad mepa''
* Kalau Kawau Ya: ''Ngai mina gamukœubaasipa''

==Speakers==
The [[2016 Australian census]] recorded 6,171 people who spoke Yumplatok at home,<ref name=2016census>{{cite web | title=2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Islands | website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/315011402 | access-date=2 July 2021 | archive-date=18 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918120050/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/315011402 | url-status=dead }}</ref> but linguists working on the language have estimated that from 20,000 to 30,000 [[Indigenous Australians]] spoke it as their first language in 2010. In 2007 a translation of the [[Bible]] was published, called the ''Holi Baibul'', which was the first complete translation of the Bible into any Indigenous language within Australia.<ref name=2010yrbk/>

Most Torres Strait Islander people speak Yumplatok in addition to their local languages, and a 2014 study suggests that the numbers of people speaking Kriol are growing.<ref name=aiatsis2014/> It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce.

==Phonology==

=== Vowels ===
The language has the following [[vowel]]s (with some dialect variation):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} {{Angbr|i}}
| rowspan="2" |
| {{IPAlink|u}} {{Angbr|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|ɪ}} {{Angbr|ì}}{{Efn|name=a}}
| {{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{Angbr|ù}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}} {{Angbr|e}}
| {{IPAlink|ə}} {{Angbr|œ}}{{Efn|name=b}}
| {{IPAlink|o}} {{Angbr|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| rowspan="2" |
| {{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{Angbr|ò}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPAlink|a}} {{Angbr|a}}
|
|}
{{Notelist|refs={{efn|name=a|Found in Eastern dialects (in words from Meriam Mìr).}}{{efn|name=b|Found in Western-Central-TI-Papuan (in words from English, [[Kala Lagaw Ya]], [[Agöb]], [[Wipi language|Gidra]], Malay and other languages).}}}}
[[Vowel length]] for the language as a whole is non-contrastive, though in some subdialects/dialects it appears to be contrastive.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] 
! [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{Angbr|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}} {{Angbr|n}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{Angbr|ng}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{Angbr|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{Angbr|th}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{Angbr|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{Angbr|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{Angbr|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}} {{Angbr|dh}}
| {{IPAlink|d}} {{Angbr|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{Angbr|g}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|s}} ~ {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{Angbr|s}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|z}} ~ {{IPAlink|dʒ}} {{Angbr|z}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{Angbr|w}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{Angbr|y}}
| 
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]/[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPAlink|l̪}} {{Angbr|l}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAlink|r}} {{Angbr|r}}
|
| 
|}

The dental-alveolar contrast exists in the Western, Central and Cape York dialects, however only exists in other dialects in so far as either English or Western-Central influences force a contrast, or where the voiced alveolar stop {{angbr|d}} realises as the rhotic tap {{angbr|r}} (e.g. Western-Central ''wasamada'' 'what's the matter/what's wrong', Eastern/Papuan ''wasamara''). In the Papuan dialects, the only alveolar consonant is {{angbr|r}}, while {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|d}} can be either dental (i.e. fall together with {{angbr|th}} and {{angbr|dh}}) or alveolar, according to local language. In Meriam influenced Broken, {{angbr|t}} is dental, while {{angbr|d}} is alveolar.

The stops {{angbr|p}}, {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|th}}, {{angbr|dh}}, {{angbr|k}} and {{angbr|g}} are [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and also have fricative allophones, particularly {{angbr|p}} (thus {{IPA|[pʰ~ɸ]}}, {{IPA|[bʱ~β]}}, {{IPA|[t̪ʰ~θ]}}, {{IPA|[d̪ʱ~ð]}}, {{IPA|[kʰ~x]}}, {{IPA|[ɡʱ~ɣ]}}) while {{angbr|s}} and {{angbr|z}} vary in pronunciation when word initial and medial between {{IPA|[s~z]}} and {{IPA|[tʃ~dʒ]}}, with only {{IPA|[s~z]}} appearing at the ends of words in Torres Strait and Papuan dialects. These reflect indigenous language allophony as well as a rationalisation of the larger English (and Malay, etc.) consonant phoneme inventory. The consonants {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|d}}, {{angbr|m}}, {{angbr|n}}, {{angbr|l}}, {{angbr|w}}, {{angbr|y}} and {{angbr|ng}} do not have any major allophonic variation, while {{angbr|r}} varies between {{IPA|{{IPAplink|ɾ}} and {{IPAplink|r}} (particularly when syllable final), and in songs is often pronounced {{IPAplink|ɹ}}}}.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
The following are the forms of the [[personal pronoun]]s in the Western-Central-Cape York dialects. Where the Eastern dialect is concerned, the dental-alveolar contrast is on the whole non-operative, and the dual forms are less commonly used than elsewhere. Furthermore, the 1–2 form ''yumi'' is often used as the general non-singular 1–2 form; and is sometimes used as such in other dialects in rhetorical discourse. The Central Islands dialect (and sometimes others) tends to also use ''wi'' for the 1st person plural.

{| class="wikitable"
! number !! 1st person !! 1st–2nd person !! 2nd person !! 3rd person (identifying) !! 3rd person (non-identifying)
|-
! singular subject
| ai || — || yu || em || i
|-
! singular non-subject (where different)
| mi || — || — || — || em
|-
! dual subject
| mitu || yumi || yutu || dhemtu || –
|-
! dual object (where different)
| — || — || — || dhemtu/-emtu || –
|-
! plural subject
| mipla || yumpla || yupla || dhempla || òl
|-
! plural object (where different)
| — || — || — || dhempla/-empla || dhempla/-empla
|}

The non-identifying 3rd plural ''òl'' is also found as a nominal plural marker:
* ''I gad òl bùk ianau'' 'There are books here'

==== Interrogatives and Demonstratives ====
* this, these: full form ''dhiswan'', colloquial form ''dhisan'', reduced, clause initial form ''san'', ''sa''
* that, those: full form ''dhaswan'', colloquial form ''dhasan'', reduced, clause initial form ''san'', ''sa''
There is a strong tendency for ''dhiswan'' and its forms to be used to the exclusion of ''dhaswan''.
* Who is that? ''Dhaswan i udhat?'', ''Dhiswan dhe i udhat?'', ''Dhasan i udhat?'', ''Dhisan dhe i udhat?'', ''Dhisan i udhat?'', ''San i udhat?'', ''San dhe i udhat?''

Three interrogatives and the two deictics have two forms, this being (interrogatives) a reduced clause initial form and a fuller clause final form, and in the case of the deictics, a pre-clitic and independent form, as in the following examples:

* ''Wane yu luk?'' [alt. ''Wane yu lukem?''] / ''Yu luk wanem?'' 'What do you see?'
* ''Kenu i ya kam.'' / ''Kenu i kam iya.'' 'A canoe is coming this way.'

Clause position variation (initial, final)
* what: ''wane'', ''wanem''
* where: ''we'', ''wea''
* who: ''udha'', ''udhat''
Pre-clitic vs independent form:
* there: ''dhe'', ''dhea''
* here: ''ya'', ''iya''

Two interrogatives have variant words/forms, used interchangeably:
* when: ''wataim'', ''wen''
* why: ''aukam'', ''wanempò''

Dialectal variation is only found in two forms:
* how: ''wiswei''; Central Islands: ''waswei''
* why, what's the matter: ''wasamada''; Eastern-Papuan ''wasamara''

===Articles===
The language has no indefinite [[Article (grammar)|article]], and uses the definite article much less than it is in English, it having a more demonstrative feel than the English equivalent. There are singular, dual and plural forms:
* singular: ''dha'' — ''dha kenu'' 'the canoe'
* dual: ''dhemtu'', ''dhostu'' — ''dhemtu kenu'', ''dhostu kenu'' 'the two canoes'
* plural: ''dhem'' — ''dhem kenu'' 'the canoes'
The demonstrative articles have a general form, and a specific dual form, as well as variation, with a strong tendency to use the [[clitic]]s ''iya'' and ''dhea'' to specify position; the definitie articles are often used with the demonstrative clitics to express the demonstrative articles:
* this man: ''dhis man'', ''dhis man ia''
* these men (dual): ''dhistu man'', ''dhistu man ia'', ''dhemtu man ia''
* these men (plural): ''òl dhis man'', ''òl dhis man ia'', ''dhem man ia''
* all these men: ''òlgedha man ia''
* that man: ''dhas/dhat man'', ''dhis man dhea''
* those men (dual): ''dhostu man'', ''dhistu man dhea'', ''dhemtu man dhea''
* those men (plural): ''òl dhas/dhat man'', ''òl dhis man dhea'', ''dhem man dhea''
* all those men: ''òlgedha man dhea''

===Syntax===
Torres Strait Creole is a somewhat atypical of Pidgin-Creole languages in its word order and various other syntactic (and grammatical) properties. Though the normal sentence word order is the expected transitive [[Subject–verb–object|S-V-O]]-X(-) and intransitive S-V-X(-), there is variation in the form of S-X-V(-O), such as where the directional adverbs ''dhe'' 'there' and ''ia/ya'' 'here' come before the verb, as happens in all local languages (this is in common with virtually all verb [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense/aspect/mood]] markers in the language).

Verb clause strings are normal in the language:
* ''Bala blo mi bi teke kenu kam baik.'' 'My brother brought the canoe back'
* ''Plein i dhe plai go'' / ''Plein i dhe go plai'' / ''Plein i plai dhe go'' / ''Plein i plai go dhea'' 'The plane is flying away (over) there'

The four sentences in Torres Strait Creole carry a semantic difference difficult to show in the English translation. ''Plein i dhe go plai'' is the basic sentence — 'the plane is flying [away] over there'. ''Plein i plai dhe go'' is more along the lines of 'the plane is flying away that way'; ''plein i plai go dhea'' is 'the plane is flying away heading that way', and finally ''plein i dhe plai go'' is 'the plane is there flying away'.

Unlike many pidgin-creoles, the adjective categorically comes before the noun. Similarly, adverbs that mark adjectives come before the adjective:
* ''Big sisi bl'em bi kese tu prapa big redkala pis lo ausaid sanbaing.'' 'His/her big sister caught two really big red fish at/on the outer sandbank'

Unlike [[Tok Pisin]], [[Bislama]] and the Australian creoles, ''-pla'' is not used as an adjective formant.

When not before the referent, adjectives are often suffixed by ''-wan'', the adjective nominaliser, or by an appropriate nominal, such as ''man'' 'man, person'
* ''Bala blo mi i bigwan / bigman.'' 'My brother is big'
* ''Dhis dhamba ya i prapa naiswan.'' 'This bread is really nice'

All verb tense and aspect markers come before the verb (see Verbs below), apart from the clitic ''nau''.

A fully operational relative clause structure exists, marked by the relative clause marker ''we'':
* ''Dha totol we ai bi kese em i stap ananith lo aus.'' 'The turtle I caught is under the house'
* ''Ama bin luk smol gel we i dhe sidaun krai krai krai lo skul blo dhem piknini.'' 'Mum saw a little girl (who was) sitting and crying at the kids' school'

Questions vary between using English/Meriam Mìr-like word order, i.e. question word initially, or Kala Lagaw Ya/Malay-like word order, i.e. question word order is the same as that of statements. As stated above, the question word has its full form when used clause finally, and a reduced form otherwise. In yes–no questions, statement word order is normal, with the use of a question tag sentence clitic:
* ''We yu go?'' / ''Yu go wea?'' 'Where are you going?'
* ''Udha nem blo yu?'' / ''Nem blo yu udhat?'' 'What is your name?'
* ''Wataim em i go kam bai'gen?'' / ''Em i go kam bai'gen wataim?'' 'When is he going to come back?'
* ''Aukam yu sabe blaikman tok?'' 'How come you can speak the black people's language?'
* ''Bambai athe blo dhemtu i go stap ospetal au?'' 'Is their grandfather going to stay in hospital?'
* ''Yu pinis luk piksa a?'' 'Have you finished watching the film?'

===Verbs===
====Transitivity and Voice====

Verbs can be marked for [[Transitivity (grammar)|transitivity]] and [[Voice (grammar)|voice]] ([[Transitive verb|transitive]]-[[Passive voice|passive]] or [[Intransitive verb|intransitive]]-[[Antipassive voice|antipassive]]), but not [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] or [[Grammatical mood|mood]]. Voice marking is for the transitive-passive, and made by [[suffix]]ing ''-e'' to the verb stem when the object follows the verb, and ''-em'' when the object is elsewhere in the clause. Note that the suffix ''-em'' is of fairly recent development, and is in origin an abbreviation of the verb phrase form ''VERB-e em'', where the cross referencing pronoun '''''em''''' and the suffix have coalesced (via ''-i em'' → ''-yem'' → ''-em''). All these versions exist in everyday speech, as illustrated by ''tek'' 'take': intransitive-antipassive ''tek'', transitive-passive ''teke'', ''teki em'', ''tekyem'', ''tekem'':
* ''Em yustu tek òl buk.'' 'He used to/would take took all books' (antipassive)
* ''Em yustu teke dhem buk.'' 'He used to take the books' (transitive)
* ''Em yustu teke buk.'' 'He used to take a/the book' (transitive)
* ''Dha buk we em i yustu bi tekem i brok.'' 'The book he used to take is broken' (fronted object transitive)
** Variants: ''Dha buk we em i yustu bi teke em'' / ''teki em'' / ''tekyem i brok.''
The development of a full passive using this form also exists:
* ''Buk i yustu bi tekem lo em/prom em.'' 'A/The book used to be taken by him.' the ''lo''–''prom'' variation is dialectal)

===== Phonological variation of the transitive suffix =====
If the verb stem has ''e'' or a diphthong, then the transitive suffix is '''-e'''; if ''i'' or ''u'', then it can become '''-i''', while of the stem contains ''a'' or ''o'', the suffix can become '''-a'''. One or two others verbs have stem extensions to form the verb from a noun:
* ''teke'' → ''teke'' 'take, bring'
* ''laite'' → ''laite'' 'light'
* ''pute'' → ''puti'' 'put'
* ''pile'' → ''pili'' 'feel something'
* ''broke'' → ''broka'' 'break'
* ''ama'' 'hammer' → verb ''amare''
* ''pain'' 'point' → verb ''painte''

Verb stems that end in vowels do not take the suffix, while a few verbs are irregular in not taking the suffix:
# Vowel-final stem: ''lego'' 'to leave, depart, go off/away, throw, throw at'
#* ''Aka bi lego lo kenu.'' 'Grandma went off in the canoe'
#* ''Dhem nugud boi bin lego ston pò dhempla.'' 'The bad boys threw stones at them'
# No suffix: ''luk''
#* ''Ai bi luk pisin plai kam.'' 'I saw a bird flying towards me' (the suffixed form is sometimes used: ''Ai bi luki pisin plai kam'').

====Verbs of position and movement====

Certain verbs of position and movement are not followed by a [[Preposition and postposition|preposition]] in their most normal clause types. These are not to be confused with transitive clauses:
* ''Awa bi stap aus bikòs em i sikwan.'' 'Uncle stayed (at) home because he is sick'
* ''Dhem piknini stap dhe Bamaga we Kolez.'' 'The children stay at Bamaga at the College'
* ''Dha dog dhe ran go dingi.'' 'The/That dog is running to the dinghy'
* ''Pusi i sidaun seya.'' 'The cat is sitting in/on the chair'

====Verb suffixes====

Four derivational [[suffix]]es exist which add [[Grammatical aspect|aspectual]] meaning to verb stems. Though their origin are English intransitive prepositions, in Torres Strait Creole their status is completely aspectual; they can only be used as suffixes. They are suffixes to the stem of intransitive verbs, and to the full transitive-passive form of transitive verbs. When used as transitive-passive verbs, they also suffix the transitive ending after the suffix. They also derive verbs from other words.
* ''-ap'' — completive, perfective: ''piksimap(e)'' 'fix, repair, mend'; ''rol'' 'roll' → ''rolemap(e)'' 'roll up'; ''bagarap(e)'' 'ruin, break, destroy'
* ''-aut'' — movement outwards: ''kamaut'' 'come out'; ''goaut'' 'go out'; ''lugaut(e)'' 'be careful, beware, take care of, look after'
* ''-baut'' — dispersive (this suffix causes the final voiceless consonant of the stem to become voiced): ''wagbaut'' 'walk, walk about, walk around, stroll'; ''togbaut(e)'' 'talk about/over, discuss'
* ''-daun'' — downwards movement; only found in ''godaun'' 'movement downwards from a starting point'; ''kamdaun'' 'movement downwards from above', ''sidaun'' 'sit down', ''pòldaun'' 'fall, fall over, fall down'.

===Sample verb conjugation===
{| class="wikitable"
|+''lugaut'' 'take care, beware'
! remote future
| bambai X (i) go lugaut
|-
! [[near future (grammar)|near future]]
| X (i) go lugaut
|-
! non-specific present
| X (i) lugaut
|-
! specific present
| X (i) lugaut nau
|-
! recent past
| X (i) zasnau (bin) lugaut
|-
! past
| X (i) bin lugaut
|-
! completive past
| X (i) pinis/oredi lugaut
|-
! habitual past
| X (i) yustu bin lugaut
|-
! advice
| X (i) sud lugaut
|-
! obligation
| X (i) mas/aptu lugaut
|-
! dependent obligation
| X (i) blo/spostu lugaut
|-
! continuative
| X (i) matha lugaut
|-
! multiplicative
| X (i) lugaut-lugaut
|-
! lengthening
| X (i) lugaut lugaut lugaaaaauut
|-
! simplicative
| X (i) dhasol lugaut<br>X (i) matha dhasol lugaut
|-
! ordinaritive
| X (i) dhasol lugaut<br>X (i) kasa (dhasol) lugaut
|-
! imperative
| X lugaut!<br>X lugaut kai!
|}

===Prepositions===
Torres Strait Creole shows strong substrata influence in its use of its [[Preposition and postposition|prepositions]]. All local languages are either prepositionless case-marking agglutinative languages, or case-marking agglutinative languages where the case endings have evolved to postposition status, which contrast the following cases to varying extents, but which have little or no number marking on nouns:
* [[Nominative case|nominative]]
* [[Accusative case|accusative]]
* [[Ergative case|ergative]]
* [[Genitive case|genitive]]
* [[Dative case|dative]]
* [[Ablative case|ablative]]
* [[Locative case|locative]]
* [[Perlative case|perlative]]
* [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]
They also contrast the following derived forms (among others according to language), which are not case forms in the local languages, but rather nominals:

* similative
* privative
* proprietive
* resultative

The use of the prepositions in Torres Strait Creole reflect these cases and nominalisations to a certain (= simplified) extent:

'''blo''' — genitive: <br> '''We aus blo misnari?''' ''Where is the priest's house?''

'''pò''', '''lo''' — dative (in part dialect variation): <br> '''Em i bin spik pò em se wesis bl’em pinis kam.''' ''She told her her wages had already arrived.''<br> '''Bos i bi gibi wesis pò/lo mi.''' ''The boss gave the wages to me.''

'''prom''' – ablative: <br> '''’San i dhe kam prom Dhaudhai.''' ''This one is coming over from Papua.''

'''lo''', '''we''', '''ene''' — locative, perlative ('''lo''' and '''we''' are synonyms, while '''ene''' is an archaic word now normally found only in old songs): <br> '''Aus blo Ama blo mi i stanap dhe antap lo / we il ananith lo / we big mango dhe antap.''' ''My Aunty's house is up there on the hill underneath the big mango up there.'' <br> '''Yu mas kam wantaim lo mi.''' ''You must/have to come with me.'' <br> '''Dhemtu baradha i sidaun ene [lo/we] kenu''' ''The two brothers were sitting in the canoe.''

'''lo''' — instrumental: <br> '''Òl man i kate tœtœl lo naip lo bele / lo ath''' ''The men cut (butcher) the turtle with a knife on the bottom shell''.

'''òlsem''', '''waze''' ('''waze''' is the somewhat more common reduced form of '''òlsem''') – similative (like): <br> '''Dhempla lo Mari Ailan i no tòk waze yumpla'''. ''The people on Murray Island don't talk like us.'' <br> '''Em i dhe swim go waze aligeta.''' ''He's swimming away over there like a crocodile.''

==== Syntactic use of the prepositions ====
The prepositions also have [[Syntax|syntactic]] uses, including the following, where they govern verbs or adjectives:

'''Blo''': obligation <br> '''Ai blo go nau''' ''I have to go now / I'm supposed to go now''.

'''Pò''': a) focus on a goal <br> '''Bos i kam pò luk wòk blo yumi.''' ''The boss has come to see / look at our work.'' <br> b) extra intensity <br> '''Dhem pipol blo Saibai i pò dans!''' ''The Saibai people can really dance!'' <br> '''Ai pò taiad nau!''' ''I'm getting really tired!''

'''Prom''': avoidance <br> '''Smòl gel i prait prom dog i baite em.''' ''The little girl is afraid that the dog will bite her''

'''lo''', '''prom''' — comparative (dialect variation): <br> '''Dhis dhangal ia i mò big prom/lo nadhawan dhea''' ''This dugong is bigger than that one''.

'''We''': relative clause <br> '''Aus we Ama i stap i antap lo il we i gad wan big mango.''' ''The house where Aunty lives is on the hill where there is a big mango.'' <br> '''Boi we yumi bin paitem i krai go Ama bl'em.''' ''The boy that/who we fought went off crying to his Mum.'' <br> '''Òl pipol we i wande gud wòk i mas lane ingglis''' ''Everyone who wants a good job has to learn English.''

'''Waze''' ('''òlsem'''): in order, so that <br> ''ze em i ken luk òl wòk blo yumi.'' ''The Boss is coming so that he can see our work.''

==Vocabulary==
The language has vocabulary from various sources, though the dominant source is English. Here are lists of Non-English words found in Torres Strait Creole:

[[Kalaw Kawaw Ya]]: ''yawo'' 'goodbye', ''matha'' 'only, very', ''mina'' 'really, truly', ''babuk'' 'crosslegged', ''aka'' 'granny', ''puripuri'' 'magic action, spells, products, medicines etc.' (from the early Kauraraigau Ya [Kowrareg — the Southern dialect of [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]]] word ''puri''; in modern Kala Lagaw Ya the word is ''puyi'').

[[Meriam Mir]]: ''baker'' (''bakìr'') 'money' (beside the more general ''baks''), ''watai'' (''wathai'') 'bamboo break-wind fence'.

[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] ([[Malay language|Malay]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]], etc.): ''thalinga'' 'ear', ''bala'' 'brother, male friend', ''thuba'' 'coconut toddy', ''makan'' 'eat', ''dudu'' 'sit', ''kaikai'' 'eat', ''nene'' 'granny', ''datho'',  'grandfather', ''thawian'' 'brother-in-law'.

[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''pikinini'' child, ''sabe'' 'to know, understand, know how to, can'

==Sample texts==
'''Brokan''' i kriol langgus we òl i spikem lo dhem ailan blo Thoris Stret, lo nòthsaid gowe prom Kep Yòk, ausaid lo SauthWessaid blo Papua. I gad samwe waze 25,000 pipol i sabe tòkem waze namba-wan langgus, namba-tu langgus 'ne namba-thri langgus blo dhempla. Òl i yuzem lo plande ples waze langgus blo treiding an pò bai òl samthing. I gad siks kain Brokan: blo Papua, blo Westen-Sentrel, blo Tiai, blo Maleman, blo Esten, blo Kep Yòk. Òl dhem wòd blo em soem dhiskain pò yumpla, waze em i pizin blo Pasipik, dhasòl i gad wanwan thing, òlsem we yumpla spik pò taim we i go kam, yumpla yuzi dhis tòk: '''X [i] go meke samthing''', dhisan i gad rilesen lo Kriol blo Atlantic, blo Zameka.

Thri langgus we i òlsem Brokan i Pijin blo Solomon Ailan, Tok Pisin blo Niu Gini, ane Bislama blo Banuatu.

===The Lord's Prayer===
{{blockquote|
Padha blo mipla, yu we yu stap dhe antap lo eben,<br>
Nem blo yu mipla mas mekem oliwan,<br>
Bambai basalaya blo yu i mas kam,<br>
Òl i mas meke laik blo yu iya lo apaguwa, òlsem òl i mekem we eben.<br>
Gibi dhamba blo tide pò mipla,<br>
Pigibi òlgedha nugud pasen blo mipla, òlsem mipla pigibi nugud pasen blo dhempla we òl i meke nugud pasen pò mipla.<br>
No libi mipla go pò laik pò nugud thing,<br>
Kasa dhasòl lego mipla prom nugudwan.<br>
(Waze basalaya i blo yu, 'ne pawa,'ne glòri,)<br>
Amen.}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|title=Broken: an introduction to the Creole language of Torres Strait.|last=Shnukal|first=Ann|publisher=Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Dept. of Linguistics|year=1988|location=Canberra, ACT}}

==Further reading==
{{Incubator|code= tcs/Fran Pej}}
*{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/tsc.htm#| title=Torres-Strait Creole (Yumplatok)| website=Omniglot}}

{{Mid-pacific English-based pidgins and creoles}}
{{Languages of Australia}}
{{Torres Strait |state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia]]
[[Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands]]