View source for Tower 42

{{Short description|Skyscraper in the City of London}}
{{redirect|National Westminster Tower|National Westminster House in Birmingham|103 Colmore Row}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Tower 42
| native_name      = 
| former_names     = National Westminster Tower<br />International Financial Centre
| alternate_names  = NatWest Tower
| image            = Tower 42 from Horizon 22.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| caption          = View of the tower from [[Horizon 22]] in 2023
| location         = 25 [[Old Broad Street]], [[London]] EC2N 1HQ
| coordinates      = {{coord|51|30|55|N|0|05|02|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| start_date       = 1971
| completion_date  = 1980
| highest_prev     = [[BT Tower]]
| highest_next     = [[One Canada Square]]
| highest_start    = 1977
| highest_end      = 1990
| highest_region   = the [[United Kingdom]]
| architect        = [[Richard Seifert|R Seifert & Partners]]
| floor_area       = {{convert|30100|sqm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Tower 42|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tower-42/2216|website=Skyscraper Center|publisher=CTBUH|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>
| floor_count      = 47
| building_type    = Commercial
| roof             = {{convert|183|m|0}}
| elevator_count   = 21
| structural_engineer = [[Pell Frischmann]]
| main_contractor  = [[Mowlem|John Mowlem & Co]]
| website          = http://www.tower42.com/
}}

'''Tower 42''', commonly known as the '''NatWest Tower''', is a {{convert|183|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall|0}} [[skyscraper]] in the [[City of London]]. Designed by [[Richard Seifert]] and engineered by [[Pell Frischmann]], it opened in 1980 as London's first skyscraper and the [[List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom|tallest building in the United Kingdom]] at the time.

A prominent landmark that dominated the London skyline through the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, it is now the sixth-tallest skyscraper in the City of London and the 20th-[[List of tallest buildings and structures in London|tallest in London]] overall. Its original name was the '''National Westminster Tower''', having been built as [[NatWest]]'s international headquarters. Seen from above, the shape of the tower resembles that of the NatWest logo (three [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]] in a hexagonal arrangement).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&pg=PA574|title=The London Encyclopaedia|author1-first=Christopher|author1-last=Hibbert|author2-first=Ben|author2-last=Weinreb|author3-first=John|author3-last=Keay|author4-first=Julia|author4-last=Keay|page=574|edition=3rd|year=2011|publisher=[[Pan Macmillan]]|isbn=9780230738782|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> The tower was first occupied in 1980 and formally opened on 11 June 1981 by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g_g9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3662,2307323&dq=national-westminster-tower&hl=en Anne's baby to be called Miss Zara] ''[[Glasgow Herald]]'' 12 June 1981 page 1</ref>

Located at 25 [[Old Broad Street]] in the ward of [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]], it was constructed by [[Mowlem|John Mowlem & Co]] from 1971 and completed in 1980. It was London's first skyscraper, at {{convert|183|m|0}} high.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tower 42 |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/architecture/modern-architecture/tower-42 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=City of London |language=en}}</ref> It was superseded as the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in London|tallest building in London]] and the United Kingdom by [[One Canada Square]] at [[Canary Wharf]] in 1990. It remained the tallest in the City of London, until it was overtaken by the {{convert|230|m|ft|adj=mid}} [[Heron Tower]] in 2010.

The tower was severely damaged in the [[1993 Bishopsgate bombing]], after which NatWest undertook a full refurbishment and recladding of the building. In 1997, following restoration works, NatWest decided not to reoccupy and renamed it the '''International Financial Centre''', leasing floors to new tenants. NatWest sold the tower in 1998, and it was subsequently renamed Tower 42, in reference to its 42 [[cantilever]]ed floors.

Today, the building is a multi-tenanted office space offering Grade A facilities, as well as restaurants on the 24th and 42nd floors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.searchofficespace.com/sos-news/rent-office-space-in-tower-42-city-of-london.html |title=Rent Office Space in Tower 42, City of London &#124; the Search Office Space Blog &#124; Searchofficespace |access-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609000057/http://news.searchofficespace.com/sos-news/rent-office-space-in-tower-42-city-of-london.html |archive-date=9 June 2011  }}</ref> In 2011, it was acquired by South African businessman [[Nathan Kirsh]].

==History==
===Design and development===
[[File:Natwest-logo.jpg|150px|thumb|left|The tower's shape has been compared to that of the logo for [[NatWest]], although its architect [[Richard Seifert]] always denied the similarity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.building.co.uk/the-notorious-work-of-richard-seifert/5027597.article|title=The Notorious Work of Richard Seifert|publisher=building.co.uk|access-date=21 August 2014}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.newlondonarchitecture.org/dls/TB_B1.pdf|title=London's Growing Up!: NLA Insight Study|publisher=[[New London Architecture]]|page=44|isbn=978-0-9927189-1-6|year=2014|access-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821081503/http://www.newlondonarchitecture.org/dls/TB_B1.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
[[File:Tower 42 top massing model.svg|thumb|left|140px|Simplified plan and dimetric projection showing the shape of the top of Tower 42]]

The National Westminster Tower's status as the first skyscraper in the city was a coup for [[NatWest]], and it was extremely controversial at the time, as it was a major departure from the previous restrictions on tall buildings in London. The original concept dates back to the early 1960s, predating the formation of the National Westminster Bank. The site was then the headquarters of the [[National Provincial Bank]], with offices in Old Broad Street backing onto its flagship branch at 15 [[Bishopsgate]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Early designs envisaged a tower of {{convert|137|m}}; this developed into a design with a {{convert|197|m|adj=mid}} tower as its centrepiece, proposed in 1964 by architect [[Richard Seifert]]. The plan attracted opposition, partly because of the unprecedented height of the design and partly because of the proposed demolition of the 19th-century bank building at 15 Bishopsgate, which dated from 1865 and was designed by architect [[John Gibson (architect)|John Gibson]]. Seifert, who had developed a reputation for overcoming planning objections, organised an exhibition in which he presented two alternative visions: his preferred design, and a second design featuring a {{convert|500|ft|m|adj=mid}} tower with an "absurdly squat" second tower alongside.  Visitors were invited to vote and overwhelmingly chose the single tower design.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2001 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1360803/Richard-Seifert.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Richard Seifert }}</ref>  The final design preserved the [[Westminster Bank, London|Gibson banking hall]] and the tower's height was reduced to {{convert|183|m}}.

===Construction===
[[File:Bank and Royal Exchange c1974 - geograph.org.uk - 53261.jpg|thumb|NatWest Tower during construction, viewed from [[Bank junction]], c. 1974]]
Demolition of the site commenced in 1970, with the tower being completed in 1980. The building was constructed by [[Mowlem|John Mowlem & Co]]<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/mowlem-dives-into-the-red-7183532.html Mowlem dives into the red] ''[[Evening Standard]]'' 4 February 2005</ref> around a huge concrete core from which the floors are [[cantilever]]ed, giving it great strength but significantly limiting the amount of office space available.

In total, there are 47 levels above ground, 42 of which are cantilevered. The lowest cantilevered floor is designated Level 1, while in fact being the fourth level above ground.  The cantilevered floors are designed as three segments, or leaves, which approximately correspond to the three chevrons of the NatWest logo when viewed in plan. The two lowest cantilevered levels (1 and 2) are formed of a single "leaf"; and the next two (3 and 4) are formed of two leaves.  This pattern is repeated at the top, so that only levels 5 to 38 extend around the whole of the building.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

<!-- Need more insight on this first sentence, whether it makes sense in reference to its previous version or form before being edited.  -->The limitations of the design were immediately apparent, even though the building opened six years before [[Big Bang (financial markets)|Big Bang]]. There was less of a requirement for large trading floors, and the bank decided not to locate its foreign exchange and money market trading operation ("World Money Centre") in the tower; thus, the unit remained in its existing location at 53 [[Threadneedle Street]]. Other international banking units, such as [[International Westminster Bank]]'s London Branch and the Nostro Reconciliations Department remained at their locations (at 41 Threadneedle Street and Park House, [[Finsbury Square]], respectively) due to lack of space in the tower.

Innovative features in the design included double-decked lifts, which provide an express service between the ground/mezzanine levels and the [[sky lobby|sky lobbies]] at levels 23 and 24. Double-decked lifts and sky lobbies were both new to the UK at the time. Other innovative features included an internal automated "mail train" used for mail deliveries and document distribution; an automated external window washing system; and computer-controlled air conditioning.  The tower also had its own telephone exchange in one of the basement levels – this area was decorated with panoramic photographs of the London skyline, creating the illusion of being above ground.<ref name="autogenerated1979">Building innovation reaches the sky, ''[[New Scientist]]'' 18 January 1979</ref> 
[[File:NatwestTowerModel.jpg|thumb|right|Pre-construction model of the NatWest Tower, including concepts that were eventually abandoned, on display at the [[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]]]]

Fire suppression design features included pressurised stairwells, smoke venting and fire-retardant floor barriers. However, at the time of design, fire sprinkler systems were not mandatory in the UK and so were not installed.<ref name="autogenerated1979"/>

The cantilever is constructed to take advantage of the [[air rights]] granted to it and the neighbouring site whilst respecting the banking hall on that adjacent site, as only one building was allowed to be developed. For a time, it was the tallest cantilever in the world.

==Ownership==
Following NatWest's refurbishment of the tower, the bank renamed it the International Finance Centre, in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=NatWest could sell tower|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/natwest-could-sell-tower-1152033.html|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=20 August 2014|date=23 March 1998}}</ref>The building was subsequently acquired by Hermes Real Estate and [[BlackRock]]'s UK property fund in 1998 for {{GBP}}226 million.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goodway|first1=Nick|title=Outdated and second best, its time for the fall of Tower 42|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/outdated-and-second-best-its-time-for-the-fall-of-tower-42-6459424.html|website=Evening Standard|access-date=20 August 2014|date=15 April 2010}}</ref> In 2010 they put the property on the market at an expected price of {{GBP}}300 million. This would potentially have been the largest single commercial property sale in the City of London in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2010 |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-business/article-23823870-tower-42-skyscraper-on-market-for-pound-300m.do |title=Tower 42 skyscraper on market for £300m |work=Thisislondon.co.uk |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605113553/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-business/article-23823870-tower-42-skyscraper-on-market-for-pound-300m.do |archive-date=5 June 2011  }}</ref> In July 2010 it was reported that [[Chinese Estates Group]] had entered exclusive discussions to buy Tower 42.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marion Dakers |date=5 July 2010 |url=http://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/chinese-firm-exclusive-talks-acquire-tower-42 |title=Chinese firm in exclusive talks to acquire Tower 42 |work=[[City AM]]|access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> but this deal did not conclude and it was sold in 2011 to South African businessman [[Nathan Kirsh]] for £282.5 million.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/8971102/South-African-tycoon-Nathan-Kirsh-buys-Tower-42.html South African tycoon Nathan Kirsh buys Tower 42] ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' 21 December 2011</ref>

==Occupancy==
===NatWest occupation===
{{unref section|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Tower 42 009.jpg|thumb|upright|left|National Westminster Tower entrance forecourt in 1981]]
[[File:National Westminster Tower level 42 viewing gallery.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The NatWest Tower's viewing gallery at Level 42, as seen in 1981. This area is now in use as the Vertigo 42 champagne bar]]
[[File:Tower 42 (former Nat West tower) from dome of St Paul's Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 6442229.jpg|thumb|The City of London skyline, dominated by the NatWest Tower, in 1983]]
Upon completion, the tower was occupied by a large part of NatWest's International Division. The upper floors were occupied by the division's executive management, marketing, and regional offices, moving from various locations in the City of London. The lower floors were occupied by NatWest's Overseas Branch, moving from its previous location at 52/53 Threadneedle Street.

The adjacent annexe building at 27 Old Broad Street was occupied by NatWest's Overseas Branch cashiers and foreign notes and coin dealing operation.

===1993 bombing and refurbishment===
[[File:Tower42closeup.jpg|thumb|Tower 42 viewed from directly below]]
[[File:Canary Wharf and Gherkin.jpg|thumb|East-facing view from Vertigo 42]]
In 1993, NatWest had planned a major premises relocation that would have seen the International Banking Division move from the tower and be replaced with its Domestic Banking Division, enabling the bank to terminate its lease of the [[Drapers Gardens]] tower. These plans had to be abandoned after the tower was damaged in the April [[1993 Bishopsgate bombing]], a [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] truck bombing in the [[Bishopsgate]] area of the City of London. The bomb killed one person and extensively damaged the tower and many other buildings in the vicinity, causing a total of over £1 billion worth of damage to the area.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Baróid |first=Ciarán |year=2000 |title=Ballymurphy and the Irish War |url=https://archive.org/details/ballymurphyirish00baro |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/ballymurphyirish00baro/page/n347 325] |isbn=0-7453-1509-7}}</ref>  The tower suffered severe damage and had to be entirely reclad and internally refurbished at a cost of £75 million.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nick Goodway |date=15 April 2010 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/outdated-and-second-best-its-time-for-the-fall-of-tower-42-6459424.html |title=Outdated and second best, its time for the fall of Tower 42|publisher=Evening Standard |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> (Demolition was considered, but would have been too difficult and expensive.)<ref>''Terminal Architecture'', page 59, Martin Pawley, 1998, Reaktion Books ({{ISBN|1861890184}})</ref> The external re-clad was carried out by Alternative Access Logistics with the use of a multi-deck space frame system to access three floors at once with the ability to move up and down the whole building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternativeaccess.com/contracts/natwest-tower.php |title=The Natwest Tower, London - Multi-deck space frame system |publisher=Alternative Access Logistics Ltd. |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707120309/http://www.alternativeaccess.com/contracts/natwest-tower.php |archive-date=7 July 2011  }}</ref>

On 17 January 1996, during the repairs and possibly from the welding being undertaken, a fire started at the top of the building.<ref name=indy>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/500-workmen-escape-natwest-tower-blaze-1324488.html "500 workmen escape NatWest Tower blaze"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 18 January 1996. Retrieved 19 September 2010</ref> Five hundred workmen were evacuated and smoke was seen coming out of the top of the building.<ref name=indy/> A helicopter using thermal imaging equipment pinpointed the source of the fire, which was on the 45th floor in a glass-fibre cooling tower.<ref name=indy/> After refurbishment, NatWest decided not to re-occupy and renamed the building the '''International Financial Centre''', then sold it in 1998 to UK property company Greycoat, who renamed it Tower 42,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greycoat.com/portfolio/tower-42-estate-2/|work=greycoat.com|title=Tower 42 Estate}}</ref> a reference to its 42 cantilevered floors. It is now a general-purpose office building.

===Lighting display===
[[File:Torre 42, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 045.JPG|thumb|120px|left|Night view showing lighting display]]
[[File:Tower 42 LEDs.jpg|thumb|A close view of the lighting system]]
In June 2012, a Capix LED multi-media lighting system was installed around levels 39 to 45. This replaced the previous high-energy floodlighting at the top of the building. The lighting system forms thousands of pixels mounted on a chain netting that is affixed to the surface of the building. Each pixel is formed of three [[Light-emitting diode|RGB LED units]], allowing a variety of lighting designs and colours to be displayed. The system was designed by SVM Associates and [[Zumtobel Group|Zumtobel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svma.co.uk/index.php/about-svm/news/4-facilities-a-lifecycle-consultants/84-tower-42-olympic-led-lighting |title=Tower 42 Olympic LED Lighting |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011232153/http://www.svma.co.uk/index.php/about-svm/news/4-facilities-a-lifecycle-consultants/84-tower-42-olympic-led-lighting |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CAPIX |url=https://www.zumtobel.com/PDB//PDB/Ressource/teaser/EN/Capix.pdf |publisher=[[Zumtobel Group]] |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

The display featured the [[Olympic Rings]] during the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Olympic Games]] and the [[Paralympic symbols|Paralympic Agitos]] during the [[2012 Summer Paralympics|London 2012 Paralympic Games]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Ranking among London high-rise buildings==
The National Westminster Tower was the tallest building in London and the United Kingdom for 10 years. At its completion in 1980, it claimed this title from the {{convert|177|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=}} 189-metre (620&nbsp;ft) with antenna [[BT Tower|Post Office Tower]], a transmission tower located in [[Fitzrovia]].

[[File:Tower 42 viewed from 50th floor of 8 Bishopsgate, London.jpg|thumb|right|Tower 42 viewed from 50th floor of [[8 Bishopsgate]] on 28 February 2024, the date of the "Vertical Rush" charity stair climb event]]
By 2022, Tower 42 was the sixth-tallest tower in the [[City of London]], and the 18th-tallest in London overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/index.php?do=city&city=LON&country=GB |title=Home &#124; CTBUH Skyscraper Center |publisher=Buildingdb.ctbuh.org |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref>

==Previous buildings on the site==
* '''Gresham House''', built in 1563 by [[Sir Thomas Gresham]]. Gresham was a businessman who helped set up the [[Royal Exchange (London)|Royal Exchange]]. Upon the death of his wife in 1596, Gresham House became the 'Institute for Physic, Civil Law, Music, Astronomy, Geometry and Rhetoric', as directed by Gresham's will (Sir Thomas died 17 years earlier). Professors at [[Gresham College]], described as the Third University of England by Chief Justice Coke in 1612, included [[Robert Hooke]], [[Sir Christopher Wren]] and the composer [[John Bull (composer)|John Bull]]. The building survived the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire Of London]], and saw use as a garrison, a Guildhall and Royal exchange. The College moved to Gresham Street. Gresham House was demolished in 1768 and a new Gresham House was built in its place.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* '''[[Crosby Hall, London|Crosby Hall]]''', built in 1466 and named after its builder, the London merchant and alderman, [[John Crosby (died 1476)|Sir John Crosby]]. Its most famous occupant was [[Richard III|King Richard III]]. A famous visitor was [[William Shakespeare]]. A scene of his play, [[Richard III (play)|''Richard III'']], in which the future Richard III, then Duke of Gloucester, plots his route to the crown, is set in Crosby Hall.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* '''Crosby Place''', which was built in 1596, the year that ''Richard III'' was written.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* '''Palmerston House''' was a building that survived from the 19th century, through both world wars. It was named after the Third Viscount Palmerston. It stood at 51-55 Broad Street. It was occupied for some time by the [[Cunard Line|Cunard Steam Shipping Company]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Events==
An annual charity fundraising event called Vertical Rush takes place inside Tower 42. It is a vertical run of 932 steps to the top of the tower.<ref name=Rush>{{cite web|url=http://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/events/charity_challenge/vertical_rush|title=Vertical Rush|work=shelter.org.uk |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/8333578/Could-you-run-a-vertical-marathon.html|title=Could you run a vertical marathon?|first=Iain|last=Hollingshead|date=21 February 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> The 2024 event, raising money for [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]], took place on 28 February.<ref name=Rush/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Tower 42}}
* [http://www.tower42.com/ Official website]
* {{Structurae|id=20006904|title=Tower 42}}

{{Buildings in the United Kingdom timeline}}
{{London landmarks}}
{{UKSkyscrapers|Completed}}
{{City of London}}
{{NatWest Group}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in the City of London]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1980]]
[[Category:Richard Seifert buildings]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in London]]
[[Category:NatWest Group]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in England]]