View source for Transport in North Korea

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[[File:Road Map of Korea - DPLA - 1168318c0f7a055a942d6e31b43c9a0e.jpg|300px|thumb|right|1990 map of roads, rails, ports and airports, prepared by the [[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)|Ministry of Defense]] of South Korea]]
'''Transport in North Korea''' is constrained by economic problems and government restrictions. [[Public transport]] predominates, and most of it is electrified.

==Restrictions on freedom of movement==
[[Tourism in North Korea|Travel to North Korea]] is tightly controlled. The standard route to and from [[North Korea]] is by plane or train via [[Beijing]]. Transport directly to and from [[South Korea]] was possible with Vip Family Zone Tour and travel within the cities on a limited scale from 2003 until 2008, when a road was opened (bus tours, no private cars). [[Freedom of movement]] in North Korea is also limited,<ref name=unhcr>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,PRK,4562d8cf2,487ca236c0,0.html |title=UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 - North Korea |publisher=Unhcr.org |date=July 2, 2008 |access-date=2011-04-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018022844/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C487ca236c0%2C0.html |archive-date=October 18, 2012 }}</ref> as citizens are not allowed to move around freely inside their own country.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA24/002/2009/en North Korea: Freedom of movement, opinion and expression - Information sheet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216061547/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA24/002/2009/en |date=2015-02-16 }}, Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/44000/asa240022009en.pdf PDF], published 2 August 2009, accessed 2011-04-08</ref> On October 14, 2018, North and South Korea agreed to restore inter-Korean rail and road transportation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/koreas-to-reconnect-roads-rail-u-s-concerned-over-easing-sanctions-idUSKCN1MP0D0|title = Koreas to reconnect roads, rail, U.S. Concerned over easing sanctions|newspaper = Reuters|date = 15 October 2018}}</ref> On November 22, 2018, North and South Korea reopened a road on the Korean border which had been closed since 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181122006452315?section=national/defense|title = (2nd LD) Koreas connect road inside heavily fortified DMZ|date = 22 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=nov22>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/south-north-korea-connect-border-road-through-dmz/1318769|title = South, North Korea connect border road through DMZ}}</ref> On November 30, 2018, inter-Korean rail transportation resumed when a South Korean train crossed into North Korea for the first time since November 2008.<ref name=telegraphrail>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/30/first-train-decade-departs-south-korea-north-korea/|title = First train in a decade departs South Korea for North Korea|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 30 November 2018|last1 = Avagnina|first1 = Gianluca}}</ref> On December 8, 2018, a South Korean bus crossed into North Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=141408|title = Joint Inspection of N. Korea's Eastern Rail Line Begins}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2024|reason=Has changed since}}

==Roads==
{{See also|Roads in North Korea}}
[[File:NKroads.svg|thumb|Main roads of North Korea (as of 2009)]]
[[File:Motorway Map-KP.png|thumb|right|Map of [[motorways in North Korea]] (as of 2014)]]
[[File:Motorway future plan-KP.png|thumb|right|Future motorway plans (as of 2014)]]
[[File:Pyongyang Toyota Landcruiser.jpg|thumb|[[Left- and right-hand traffic|Right-hand drive (RHD)]] [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] in front of a [[Pyongyang]] hotel]]
Fuel constraints and the near absence of private automobiles have relegated road transportation to a secondary role.<ref name=Savada1994/> The road network was estimated to be around {{convert|31,200|km}} in 1999, up from between {{convert|23,000|km}} and {{convert|30,000|km}} in 1990, of which only {{convert|1,717|km}}, 7.5%, are paved.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} However, ''[[The World Factbook]]'' (published by the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]]) lists {{convert|25,554|km}} of roads with only {{convert|724|km}} paved as of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-north/ |title=North Korea: Transportation |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=July 13, 2013 }}</ref>

There are three major multilane highways in North Korea: the [[Pyongyang–Wonsan Tourist Motorway]], a {{convert|200|km|adj=on}} expressway connecting [[Pyongyang]] and [[Wonsan]] on the east coast, the [[Youth Hero Motorway]], a {{convert|43|km|adj=on}} expressway connecting Pyongyang and its port, [[Nampo]], and the [[Pyongyang-Kaesong Motorway]], a four-lane {{convert|100|km|adj=on}} motorway linking Pyongyang and [[Kaesong]]. The overwhelming majority of the estimated 264,000 vehicles in use in 1990 were for the military. Rural bus service connects all villages, and all major cities have bus and tram services.<ref name=Savada1994/> Since 1945/1946, there is [[Left- and right-hand traffic|right-hand traffic]] on roads.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} In cities, driving speeds are set by which lane a driver is in.<ref name="Newfocus1">{{cite web|url=http://newfocusintl.com/driving-in-north-korea/ |title=Driving in North Korea and Speed Limit Regulations |publisher=New Focus International |date=Feb 24, 2013 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717043831/http://newfocusintl.com/driving-in-north-korea/ |archive-date=July 17, 2013 }}</ref> The speed limits are {{convert|40|km/h}}, {{convert|60|km/h}}, and {{convert|70|km/h}} for the first, second, and subsequent (if existing) lanes ''from the right'', respectively. A white-on-blue sign informs about this.<ref name="Newfocus1"/> <!-- now some refutations to what Newfocus1 reports --> The leftmost lane, if it is number 3 from the right or higher and is not a turning lane, is often left vacant, even by tourist buses, while the second-from-right lane is generally used to overtake vehicles from lane one, such as public transport buses and trams.

Besides the blue in-city sign, all other occasions, such as motorways and roads outside cities, use the more widely known red-circle-with-number-inside sign to post speed limits. On motorways, the typical limit is {{convert|80|km/h}} and {{convert|100|km/h}} for lanes from the right, respectively, as posted on the [[Reunification Highway|Pyongyang-Kaesong highway]], for example. The rightmost lane of a motorway is sometimes, as seen on the Pyongyang–Myohyang highway, limited to {{convert|60|km/h}} near on-ramp joining points.

Automobile transportation is further restricted by a series of regulations. According to North Korean exile Kim Ji-ho, unless a civilian driver receives a special permit, it is forbidden to drive alone (the driver must carry passengers).<ref name="Newfocus2"/> Other civilian permits are a military mobilization permit (to transport soldiers in times of war), a certificate of driver training (to be renewed every year), a fuel validity document (a certificate confirming that the fuel was purchased from an authorized source), and a mechanical certificate (to prove that the car is in working order).<ref name="Newfocus2">{{cite web|url=http://newfocusintl.com/north-korean-traffic-police-moonlight-as-service-stations/ |title=North Korean traffic police moonlight as service stations |publisher=New Focus International |date=July 12, 2013 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715061520/http://newfocusintl.com/north-korean-traffic-police-moonlight-as-service-stations |archive-date=July 15, 2013 }}</ref>

Since about 2014, horizontally mounted traffic lights and cameras have been installed in central Pyongyang and other cities. Outside Pyongyang, [[roundabout]]s are often used on busy junctions.<ref name=38north-20210226>{{cite news |url=https://www.38north.org/2021/02/north-koreas-ever-expanding-red-light-camera-and-traffic-light-network/ |title=North Korea's Ever-Expanding Red-Light Camera and Traffic Light Network |last=Williams |first=Martyn |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center |work=[[38 North]] |date=26 February 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

As of 2017, [[electric bicycle]]s are becoming popular in [[Pyongyang]]; about 5% of bicycles are electric. Both locally produced and Chinese electric bicycles were available.<ref name=38north-20170406>{{cite news|url=http://38north.org/2017/04/rfrank040617/ |title=Consumerism in North Korea: The Kwangbok Area Shopping Center |first=Ruediger |last=Frank |publisher=U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies |work=[[38 North]] |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=10 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055001/http://38north.org/2017/04/rfrank040617/ |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref>

As of 2016 there is {{convert|26,176|km}} of road which is 25% of South Korea's road system in length.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-15/north-korea-s-economy-remains-tiny-but-has-some-bright-spots|title=North Korea's Economy Remains Tiny, But Has Some Bright Spots|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=15 December 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:DPRK Highway.jpg|A highway outside of Pyongyang
File:Roadworks in North Korea.jpg|Roadwork construction in North Korea. The blue truck in the foreground is a Chinese-made [[Dongfeng EQ140]].
File:Laika ac Pyongyang (7978789043).jpg|A road junction in Pyongyang
File:Pyongyang side street.JPG|A side road in Kaesong
</gallery>

==Public transport==
{{See also|Trams and Trolleybuses in North Korea}}
There is a mix of locally built and imported trolleybuses and trams in the major urban centres of North Korea. Earlier fleets were obtained from Europe and China.

For the list of trolleybus systems in North Korea, see this [[List of trolleybus systems#North Korea|list]].

Other forms of public transport include a [[Soho Line|commuters' narrow gauge railway]] from [[Hamhung]] to Hungnam which links to the 2.8 [[Vinylon]] Complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=《조선의 오늘》|url=https://dprktoday.com/news/28436|access-date=2021-01-16|website=[[DPRK Today]]}}</ref>

North Korea also has regularly scheduled motorcoach service connecting major cities and nearby towns to one another, which can be identified by their destination signs. For example, Pyongyang-Sariwon, or Pyongyang-Wonsan. Some bus lines supplement the electric transportation in Pyongyang, as seen in a 1989 map<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transphoto.org/photo/1168208/?gid=1760|title = Pyongyang — Maps — Photo}}</ref> that was likely obtained during the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students.

Some routes are still identifiable, such as the route 10, which now has a destination of Sadong-Daedongmun, and has its own stop on Okryu street. Some parts have changed much more drastically, like the southwest of Pyongyang, which has seen a lot of new construction. One thing that makes tracing the routes difficult is that all kinds of transportation vehicles in North Korea rarely show a route number, opting for a destination sign instead. Some buses may be used for non-regularly scheduled service, but are indistinguishable because all the buses are state owned and can be used for a variety of purposes.

<gallery>
File:DPRK trolley.jpg|Pyongyang tram in 2009
Image:In front of Pyongyang Station DPRK.jpg|Trolleybus near Pyongyang Railway Station in 2007
File:Tram North Korea PY.jpg|Former Zurich type Be 4/4 tram on the Kumsusan Memorial Palace line
File:Pyongyang bus.jpg|A Pyongyang Trolleybus Works Chongnyonjunwi
File:Proton Wira taxi in Pyongyang, North Korea.jpg|A [[Proton Wira]] yellow taxi in Pyongyang.
</gallery>

==Railways==
{{Main|Rail transport in North Korea}}
{{See also|Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge|Pyongyang Metro|North Korean leaders' trains}}
The [[Korean State Railway]] is the only rail operator in North Korea. It has a network of over {{convert|6000|km}} of standard gauge and {{convert|400|km}} of narrow gauge ({{cvt|762|mm|disp=or}}) lines; as of 2007, over {{convert|5400|km}} of the standard gauge (well over 80%), along with {{convert|295.5|km}} of the narrow gauge lines are electrified.<ref name="Hayato">Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道  (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), {{ISBN|978-4-10-303731-6}}</ref> The narrow gauge segment runs in the [[Haeju|Haeju peninsula]].<ref name="A Glimpse of North Korea's Railways">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/steam/trains/nkorea04.htm|title=A Glimpse of North Korea's Railways|author=Rob Dickinson|work=The International Steam Pages|access-date=4 July 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502142007/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/steam/trains/nkorea04.htm| archive-date = 2 May 2008}}</ref>

Because of lack of maintenance on the rail infrastructure and vehicles, the travel time by rail is increasing. It has been reported that the {{convert|120|mi|adj=on|order=flip}} trip from Pyongyang to [[Kaesong]] can take up to six hours.<ref>Paul French (2007). ''North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula&nbsp;– A Modern History''. 2nd ed. New York: Zed Books, p. 18, {{ISBN|1842779052}}.</ref>

==Water transport==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image4            = Nampho2.jpg
| caption4          = [[Nampo]]
| image1            = Pyongyang DPR Korea2b.jpg
| caption1          = [[Taedong River]] in Pyongyang
| image2            = Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge across the Yalu.jpg
| caption2          = [[Yalu River]] near [[Sinuiju]]
}}

Water transport on the major rivers and along the coasts plays a growing role in freight and passenger traffic. Except for the [[Yalu river|Yalu]] and [[Taedong river|Taedong]] rivers, most of the inland waterways, totaling {{convert|2,250|km}}, are navigable only by small [[boat]]s. Coastal traffic is heaviest on the eastern seaboard, whose deeper waters can accommodate larger [[marine vessel|vessels]]. The major [[port]]s are [[Nampo]] on the west coast and [[Rajin-guyok|Rajin]], [[Chongjin]], [[Wonsan]], and [[Hamhung]] on the east coast. The country's harbor loading capacity in the 1990s was estimated at almost 35 million tons a year. There is a continuing investment in upgrading and expanding port facilities, developing transportation—particularly on the Taedong River—and increasing the share of international cargo by domestic vessels.<ref name=Savada1994/>

===List of ports in North Korea===
*[[Chongjin]]
*[[Haeju]]
*[[Hamhung]]
*[[Kimchaek]]
*[[Kaesong]]
*[[Nampo]]
*[[Rasŏn]]/[[Najin]]/[[Rajin-guyok]]
*[[Sinuiju]]
*[[Sonbong]] (formerly Unggi)
*[[Songnim]]
*Ungsang
*[[Wonsan]]

===Merchant marine===
{{see also|North Korea Maritime Administration|List of North Korean merchant ships}}
In the early 1990s, North Korea possessed an oceangoing merchant fleet, largely domestically produced, of 68 ships (of at least 1,000 gross-registered tons), totalling 465,801 gross-registered tons ({{DWT|709,442|metric|disp=long}}), which included 58 cargo ships and two tankers.<ref name=Savada1994/> As of 2008, this has increased to a total of 167 vessels consisting mainly of cargo and tanker ships.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fleet by type
! Number
|-
| Total || '''167'''
|-
| [[Bulk carrier]] || '''11'''
|-
| [[Cargo]] || '''121'''
|-
| [[Aircraft carrier|Carrier]] || '''1'''
|-
| [[Chemical tanker]] || '''4'''
|-
| [[Container ship|Container]] || '''3'''
|-
| [[Cargo liner]] || '''3'''
|-
| [[Petroleum tanker]] || '''19'''
|-
| [[Reefer ship]] || '''4'''
|-
| Roll on/Roll off || '''1'''
|}

==Ferry Service==
North Korea maintains the ''[[Man Gyong Bong 92]]'', a [[ferry]] connecting [[Rajin-guyok|Rajin]] and [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |quote=The Man Gyong Bong 92 left the North Korean port of Rajin on Wednesday evening with about 40 passengers on a trial run. It arrived in Vladivostok on Thursday at 8 a.m., Russia's state-run Tass news agency reported. |publisher=[[UPI]] |title=North Korea ferry service launched between Rajin, Vladivostok |first=Elizabeth |last=Shim |date=May 18, 2017 |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/05/18/North-Korea-ferry-service-launched-between-Rajin-Vladivostok/2981495114268/?nll=1}}</ref>

==Air transport==
{{See also|Air Koryo| Pyongyang Sunan International Airport|List of airports in North Korea}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = Sunan airport terminal.jpg
| alt1              = The former terminal of [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]]
| caption1          = [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]]
| image2            = Air Koryo Tu 204 waiting for loading.JPG
| alt2              = [[Air Koryo]] [[Tupolev Tu-204]]
| caption2          = [[Air Koryo]] [[Tupolev Tu-204]]
| image3            = Air Koryo ramp.JPG
| alt3              = [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]] ramp
| caption3          = [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]] ramp
}}

North Korea's international air connections are limited in frequency and numbers.<ref name=Savada1994>{{Country study|article=''North Korea: A Country Study''|url=https://archive.org/details/PAM550-81 |author=Savada, Andreas Matles, ed. (1994) |accessdate=27 July 2013}} Fourth ed. Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. {{ISBN|0-8444-0794-1}}.</ref>  As of 2011, scheduled flights operate only from Pyongyang's [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]] to [[Beijing]], [[Shenyang]], and [[Vladivostok]]. Charters to other destinations operate as per demand. Prior to 1995, many routes to Eastern Europe were operated, including services to Sofia, Belgrade, Prague, and Budapest, among others. Since July 2025, [[Nordwind Airlines]] connects Pyongyang to [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow-Sheremetyevo]].

[[Air Koryo]] is the country's national airline and operates all civil aircraft in the country; it has a fleet of 19 passenger and cargo aircraft, all of which are Soviet or more modern Russian types. {{as of|2017}}, [[Air China]] also operates flights between Beijing and Pyongyang.

Internal flights are available between [[Pyongyang]], [[Hamhung]], [[Haeju]] (HAE), [[Hungnam]] (HGM), [[Kaesong]] (KSN), [[Kanggye]], [[Kilju]], [[Najin]] (NJN), [[Nampo]] (NAM), [[Sinuiju]] (SII), [[Samjiyon]], [[Wonsan]] (WON), [[Songjin]] (SON), and [[Chongjin]] (CHO).

As of 2013, the [[CIA]] estimates that North Korea has 82 usable airports, 39 of which have permanent-surface runways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-north/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-05-17 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Airports – with paved runways
! Number
|-
| Total || '''39'''
|-
| > {{convert|3,047|m}} || '''3'''
|-
| {{convert|2,438|m}} to {{convert|3,047|m}} ||''' 22'''
|-
| {{convert|1,524|m}} to {{convert|2,437|m}} || '''8'''
|-
|  {{convert|914|m}} to {{convert|1,523|m}} || '''2'''
|-
| < {{convert|914|m}}|| '''4'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Airports – with unpaved runways
! Number
|-
| Total || '''43'''
|-
| {{convert|2,438|m}} to {{convert|3,047|m}} ||''' 3'''
|-
| {{convert|1,524|m}} to {{convert|2,437|m}} || '''17'''
|-
|  {{convert|914|m}} to {{convert|1,523|m}} || '''15'''
|-
| < {{convert|914|m}}|| '''8'''
|}
It was reported that North Korean air traffic controllers had been cut off from the international global satellite communications network in 2017 because North Korea had not made the required payments. Traffic controllers at [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]] had to use conventional telephone lines to inform their counterparts at [[Incheon International Airport]] that the flight containing North Korean delegates to the [[2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Winter Olympic Games]] in South Korea had taken off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/paper-fuel-north-koreans-endure-widespread-shortages-sanctions/|title=From paper to fuel, North Koreans endure widespread shortages as sanctions take their toll|last=Ryall|first=Julian|date=2018-02-23|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-02-23|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Vehicle markings==
[[File:Pyongyang city Tram.jpg|thumb|A trolleybus in [[Pyongyang]] with three distance stars, indicating it has gone over at least {{convert|150000|km|||}} safely.]]
Road vehicles in North Korea bear '''distance stars'''. These are paint markings which display how far the particular vehicle has traveled without incident. Each star represents {{convert|50000|km|||}} travelled without an accident.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lankov |first1=Andrei |author-link=Andrei Lankov |title=Pyongyang and its people (notes of a Soviet student) |url=http://community.fortunecity.ws/meltingpot/champion/65/pyongyang_lankov.htm |website=North Korean Studies |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/yeowatzup/2929106850/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170711080833/https://www.flickr.com/photos/yeowatzup/2929106850/| archive-date = 2017-07-11| title = Tram, Pyongyang, North Korea {{!}} As car ownership is neigh on ... {{!}} Flickr}}</ref>

The DPRK [[Vehicle registration plates of North Korea|license plate]] background color denotes the vehicle type;

* Blue - Government issued vehicle
* Black - Military vehicle
* Yellow - Private vehicle for permitted persons who have contributed greatly to DPRK
* Green - Diplomatic
* Red - Non-governmental Organizations (NGO)

==See also==
* [[Tourism in North Korea]]
* [[Urban planning in communist countries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Cat=&Board=EarthTransportation&Number=722626&Searchpage=1&Main=722626&Words=north+korea&topic=&Search=true#Post722626 Download a map of the entire North Korean Railway system to Google Earth here.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621072633/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Cat=&Board=EarthTransportation&Number=722626&Searchpage=1&Main=722626&Words=north+korea&topic=&Search=true#Post722626 |date=2008-06-21 }}
* Ducruet, Cesar et Jo, Jin-Cheol (2008) Coastal Cities, Port Activities and Logistic Constraints in a Socialist Developing Country: The Case of North Korea, Transport Reviews, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–25
* Jo, Jin-Cheol et Ducruet, Cesar (2007) Rajin-Seonbong, new gateway of Northeast Asia, Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;927–950
* Jo, Jin-Cheol et Ducruet, Cesar (2006) Maritime trade and port evolution in a socialist developing country : Nampo, gateway of North Korea, The Korea Spatial Planning Review, Vol. 51, pp.&nbsp;3–24: https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141923/http://library.krihs.re.kr/file/publication/att_file/publication2/PR51_01.pdf
* DUCRUET, Cesar, JO, Jin-Cheol, LEE, Sung-Woo, ROUSSIN, Stanislas, 2008, Geopolitics of shipping networks: the case of North Korea's maritime connections, Sustainability in International Shipping, Port and Logistics Industries and the China Factor, International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), Dalian, China, April 2–4.
* DUCRUET, Cesar, ROUSSIN, Stanislas, 2007, The changing relations between hinterland and foreland at North Korean ports (1985–2006), 6th Inha & Le Havre International Conference, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, October 10–11.
* DUCRUET, Cesar, ROUSSIN, Stanislas, 2007, Inter-Korean maritime linkages: economic integration vs. hub dependence, 15th European Conference on Theoretical and Quantitative Geography, Montreux, Switzerland, September 7–11, pp.&nbsp;133–139 {{ISBN|978-2-940368-05-1}}.
* ROUSSIN, Stanislas, DUCRUET, Cesar, 2007, The Nampo-Pyongyang corridor: a strategic area for European investment in DPRK, Recent Changes in North Korea and the Role of the European Union, Institute of Unification Studies & Hans Seidel Foundation, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, June 1.
* ROUSSIN, Stanislas, DUCRUET, Cesar, 2007, Doing business in DPRK for the European companies: the logistic issue, Seogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, May 26.
* ROUSSIN, Stanislas, DUCRUET, Cesar, 2006, Logistic perspectives in DPRK, Annual Fall Meeting of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers, Seoul, Republic of Korea, September 15–16.
* Ducruet, Cesar et Roussin, Stanislas (2007) Coree du Nord : vers l'ouverture des ports maritimes, Journal de la Marine Marchande, No. 4566, Juin 22, pp.&nbsp;6–9.
* Ducruet, Cesar et Roussin, Stanislas (2007) L'archipel nord-coreen : transition economique et blocages territoriaux, Mappemonde, Vol. 87, http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num15/articles/art07302.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205003024/http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num15/articles/art07302.html |date=2008-02-05 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Transport in North Korea}}
* [http://www.airkoryo.com.kp/en Air Koryo official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203081352/http://www.airkoryo.com.kp/en |date=2012-12-03 }}
* [http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/ Pyongyang metro unofficial website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414230105/http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/ |date=2019-04-14 }}
* {{youTube|_U-kO7dAoO8|Drive through central Pyongyang at rush hour on National Day Holiday}}

{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Asia in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{Economy of North Korea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In North Korea}}
[[Category:Transport in North Korea| ]]