View source for Transportation engineering

{{short description|Academic discipline and occupational field}}
{{about|transportation engineering|transportation planning|transportation planning}}
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[[Image:Old Market Roundabout, Bristol.jpg|thumb|The engineering of this [[roundabout]] in [[Bristol]], England, attempts to make traffic flow free-moving]]

'''Transportation engineering''' or '''transport engineering''' is the application of technology and [[scientific principle]]s to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://civil.pcampus.edu.np/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/final-to-faculty-board-Transportation-MSc.pdf | title=Course Outline (Draft) M. Sc. in Transportation Engineering | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907060541/https://civil.pcampus.edu.np/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/final-to-faculty-board-Transportation-MSc.pdf | archive-date=2018-09-07 | publisher=Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Transportation Engineering? |url=https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105134827/https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=113 |archive-date=2024-11-05 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=CivilEngineeringBible.com |language=en}}</ref>Transportation engineering is considered a sub discipline of civil engineering, focusing on infrastructure systems that enable mobility of people and goods.<ref>[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784413616 American Society of Civil Engineers. ''Transportation Engineering: An Introduction'']. ASCE, 2014. ISBN 9780784413616.</ref>It addresses both passenger and freight systems, balancing safety, cost effectiveness, and environmental impact.<ref>[https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16016/ch1.htm Federal Highway Administration. "Advancing Transportation Systems Management and Operations – Chapter 1: Introduction"]. FHWA, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2025.</ref>

== Theory ==
The planning aspects of transportation engineering relate to elements of [[urban planning]], and involve technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually involves an urban [[transportation planning model]], requiring the estimation of [[trip generation]], [[trip distribution]], [[mode choice]], and [[route assignment]]. More sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or business location (known as [[land use forecasting]]). Four step travel demand models remain the standard tool for forecasting urban transport needs worldwide.<ref>[https://vtrc.virginia.gov/media/vtrc/vtrc-pdf/vtrc-pdf/22-R6.pdf Xie, Kun et al. "Incorporating the 10th Edition ITE Trip Generation Rates Into Virginia Guidelines"]. Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2025.</ref>Passenger trips are the focus of transportation engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any transportation system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transportation Engineering |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/transportation |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Civil Engineering |language=en}}</ref>

A review of descriptions of the scope of various committees indicates that while facility planning and design continue to be the core of the transportation engineering field, such areas as operations planning, logistics, network analysis, financing, and policy analysis are also important, particularly to those working in highway and urban transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic Signal Timing Manual: Chapter 4 - Office of Operations |url=https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08024/chapter4.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=ops.fhwa.dot.gov}}</ref> The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) list online the safety protocols, geometric design requirements, and signal timing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCEES Exam Reference Handbooks - NCEES Knowledge Base |url=https://help.ncees.org/article/87-ncees-exam-reference-handbooks |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=help.ncees.org}}</ref>

Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. The design aspects of transportation engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and thickness used in [[Pavement (roads)|pavement]] designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway (or track).

Before any planning occurs an engineer must take what is known as an inventory of the area or, if it is appropriate, the previous system in place. This inventory or database must include information on population, land use, economic activity, transportation facilities and services, travel patterns and volumes, laws and ordinances, regional financial resources, and community values and expectations. These inventories help the engineer create business models to complete accurate forecasts of the future conditions of the system. Advances in data collection, such as GPS and mobile phone tracking, have improved the accuracy of transport demand modeling.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2308-09 Stopher, Peter et al. "Smartphone-Based Travel Surveys"]. ''Transportation Research Record'', 2012. doi:10.3141/2308-09.</ref>

Operations and management involve [[traffic engineering (transportation)|traffic engineering]], so that vehicles move smoothly on the road or track. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) use communication technologies to manage traffic congestion and incidents in real time.<ref>[https://highways.dot.gov/research/operations/intelligent-transportation-systems Federal Highway Administration. "Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Research"]. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2025.</ref> Older techniques include [[Traffic sign|sign]]s, [[Traffic light|signals]], [[Road surface marking|marking]]s, and [[Toll road|toll]]ing.  Newer technologies involve [[intelligent transportation systems]], including advanced traveler information systems (such as [[variable message signs]]), advanced traffic control systems (such as [[ramp meter]]s), and [[vehicle infrastructure integration]]. Adaptive traffic signal control has been shown to reduce delays and fuel consumption at intersections.<ref>[https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08054/fhwahop08054.pdf Federal Highway Administration. "Benefits of Adaptive Signal Control Technology"]. FHWA, 2008.</ref>[[Human factors]] are an aspect of transportation engineering, particularly concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-is-transportation-engineering|title=What Is Transportation Engineering? (With Common Duties) &#124; Indeed.com}}</ref>

== Specialization==

=== Highway engineering ===
[[File:Typical roadway cross-section sheet in transportation engineering.jpg|thumb|A [[Cross section (geometry)|typical cross-section drawing]] of a roadway.]]
{{Main article|Highway engineering|Bicycle transportation planning}}
Engineers in this specialization:
*Handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other vehicular facilities as well as their related [[cycling infrastructure|bicycle]] and pedestrian realms
*Estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for projects
*Analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and capacity
*Use engineering principles to improve the transportation system
*Utilize the three design controls, which are the drivers, the vehicles, and the roadways themselves
*Highway engineering includes the application of geometric design standards such as lane width, curve radius, and grade to optimize safety. <ref>[https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/standards.cfm Federal Highway Administration. "Geometric Design / Design Standards"]. FHWA, retrieved September 29, 2025.</ref>

=== Railroad engineering ===
{{main article|Railway systems engineering}}
Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway (such as [[light rail]] or [[monorails]]).

Typical tasks include:

* Determine horizontal and vertical alignment of the railways
* Determine station location
* Design functional segments of stations like lines, platforms, etc.
* Estimate construction cost

Railway engineers work to build a cleaner and safer transportation network by reinvesting and revitalizing the rail system to meet future demands. In the United States, railway engineers work with elected officials in Washington, D.C., on rail transportation issues to make sure that the rail system meets the country's transportation needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aar.org/AAR/About-Us.aspx|title=Association of American Railroads|work=AAR|access-date=2011-06-30}}</ref>Railway systems engineering incorporates safety systems such as Positive Train Control (PTC) in the U.S to reduce collisions.<ref>[https://railroads.dot.gov/train-control/ptc/positive-train-control-ptc Federal Railroad Administration. "Positive Train Control"]. FRA, 2023.</ref>

Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

=== Port and harbor engineering ===
{{Distinguish|Naval architecture|marine engineering}}
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Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities. Port and harbor engineers also address dredging, breakwater design, and environmental protection.<ref>[https://www.pianc.org/ PIANC. "The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure"]. Retrieved 29 September 2025.</ref>

=== Airport engineering ===
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Airport engineers design and construct airports.  Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. The Civil Engineering Department, consisting of Civil and Structural Engineers, undertakes the structural design of passenger, terminal design and cargo terminals, aircraft hangars (for parking commercial, private and government aircraft), runways and other pavements, technical buildings for installation of airport ground aids etc. for the airports in-house requirements and consultancy projects. They are even responsible for the master plan for airports they are authorized to work with.

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Bicycle transportation engineering]]
* [[Highway engineering]]
* [[List of BIM software]]
* [[Pavement engineering]]
* [[Traffic engineering (transportation)|Traffic engineering]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Fundamentals of Transportation}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Transport engineering}}
* [http://www.ite.org Home] [[Institute of Transportation Engineers]], a professional society for transportation engineers
* [http://www.itsa.org A better future transformed by transportation technology and innovation.] ITS America
* [http://www.asce.org Home] ASCE

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{{Engineering fields}}

[[Category:Transportation engineering| ]]
[[Category:Engineering disciplines]]
[[Category:Civil engineering]]