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{{Short description|1657 alliance between Poland–Lithuania and Brandenburg}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                = Treaty of Bromberg
| long_name           =
| image               = Bydgoszcz 1657 sztych E Dalhberga.jpg
| image_width         = 300px
| caption             = [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg (Bydgoszcz)]] in 1657
| type                = Military alliance<br/>Legal status of the [[Duchy of Prussia]], [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]], [[Draheim|Draheim (Drahim)]] and [[Elbląg|Elbing (Elbląg)]]
| date_drafted        = 
| date_signed         = 6 November 1657
| location_signed     = [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg (Bydgoszcz)]], [[Poland]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 
| condition_effective = 
| date_expiration     = 1773
| signatories         = 
* {{flagdeco|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[John II Casimir Vasa]]
* {{flagicon image|Wappen Hohenzollern 2.svg}} [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]]
| parties             = 
* {{flag|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586|name=Poland–Lithuania}}
* {{flagicon image|Wappen Hohenzollern 2.svg}} [[House of Hohenzollern]] 
| depositor           =
| language            = Latin
| languages           =
| website             =
| wikisource          =
}}
The '''Treaty of Bromberg''' ({{Langx|de|Vertrag von Bromberg}}, Latin: Pacta Bydgostensia) or '''Treaty of Bydgoszcz''' was a treaty between [[John II Casimir Vasa]] and [[Prince-elector|Elector]] [[Frederick William I of Brandenburg|Frederick William]] of [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] that was ratified at Bromberg ([[Bydgoszcz]]) on 6 November 1657. The treaty had several agreements, including the '''Treaty of Wehlau''', signed on 19 September 1657 by the Brandenburg–Prussian and Polish–Lithuanian envoys in [[Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Wehlau]] (Welawa, now Znamensk). Thus, the Treaty of Bromberg is sometimes referred to as treaty of '''Wehlau-Bromberg''' or '''Treaty of Wehlau and Bromberg''' ({{langx|pl|traktat welawsko-bydgoski}}).

In exchange for military aid in the [[Second Northern War]] and the return of [[Ermland]] (Ermeland, Warmia) to Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian monarch granted the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] dynasty of Brandenburg hereditary sovereignty in the [[Duchy of Prussia]], pawned [[Draheim]] (Drahim) and [[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg) to Brandenburg and handed over [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] to the Hohenzollerns as a hereditary fief.

The treaty was confirmed and internationally recognized in the [[Peace of Oliva]] in 1660. Elbing was kept by Poland, but Lauenburg and Bütow Land and Draheim were later integrated into Brandenburg-Prussia. The sovereignty in Prussia constituted the basis for the later coronation of the Hohenzollern as [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian kings]]. Wehlau-Bromberg remained in effect until it was superseded by the {{ill|Treaty of Warsaw (1773)|lt=Treaty of Warsaw|de|Warschauer Vertrag (1773)}} (18 September 1773) after the [[First Partition of Poland]]. The Treaty of Bromberg later became regarded as one of the worst mistakes in Polish foreign policy towards Prussia after its consequences had become fatal to Poland.<ref>Miasta warmińskie w latach 1655-1663	Józef Włodarski Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Olsztynie,page 62, 1993</ref>

==Context==
{{Main|Duchy of Prussia|Second Northern War|Treaty of Labiau}}
[[File:Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg 3.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]], [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Elector of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|Duke of Prussia]]]]

The [[Duchy of Prussia]] was established as a Polish fief under [[Albert, Duke of Prussia|duke Albrecht (Albert)]] in the [[Treaty of Cracow]] of 8 April 1525.<ref>Jähnig (2006), p. 71</ref> The fief was hereditary, and if Albrecht or his brothers' house became extinct in the male line, the fief was to pass to the Polish king, who was to appoint a German-speaking Prussian-born governor.<ref name="Mallek75"/> On 4 June 1563, that provision was changed by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Sigismund II Augustus]] in a privilege issued at [[Petrikau]], which, in addition to Albrecht's branch of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] (Hohenzollern-Ansbach), allowed the [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] branch of the Hohenzollern as possible successors.<ref name=Mallek75>Małłek (2006), p. 75</ref> The privilege provided for the succession of the Brandenburgian electors as Prussian dukes upon the extinction of the House of Hohenzollern-Ansbach in 1618.<ref name=Mallek75/>

In 1656, during the early [[Second Northern War]], the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern took the Prussian duchy and [[Ermland]] (Ermeland, Warmia) as [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] fiefs in the [[Treaty of Königsberg (1656)|Treaty of Königsberg]], before the Swedish king released them from the vassalage and made them absolute sovereigns in those provinces.<ref>Vierhaus (1984), p. 169</ref> After fighting along with the [[Swedish Army]] in 1656, most prominently at the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]], Hohenzollern [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] was willing to abandon his ally when the war had turned against them and signalled his willingness to change sides if Polish King and Lithuanian Garnd Duke [[John II Casimir Vasa]] would grant him similar privileges as previously Swedish King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]], conditions that were negotiated in [[Wehlau]] (Welawa, now Znamensk) and [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg]] (Bygost, Bydgoszcz).<ref>Wilson (1998), pp. 36-37</ref>

The Polish interest in an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia was born out of the need to end the war against Sweden as soon as possible.<ref name=Frost98>Frost (2004), p. 98</ref> On 3 November 1656, the [[Truce of Vilna]] had promised [[Alexis of Russia]]'s election as a successor on the Polish throne at the next diet in return for halting [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|his offensive in Poland–Lithuania]] and to fight Sweden instead.<ref>Frost (2004), p. 82</ref> In the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], there was support for the treaty from the nobles, who hoped for positions with more privilege, but that was not true for the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]], where the elites looked for ways to circumvent Alexis's succession.<ref>Frost (2004), pp. 86, 89, 98, 103, 128, 132</ref> For a fast end to the war against Sweden to be able to avoid the implementation of the Truce of Vilnius, the anti-Swedish alliance had to be extended.<ref name=Frost98/>

The newly won Russian ally was reluctant to support Poland against Sweden as long as no diet had confirmed the truce.<ref name=Frost86>Frost (2004), p. 86</ref> A second ally, the [[House of Habsburg|Austrian Habsburgs]], were won in the [[Treaty of Vienna (1656)|first]] and the [[Treaty of Vienna (1657)|second Vienna Treaties]],<ref name=Frost95>Frost (2004), p. 95</ref> but the Habsburg forces were to be maintained by Poland, the prize for the alliance was bound to rise while the war lasted.<ref name=Frost98/> A third ally was [[Denmark-Norway]], which joined the anti-Swedish coalition in June 1657 after it had been triggered by the second Treaty of Vienna.<ref name=Frost95/> However, Denmark was not fighting on Polish soil, and although its involvement tied down Charles X Gustav's forces and a formal alliance with Poland was concluded in July, the Danish aimed to recover [[Skåneland|Scandinavian territories]], which had been lost at the [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)]].<ref name=Frost95/>

The Habsburgs' interest in the treaty was to build up good relations with Frederick William I. As a [[prince-elector]], he was a valuable ally if he supported their policy in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name=Frost97>Frost (2004), p. 97</ref> Thus, the Habsburgs were interested in Frederick William I changing sides and sent diplomat [[Franz Paul Freiherr von Lisola]] to mediate a respective settlement.<ref name=Frost97/>

Bromberg and Wehlau are regarded as "twin treaties",<ref name=Nolan334>Nolan (2008), p. 334</ref> "supplementary treaties"<ref>Stone (2001), p. 169</ref> or one treaty, which is sometimes referred to as "Treaty of Wehlau and Bromberg"<ref>Materna (1995), p. 318</ref> or "Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg."<ref name=Frost105>Frost (2004), p. 105</ref>

==Ratification==
[[File:Schultz John II Casimir Vasa.jpg|thumb|right|King [[John II Casimir of Poland]]]]
The preliminary treaty of Wehlau had been signed on 19 September 1657 by [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]]'s envoys von Schwerin and von Somnitz, as well as by [[List of bishops of Warmia#Prince-Bishops of Ermland / Warmia|Warmian (Ermland) prince-bishop]] {{Interlanguage link multi|Wacław Leszczyński (1605–1666)|pl|3=Wacław Leszczyński (prymas Polski)|lt=Wacław Leszczyński}} and [[Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski]] for the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], and [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] delegate and mediator Freiherr {{Interlanguage link multi|Franz von Lisola|de}}.<ref name=Frost97104>Frost (2004), pp. 97, 104</ref><ref group=nb>Signatories at Wehlau (per [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=110&comment=280&notrans=1 Annotated edition, IEG Mainz, retrieved 2010-02-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044127/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=110&comment=280&notrans=1 |date=2011-07-19 }}):
*Venceslaus de Leszno, episcopus Varmien[sis] s[acrae] r[egiae] m[ajesta]tis Poloniae et Sueciae plenipotentiarius
*Vincentius Corvinus Gosiewski, supremus thesaurarius et campiductor m[agni] d[ucatus] L[ithuaniae] s[acrae] r[egiae] m[ajestatis] Poloniae et Sueciae plenipotentiarius
*F[ranciscus] De Lisola, seren[issimi] m[ajestatis] Hungariae et Bohemiae regis ad hosce tractatum pro mediatione ablegatus, eiusdemque consiliarius
*Ottho Liber Baro a Schwerin, plenipotentiarius electoralis
*Laurentius Christophorus Somnitz, Plenipotentiarius electoralis</ref>

The amended and final version of the treaty was ratified on 6 November by Frederick William I and [[John II Casimir Vasa|John II Casimir]] in [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg]] (Bydgoszcz).<ref name=Biereigel63>Biereigel (2005), p. 63</ref><ref group=nb>The signatories at Bromberg also included [[Mikołaj Prazmowski]] and [[Kazimierz Samuel Kuszewicz]]. Annotated edition, IEG Mainz.</ref> The Brandenburgian elector and the Polish king attended the ceremony with their wives, [[Luise Henriette of Nassau]] and [[Marie Louise Gonzaga]], respectively.<ref name=Biereigel63/> [[Danzig]] (Gdansk) Mayor [[Adrian von der Linde]] was also present.<ref>van Stekelenburg (1988), p. 255</ref>

The Treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg were confirmed by the parties<ref name=Frost183>Frost (2000), p. 183</ref> and internationally recognized<ref name=Jaehnig68/> at the [[Peace of Oliva]], which ended the [[Second Northern War]] in 1660,<ref name=Frost183/> and by the Polish [[Sejm]] in 1659 and 1661.<ref name=Friedrich150/>

==Agreements==
The treaty ratified in Bromberg had three parts. The first one contained 22 articles<ref name=Kaminska9>Kamińska (1983), p. 9</ref> and dealt primarily with the status and succession of Prussia, the Brandenburg-Polish alliance, and military aid. It was drafted in Wehlau and signed there by the Brandenburgian and Polish plenipotentiaries and the Habsburg mediator. The second part was a special convention ("''Specialis Convention''") containing 6 articles, also drafted and signed by the plenipotentiaries and the mediator in Wehlau, which further detailed the alliance and military aid. The third part amended the Wehlau agreement and primarily detailed Polish concessions.<ref>Annotated edition, IEG Mainz, retrieved 2010-02-22</ref>

===Status of Prussia===
The [[Duchy of Prussia]]—where [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] had become fully sovereign by the Brandenburg-Swedish [[Treaty of Labiau]]—was likewise accepted by the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] to be the sovereign possession of the [[House of Hohenzollern]].<ref name=Jaehnig68>Jähnig (2006), p. 68</ref>

[[File:Wacław Leszczyński Primate of Poland.PNG|thumb|left|150px|Wacław Leszczyński (Venceslaus Les(z)no), [[Archdiocese of Warmia|archbishop of Ermland (Warmia)]]]]

However, [[Ermland]] (Ermeland, Warmia) was to be returned to Poland.<ref name=Jaehnig68/> And if the [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburgian]] Hohenzollern dynasty became extinct in the male line, the Prussian duchy was agreed to pass on to the Polish crown.<ref name=Jaehnig68/> That made [[Prussian estates]] have to pay conditional allegiance to an envoy of subsequent Polish kings upon their succession (''hommagium eventuale, Eventualhuldigung''), and they were released from previous oaths and obligations regarding the Polish crown.<ref name=Jaehnig68/>

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] in the former [[Duchy of Prussia]] was to remain subordinate to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia|archbishop of Ermland (Warmia)]],<ref name=Kaminska10>Kamińska (1983), p. 10</ref> retain its possessions and income and be granted [[religious freedom]].<ref name=Bahlcke124>Bahlcke (2008), p. 124</ref>

===Military aid===
[[Brandenburg-Prussia]] was obliged to give military aid to [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] against the [[Swedish Empire]] during the ongoing [[Second Northern War]].<ref name=Schmidt103>Schmidt (2006), p. 103</ref> [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] had in Wehlau agreed to aid [[John II Casimir Vasa]] with 8,000 men,<ref name=Motsch85>Motsch (2001), p. 85</ref> and both parties agreed on an "eternal alliance".<ref>Wilson (1998), p. 36</ref> In Bromberg, it was agreed that from his Prussian province, Frederick William I would dispatch 1,500 foot and 500 horse to join the army of the Polish-Lithuanian monarch.<ref name=Friedrich150>Friedrich (2006), p. 150</ref>

===Financial and territorial agreements===
[[File:Prussia during the Second Northern War.png|thumb|400px|Territorial changes following the Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg, compared to the pre-war situation (1654) and the treaties of [[Treaty of Königsberg (1656)|Königsberg (January 1656)]] and [[Treaty of Labiau|Labiau (November 1656).]]]]

In return, the Polish crown granted Brandenburg-Prussia [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] as a hereditary fief.<ref name=Schmidt103/> It was to be held under the same conditions as previously granted to the [[House of Pomerania]], free of duties except that the [[House of Hohenzollern]] had sent envoys to the coronations of successive Polish-Lithuanian monarchs, who were then to receive a written confirmation of the fief.<ref name=Schmidt103/> If the Hohenzollern dynasty had no male heir, the fief should return to the Polish crown.<ref name=Schmidt103/>

In addition to Lauenburg and Bütow land, Brandenburg-Prussia was to receive the town of [[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg).<ref name=Frost104>Frost (2004), p. 104</ref> In an amendment, Brandenburg-Prussia was obliged to return the town to Poland once the latter had bailed it out with 400,000 [[thalers]].<ref group=nb>The sum given for the Elbing ransom by historian [[Robert I. Frost]] is 40,000 thalers in Frost (2004), p. 104, and 400,000 thalers in Frost (2000), p. 200. It is 300,000 thalers in Oakley (1992), p. 103 and Wilson (1998), p. 135. Kamińska (1983), p. 12 gives 400,000 thalers. The commented edition of the treaty at the Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Institute for European History) in [[Mainz]] gives 400,000 reichstalers in the second amendment, overruling Article XII of the Wehlau tractates. Instead of providing 500 horse, Brandenburg-Prussia was to return Elbing and level its fortification upon receiving the payment. Sources given there are: AGADWarschau MK KK Volume 202, p. 40, print: Dogiel IV, p. 497; Pufendorf, p. 389; Dumont VI/2, p. 196; Dolezel, p. 208</ref>

The third Polish concession was the payment of 120,000 thalers to Brandenburg-Prussia for war-related damage suffered upon entering the war by Poland.<ref name=Frost104/> As a security for this payment, the district of [[Draheim]] was to be handed over to Brandenburg for three years.<ref name=Frost104/> The district comprised the town of [[Czaplinek|Tempelburg]] (now Czaplinek) and 18 villages at the border of [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburgian Pomerania]].<ref name=Motsch18>Motsch (2001), p. 18</ref> The sum was to be paid in annual rates of 40,000 thalers, and Brandenburg was to keep Draheim if the money had not been paid by the end of the third year.<ref name=Motsch85/>

For the [[Catholics]] in Draheim, [[religious freedom]] was guaranteed.<ref name=Bahlcke124/> The Hohenzollern also agreed to grant religious freedom to the Catholic Church in Lauenburg and Bütow Land.<ref name=Bahlcke124/><ref name=Schmidt103104>Schmidt (2006), pp. 103-104</ref> The Catholic communities were to stay subordinate to and to be represented by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek|Kuyavian bishop]] and keep all of their income, and the [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Electors of Brandenburg]] and the local nobility were to have patronage over the churches.<ref name=Schmidt104>Schmidt (2006), p. 104</ref>

The rights of the nobility of Lauenburg and Bütow Land were to be left unchanged, and previous court sentences and privileges were to remain in force.<ref name=Schmidt104/> The administration of the region should be conducted just as it had been handled by the Pomeranian dukes.<ref name=Schmidt104/> In a note issued separately from the treaty, [[John II Casimir Vasa|John II Casimir]] assured the nobles that Poland would continue to treat them as members of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and so the nobles would enjoy the same rights and opportunities as the Polish nobles if they decided to leave for Poland.<ref name=Schmidt104/>

==Implementation==
===Prussia===
{{multiple image|image1=Koenigsberg Huldigung im Schloßhof 1663.gif|image2=Map of East Prussia 1648.jpg|footer=Image: The [[Prussian estates]] paying homage to [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] in [[Königsberg Castle]], 1663. Map: [[East Prussia]]n regions, dates indicate the year of acquisition by the [[House of Hohenzollern]].|width1=235|width2=175}}
{{Further|Brandenburg-Prussia|King in Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia}}

The treaty first met with the protest of the [[Prussian estates]], which feared a loss of privileges.<ref name=Stone170>Stone (2001), p. 170</ref> As a leader of the opposition, [[Königsberg]] mayor [[Hieronymus Roth]] was incarcerated for 16 years until his death.<ref name=Stone170/> The estates' protests ended in 1663, when they swore allegiance to [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]].<ref name=Stone170/> The ecclesiastical subordination of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to the Polish [[Royal Prussia]]n [[Archdiocese of Warmia|prince-bishop of Ermland (Warmia)]] also caused tensions with the [[House of Hohenzollern]].<ref name=Kaminska10/> Despite those problems, sovereignty in the Prussian duchy provided the basis for the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern to crown themselves "[[King in Prussia]]" in 1701.<ref>Holborn (1982), p. 104</ref>

===Lauenburg and Bütow Land===
[[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] was officially handed over by John II Casimir's envoy [[Ignatz Bokowski]] and received by the Brandenburg-Prussian envoys [[Adam von Podewils]] and [[Ulrich Gottfried von Somnitz]] in April 1658.<ref name=Schmidt104/> During the ceremony, the non-noble inhabitants swore the same oath of allegiance to the Brandenburgian electors that had been sworn to the Pomeranian dukes, and the nobles swore a modified oath.<ref name=Schmidt104/> The oath was given by 63 noble families from the Lauenburg district and 43 families of the Bütow district, which was represented at the ceremony by 220 persons.<ref name=Schmidt104/> Three persons swore in [[Polish language|Polish]].<ref name=Schmidt104/> The Brandenburg-Prussian administration did not accept all of the families as nobles since in May, only thirteen indigenous and six immigrated Pomeranian families in the Lauenburg district and four families in the Bütow district were listed as nobles, the others being referred to as ''besondere freye Leute'' ("special free persons").<ref name=Schmidt104105>Schmidt (2006), pp. 104-105</ref>

The Brandenburgian electors amended their title with ''dominus de Lauenburg et Bytaw'', despite Polish protests aimed at a change from ''dominus'' (lord) to ''fiduciarus'' (fiduciary).<ref name=Schmidt103/> Until 1771, Lauenburg and Bütow Land was administered from [[Lauenburg]] (now Lębork), where the local ''Oberhauptmann'' had his seat; the nobles swore allegiance to the electors; and assemblies of the nobles were held in a ''[[landtag]]'', the Seymik.<ref name=Schmidt105>Schmidt (2006), p. 105</ref> After 1771, the region was governed from [[Stettin]] (now Szczecin), like the rest of [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburgian Pomerania]], and allegiance to subsequent [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian kings]] was given with the other Pomeranian estates in Stettin.<ref name=Schmidt105/>

The provision that Brandenburgian envoys were to be sent to the inauguration of subsequent Polish kings was followed until 1698, when Brandenburg-Prussia ceased to send delegations.<ref name=Schmidt103/> The Treaty of Bromberg was superseded by the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1773)]], which followed the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772.<ref name=Schmidt105/> In the new treaty, the terms of Bromberg were cancelled, including the guarantees for the Catholic Church and the nobles, and the Polish crown renounced all rights on Lauenburg and Bütow Land, which was accordingly no longer a fief and would no longer be inherited by the Polish king if the Hohenzollern line became extinct.<ref name=Schmidt105/>

===Elbing/Elbląg===
[[File:Elbląg- miedzioryt z XVIII wieku.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg)]]

In 1660, the [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] garrison withdrew from [[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg), but the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] seized it although it had not paid the sum that had been agreed on in Bromberg.<ref name=Frost105/> That made [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] not support Poland in the contemporary [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]],<ref name=Friedrich151>Friedrich (2006), p. 151</ref> but he yielded the neutrality agreement that he had concluded with [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] in 1656.<ref name=Friedrich150/> Poland would keep the town until the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772,<ref name=Frost105/> with short interruptions in 1698/1699 and 1703. In 1698, Polish King [[Augustus II the Strong]] permitted [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] troops to besiege and storm Elbing,<ref name=Wilson135>Wilson (1998), p. 135</ref> but the Prussian troops withdrew the following year when Russia mediated its exchange for the [[Polish Crown Jewels]] as a security for the bills receivable.<ref name=Wilson136>Wilson (1998), p. 136</ref> When Augustus the Strong failed to pay, the town was reoccupied in 1703, during the [[Great Northern War]], but the Prussians again withdrew shortly afterwards because of [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] pressure.<ref name=Wilson136/>

===Draheim===
[[File:Drahim1a.jpg|thumb|150px|Ruins of Draheim castle]]

In addition to Elbing, Poland aimed at also keeping Draheim, but Frederick William I was able to thwart those plans by occupying it in 1663.<ref name=Frost105/> In the 1720s, the government of the [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburgian province of Pomerania]] took over administrative tasks regarding Draheim, but it retained its independence from the Pomeranian province until the terms of the Treaty of Bromberg were superseded by the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1773)]].<ref>Motsch (2001), p. 25</ref> Before the 1773 treaty, Poland had the nominal right to bail out Draheim,<ref>Motsch (2001), pp. 18-19</ref> which was never pursued.<ref name=Motsch87>Motsch (2001), p. 87</ref> Nevertheless, the Polish crown underlined that right by granting privileges to the local [[Schultheiß|Schulze]] until 1680.<ref name=Motsch87/> In Article V of the Warsaw Treaty, Poland renounced its right to buy Draheim back and ceded it to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] "for eternal times".<ref name=Motsch87/>

==Assessments==
According to [[Robert I. Frost]] the [[House of Hohenzollern]], Wehlau-Bromberg was a "major geopolitical gain and surge in wealth and prestige",<ref name=Nolan334/><ref name=Frost97c>similarly: Frost (2004), p. 97: of "undeniable importance in the subsequent rise of Brandenburg-Prussia"</ref> and Poland had "substantially benefited" from Brandenburgian support during the war.<ref name=Frost105/> The concessions that Poland made in Wehlau and Bromberg were thought as tactical and open to later reversal, which did not happen because of Poland's internal weakness.<ref name=Frost105/> [[Christopher Clark|Christopher M. Clark]] says that [[John Casimir of Poland]] was "eager to separate Brandenburg from Sweden and to neutralize it as a military threat" when Poland–Lithuania was threatened by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and ready to accept the Hohenzollerns' demands because of pressure by the [[House of Habsburg]], which, after the emperor's incidental death earlier that year, needed to secure the elector's vote since its "urgings [...] carried considerable weight since the Poles were counting on Austrian assistance in the event of a renewed Swedish or Russian attack".<ref>Clark (2006), p. 49.</ref> Clark thus views [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]] as a "beneficiary of international developments beyond his control" and verifies his thesis by the post-Bromberg developments in which the elector lost all further war gains because of French intervention at the [[Treaty of Oliva]].<ref>Clark (2006), pp. 49-50.</ref>

[[Józef Włodarski]] regards the treaty as one of the greatest mistakes in Polish foreign policy towards Prussia with fatal consequences for Poland.<ref>Włodarski (1993), p. 62.</ref> According to [[Anna Kamińska (historian)|Anna Kamińska]], the treaty marked the end of Polish influence on the Baltic and the decline of Poland–Lithuania's position in Europe.<ref>Frost (2004), p. 97, referring to Kamińska (1983), p. 3</ref> Frost says that the treaty was subject to criticism of historians such as [[Kazimierz Piwarski]], who considered that the price paid by Poland in Bromberg was unnecessarily high.<ref name=Frost97kp>Frost (2004), p. 97, referring to K. Piwarski (1938)</ref> According to Frost, these critics argue from a view after the [[partitions of Poland]] and neglect the complexity of the contemporary situation: "Contemporary [Polish] politicians were aware of the dangers of conceding sovereignty, which they accepted not because they were stupid, indifferent, or lacking in foresight, but because the alternatives seemed more damaging to the Commonwealth's interests".<ref name=Frost97/> Frost regards as having merit Piwarski's assertion of the Polish decision to have been heavily influenced by the Habsburgs but also states that the Polish interest in a rapprochement with Brandenburg had emerged before 1656, long before Lisola entered the scene.<ref name=Frost97/>

==See also==
*[[Polish–Prussian alliance|Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian Alliance of 1790]]
*[[List of treaties]]

==Notes==
<references group=nb />

==Sources==

===References===
{{reflist|3}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book|last=Biereigel|first=Hans|title=Luise Henriette von Nassau-Oranien. Kurfürstin von Brandenburg|publisher=Sutton|year=2005|isbn=3-89702-838-7|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Christopher M.|author-link=Christopher Clark|title=Iron Kingdom: The Rise And Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947|publisher=Harvard U press|year=2006|isbn=0674023854|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedrich|first=Karin|author-link=Karin Friedrich|title=The Other Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|series=Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History|isbn=0-521-02775-6}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Robert I. Frost|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Frost|first=Robert I.|author-link=Robert I. Frost|title=After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|series=Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History|isbn=0-521-54402-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Holborn|first=Hajo|author-link=Hajo Holborn|title=A History of Modern Germany: 1648-1840|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1982|series=A History of Modern Germany|volume=2|isbn=0-691-00796-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo}}
*{{cite book|last=Jähnig|first=Bernhart|title=Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation|editor=Willoweit, Dietmar |editor2=Lemberg, Hans|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|location=Munich|year=2006|series=Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa|volume=2|pages=51–72|chapter=Die politischen und rechtlichen Außenbeziehungen des Herzogtums Preußen (1525-1660)|isbn=3-486-57839-1|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Kamińska|first=Anna|title=Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland. A study in diplomatic history (1669-1672)|publisher=J.G. Herder-Institut|year=1983|series=Marburger Ostforschungen|volume=41|isbn=3-87969-174-6}}
*Makiłła, Dariusz: Traktat welawski z 19 IX 1657 r. - dzieło pomyłki czy zdrady? Uwagi na tle historii dyplomacji polskiej w czasach drugiej wojny północnej (1654-1667).
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{{refend}}

==External links==

===Text of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043958/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=110&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=wehlau&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location=&comment=281 Scan of the treaty ratified at Bromberg, consisting of the terms regarding Prussia and Ermland (22 articles, Wehlau), the terms regarding the Brandenburg-Polish alliance (6 articles, Wehlau) and the amendments regarding Lauenburg-Bütow, Elbing etc, and hosted at ieg-mainz.de (Institut für Europäische Geschichte Mainz), 24 pages]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044127/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=110&comment=280&notrans=1 Annotated edition / transcription of the treaty hosted at ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044151/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=1398&page=1&lastsiteid=77&sq=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=wehlau&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location= Separate scan of the Brandenburg-Polish alliance against Sweden (Wehlau) hosted at ieg-mainz.de, 7 pages]

===Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045142/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=111&comment=387&notrans=1 Annotated edition of the Peace of Oliva, including the confirmation of Wehlau-Bromberg, Oliva 1660, at ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044228/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=112&comment=288&notrans=1 Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1672, transcription, ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044314/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=113&comment=296&notrans=1 Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1677, transcription, ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044335/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=114&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=wehlau&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location= Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1688, scan, hosted at ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044429/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=114&comment=301&notrans=1 Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1688, transcription, hosted at ieg-mainz.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044517/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=1400&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=wehlau&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location= Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1698, scan, hosted at ieg-mainz.de]

{{Second Northern War treaties}}
{{Pomeranian history|tre}}
{{Polish truces and peace treaties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bromberg, Treaty Of}}
[[Category:Northern War of 1655–1660]]
[[Category:1657 in Europe]]
[[Category:History of Germany–Poland relations]]
[[Category:1657 treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brandenburg–Prussia]]
[[Category:1657 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]