View source for Treaty of Paris (1763)

{{short description|Treaty ending the Seven Years' War}}
{{Distinguish|text= [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], the treaty that ended the American Revolution}}
{{For|other treaties of Paris|Treaty of Paris (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2019}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Paris (1763)
| long_name =
| image = SevenYearsWar.png
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = The combatants of the [[Seven Years' War]] as shown before the outbreak of war in the mid-1750s.
{{legend|#4D6DF3|Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies}}
{{legend|#22B14C|France, Spain, Austria, Russia, with allies}}
| type = 
| context = End of the [[Seven Years' War]] (known as the [[French and Indian War]] in the United States)
| date_drafted = 
| date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|1763|2|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Paris |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1763 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=8 February 2023 |date=3 February 2023}}</ref>
| location_signed = {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} [[Paris]], [[Early modern France|France]]
| date_sealed = 
| date_effective = 
| condition_effective = 
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|23|59|59|notime=yes}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|23|59|59|notime=yes}} -->
| negotiators = 
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[César Gabriel de Choiseul|César Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1748}} [[Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi]]
| signatories = 
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France|France]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1748}} [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| parties = 
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France|France]]
* {{Flagdeco|Spain|1748}} [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]]
* {{flagdeco|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| language = <!-- OR: -->
| languages = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1763)
| footnotes = {{See also|Treaty of Hubertusburg|l1=Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}
}}

The '''Treaty of Paris''', also known as the '''Treaty of 1763''', was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]], with [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] in agreement, following Great Britain and [[Prussia]]'s victory over France and Spain during the [[Seven Years' War]].

The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the [[French and Indian War]] in the United States),<ref name= "Marston">{{cite book |title= The French–Indian War 1754–1760 |url= https://archive.org/details/frenchindianwar00mars_617 |url-access= limited |last= Marston |first= Daniel |page = [https://archive.org/details/frenchindianwar00mars_617/page/n81 84] |publisher= [[Osprey Publishing]] |year=2002 |isbn= 0-415-96838-0}}</ref> and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763) |url= http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html | work = US history |quote= In a nutshell, Britain emerged as the world's leading colonial empire.}}</ref> Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of [[New France|France's possessions in North America]]. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve Prussia and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], as they signed a separate agreement, the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]], five days later.

==Exchange of territories==
During the war, Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of [[Canada (New France)|Canada]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Martinique]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Tobago]], the French [[Factory (trading post)|factories (trading posts)]] in [[French India|India]] including [[Chandernagore]] and [[Pondicherry]], the [[slavery|slave-trading]] station at [[Gorée]], the [[Sénégal River]] and its settlements, and the Spanish colonies of [[Manila]] (in the [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]]) and [[Havana]] (in [[Cuba]]). France had [[siege of Fort St Philip (1756)|captured Minorca]] and British trading posts in [[Sumatra]], while Spain had captured the border fortress of [[Almeida, Portugal|Almeida]] in [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], and [[Colonia del Sacramento]] in South America.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

[[File:New Map of North America (1763).JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.6|"A new map of North America" – produced following the Treaty of Paris]]
The treaty restored most of the territories to their original owners, but Britain was allowed to keep considerable gains.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War |url= http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/USA/TreatyParis.html | work = Then again}}</ref> France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Leon |first= Daniel De |date=1886|title=The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question|url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/2139304 |journal= Political Science Quarterly |volume=1 |issue= 1 |pages= 103–139|doi=10.2307/2139304|jstor=2139304|url-access= subscription }}</ref> Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France.<ref name= "WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/ |first=Thomas| last=Kitchin| title = The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1778 |access-date = 30 August 2013}}</ref> In return, France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago.<ref name=paris-4>"His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – Article IV of the [[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|12px|link=|alt=]] [[wikisource:Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris (1763)]] at [[Wikisource]]</ref>

France also ceded the eastern half of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]] to Britain; that is, the area from the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name=paris-7>"...&nbsp;it is agreed, that ... the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river [[Bayou Manchac|Iberville]], and from hence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes [[Lake Maurepas|Maurepas]] and [[Lake Pontchartrain|Pontchartrain]] to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France,&nbsp;..." – Article VII of the [[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|12px|link=|alt=]] [[wikisource:Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris (1763)]] at [[Wikisource]]</ref> France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain three months earlier in the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]], but Spain did not take possession until 1769. Spain ceded [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] to Britain.<ref name="WDL"/> In addition, France regained its factories in India but recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian [[Princely state|native states]] and pledged not to send troops to [[Bengal]]. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in [[British Honduras]] (now [[Belize]]) but retained a logwood-cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Extracts from the Treaty of Paris of 1763 |url= https://archive.org/details/extractsfromtre00spaigoog |quote= His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada. |publisher= A. Lovell & Co |year=1892 |page = [https://archive.org/details/extractsfromtre00spaigoog/page/n10 6]}}</ref>

France lost all its territory in mainland North America except for the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. France retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], where its fishermen could dry their catch. In turn, France gained the return of its sugar colony, Guadeloupe, which it considered more valuable than Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |first= Helen |last=Dewar |title=Canada or Guadeloupe?: French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760–1783 |journal= Canadian Historical Review |date=December 2010 |volume=91 |issue= 4 |pages=637–660 |doi= 10.3138/chr.91.4.637}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] had notoriously dismissed [[Acadia]] as {{lang|fr|[[quelques arpents de neige]]}} (a few acres of snow).

==Louisiana question==
The Treaty of Paris is notable because it furthered the transfer of Louisiana from France to Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-french-and-indian-war-ends |title=The French and Indian War ends – Feb 10, 1763 |website=HISTORY.com |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://international.loc.gov/intldl/fiahtml/fiatheme4c2.html |title=The Stakes of the Treaty of Paris |website=France in America | publisher=Library of Congress |language=en |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> However, the agreement to transfer had occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau, but it was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris gave Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], which was to be part of the British territory of [[West Florida]]). On the east side, New Orleans remained in French hands (albeit temporarily). The Mississippi River corridor in what is now Louisiana was later reunited following the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803 and the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] in 1819.

The 1763 treaty states in Article VII:<ref name=":0">{{cite wikisource |title=Treaty of Paris (1763)}}</ref>

{{quote|VII. In order to reestablish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all subject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth: It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article.|sign=|source=}}

==Canada question==
===British perspective===
The war was fought all over the world, but the British began the war over [[New France|French possessions in North America]].{{Sfn|Monod|2009|pp = 197–98}} After a long debate of the relative merits of Guadeloupe, which produced £6 million a year in sugar, and Canada, which was expensive to keep, Great Britain decided to keep Canada for strategic reasons and to return Guadeloupe to France.<ref>{{cite book |first= Colin G. |last= Calloway |title= The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&pg=PA8|year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=8|isbn= 978-0-19-804119-1}}</ref> The war had weakened France, but it was still a [[historical powers|European power]]. British Prime Minister [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]] wanted a peace that would not push France towards a second war.{{Sfn|Gough|1992|p=95}}

Although the Protestant British worried about having so many Roman Catholic subjects, Great Britain did not want to antagonize France by expulsion or forced conversion or for French settlers to leave Canada to strengthen other French settlements in North America.{{Sfn|Calloway|2006|pp = 113–14}}

===French perspective===
Unlike Lord Bute, the French Foreign Minister, the [[Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul|Duke of Choiseul]], expected a return to war. However, France needed peace to rebuild.<ref>{{cite book |first= Zenab Esmat |last=Rashed |title=The Peace of Paris |year=1951 |publisher= [[Liverpool University Press]] |page=209 |isbn= 978-0853-23202-5}}</ref> France preferred to keep its Caribbean possessions with their profitable sugar trade, rather than the vast Canadian lands, which had been a financial burden on France.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |title= Treaty of Paris, 1763 |publisher= Office of the Historian, United States Department of State |access-date=26 Aug 2019}}</ref> French diplomats believed that without France to keep the Americans in check, the colonists might attempt to revolt.{{Sfn|Calloway|2006|p = 114}} In Canada, France wanted open emigration for those, such as the nobility, who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown.<ref name="Calloway p 114">{{Harvnb | Calloway | 2006 |p = 114}}</ref> Finally, France required protection for Roman Catholics in North America.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Article IV stated:<ref name=":0" />

{{quote|IV. His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or [[Acadia]] in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.}}

==Dunkirk question==
During the negotiations that led to the treaty, a major issue of dispute between Britain and France had been over the status of the fortifications of the French coastal settlement of [[Dunkirk]]. The British had long feared that it would be used as a staging post to launch a French [[Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)|invasion of Britain]]. Under the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], the British forced France to concede extreme limits on those fortifications. The 1748 [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] had allowed more generous terms,<ref>Dull p.5</ref> and France constructed more significant defences for the town.

The 1763 treaty had Britain force France to accept the 1713 conditions and demolish the fortifications constructed since then.<ref>Dull p.194–243</ref> That would be a continuing source of resentment to France, which would eventually have that provision overturned in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]], which brought an end to the [[American Revolutionary War]].

==Reactions==
[[File:Allegorie op de Vrede van Parijs Paix rendue à l'Europe (titel op object) Pax Europae Reddita (titel op object), RP-P-1928-204 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Allegory of the Peace of Paris, entitled ''Paix rendue à l'Europe''. On the right, the figure of [[Pax (mythology)|Peace]] hands [[olive branch]]es to [[National personification|personifications]] of the party countries]]
When Lord Bute rose to the position of British prime minister in 1762, he pushed for a resolution to the war with France and Spain since he feared that Great Britain could not govern all of its newly acquired territories. In what [[Winston Churchill]] would later term a policy of "appeasement", Bute returned some colonies to Spain and France in the negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|first=Winston |last=Churchill |author-link=Winston Churchill (1940–2010) |title=The Great Republic: A History of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GT60TiK84WYC&pg=PA52|year=2001|orig-year=1999|publisher=Modern Library|page=52|isbn=9780375754401}}</ref>

Despite a desire for peace, many in the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] opposed the return of any gains made during the war. Notable among the opposition was former prime minister [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt the Elder]], who warned that the terms of the treaty would lead to further conflicts once France and Spain had time to rebuild and later said, "The peace was insecure because it restored the enemy to her former greatness. The peace was inadequate, because the places gained were no equivalent for the places surrendered."<ref>{{cite book |first=Brendan |last=Simms |title=Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783 |year=2007 |publisher=Allan Lane |isbn=978-0713-99426-1 |page=496}}</ref> The treaty passed by 319 votes to 65.<ref>{{cite book |first=William M. |last=Fowler |title=Empires at War: the French and Indian War and the struggle for North America, 1754–1763 |publisher=Walker & Company |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empiresatwarfren00fowl/page/271 271] |isbn=978-0802-71411-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresatwarfren00fowl/page/271 }}</ref>

The Treaty of Paris took no consideration of Great Britain's battered continental ally, King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]], who negotiated peace terms separately in the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]]. For decades after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Frederick II decried it as a British betrayal.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Many Protestant American colonists were disappointed by the protection of Catholicism in the Treaty of Paris.<ref name="Monod p 201">Monod p. 201</ref> Criticism of the British colonial government as insufficiently anti-Catholic and fear of the protections for Catholicism expanding beyond Quebec was one of many reasons for the breakdown of American–British relations that led to the American Revolution.<ref name="Monod p 201"/>

==Effects on French Canada==
[[File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png|thumb|Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink and Spanish territorial gains after the consummation of the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]] in yellow]]
The article permitted unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada. However, passage on British ships was expensive.<ref name="Calloway p 114" /> A total of 1,600 people left New France by that clause, but only 270 of them were French Canadians.<ref name="Calloway p 114" /> Some claim that there was a deliberate British policy to limit emigration to avoid strengthening other French colonies.<ref name="Calloway p 114" />

Article IV of the treaty allowed Catholicism to be practiced in Canada.<ref name="Conklin p 34">Conklin p 34</ref> King [[George III]] agreed to allow Catholicism within the laws of Great Britain, which included various [[Test Acts]] to prevent governmental, judicial and bureaucratic appointments from going to Roman Catholics. They were believed to be agents of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] pretenders to the throne, who normally resided in France and were supported by its government.<ref>{{cite book |first=Linda |last=Colley |title=[[Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837]] |year=1992 |page=78 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15280-7}}</ref> The Test Acts were somewhat relaxed in Quebec, but top positions such as governorships were still held by Anglicans.<ref name="Conklin p 34" />

Article IV has also been cited as the basis for Quebec's unique legal code that differs from the rest of Canada. There was a general constitutional principle in the United Kingdom allowing colonies taken through conquest to continue their laws.<ref name="Conklin p 35">Conklin p 35</ref> That was limited by [[royal prerogative]], which allowed the monarch to change the accepted laws in a conquered colony later.<ref name="Conklin p 35" /> However, the treaty eliminated that power because of a different constitutional principle, which considered the terms of a treaty to be paramount.<ref name="Conklin p 35" /> In practice, Roman Catholics were allowed to become jurors in inferior courts in Quebec and to argue based on principles of French law.<ref name="Calloway p 120">Calloway p 120</ref> However, the judge was British, and his opinion on French law could be limited or hostile.<ref name="Calloway p 120" /> If the case was appealed to a superior court, neither French law nor Roman Catholic jurors were allowed.<ref>Calloway p 121</ref>

Many French residents of what are now the [[The Maritimes|Maritime Provinces]] of Canada were deported during the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|Great Expulsion of the Acadians]] (1755–1763). After signing the peace treaty guaranteed some rights to Roman Catholics, some Acadians returned to Canada. However, they were no longer welcome in the British colony of Nova Scotia.<ref>Price, p 136</ref> They were forced into [[New Brunswick]], which became a bilingual province as a result of that relocation.<ref>Price p 136–137</ref>

Britain now owned much land that France had owned, and the French people of Quebec felt greatly betrayed by the French concession. The commander-in-chief of the British, [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffrey Amherst]] noted, "Many of the Canadians consider their Colony to be of utmost consequence to France & cannot be convinced&nbsp;... that their Country has been conceded to Great Britain."<ref>Calloway p 113</ref>

==See also==
* [[France in the Seven Years' War]]
* [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War]]
* [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]]
* [[List of treaties]]
* [[History of the French Navy from 1715 to 1789]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Gough |first= Barry M. |year=1992 |title=British Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris, 1763|publisher= Edwin Meller Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Monod |first= Paul Kleber |author-link= Paul Monod |year= 2009 |title=Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 1660–1837 |publisher= [[Wiley-Blackwell]]}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first= Sir Winston | orig-date = 1956–8, History of English speaking peoples | year=1999 |title= The Great Republic: A History of America |publisher=[[Random House]] |location= New York |isbn= 0-375-50320-X | editor-last = Spencer-Churchill | editor-first = Winston | editor-link = Winston Spencer-Churchill |url= https://archive.org/details/greatrepublichis00chur}}
* {{cite book |last=Conklin |first= William E. |year=1979 |title=In Defence of Fundamental Rights |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Dull |first= Jonathan R. |title=The French Navy and the Seven Years' War |publisher= [[University of Nebraska system|University of Nebraska]] |year=2005}}
* Hotblack, Kate (1908). "The Peace of Paris, 1763." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society''. '''2''': 235–267.
* {{cite book |last=Price |first= Joseph Edward |year=2007 |title=The status of French among youth in a bilingual American–Canadian border community: the case of Madawaska, Maine |publisher=[[Indiana University]]}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
{{Commons category|Treaty of Paris (1763)}}
* [https://www.chickasaw.tv/events/treaty-of-paris Treaty of Paris Profile and Videos] – Chickasaw.TV
* [http://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/histoire-et-memoire/article/le-traite-de-paris-du-10-fevrier The Treaty of Paris and its Consequences] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-paris-1763 Entry on the Treaty of Paris] from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris763.asp Treaty of Paris] at the Avalon Project of the Yale Law School

{{Seven Years' War treaties}}
{{New France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Paris (1763)}}
[[Category:Treaties of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:1763 treaties]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime|Paris (1763)]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain|Paris (1763)]]
[[Category:1763 in France]]
[[Category:1763 in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1763 in Spain]]
[[Category:1760s in Paris]]
[[Category:France–Great Britain relations]]
[[Category:French and Indian War]]
[[Category:History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]
[[Category:Military history of Quebec]]
[[Category:New France]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Canada]]
[[Category:1763 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1763 in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1760s in Canada]]
[[Category:1763 in New France]]
[[Category:1763 in North America]]
[[Category:Treaties signed in Paris|1763]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Quebec]]
[[Category:John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]]