View source for Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.

{{Short description|1855 treaty between the United States and Native Americans}}
[[Image:Wvatbethel1.jpg|thumb|right|A modern photograph of the Willamette Valley, ceded to the United States in the 1855 Kalapuya Treaty|alt=Farm fields spread into the distance, where a barn and far-off mountains can be seen]]

The '''Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.''', also known as the '''Kalapuya Treaty''' or the '''Treaty of Dayton''', was an 1855 treaty between the [[United States]] and the bands of the [[Kalapuya people|Kalapuya]] tribe, the [[Molala people|Molala]] tribe, the [[Clackamas (tribe)|Clackamas]], and several others in the [[Oregon Territory]]. In it the [[tribes]] were forced to cede land in exchange for promised permanent reservation, annuities, supplies, educational, vocational, health services, and protection from ongoing violence from American settlers.<ref name="oep" /> The treaty effectively gave over the entirety of the [[Willamette Valley]] to the United States and removed [[Native Americans in the United States|indigenous groups who had resided]] in the area for over 10,000 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mackey|first=Harold|title=The Kalapuyans : a sourcebook on the Indians of the Willamette Valley|publisher=Mission Mill Museum Association|others=Mission Mill Museum Association, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon|year=2004|isbn=0-9753484-0-X|edition=2nd|location=Salem, Or.|oclc=56116311}}</ref> The treaty was signed on January 22, 1855, in [[Dayton, Oregon]], ratified on March 3, 1855, and proclaimed on April 10, 1855.

It is not to be confused with the [[Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya]] of 1854, also known as the Treaty of Calapooia Creek.

==Background==
In the mid-1830s &mdash; partially driven by public interest in the concept of [[manifest destiny]] &mdash; the option of expanding across [[North America]] emerged.  Following this, writers began exhorting [[United States Congress|Congress]] to occupy the [[Oregon Territory]]. This drove some of the first American settlers to the region, and the development of the [[Oregon Trail]] began to bring larger numbers to the area by the early 1840s. Unlike [[California]], which was at the time still controlled by [[Mexico]], the lands that later became the Oregon Territory were only tentatively claimed by American or European settlers. Starting in the late 1700s, American and European explorers and settlers introduced a series of diseases, causing epidemics that decimated the populations of the Santiam, Tualatin, Yamhill, Luckiamute Kalapuyan, and other indigenous peoples who lived in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disease Epidemics among Indians, 1770s-1850s|url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/disease_epidemics_1770s-1850s/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=www.oregonencyclopedia.org|language=en}}</ref> By the 1850s, the remaining indigenous population had few options when faced with increased harassment and land encroachment from those who believed that the United States should reach to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Miller | first = Robert J. | title = Native America, discovered and conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2006 | pages = 152 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnP7tWU7hwC&dq=oregon+territory&pg=PA152 | isbn = 0-275-99011-7}}</ref>

Many of the early American 'settlers' moved to the [[Willamette Valley]], a fertile region drained by the [[Willamette River]], the home to Kalapuyan tribes for over 10,000 years.<ref name=":0" /> The Americans were not the first white settlers there; a group of [[French Canadian]]s, former employees of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], had made their homes in the [[French Prairie]] area of the valley. The Americans who arrived almost immediately began sending petitions and letters back east requesting the [[United States government]] to formally claim the area and protect them from real or perceived threats, both from the indigenous residents they were displacing and the British.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Dary | first = David | title = The Oregon Trail: An American Saga | publisher = Oxford University Press US | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YBZMbIYodWcC&q=willamette+valley | isbn = 0-19-522400-0}}</ref>

These Americans were part of a geopolitical rivalry between the United States and Great Britain over who would control the [[Oregon Territory]], which comprised the modern states of Oregon, [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], a portion of [[Montana]], and the province of [[British Columbia]]. In 1846, the two powers concluded the [[Oregon Treaty]], dividing the territory in half, disregarding the indigenous peoples inhabiting the lands. The lands of the Willamette Valley were thereafter part of the Oregon Territory of the United States, even though local tribes had yet to cede their land.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Favor | first = Lesli | title = A Historical Atlas of America's Manifest Destiny | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group | year = 2005 | url = https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000favo | url-access = registration | quote = oregon treaty. | isbn = 1-4042-0201-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs|title=Trust lands : hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on oversight hearing on taking lands into trust, May 18, 2005, Washington, DC.|date=2005|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|isbn=0-16-072848-7|location=Washington|oclc=61500120}}</ref>

==Treaty==
Congress appointed its first treaty commission to Native Americans in the region in 1850. Within a year, the commissioners had negotiated agreements with the [[Santiam people|Santiam]], [[Atfalati|Tualatin]], [[Kalapuya people|Yamhill]], and [[Luckiamute River|Luckiamute]] bands of the [[Kalapuya]]. These peoples were forced to give up their lands in return for settlement on a series of [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. However, before the commission had completed its work, Congress had revoked its credentials, and the treaties were never ratified.<ref name="oep">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Jette|first=Melinda|title=Kalapuya Treaty of 1855|url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/kalapuya_treaty/|encyclopedia=Oregon Encyclopedia Project|accessdate=2021-10-11}}</ref>

The natives continued to encounter conflict with white [[Settler|settlers]]. Oregon's early history includes numerous violent incidents between settlers and natives, including the [[Rogue River War]] to the south, which occurred in the early 1850s. While conflict in the Willamette Valley was not as overt, small-scale violence between settlers and natives was commonplace. In 1855, [[Joel Palmer]], the [[Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs]], concluded a second treaty with the remaining bands of natives. This treaty, generally referred to as the Kalapuya Treaty after the overarching name of the natives in the area, gave almost all of the Willamette Valley to the United States. The natives secured promises in return of a reservation and long-term support from the United States government in the form of money, supplies, health care, and the promise of protection from further attacks by settlers. At the time the treaty was signed, only 400 Kalapuya natives remained, having been reduced by disease and conflict.<ref name="oep"/>

In 1855 and 1856, these remaining natives were forcibly resettled in what became the [[Grand Ronde Reservation]], along with members of other native Oregonian groups. The reservation would continue to be served and recognized by the United States government until 1954, when the government terminated its trusteeship with the reservation. However, because the Kalapuya Treaty had been ratified by Congress and was therefore legally enforceable, it was used by the Kalapuya, now one of the [[Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde]], to regain federal support in 1983.<ref name="oep"/>

==Tribes and bands included==
<!--Note:I'm not sure on some of these what the modern names are. It's likely the treaty wasn't exactly accurate also. Katr-->
According to the text of the treaty, the following bands were included:
*[[Atfalati|Tualatin]] band of Calapooias
*Yam Hill band
*Cheluk-i-ma-uke band
*Chep-en-a-pho or [[Corvallis, Oregon|Marysville]] band
*Chem-a-pho or Maddy band
*Che-lam-e-la or [[Long Tom River|Long Tom]] band
*[[Molala people|Mo-lal-la band of Mo-lal-las]] (Upper Molalla)
*Calapooia band of Calapooias
*Winnefelly and [[Mohawk people (Oregon)|Mohawk]] bands
*Tekopa band
*Chafan band of the Calapooia tribe
*Wah-lal-la band of Tum-waters
*[[Clackamas (tribe)|Clack-a-mas tribe]]
*Clow-we-wal-la or Willamette Tum-water band
*[[Santiam people|Santiam]] bands of Calapooias

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-kalapuya-etc-1855-0665 Full text of Kalapuya Treaty]

{{Oregon Native History}}

[[Category:Willamette Valley]]
[[Category:Native American history of Oregon]]
[[Category:United States and Native American treaties|Kalapuya]]
[[Category:Kalapuya]]
[[Category:1855 treaties]]
[[Category:1855 in American law]]
[[Category:1855 in Oregon Territory]]