View source for Triglav

{{Short description|Mountain in northwest Slovenia; highest peak of the Julian Alps}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Troglav (disambiguation){{!}}Troglav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Triglav
| photo = Triglav.jpg
| photo_caption = Triglav viewed from the east
| map = Slovenia#Alps
| map_caption = Slovenia
| label_position = top
| listing = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| translation = three-headed
| location = [[Slovene Littoral|Littoral]], [[Upper Carniola]], [[Slovenia]]
| range = [[Julian Alps]]
| coordinates = {{coord|46|22|42|N|13|50|12|E|type:mountain_region:SI|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = 
| topo = 
| type = 
| age = 
| first_ascent = 1778
| easiest_route = scramble / via ferrata
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Triglav''' ({{IPA|sl|ˈtɾíːɡlaw|pron}}; {{langx|de|Terglau}}; {{langx|it|Tricorno}}), with an elevation of {{convert|2863.65|m|ftin|frac=8}},<ref name="Banovec1985"/>{{refn|group=notes|According to the measurement performed in 1985 from the [[Trenta (valley)|Trenta Valley]] by the [[Geodetic Institute of Slovenia]], it had an elevation of {{convert|2864.09|±|0.032|m}}.<ref name="Banovec1985">{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-CWSGIWBN/fdd34380-12dc-4a39-877f-422266abd32b/PDF |title=Triglav, 2864 metrov |trans-title=Triglav, 2864 meters |language=sl |journal=Planinski Vestnik |first=Tomaž |last=Banovec |date=March 1986 |volume=LXXXVI |issue=3 |page=106 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172443/http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-CWSGIWBN/fdd34380-12dc-4a39-877f-422266abd32b/PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> A new measurement by the Slovenian [[Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia|Surveying and Mapping Authority]] in 2016 showed an elevation of {{convert|2863.65|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://siol.net/sportal/sportal-plus/kako-visok-je-v-resnici-triglav-430202 |title=Kako visok je v resnici Triglav |language=sl|trans-title=How High Is Triglav Actually? |newspaper=Siol.net |date=22 November 2016}}</ref>}} is the highest [[mountain]] in [[Slovenia]] and the highest peak of the [[Julian Alps]]. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the [[Slovene nation]], appearing on the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|coat of arms]] and [[Flag of Slovenia|flag]] of Slovenia. It is the centrepiece of [[Triglav National Park]], Slovenia's only national park. Triglav was also the highest peak in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] before [[Slovenia's independence]] in 1991.

==Name==
Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 used the Latin name ''Ocra mons'', whereas [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]] called it ''[[Krma]]'' (the modern name of an Alpine valley in the vicinity) in the second half of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.planinskivestnik.com/files/File/PV_1903_12.pdf |language=sl|title=Kaj pripoveduje Valvasor o Krmi (Triglavu) |trans-title=What Does Valvasor Say about Krma (Triglav) |journal=Planinski Vestnik |pages=201–202 |first=Fran |last=Orožen |volume=IX |issue=12 |date=December 1903 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> According to the German mountaineer and professor [[Adolf Gstirner]], the name ''Triglav'' first appeared in written sources as ''Terglau'' in 1452, but the original source has been lost.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-BDTP8JVH/79b776aa-89e9-40e7-97c9-f15fe16b3940/PDF |language=sl|title=Odkrite zanimivosti |trans-title=Interesting Facts Discovered  |first=Ludovik |last=Zorzut |page=330 |journal=Planinski Vestnik |volume=XVII |date=July 1961 |issn=0350-4344}}</ref> The next known occurrence of ''Terglau'' is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/sl/documents/18325/25924/iz+zgod.+pisarn.PDF |language=sl |title=Iz zgodovine pisarniške slovenščine v 1. polovici 18. stoletja |trans-title=From the History of Administrative Slovene in the First Half of the 18th Century |first=Boris |last=Golec |journal=Arhivi |volume=XXIV |year=2001 |issue=1 |page=100 |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172205/http://www.arhivsko-drustvo.si/sl/documents/18325/25924/iz+zgod.+pisarn.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early forms of the name ''Triglav'' also include ''Terglau'' in 1612, ''Terglou'' in 1664 and ''Terklou'' around 1778–1789. The name is derived from the compound ''*Tri-golvъ'' (literally 'three-head'—that is, 'three peaks'), which may be understood literally because the mountain has three peaks when viewed from much of [[Upper Carniola]]. It is unlikely that the name has any connection to the Slavic deity [[Triglav (mythology)|Triglav]].<ref name="Snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |page=439}}</ref> In the local dialect, the name is pronounced {{IPA|sl|tərˈgwɔu̯|}} (with a second-syllable accent, as if it was written ''Trglov'', with the [[dark L]] experiencing [[L-vocalization|vocalization]]) in contrast to standard Slovene {{IPA|sl|ˈtɾíːɡlaw|}}.<ref>Bezlaj, France. 2005. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika'', vol. 4. Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, p. 224.</ref> The highest peak is sometimes also called Big Mount Triglav ({{langx|sl|Veliki Triglav}} {{IPA|sl|ˈʋéːliki ˈtɾíːɡlaw|}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenska zemlja: opis slovenskih pokrajin v prirodoznanskem, statistis̄kem, kulturnem in zgodovinskem obziru |date=1892 |publisher=Matica slovenska |location=Ljubljana |page=21}}</ref> to distinguish it from Little Mount Triglav<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Christopher |title=Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/onlynailsremain00chri |url-access=limited |date=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham, MD |page=[https://archive.org/details/onlynailsremain00chri/page/52 52]}}</ref> ({{lang|sl|Mali Triglav}} {{IPA|sl|ˈmáːli ˈtɾíːɡlaw|}}, {{convert|2738|m|sp=us|disp=or}}) immediately to the east.

==History==
The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved in 1778, at the initiative of the industrialist and polymath [[Sigmund Zois]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5txBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Triglavski ledenik |trans-title=Triglav Glacier |chapter=Najstarejši kartografski prikazi, pisne omembe in likovne upodobitve |trans-chapter=The Oldest Cartographic Depictions, Written Mentions and Visual Depictions |first=Matej |last=Gabrovec|publisher=Založba ZRC |isbn=9789612547318 |year=2014 |pages=26–27|display-authors=etal}}</ref> According to the most commonly cited report, published in the newspaper ''[[Illyrisches Blatt]]'' in 1821 by the historian and geographer [[Johann Richter (historian)|Johann Richter]], these were the surgeon Lovrenz Willomitzer (written as ''Willonitzer'' by Richter), the chamois hunter Štefan Rožič, and the miners Luka Korošec and Matevž Kos. According to a report by [[Belsazar Hacquet]] in his ''[[Oryctographia Carniolica]]'', the ascent took place towards the end of 1778, by two chamois hunters, one of them being Luka Korošec, and one of his former students, whose name is not mentioned.<ref name=Miksa>{{cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/11304528 |title=Man, Nature and Environment between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in Premodern Times |first=Peter |last=Mikša |chapter=Exploring the Mountains – Triglav at the End of the 18th Century |publisher=Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani [Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts: Historical Association of Slovenia] |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Štih |editor-first2=Žiga |editor-last2=Zwitter |year=2014 |isbn=978-961-237-723-6 |pages=202–215}}</ref>

Triglav's height was first measured on 23 September 1808 by [[Valentin Stanič]].<ref name=Miksa /> The first to put the name of the mountain on a map, written as ''Mons Terglou'', was [[Joannes Disma Floriantschitsch de Grienfeld]], who in 1744 published the map ''[[Ducatus Carniolae Tabula Chorographica]]''.<ref name="Perko">{{cite book |first=Perko |last=Drago |year=2001 |title=Analiza površja Slovenije s stometrskim Digitalnim modelom reliefa |trans-title=Analysis of the Surface of Slovenia with a 100-meter Digital Model of the Relief |place=Ljubljana |publisher=Založba ZRC |page=41}}</ref> The first map its name appeared on written as ''Triglav'' was ''[[Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin]]'' (Map of the Slovene Land and Provinces) by [[Peter Kosler]], completed from 1848 until 1852 and published in Vienna in 1861.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Vpliv razvoja kartografskih tehnik na podobe zemljevidov slovenskega ozemlja od 16. do 19. stoletja |trans-title=The Influence of the Development of Cartographic Techniques on the Appearances of the Maps of the Slovene Territory from the 16th Until the 19th Century |url=http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-I4BEVN7B/? |first1=Jerneja |last1=Fridl |first2=Šolar |last2=Renata |year=2011 |journal=Knjižnica |volume=55 |issue=4 |language=sl|publisher=Zveza bibliotekarskih društev Slovenije}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Triglav symbolically captured the primary drive by the Slovene resistance to the [[Royal Italian Army (1940–1946)|Fascist]] and [[Wehrmacht|Nazi]] armies.<ref name="Debeljak2004">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-VrRWU6n8EC&pg=PA57|title=Alter Ego: Twenty Confronting Views on the European Experience |chapter=Dreaming of Friends, Living with Foes |last1=Debeljak |first1=Aleš |last2=Snel |first2=Guido |isbn=978-90-5356-688-6 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2004 |page=57}}</ref> The [[Slovene Partisans]] wore the [[triglavka|Triglav cap]] from 1942 until after 1944.<ref name="Luštek1958">{{cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/73908601/1958 |chapter=Nekaj zunanjih znakov partizanstva |language=sl, fr |last=Luštek |first=Miroslav |trans-chapter=Some External Signs of the Partisan Movement |title=Letopis muzeja narodne osvoboditve 1958 |trans-title=The Yearbook of the Museum of the National Liberation 1958 |volume=II |editor=Bevc, Milan. |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=Museum of the National Liberation of the People's Republic of Slovenia |id={{COBISS|ID=172143}} |display-editors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515033946/http://www.scribd.com/doc/73908601/1958 |archive-date=15 May 2013  }}</ref>

Triglav was the highest peak of the now defunct [[Yugoslavia]]; it was both countries' highest and most prominent peak. The expression "from Triglav to the [[Vardar]]" (a river in southern [[North Macedonia|Macedonia]]) was a common synecdoche for Yugoslavia, referring to two prominent features at the geographic extremes of the nation.

==Landmarks==

===Aljaž Tower===
[[File:Triglav (2710580029).jpg|thumb|left|Aljaž Tower at the top of the mountain]]
{{main|Aljaž Tower}}
At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, the [[Aljaž Tower]] ({{langx|sl|Aljažev stolp}}). It acts as a storm shelter and a [[triangulation point]]. Along with Triglav, it is also a landmark of Slovenia and a symbol of the [[Slovenes]] and Slovene territorial sovereignty.

The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriot [[Jakob Aljaž]]. In early 1895, he drew up, with a piece of chalk on the floor of his room in the parish of [[Dovje]], plans for a cylindrical tower with a flag on its top.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planinskimuzej.si/?mod=aktualno&action=viewOne&ID=49 |title=Ali ste vedeli ... |trans-title=Did You Know... |publisher=Slovene Alpine Museum |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> In April that year he purchased the summit of Triglav for the sum of one [[Austro-Hungarian florin|florin]]. Having done so, he secured himself the right to erect a building on the mountain top.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?target=pdf&urn=SISTORY:ID:20487 |first=Peter |last=Mikša |title=Narodnostni boji v planinstvu na Slovenskem do 1. svetovne vojne |journal=Zgodovina Za Vse: Vse Za Zgodovino |language=sl|trans-title=National Battles in the Mountaineering in the Slovene lands Until World War I |issn=1318-2498 |pages=65–68}}</ref> The tower was constructed from iron and [[zinc]] coated [[sheet steel]] by Anton Belec from [[Šentvid, Ljubljana|Šent Vid nad Ljubljano]]. He and four workers brought the parts of the tower to the summit of Triglav and put the tower together in only five hours on 7 August 1895. The opening took place that same day. Aljaž donated the shelter to the Slovene Alpine Society today [[Alpine Association of Slovenia]].<ref name="Matica">{{cite web|url=http://www.planinskodrustvo-ljmatica.si/zgodovina_aljazev_stolp.html|title=Aljažev stolp vrh Triglava|publisher=Mountaneering club Ljubljana-Matica|access-date=13 November 2007|language=sl|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227194809/http://www.planinskodrustvo-ljmatica.si/zgodovina_aljazev_stolp.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 27 December 2007}}</ref>

In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, a [[spirit stove]], and the image ''Triglav Panorama'' by [[Marko Pernhart]] in the tower.<ref name="Cvirn2000">{{cite book |title=Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev |year=2000 |first=Janez |last=Cvirn |editor-first=Marko |editor-last=Vidic |publisher=Mladinska knjiga |isbn=86-11-15664-1 |page=271}}</ref> It was later repainted and renovated several times by [[Alojz Knafelc]] and others. In the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Communist era]], as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star.<ref name=RTV2013-12>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/news-in-english/slovenia-revealed/jakob-aljaz-built-a-tower-that-has-become-a-slovenian-symbol/325136 |title=Jakob Aljaž built a tower that has become a Slovenian symbol |first=Jaka |last=Bartolj |work=MMC RTV Slovenija |publisher=RTV Slovenija |date=17 December 2013}}</ref> However, it has now more or less been restored to its original appearance.<ref name="Gore-ljudje">{{cite web |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/3900/ |title=Stolp ima 110 let |publisher=Gore-ljudje.net |first=Maja |date=25 July 2007 |last=Belimezov |access-date=12 September 2008 |language=sl |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723140638/http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/3900/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The star was removed shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref name=RTV2013-12 /> On the proclamation of Slovene independence in June 1991, the [[flag of Slovenia]] was raised on top of the tower.<ref name="Gore-ljudje"/>
{{Clear}}

===Stanič Shelter===
In 1895, due to a lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of the Stanič Shelter. It is located {{convert|55|m}} below the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineer [[Valentin Stanič]]. The shelter has dimensions of {{convert|2.4|x|2.2|x|2|m|abbr=on}} and has room for 8 people sitting or 16 standing. Originally it also had a wooden door, benches, a table, and a chair. Its significance diminished after the [[Triglav Lodge at Kredarica|Kredarica Lodge]] was erected in 1896.

===Triglav Glacier===
[[File:Burger Slika TriglavskiLedenik Sep 2002.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Triglav Glacier in 2002]]
The Triglav Glacier ({{lang|sl|Triglavski ledenik}}) was located below the summit on the [[karst]]ified Triglav Plateaus ({{lang|sl|Triglavski podi}}), part of the northeastern side of the mountain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/449-triglavski-ledenik |title=Triglavski ledenik |trans-title=The Triglav Glacier |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Miha |last1=Pavšek |editor1=Šmid Hribar, Mateja |editor2=Torkar, Gregor |editor3=Golež, Mateja |editor4=Podjed, Dan |editor5=Drago Kladnik, Drago |editor6=Erhartič, Bojan |editor7=Pavlin, Primož |editor8=Jerele, Ines |display-editors=3 |access-date=3 May 2012 |language=sl}}</ref> Covering over {{convert|40|ha}} at the end of the 19th century, the glacier had shrunk to {{convert|15|ha}} by 1946,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/objave/BORKUM/0810Dnevnik/Triglav_Glacier_1946_2008_MM_MTC_MG_1.jpg |title=Regular Measurements on the Triglav Glacier 1946–2008: A Poster |first1=Miha |last1=Pavšek |first2=Matej |last2=Gabrovec |first3=Mihaela |last3=Triglav Čekada |year=2008 |publisher=Geographical Institute of Anton Melik, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023243/http://www.gore-ljudje.net/objave/BORKUM/0810Dnevnik/Triglav_Glacier_1946_2008_MM_MTC_MG_1.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> and after further shrinkage had fallen into two parts by 1992.<ref name="ARSO2011-11">{{cite web |url=http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=413 |first1=Matej |last1=Gabrovec |first2=Matej |last2=Pavšek |title=Spreminjanje obsega ledenika |language=sl|trans-title=Changes of the Extent of the Glacier |publisher=Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment |date=2 November 2011}}</ref> By 2011 it covered an area of only 1–3 hectares, depending on the season.<ref name="ARSO2011-11" /> It was no longer considered a glacier in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Triglavskega ledenika ni več, ostala je le še zaplata ledu |url=https://siol.net/novice/slovenija/triglavskega-ledenika-ni-vec-ostala-je-le-se-zaplata-ledu-video-508710 |access-date=4 October 2019 |work=SiolNET |agency=TSmedia |date=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Videmšek |first1=Maja Prijatelj |title=Prepozno za žalni venec. Triglavskega ledenika ni več |url=https://www.delo.si/novice/okolje/prepozno-za-zalni-venec-triglavskega-ledenika-ni-vec-233790.html |access-date=4 October 2019 |date=2 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kralj |first1=Anja |title=Triglavski ledenik bi lahko izginil v nekaj letih oziroma desetletjih |url=https://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/triglavski-ledenik-bi-lahko-izginil-v-nekaj-letih-oziroma-desetletjih.html |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=24ur.com |date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

==Geology==
Geologically Triglav is composed of a sequence of [[Triassic]] rocks arranged as a stack of [[thrust]] sheets, the uppermost of these, forming the summit of Triglav, is the Zlatna [[klippe]], an isolated fragment of the Zlatna [[nappe]]<ref name=Julian>{{ cite journal | title= Stratigraphy and structure of the Julian Alps in NW Slovenia | first1= Špela | last1= Goričan | first2= Aleksander  | last2= Horvat | first3= Duje  | last3=Kukoč | first4= Tomaž  | last4 = Verbič | date=2022 | journal = Folia Biologica et Geologica | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages =61–83 | doi = 10.3986/fbg0098 |url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363357504 | access-date = 22 July 2025| doi-access= free }}</ref> (also referred to as the Zlatenski plošči, Slatenskem pokrovu, Slatenskem narivu or Triglavskem pokrovu<ref>{{ cite journal | title= O Zlatenski plošči sensu Kossmat, 1913, Slatenskem pokrovu sensu Buser, 1986, Slatenskem narivu sensu Jurkovšek, 1987 in Triglavskem pokrovu sensu Ramovš, 1985 | first = Anton | last = Ramovš | journal = Geologija | volume = 43 | issn = 0016-7789 | doi = 10.5474/geologija.2000.010 | url =https://www.geologija-revija.si/index.php/geologija/article/view/885 | date =2000  | access-date = 22 July 2025| doi-access = free }}</ref>). In the Triglav area the Zlatna nappe has a well preserved sub-horizontal contact with the underlying Julian nappe<ref name=Julian/>{{refn|group=notes|figure 3 provides an impressive aerial photograph of the Julian Alps on which the position of the 'Zlatna klippe' is outlined.}} which is dominated by a thick succession of more than 1000m of limestones including a [[Cyclic sediments|cyclic]] sequence of [[Dachstein Formation|Dachstein Limestone]] of [[Norian]] to [[Rhaetian]] age.<ref name=prisonjnik>{{ cite journal | title= Middle Triassic carbonate-platform break-up and formation of small-scale half-grabens (Julian and Kamnik–Savinja Alps, Slovenia) | journal = Facies | date=2013 | volume = 59 | pages = 583–610 | doi = 10.1007/s10347-012-0326-0 | first1= Bogomir  | last1=Celarc | first2= Špela | last2= Goričan | first3= Tea   | last3= Kolar-Jurkovšek   | issue = 3 | bibcode = 2013Faci...59..583C |url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10347-012-0326-0 | access-date = 22 July 2025| url-access= subscription }}</ref><ref name=Razor>{{ cite journal | title=The Carnian-Norian basin-platform system of the Martuljek Mountain Group (Julian Alps, Slovenia): Progradation of the Dachstein carbonate platform | journal =Geologica Carpathica | date=2008  | first1= Bogomir  | last1=Celarc | first2= Tea   | last2= Kolar-Jurkovšek   |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282821394   | access-date = 22 July 2025}}</ref>

In the upper [[Triglav Bistrica|Vrata Valley]], near Kozja Dnina about 2km NNE of Triglav's summit, a sequence of [[Pelagic sediment|pelagic]] limestones of [[Carnian]] age is [[Outcrop|exposed]]. This has been known to [[paleontology|paleontologists]] from the beginning of the 20th century and has produced a variety of excellently preserved [[fossils]]<ref>{{ cite journal |url =https://www.geologia-croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/download/GC.1997.01/pdf_153/1893 | title = ''Valvasoria carniolica'' n.gen. n.sp., a Triassic Worm from Slovenia | date =1997 | first1= Tea   | last1= Kolar-Jurkovšek  | first2= Bogdan  | last2= Jurkovšek | journal = Geologia Croatica  | volume = 50 | pages = 1–5   | access-date = 22 July 2025}}</ref> which include 
[[bivalves]], [[brachiopods]], [[echinoids]], [[crinoids]], [[Starfish|asteroids]], [[ammonites]], [[Belemnitida|belemnites]], [[scleractinian corals]], [[shrimps]], [[lobsters]], [[fish]] and [[Thylacocephala|thylacocephalans]].<ref>{{ cite journal |url =http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/fulltext/1907_Laville_241013.pdf | title =Middle and Late Triassic thylacocephalans from Slovenia: implications for their diversification | date = 2024 | journal = Bulletin of Geosciences | volume =99 | issue =3 | pages = 219–253 | first1= Thomas  | last1= Laville | first2= Tomaz  | last2= Hitij | first3= Marie-Béatrice  | last3= Forel | first4= Rok  | last4= Gašparič | first5= Jure  | last5= Zalohar | first6= Sylvain  | last6= Charbonnier | doi =10.3140/bull.geosci.1907 | access-date = 22 July 2025}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==

===Folk literature===
The Triglav area is the setting of an old Slovene folk tale concerning a hunter seeking a treasure guarded by an enchanted [[chamois]] buck named ''[[Zlatorog]]'' ({{literally|Goldhorn}}, after its golden horns).

===Arts===
[[File:Markus Pernhart - Le Triglav (musée national de SlovénIe, Ljubljana) (9425890552).jpg|thumb|left|[[Romantic art|Romantic]] view of Triglav by the [[Carinthian Slovene]] painter [[Marko Pernhart]]]]
The earliest known depiction of Triglav is on the front page of the work ''[[Oryctographia Carniolica]]'', written by [[Belsazar Hacquet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/351-geologija-alpskega-sveta-slovenije |title=Geologija alpskega sveta Slovenije |trans-title=Geology of Alpine Landscapes of Slovenia |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI |first1=Ines |last1=Jerele |editor1=Šmid Hribar, Mateja |editor2=Torkar, Gregor |editor3=Golež, Mateja |editor4=Podjed, Dan |editor5=Drago Kladnik, Drago |editor6=Erhartič, Bojan |editor7=Pavlin, Primož |editor8=Jerele, Ines |display-editors=3 |access-date=3 May 2012 |language=sl}}</ref> It was a copper engraving made in 1778 by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/44870/ |title=Zgodovina slovenskega planinstva |newspaper=Gore-ljudje |date=2 April 2009 |first=Franci |last=Savenc |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053430/http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/44870/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most well known are [[Anton Karinger]] (1829–1870) from Ljubljana, [[Marko Pernhart]] (1824–1871) from [[Klagenfurt]], [[Valentin Hodnik]] (1896–1935) from [[Stara Fužina]], [[Edo Deržaj]] (1904–1980) from Ljubljana, and more recently [[Marjan Zaletel]] (born 1945), living in Ljubljana.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Bog Pan pride na Bivak za Akom |language=sl|trans-title=Pan the God Comes to the Shelter Behind Ak |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski Vestnik |first=France |last=Zupan |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Mountaineering Association of Slovenia |pages=6–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YOX6ZLOQ/5a19bfe3-da09-4269-8ece-b2a46b5cc7d5/PDF |title=Goram dajejo novo razsežnost |language=sl|trans-title=They Give Mountains a New Dimension |date=June 2006 |volume=111 |issue=6 |journal=Planinski Vestnik |first=Marjan |last=Bradeško |issn=0350-4344 |publisher=Alpine Association of Slovenia |pages=14–21}}</ref>

Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held for the poem "Oh, Triglav, My Home" ({{lang|sl|Oj, Triglav, moj dom}}). It was written in 1894 by the priest and poet [[Matija Zemljič]] and quickly became very popular among Slovene mountaineers. In 2007, its first stanza, accompanied by a melody of Jakob Aljaž, became the official anthem of the [[Alpine Association of Slovenia]]. An instrumental version of the poem, written by [[Bojan Adamič]], is part of the start and end credits of the annual [[ski jumping]] broadcasts from [[Planica]]. In 2023, the Slovenian [[industrial music|industrial]] act [[Laibach]] released their rendition of the song, titled "O, Triglav, moj dom."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imdb.com/title/tt27034800/ |title=Laibach featuring Severa Gjurin, Boris Benko & Tomi Meglic: O, Triglav, moj dom |website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 by [[Janko Ravnik]], was titled ''[[In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn]]'' ({{lang|sl|V kraljestvu Zlatoroga}}) and features an ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded the following year, was titled ''[[The Slopes of Mount Triglav]]'' ({{lang|sl|Triglavske strmine}}). It was directed by [[Ferdo Delak]] and was a romantic story featuring a wedding on the top of Triglav.

Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art group [[OHO (art group)|OHO]], called ''Mount Triglav'', which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana's [[Congress Square]]. In 2004, the group [[IRWIN]] produced a series of paintings named ''Like to Like/ Mount Triglav''. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artists [[Janez Janša (director)]], [[Janez Janša (visual artist)]] and [[Janez Janša (performance artist)]] called ''Mount Triglav on Mount Triglav''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aksioma.org/sec/texts/eng_suvakovic.pdf  |title=3x Triglav: kontroverznosti in problemi okrog Triglava |trans-title=3x Triglav: Controversies and Problems Regarding Mount Triglav |first=Miško |last=Šuvaković |year=2007 |publisher=Axioma}}</ref>

===National symbol===
[[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|thumb|upright|left|Coat of arms of Slovenia, with a stylized depiction of Triglav]]
{{main|Coat of arms of Slovenia}}
[[File:Triglavka.jpg|thumb|A Slovene Partisan [[triglavka]]]]
A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|Slovene coat of arms]], designed by the sculptor [[Marko Pogačnik]], and is in turn featured on the [[flag of Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=199467&stevilka=2392 |title=Zakon o grbu, zastavi in himni Republike Slovenije ter o slovenski narodni zastavi |language=sl|trans-title=The Law on the Coat of Arms, the Flag and the Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and on the Slovene National Flag |date=21 October 1994 |newspaper=Uradni list [Official Gazette]}}</ref> Alongside San Marino and Slovakia, Slovenia is the only other country in Europe and one of the few in the world to feature a mountain on its coat of arms.<ref name=Otorepec>{{cite book |url=http://retro.seals.ch/cntmng;jsessionid=4115318D48196A93F7AF15AE8C73CE1F |chapter=Triglav: ein Symbolberg |language=de, fr |trans-chapter=Triglav: a Symbol Mountain |first=Božo |last=Otorepec |year=1997 |issue=2 |title=Les Alpes de Slovénie = Die Alpen Sloweniens |pages=137–142 |id={{COBISS|ID=8328237}} |isbn=3-905312-38-7 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]].

The first to depict Triglav as the symbol of the Slovenes was the architect [[Jože Plečnik]], who in 1934 put it besides other coats-of-arms of the nations of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] on the coat of the statue of the Mother of God in front of the parish church in [[Bled]].<ref name=Otorepec />

During World War II, the stylised Triglav was the symbol of the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation]] resistance movement.<ref name=Otorepec /> The distinctive three-pronged caps worn by [[Slovene Partisans]] during [[World War II in the Slovene Lands|World War II]] were known as ''[[triglavka]]s''.

A relief map of the mountain is the design on the national side of the Slovene [[Slovenian euro coins|50 eurocent coin]].

The former Slovene president [[Milan Kučan]] once proclaimed that it is a duty of every Slovenian person to climb Triglav at least once in their lifetime.
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==See also==
{{portal|Alps}}
* [[Triglav Lakes Valley]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |date=February 1959 |first=Željko |last=Poljak |chapter=Triglav |pages=27–28 |title=Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 |issn=0354-0650 |volume=XI |issue=1–2 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/195901.pdf |language=hr}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Triglav}}
* [http://www.hiking-trail.net/mountain/triglav/1/1 Julian Alps: Triglav] Hribi.net. Detailed information and images. 
* [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150787/triglav.html Julian Alps: Triglav]. SummitPost.org. Detailed information, maps and images.

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{{Ultras of Europe}}
{{Slovenia topics}}
{{Highest points of Europe}}
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[[Category:Triglav| ]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Julian Alps]]
[[Category:Triglav National Park]]
[[Category:Two-thousanders of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries]]
[[Category:National symbols of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe]]