View source for Tringa

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{For|the commune of Mali|Tringa, Mali}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Common Greenshank & Common Redshank.jpg
| image_caption = [[Common greenshank]] (''Tringa nebularia'') and [[common redshank]] (''Tringa totanus'') at Cuckmere Haven, Sussex, England
| taxon = Tringa
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''Tringa ochropus'' ([[green sandpiper]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
13, see text
| synonyms = *''Catatrophorus'' <small>Jardine, 1849 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptophorus'' <small>Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptrophonus'' <small>Gray, 1871 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catoptrophorus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1827</small>
* ''Catorthrophorus'' <small>Brehm, 1855 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Catroptophorus'' <small>Giebel, 1877 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Helodromas''
* ''Heteroscelus'' <small>Baird, 1858</small>
* ''Pseudototanus''
* ''Rhyacophilus'' <small>Kaup, 1829</small>
* ''Rhyacophorus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1842 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyacophylus'' <small>Lillo, 1905 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhynchophilus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyncophilus'' <small>Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Rhyocophilus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854 (unjustified emendation)</small>
* ''Totanus'' <small>Bechstein, 1803</small>
* ''Trynga'' <small>Möhring, 1758 ([[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|suppressed]])</small>
}}

'''''Tringa''''' is a [[genus]] of [[wader]]s, containing the '''shanks''' and '''[[Tattler (bird)|tattlers]]'''. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by the Italian naturalist [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] in 1599. They are mainly freshwater birds, often with brightly coloured legs as reflected in the English names of six species, as well as the [[specific name (zoology)|specific names]] of two of these and the [[green sandpiper]]. They are typically associated with northern hemisphere temperate regions for breeding. Some of this group—notably the green sandpiper—nest in trees, using the old nests of other birds, usually [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]].

The [[willet]] and the tattlers have been found to belong in ''Tringa''; these genus changes were formally adopted by the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] in 2006.<ref>Pereira & Baker (2005), Banks ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>

The present genus in the old, more limited sense was even further subdivided into ''Tringa'' proper and ''[[Totanus]]'', either as [[subgenera]] or as full genera. The available [[DNA sequence]] data suggests however that neither of these is [[monophyletic]] and that the latter simply lumps together a number of more or less closely related [[apomorph]]ic species. ''Totanus'' is not therefore now accepted even as a subgenus.<ref>Ballmann (1969), Pereira & Baker (2005)</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The [[genus]] ''Tringa'' was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=148 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727055 }}</ref> The name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by the Italian naturalist [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] in 1603 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]].<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n390 390]}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Aldrovandi| first=Ulisse | author-link=Ulisse Aldrovandi | year=1603 | title=Vlyssis Aldrovandi philosophi ac medici Bononiensis historiam naturalem in gymnasio Bononiensi profitentis, Ornithologiae | volume=3 | language=Latin | location=Bononiae (Bologna, Italy) | publisher=Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem | pages=480–483, Lib. 20 Cap. 54  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by5gAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA480 }}<!--BHL have a 1637 edition with similar pagination--></ref><!--Vol 1 published in 1599 but Vol 3 in 1603--> The [[type species]] is the [[green sandpiper]] (''Tringa ochropus'').<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=264 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483077 }}</ref>

===Species===
The genus contains 13 species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 August 2021 }}</ref>
{{Species table |genus= Tringa |authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] |species-count=thirteen|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Green sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa ochropus]]
|image=File:Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) (49138263006).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding across northern Europe and northern Asia, wintering in western and southern Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and tropical Africa.
|range-image=File:TringaOchropusIUCNver2019-2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Solitary sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa solitaria]]
|image=File:Solitary Sandpiper - Flickr - Becky Matsubara.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Wilson |authority-year=1813 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding across Alaska and Canada, wintering in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon River basin, and the Caribbean.
|range-image=File:Tringa solitaria map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''T. s. cinnamomea'', <small>([[William Brewster (ornithologist)|Brewster]], 1890)</small>
|''T. s. solitaria'', <small>([[Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)|Wilson]], 1813)</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Grey-tailed tattler]] |binomial=[[Tringa brevipes]]
|image=File:Kiashi-shigi.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in northeast Asia, wintering southeast Asia to Australia. 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Wandering tattler]] |binomial=[[Tringa incana]]
|image=File:Wandering_Tattler_(2018).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in Alaska and northwestern Canada, wintering on the Pacific coast of the Americas from the California coast south to northern Chile, and Pacific islands. 
|range-image=File:Tringa incana map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Spotted redshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa erythropus]]
|image=File:Dunkler Wasserlaeufer1.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Pallas |authority-year=1764 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in the Arctic across much of the Palearctic, from Lapland in the west to Chukotskaya in the east, wintering in western Europe, Africa and southern Asia
|range-image=File:TringaErythropusIUCN.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Greater yellowlegs]] |binomial=[[Tringa melanoleuca]]
|image=File:Greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) foraging at Huntley Meadows, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.png|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Breeding in subarctic Canada and Alaska. Wintering on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America. 
|range-image=File:Tringa melanoleuca map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Common greenshank]] |binomial=[[Tringa nebularia]]
|image=File:Common Greenshank - chillika lake.jpeg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gunnerus|authority-year= 1767 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding from northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across Asia; wintering in western Europe, Africa, southern Asia and Australia
|range-image=File:TringaNebulariaIUCNver2018 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Willet]] |binomial=[[Tringa semipalmata]]
|image=File:W6501-crop.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF|authority-year= 1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in temperate North America, wintering on coasts of North America
|range-image=File:Tringa semipalmata map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. s. semipalmata'' <small>eastern willet</small>
| ''T. s. inornata'' <small>western willet</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Lesser yellowlegs]]|binomial=[[Tringa flavipes]]
|image=File:Lesser yellowlegs bunche beach (31791842132).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Breeding in arctic and subarctic North America; wintering on the Gulf coast of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America
|range-image=File:Tringa flavipes map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Nordmann's greenshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa guttifer]]
|image=File:Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer by Raju Kasambe DSCN3885 03.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Nordmann|authority-year= 1835 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island; on passage in South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, wintering in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia.
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Marsh sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa stagnatilis]]
|image=File:Marsh sandpiper 20.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Bechstein|authority-year= 1803 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding in eastern temperate Europe and across temperate Asia, wintering in Africa, India, southeastern Asia and Australia.
|range-image=File:TringaStagnatilisIUCNver2018 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Common redshank]]|binomial=[[Tringa totanus]]
|image=File:Common Redshank Tringa totanus.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Breeding across temperate Eurasia, wintering in western and southern Europe, Africa, and southern Asia.
|range-image=File:TringaTotanusIUCN2019 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on
| ''T. t. robusta'' ([[Eiler Lehn Schiøler|Schiøler]], 1919)
| ''T. t. totanus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
| ''T. t. ussuriensis'' [[Sergei Buturlin|Buturlin]], 1934
| ''T. t. terrignotae'' [[Richard Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, R.]] & [[Annie Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, A.]], 1926 
| ''T. t. craggi'' Hale, 1971 
| ''T. t. eurhina'' ([[Harry C. Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1900)
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Wood sandpiper]] |binomial=[[Tringa glareola]]
|image=File:Tringa glareola a2.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=
|range= Breeding in cool temperate taiga from the Scottish Highlands in the west, east across Eurasia and the Palearctic, wintering in Africa, South Asia (particularly India) and Australia. 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==Systematics and evolution==
[[File:DSC 4524-topaz-denoiseraw-sharpen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lesser yellowlegs]] (''T. flavipes'', front) and [[greater yellowlegs]] (''T. melanoleuca'', behind) together, showing the difference in size]]
[[File:WanderingTattler23.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wandering tattler]] (''Tringa incana''), formerly in ''Heteroscelus'']]
[[File:Catoptrophorus-semipalmatus-001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Willet]] (''Tringa semipalmata''), formerly in [[monotypic]] ''Catoptrophorus'']]
The shanks' and tattlers' closest relatives are [[sandpiper]]s of the genera ''[[Actitis]]'' and ''[[Terek sandpiper|Xenus]]''. Together with these, they are related to the [[phalaropes]], as well as the [[turnstone]]s and [[calidrid]]s.<ref name=vantuinenetal2004>van Tuinen ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> The large [[genus]] ''Tringa'' and the two very small genera which are most closely related form a [[phylogeny]] similar to the situation found in many other shorebird lineages such as [[calidrid]]s, [[snipe]]s and [[woodcock]]s, or [[gull]]s.

The same study<ref name=vantuinenetal2004 /> has indicated that some [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters such as details of the [[furcula]] and [[pelvis]] have evolved [[convergent evolution|convergently]] and are no indicators of close relationship. Similarly, the leg/foot color wildly varies between close relatives, with the [[spotted redshank]], the [[greater yellowlegs]], and the [[common greenshank]] for example being more closely related among each other than to any other species in the group; the ancestral coloration of the legs and feet was fairly certainly drab buffish as in e.g. the [[green sandpiper]]. On the other hand, the molecular [[phylogeny]] reveals that the general habitus and size as well as the overall plumage pattern are good indicators of an evolutionary relationship in this group.

The [[Nordmann's greenshank]], a rare and [[endangered species]], was not available for molecular analyses. It is fairly aberrant and was formerly placed in the [[monotypic]] genus ''Pseudototanus''. It appears closest overall to the ''semipalmata-flavipes'' and the ''stagnatilis-totanus-glareola'' groups, though it also has some similarities to the [[greater yellowlegs]] and [[common greenshank]].

===Fossil record===
[[Fossil]] shanks are known since the [[Miocene]], possibly even since the [[Eocene|Eo-]]/[[Oligocene]] some 33-30 [[million years ago]] (mya) which would be far earlier than most extant genera of birds. However, it is uncertain whether ''Tringa edwardsi'' indeed belongs into the present-day genus or is a distinct, ancestral form. The time of the ''Tringa''-''[[Actitis]]''-''[[Xenus (bird)|Xenus]]''-''[[Phalaropus]]'' divergence has been tentatively dated at 22 mya, the beginning of the Miocene;<ref>Paton ''et al.'' (2003)</ref> even if the dating is largely conjectural, it suggests that ''T. edwardsi'' does indeed not belong into the modern genus. Molecular dating<ref>Pereira & Baker (2005)</ref>—which is not too reliable, however—indicates that the diversification into the known lineages occurred between 20 and 5 mya. The fossil record contains species formerly separated in ''Totanus'' from the Early Miocene onwards. Although these are usually known from very scant remains, the fact that apparently [[apomorph]]ic ''Tringa'' as well as a putative phalarope are known from about 23-22 mya indicates that the shank-phalarope group had already diverged into the modern genera by the start of the Miocene. The [[biogeography]] of living and fossil species—notably, the rarity of the latter in well-researched [[North America]]n sites—seems to suggest that ''Tringa'' originated in Eurasia. Time and place neatly coincide with the disappearance of the last vestiges of the [[Turgai Sea]], and this process may well have been a major factor in the separation of the genera in the shank-phalarope [[clade]]. Still, scolopacids are very similar osteologically, and many of the early fossils of presumed shanks require revaluation.<ref name=Mlíkovský2002>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
* ?''Tringa edwardsi'' (Quercy Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Mouillac, France)
* ?''Tringa gracilis'' (Early Miocene of WC Europe) – [[calidrid]]?
* ?''Tringa lartetianus'' (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
* ''Tringa'' spp. (Early Miocene of Ravolzhausen, Germany – Early Pleistocene of Europe)<ref>Apparently at least three species at Stránská skála (Czech Republic, Early Pleistocene) for example: Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
* ?''Tringa grivensis'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
* ?''Tringa majori'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)<!-- Geobios2:157 -->
* ?''Tringa minor'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) – includes ''"Erolia" ennouchii''; calidriid?<!-- Geobios2:157 -->
* ?''Tringa grigorescui'' (Middle Miocene of Ciobăniţa, Romania)
* ?''Tringa scarabellii'' (Late Miocene of Senigallia, Italy)
* ''Tringa'' sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
* ''Tringa'' sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
* ?''Tringa numenioides'' (Early Pliocene of Odesa, Ukraine)
* ''Tringa antiqua'' (Late Pliocene of Meade County, USA)
* ''Tringa ameghini'' (Late Pleistocene of Talara Tar Seeps, Peru)

''"Tringa" hoffmanni'' is now in ''[[Ludiortyx]]''. While its relationships are disputed, it was not a charadriiform.

==See also==
* [[Hybridisation in shorebirds]]

==References==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist}}

===Cited sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ballmann | first1 = Peter | year = 1969 | title = Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) trans_title = The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) | url = | journal = [[Geobios]] | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 157–204 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Banks | first1 = Richard C. | last2 = Cicero | first2 = Carla | last3 = Dunn | first3 = Jon L. | last4 = Kratter | first4 = Andrew W. | last5 = Rasmussen | first5 = Pamela C. | last6 = Remsen | first6 = J.V. Jr. | last7 = Rising | first7 = James D. | last8 = Stotz | first8 = Douglas F. | year = 2006 | title = Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds | url = http://www.aou.org/checklist/Suppl47.pdf | format = PDF | journal = [[Auk (journal)|Auk]] | volume = 123 | issue = 3| pages = 926–936 | doi = 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2 }}
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe]''. Ninox Press, Prague. <small>{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}</small> <!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* {{cite journal | last1 = Paton | first1 = Tara A. | last2 = Baker | first2 = Allan J. | last3 = Groth | first3 = J.G. | last4 = Barrowclough | first4 = G.F. | year = 2003 | title = RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds | url = | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 268–278 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 | pmid = 13678682 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pereira | first1 = Sérgio Luiz | last2 = Baker | first2 = Alan J | year = 2005 | title = Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) | url = http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/Condor2005.pdf | format = PDF | journal = [[Condor (journal)|Condor]] | volume = 107 | issue = 3| pages = 514–526 | doi = 10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = van Tuinen | first1 = Marcel | last2 = Waterhouse | first2 = David | last3 = Dyke | first3 = Gareth J | year = 2004 | title = Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships | url = http://www.stanford.edu/group/hadlylab/images/Lab%20Members/Marcel/JAB2004.PDF_1.pdf | format = PDF | journal = [[Journal of Avian Biology|J. Avian Biol.]] | volume = 35 | issue = 3| pages = 191–194 | doi = 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 174–175. Academic Press, New York.
{{refend}}

{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41972}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tringa| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1758]]