View source for Trinity Church (Manhattan)

{{Short description|Episcopal church in Manhattan, New York}}
{{distinguish|Holy Trinity Episcopal Church (Manhattan)}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox church
| name             = Trinity Church
| fullname         = Trinity Church NYC
| image            = Trinity Church - Wall Street, New York, NY, USA - August 19, 2015 - panoramio.jpg
| image_size       = 150px
| caption          = Seen from Wall Street
| coordinates      = {{coord|40|42|29|N|74|00|44|W|display=inline,title}}
| location         = 89 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], Manhattan, New York
| country          = United States
| language(s)      = 
| denomination     = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]
| churchmanship    = [[High Church]]
| website          = {{URL|https://trinitychurchnyc.org}}
| status           = [[Parish church]]
| founded date     = {{start date and age|1697|5|6}}
| founder          = [[William III of England]]
| dedication       = 
| dedicated date   = May 1, 1846
| consecrated date = 
| functional status = Active
| architect        = [[Richard Upjohn]] (church)<br>[[Frederick Clarke Withers]] (renovations, altar, and rear addition)
| architectural type = 
| style            = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
| years built      = 1839–1846<ref name=nycland>{{cite nycland|page=11}}</ref><br> 1876–1877
| groundbreaking   = June 3, 1841
| completed date   = 1846
| construction cost = 
| capacity         = 652
| length           = 
| width            = 
| height           = 
| diameter         = <!-- {{convert| }} -->
| other dimensions = 
| floor count      = 
| floor area       = 
| spire height     = {{convert|281|ft}}
| materials        = 
| bells            = 23
| bell weight      = <!-- {{long ton|0| }} -->
| organ            = 
| deanery          = Manhattan Lower
| diocese          = [[Episcopal Diocese of New York|New York]]
| province         = [[Province 2 of the Episcopal Church|Atlantic]]
| rector           = Phillip A. Jackson
| vicar            = Michael A. Bird
| priest           = Promise Atelon<br>Mark Bozzuti-Jones<br>Kristin Kaulbach Miles<br>Yein Kim<br>Alfred Loua<br>Jorge Ortiz<br>Matthew A. Welsch<br>Patrick Williams
| director         = Melissa Attebury
| organist         = Alcee Chriss III<br>Avi Stein
| warden           = John G. Talty<br>Sharon J. Hardy
| youthmin         = SK Doyle
| sacristan        = Scott Smith<br>Emily Smith<br>Dane Miller<br>John Garza<br>
| embedded         = {{Infobox NRHP
| embed = yes
| name                     = Trinity Church and Graveyard
| nrhp_type                = nhl
| designated_nrhp_type     = December 8, 1976<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1648&ResourceType=District|title=Trinity Church and Graveyard|date=September 11, 2007|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229092359/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1648&ResourceType=District|archive-date=December 29, 2007}}</ref>
| added                    = December 8, 1976<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| refnum                   = 76001252
| nrhp_type2               = indcp
| partof                   = [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)|Wall Street Historic District]]
| partof_refnum            = 07000063<ref name="Howe">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75320043 <!-- Very large file; 218 MB -->|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Wall Street Historic District |last1=Howe |first1=Kathy |last2=Robins |first2=Anthony |date=August 3, 2006 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=July 7, 2024|via=[[National Archives (United States)|National Archives]]}}</ref>
| designated_nrhp_type2    = February 20, 2007
| nocat                    = yes
| designated_other1 = New York State Register of Historic Places
| designated_other1_abbr = NYSRHP
| designated_other1_number = 06101.001779
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
| designated_other1_date = June 23, 1980<ref name="Cultural Resource Information System">{{cite web | title=Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) | publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] | date=November 7, 2014 | url=https://cris.parks.ny.gov/ | access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>
| designated_other2_name   = New York City Landmark
| designated_other2_date   = August 16, 1966<ref name="NYCL-0048">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0048.pdf|title=Trinity Church and Graveyard|date=August 16, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019|archive-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820005028/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0048.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| designated_other2_abbr   = NYCL
| designated_other2_link   = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
| designated_other2_number = 0048
| designated_other2_color  = #ffe978
}}
}}

'''Trinity Church''' is a historic [[parish]] in the [[Episcopal Diocese of New York]]. The church is located at 89 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] opposite [[Wall Street]], in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of [[Lower Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. Known for its centuries of history, prominent location, distinguished architecture and bountiful endowment,<ref name="NYT42413">{{cite news|title=Trinity Church Split on How to Manage $2 Billion Legacy of a Queen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/nyregion/trinity-church-in-manhattan-is-split-on-how-to-spend-its-wealth.html|access-date=April 25, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 24, 2013|author=Otterman, Sharon|archive-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425092730/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/nyregion/trinity-church-in-manhattan-is-split-on-how-to-spend-its-wealth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinity's congregation is said to be "[[high church]]", its activities based on the traditions of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] and the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]] in missionary outreach, and fellowship. In addition to its main church, Trinity parish maintains two [[chapel of ease|chapels]]: [[St. Paul's Chapel]], also in Lower Manhattan, and the [[Chapel of St. Cornelius the Centurion]] on [[Governors Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 26, 2016|title=History|url=https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/history|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=Trinity Church|language=en|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125215459/https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/history|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Church of the Intercession (Manhattan)|Church of the Intercession]], the [[Trinity Chapel Complex]] and many other of Manhattan's Episcopal congregations were once part of Trinity parish. [[Columbia University]] was founded on the church's grounds as King's College in 1754.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Religion in America|first=Peter |last= W. Williamls|year=2010| isbn=9780252009327| page =744|publisher=University of Philadelphia University Press|quote=}}</ref>

The current church building is the third to be constructed for the parish, and was designed by [[Richard Upjohn]] in the Gothic Revival style. Trinity's first church was a single-story rectangular structure with tall steeple facing the [[Hudson River]], which was constructed in 1698 and destroyed in the [[Great New York City Fire of 1776]]. After using St. Paul's Chapel, the parish's second church was built in the present location facing Wall Street and was [[Consecration|consecrated]] in 1790. The third and current church was erected from 1839 to 1846 and was the [[tallest building in the United States]] until 1869, as well as the [[List of tallest buildings in New York City|tallest in New York City]] until 1890. In 1876–1877 a [[reredos]] and altar were erected in memory of [[William Backhouse Astor Sr.]], to the designs of architect [[Frederick Clarke Withers]], who extended the rear.

The church is adjacent to the [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Churchyard]], a burial ground, one of three used by the parish. Besides its church and two chapels, Trinity manages real estate properties with a combined worth of over $6 billion {{as of|2019|lc=y}}. Trinity's main church building is a [[National Historic Landmark]] as well as a [[New York City designated landmark]]. It is also a contributing property to the [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)|Wall Street Historic District]], a NRHP district created in 2007.<ref name="Howe" />

== History ==
In 1696, [[Benjamin Fletcher|Governor Benjamin Fletcher]] approved the purchase of land in [[Lower Manhattan]] by the [[Church of England]] community for construction of a new church. The parish received its charter from [[William III of England|King William III]] on May 6, 1697. Its land grant specified an annual rent of 60 bushels of wheat.<ref name="NYTHIST">{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/11/18/78901567.pdf | work=The New York Times | title=TRINITY CHURCH PROPERTY.; Outline of the Legal History of the Trinity "Church Farm." | date=November 18, 1859 | access-date=June 13, 2018 | archive-date=August 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828212821/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/11/18/78901567.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>  The first rector was [[William Vesey]] (for whom nearby [[Vesey Street]] is named), a protégé of [[Increase Mather]], who served for 49 years until his death in 1746.

===First Trinity Church===
[[File:Charles Inglis by Robert Field.jpg|thumb|left| [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Charles Inglis]], Rector of Trinity Church (1765–1783)]]

The first Trinity Church building, a modest rectangular structure with a [[gambrel roof]] and small porch, was constructed in 1698, on [[Wall Street]], facing the [[Hudson River]]. The land on which it was built was formerly a formal garden and then a burial ground.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ekamper.net/gr-misc.htm |title= Digital redraft of the Castello Plan of New Amsterdam in New Netherland in 1660 [Beta] |access-date= May 16, 2017 |archive-date= June 2, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190602124537/http://www.ekamper.net/gr-misc.htm |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://patricia.rootsweb.ancestry.com/nytristate/castello.htm |title= INDEX TO PLOTS ON THE CASTELLO PLAN MAP |website= Ancestry.com |access-date= May 16, 2017 |archive-date= June 13, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170613192857/http://patricia.rootsweb.ancestry.com/nytristate/castello.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/new_york_1695.jpg |title= New York City 1695 |website= University of Texas Libraries |access-date= May 15, 2017 |archive-date= November 30, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171130081208/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/new_york_1695.jpg |url-status= live }}</ref> It was built because in 1696, members of the [[Church of England]] (Anglicans) protested to obtain a "charter granting the church legal status" in New York City. According to historical records, [[William Kidd|Captain William Kidd]] lent the runner and tackle from his ship for hoisting the stones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/history/ |title=Historical Timeline |website=TrinityChurch.org |access-date=August 13, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526021417/https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="trinity kidd blog">{{cite web | url=http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/news/blogs/the-archivists-mailbag/question-of-the-day-trinitys-very-own-pirate | title=Question of the Day: Trinity's Very Own Pirate? | publisher=Trinity Church | work=The Archivist's Mailbag | date=November 19, 2008 | access-date=December 18, 2011 | archive-date=December 26, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226044447/http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/news/blogs/the-archivists-mailbag/question-of-the-day-trinitys-very-own-pirate | url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne, Queen of England]], increased the parish's land holdings to {{convert|215|acre|m2}} in 1705. Later, in 1709, William Huddleston founded [[Trinity School (New York)|Trinity School]] as the [[Charity School]] of the church, and classes were originally held in the steeple of the church. In 1754, King's College (now [[Columbia University]]) was chartered by [[George II of Great Britain|King George II of Great Britain]], and instruction began with eight students in a school building near the church.
[[File:South west view of Fort George with the City of New York (NYPL NYPG94-F149-419976).tif|right|280px|thumb|South West view of Fort George (New York City) showing at far left Trinity Church (c. 1770s)]]

During the [[American Revolutionary War]] the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America, following the departure of General [[George Washington]] and the [[Continental Army]] shortly after [[Battle of Long Island]] and subsequent local defeats.  Under British occupation clergy were required to be [[Loyalist]]s, while the parishioners included some members of the revolutionary [[New York Provincial Congress]], as well as the [[First Continental Congress|First]] and [[Second Continental Congress]]es.

[[File:New York 1776 (maritime journal of Robert Raymond) 092631.jpg|right|280px|thumb|September 1776 view of New York City showing at center left the spire of Trinity Church]]

The church was destroyed in the [[Great New York City Fire of 1776]], which started in the Fighting Cocks Tavern, destroying between 400 and 500 buildings and houses, and leaving thousands of New Yorkers homeless. Six days later, most of the city's volunteer firemen followed General Washington north. Rev. [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Charles Inglis]] served throughout the war and then fled to Nova Scotia at the war's end.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/loyalismnewyork00flicrich#page/36/mode/1up/search/nova+scotia Loyalism in New York during the American revolution, p. 36]</ref>

The [[Samuel Provoost|Rev. Samuel Provoost]] was appointed Rector of Trinity (1784–1800) in 1784, and the New York State Legislature ratified the charter of Trinity Church, deleting the provision that asserted its loyalty to the King of England. [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Whig]] patriots were appointed as vestrymen. In 1787, Provoost was consecrated as the first Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of New York. Following his 1789 inauguration at Federal Hall, George Washington attended a service of thanksgiving, presided over by Bishop Provoost, at [[St. Paul's Chapel]], a chapel of the Parish of Trinity Church. He continued to attend services there until the second Trinity Church was finished in 1790. St. Paul's Chapel is currently part of the Parish of Trinity Church and is the oldest public building in continuous use in New York City.

===Second Trinity Church===
[[File:Trinity Church (1788-1839) Broadway at Wall Street, New York, N. Y.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Trinity Church 1788–1839 in 1827]]

Construction on the second Trinity Church building began in 1788; it was consecrated in 1790. St. Paul's Chapel was used while the second Trinity Church was being built.

The second Trinity Church was built facing Wall Street; it was 200 feet tall, and longer and wider than its predecessor. Building a bigger church was beneficial because the population of New York City was expanding.  The church was torn down after being weakened by severe snows during the winter of 1838–39.

The second Trinity Church was politically significant because President Washington and members of his government often worshiped there. Additional notable parishioners included [[John Jay]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2, 2020|title=Alexander Hamilton's Church Attendance at Trinity|url=https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/video/alexander-hamiltons-church-attendance-trinity|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Trinity Church|language=en|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112944/https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/video/alexander-hamiltons-church-attendance-trinity|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Birds-Eye View of Trinity Church.jpg
| width1    = 220
| caption1  = Bird's-eye view of Trinity Church, 1846
| image2    = TrinityChurchView1872 borderless.jpg
| width2    = 190
| caption2  = View from church steeple, 1872
}}
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0708).jpg|thumb|300px|Trinity Church c. 1900]]

===Third Trinity Church===

The third and current Trinity Church began construction in 1839 and was finished in 1846.<ref name=nycland /> When the Episcopal Bishop of New York consecrated Trinity Church on [[Ascension Day]] (May 1) 1846, its soaring [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] spire, surmounted by a gilded cross, dominated the skyline of lower Manhattan. Trinity was a welcoming beacon for ships sailing into [[New York Harbor]].

In 1843, Trinity Church's expanding parish was divided due to the burgeoning cityscape and to better serve the needs of its parishioners. The newly formed parish would build [[Grace Church, New York|Grace Church]], to the north on Broadway at 10th street, while the original parish would re-build Trinity Church, the structure that stands today. Both Grace and Trinity Churches were completed and consecrated in 1846.

Trinity Church held the title of [[tallest building in the United States]] until 1869, when it was surpassed by [[St. Michael's Church, Old Town, Chicago]]. Trinity continued to be the tallest in New York City, with its {{convert|281|ft|m|adj=on}} spire and cross, until it was surpassed in 1890 by the [[New York World Building]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/|title=Trinity Church|website=trinitywallstreet.org|access-date=November 17, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809090135/https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1876–1877, a [[reredos]] and altar were erected in memory of [[William Backhouse Astor, Sr.]], to the designs of architect [[Frederick Clarke Withers]]. As the chancel was rearranged, the vestry voted for a one-story rear extension with rooms for the clergy, choir, and a mortuary chapel.<ref>"The Alterations in Trinity Church, New York. Mr. Frederick C. Withers, Architect." ''American Architect and Building News'' 3, no 110 (February 3, 1878), 42.</ref> The altarpiece was restored as part of the church's 21st-century renovation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Margolies |first=Jane |date=February 8, 2019 |title=The Church With the $6 Billion Portfolio |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/nyregion/trinity-church-manhattan-real-estate.html |access-date=March 23, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On July 10, 1976, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], visited Trinity Church. Vestrymen presented the Queen with a symbolic "back rent" of 279 [[peppercorns]].

''[[Inspiration, Please!]]'', a game show aired on Odyssey Network (now [[Hallmark Channel]]), taped at Trinity Church in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=Charles W. |date=June 17, 1995 |title=Religious Quiz Show Due |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102594594/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118181545/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102594594/daily-news/ |archive-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref>

==== 21st-century events ====
Following the [[September 11 attacks]], Trinity organized respite services at [[St. Paul's Chapel]] for first responders and volunteers at Ground Zero, providing meals, medical care, spiritual services, and a place of rest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9/11, The Chapel that Stood {{!}} Trinity Church Wall Street |url=https://trinitywallstreet.org/visit/st-pauls-chapel/911 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=trinitywallstreet.org |language=en}}</ref> Memorial items such as cards, banners, clothing, photos, jewelry, stuffed animals, and more were left at St. Paul's in the aftermath of the attacks to commemorate those who died. Some of these materials and some of the chapel pews were donated to the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|National September 11 Memorial and Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum |url=https://collection.911memorial.org/}}</ref>

Falling wreckage knocked over a giant [[sycamore]] tree that had stood for nearly a century in the churchyard of St. Paul's. Sculptor [[Steve Tobin]] used its roots as the base for a bronze sculpture titled ''Trinity Root'', which stood in front of Trinity Church at the corner of [[Wall Street]] and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] until December 2015, when it was moved by the church to its conference center in Connecticut. The move was controversial as it damaged the sculpture, which was later repaired, and the artist objected to its relocation.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Artist still in shock after Trinity Church uproots and breaks his 9/11 work |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/07/nyregion/artist-still-in-shock-after-trinity-church-uproots-and-breaks-his-9-11-work.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723203802/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/07/nyregion/artist-still-in-shock-after-trinity-church-uproots-and-breaks-his-9-11-work.html |archive-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref>

Trinity is located near [[Zuccotti Park]], the location of the [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests. It offered both moral and practical support to the demonstrators but balked when protesters demanded an encampment on church-owned land called [[LentSpace]], adjoining [[Juan Pablo Duarte Square]] in the neighborhood of [[Hudson Square]]. The church hierarchy were criticized by others within the Anglican movement, most notably Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]].<ref name="Balk">{{cite news |author=Matt Flegenheimer |date=December 16, 2011 |title=Occupy Group Faults Church, a Onetime Ally |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/nyregion/church-that-aided-wall-st-protesters-is-now-their-target.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217204317/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/nyregion/church-that-aided-wall-st-protesters-is-now-their-target.html |archive-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref> On December 17, 2011, occupiers and a few clergy attempted to occupy LentSpace, which is surrounded by a [[chain-link fence]]. After demonstrating in Duarte Park and marching on the streets surrounding the park, occupiers climbed over<ref name="Yes!">{{cite news |author=Nathan Schneider |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Re-Occupy: A Movement Seeks a Sanctuary: On occupying Trinity Church—and the Occupy movement's relationship with established institutions |newspaper=Yes! |url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/reoccupy-a-movement-seeks-a-sanctuary |url-status=live |access-date=December 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123232016/http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/reoccupy-a-movement-seeks-a-sanctuary |archive-date=January 23, 2012}}</ref> and under the fence. Police responded by arresting about 50 demonstrators, including at least three Episcopal clergymen and a Roman Catholic nun.<ref name="Duarte17">{{cite news |author=Al Baker |author2=Colin Moynihan |date=December 17, 2011 |title=Arrests as Occupy Protest Turns to Church |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/18/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protesters-march-against-trinity-church.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217210445/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/18/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protesters-march-against-trinity-church.html |archive-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The third and present Trinity Church building was built in 1846 and designed by architect [[Richard Upjohn]] in the Gothic Revival style.<ref name="Curl Wilson 2015 p. 789">{{cite book | last=Curl | first=James Stevens | last2=Wilson | first2=Susan | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Quick Reference | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19-967498-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA789 | page=789}}</ref><ref name="Smith 1996 p. 202">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=George Everard Kidder | title=Source Book of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present | publisher=Princeton Architectural Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-1-56898-024-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqcWg1ipAZUC&pg=PA202 | page=202}}</ref> In 1976, the [[United States Department of the Interior]] designated Trinity Church a [[National Historic Landmark]] because of its architectural significance and its place within the history of New York City.<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nrhpinv">{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001252_text|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination|date=August 1976|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=November 18, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809145422/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001252_text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001252_photos|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (photos)|date=August 1976|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=November 18, 2022|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928065404/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001252_photos|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the church began a comprehensive renovation to make the building more accessible and comfortable for worshippers, and to restore historic elements like stained glass windows, clerestory windows, and interior walls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marani |first=Matthew |date=May 7, 2018 |title=Historic Trinity Church begins decades-overdue restoration |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2018/05/historic-trinity-church-begins-decades-overdue-restoration/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> The renovation, approved by the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] in January 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wachs |first=Audrey |date=January 16, 2018 |title=Landmarks approves changes to Manhattan's Trinity Church |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2018/01/landmarks-approves-changes-to-manhattans-trinity-church/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> was designed by [[MBB Architects]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=May 7, 2018 |title=Trinity Church's landmark Broadway chapel will undergo two-year renovation |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/5/7/17320986/financial-district-trinity-church-renovation |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=Curbed NY |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''Traditional Building'' magazine, the building "had been added to and altered through the decades in ways that compromised the original architecture, actions that prompted a new master plan and an enormous six-year renovation, restoration, and rejuvenation led by [...] MBB Architects that brings the edifice back to its original glory and transforms it for 21st-century worship."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ruhling |first=Nancy A. |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Gothic Revival |url=https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/projects/gothic-revival |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=Traditional Building |language=en-us}}</ref> Furthermore, "The building, which had suffered from deferred maintenance for decades, was systematically pieced back together with restored architecture and ornament, insulated walls and ceilings, new clerestory windows, an accessible chancel with a modified altar and altarpiece, a new vestry room, reimagined sacristy and choir rooms, three new organs, new interior and exterior lighting, and concealed audio-visual equipment for the broadcast of services and concerts."<ref name=":0" /> This restoration effort was recognized in 2022 with a Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madrigal |first=Irene |date=April 20, 2022 |title=See the New York City 2022 Lucy G. Moses Preservation Awards Winners – Page 5 of 14 |url=https://untappedcities.com/2022/04/20/2022-lucy-g-moses-preservation-awards-winners/ |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref> The award program said, "These results have enhanced the worship experience and made the church more welcoming while improving the landmark's structure, accessibility, and resilience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Lucy G. Moses Preservation Awards Program |url=https://nylandmarks.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/MosesAwardsProgram2022.pdf |website=The New York Landmarks Conservancy}}</ref>

=== Bells ===
The tower of Trinity Church currently contains 23 [[Church bell|bell]]s, the heaviest of which weighs 27 U.S. [[hundredweight]] ({{convert|2700|lb|kg|disp=sqbr}}).

Eight of these bells were cast for the tower of the second church building and were hung for ringing in the English [[change ringing]] style. Three more bells were added later. In 1946 these bells were adapted for swing chiming and sounded by electric motors.

A project to install a new ring of 12 additional [[change ringing]] bells was initially proposed in 2001 but put on hold in the aftermath of the September attacks, which took place three blocks north of the church. This project came to fruition in 2006, thanks to funding from the [[Dill Faulkes|Dill Faulkes Educational Trust]]. These new bells form the first ring of 12 change-ringing bells ever installed in a church in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=September 13, 2006|title=Age-Old Technology for New Bells|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/13/nyregion/13bells.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627195357/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/13/nyregion/13bells.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The installation work was carried out by [[John Taylor Bellfounders|Taylors, Eayre and Smith]] of [[Loughborough]], England, in September 2006.

[[Image:NYC Trinity Church.jpg|thumb|Interior of Trinity Church|alt=]]
In late 2006, the ringing of the bells for bell practice and tuning caused much concern to local residents, some of whose windows and residences are less than {{convert|100|ft}} at eye level from the bell tower. The church then built a plywood deck right over the bells and placed shutters on the inside of the bell chamber's lancet windows. With the shutters and the plywood deck closed, the sound of the bells outside the tower is minimal.  The shutters, and hatches in the plywood deck, are opened for public ringing.

Public ringing takes place before and after 11:15&nbsp;a.m. Sunday service and on special occasions, such as 9/11 commemorations, weddings, and ticker-tape parades. Details of the individual bells can be found at "Dove's Guide for Church Bellringers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cccbr.org.uk/dove/detail.php?DoveID=NEW+YORK12|title=Dove's Guide for Church Bellringers|website=cccbr.org.uk|access-date=September 14, 2006|archive-date=June 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606161420/https://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?DoveID=NEW+YORK12|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Doors ===
Trinity Church has three sets of impressive bronze doors, donated by [[William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor]] in memory of his father, [[John Jacob Astor III]]. Conceived by [[Richard Morris Hunt]], they date from 1893 and were produced by [[Karl Bitter]] (east door), [[J. Massey Rhind]] (south door), and [[Charles Henry Niehaus]] (north door).  The north and east doors each consists of six panels from Church history or the Bible, and the south door depicts the history of New York in its six panels.<ref>Craven, Wayne, Sculpture in America, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York 1968, p. 454</ref>

=== Art ===
In 2015 Mark Francisco Bozzuti-Jones, a priest at Trinity Church, commissioned Mark Dukes to create the icon [[Our Lady of Ferguson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sojo.net/articles/new-icon-depicts-black-mary-our-lady-mother-ferguson|title=New Icon Depicts Black Mary as 'Our Lady Mother of Ferguson'|date=July 11, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603204607/https://sojo.net/articles/new-icon-depicts-black-mary-our-lady-mother-ferguson|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the church received and installed a new stained-glass window above the main entrance on Broadway. Created by the British stained-glass artist Thomas Denny, the window illustrates both "The Parable of the Talents" and "The Judgment of the Nations" from the gospel according to Matthew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stained Glass at Trinity Church {{!}} Trinity Church Wall Street |url=https://trinitywallstreet.org/visit/trinity-church/stained-glass |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=trinitywallstreet.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Burial grounds ==
{{main|Trinity Church Cemetery}}
[[File:NYC_-_Trinity_Church_-_Watts_statue.JPG|thumb|[[Statue of John Watts]] in the [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Churchyard]]]]
There are three [[burial grounds]] closely associated with Trinity Church:
# [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Churchyard]], surrounding the church at Wall Street and Broadway, is where [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton]], [[Angelica Schuyler Church]], [[Philip Hamilton]], [[William Bradford (1663-1752)|William Bradford]], [[Franklin Wharton]], [[Robert Fulton]], Captain [[James Lawrence]], [[William Alexander, Lord Stirling]], [[Francis Lewis]], [[Albert Gallatin]], [[Horatio Gates]], and [[Hercules Mulligan]] are buried.
# [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum]] on [[Riverside Drive (New York)|Riverside Drive]] at 155th Street, formerly the location of [[John James Audubon]]'s estate, is where Audubon, [[Alfred Tennyson Dickens]], [[John Jacob Astor]], [[Clement Clarke Moore]], and [[Ed Koch]] are buried. It is the only remaining active cemetery in the borough of Manhattan.
# The [[St. Paul's Chapel|Churchyard of St. Paul's Chapel]] is where memorials to the United Irishmen Addis Emmet and Dr. William MacNeven are located.

== Services ==
Trinity Church, as an Episcopal parish in the [[Anglican Communion]], offers a full schedule of Daily Prayer and [[Eucharist]] services throughout the week, based on the [[Book of Common Prayer]]. It is also available for special occasions, such as weddings and baptisms. In addition to daily worship, Trinity Church provides Christian fellowship and outreach to the community. Sisters of the [[Society of Saint Margaret]] are part of the pastoral care team at Trinity.<ref>[https://societyofstmargaret.org/mission-houses/new-york-city/ Society of St. Margaret]. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</ref>

Sunday
* 8{{nbsp}}am: Trinity Church, Low Eucharist
* 9{{nbsp}}am: Trinity Church, Family Eucharist 
* 11:15{{nbsp}}am: Trinity Church, Holy Eucharist ([https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/videos Webcast])
* 7{{nbsp}}pm: Trinity Church, Compline by Candlelight

Monday–Friday
* 8:15{{nbsp}}am: Morning Prayer, online
* 9{{nbsp}}am: Morning Prayer, in person
* 12:05{{nbsp}}pm: Holy Eucharist ([https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/videos Webcast])
* 5:15{{nbsp}}pm: Evening Prayer, online


Since 1993, Trinity Church has hosted the graduation ceremonies of the [[High School of Economics and Finance]]. The school is located on [[Trinity Place]], a few blocks away from the church.

==Rectors of Trinity Church==

{| class="wikitable" 
! style="vertical-align: middle;" |Rector<ref name="Rectors">{{Cite web |title=History of Trinity Church Wall Street {{!}} Trinity Church Wall Street |url=https://trinitywallstreet.org/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007160444/https://trinitywallstreet.org/history |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=Trinity Church Wall Street |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Image
|Start date
|End date
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" |[[William Vesey]]
|[[File:Rev william Vesey (page 72 crop).jpg|frameless|117x117px]]
|1697
|1746
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Henry Barclay]]
|[[File:Rev Henry Barclay (page 76 crop).jpg|frameless|125x125px]]
|1746
|1764
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Samuel Auchmuty (clergyman)|Samuel Auchmuty]]
|[[File:Samuel Auchmuty images nypl org.jpg|frameless|133x133px]]
|1764
|1777
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Charles Inglis]]
|[[File:Charles Inglis by Robert Field.jpg|frameless|123x123px]]
|1777
|1783
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Samuel Provoost]]
|[[File:Samuel Provoost-Bishop Episcopal Church USA.jpg|frameless|134x134px]]
|1784
|1800
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Benjamin Moore (bishop)|Benjamin Moore]]
|[[File:BishopBenjMoore.PNG|frameless|132x132px]]
|1800
|1816
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[John Henry Hobart]]
|[[File:John h hobart bishop ny.jpg|frameless|128x128px]]
|1816
|1830
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[William Berrian]]
|[[File:William Berrian (page 100 crop).jpg|frameless|121x121px]]
|1830
|1862
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Morgan Dix]]
|[[File:Morgan Dix.jpg|frameless|144x144px]]
|1862
|1908
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[William T. Manning|William Thomas Manning]]
|[[File:William Thomas Manning, DD (1866–1949) 1930 18.jpeg|frameless|133x133px]]
|1908
|1921
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  [[Caleb Rochford Stetson]]
|[[File:Rev. Caleb Stetson LCCN2014713727.tif|frameless|137x137px]]
|1921
|1932
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  Frederic Sydney Fleming 
|
|1932
|1951
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  John Heuss 
|
|1952
|1966
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  John Vernon Butler, Jr.
|
|1966
|1972
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  Robert Parks 
|
|1972
|1987
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  Daniel Paul Matthews
|
|1987
|2004
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  James H. Cooper 
|
|2004
|2015
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  William Lupfer 
|
|2015
|2020
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |  Phillip A. Jackson 
|
|2020
|present
|}

==Music and arts==

Trinity Church has a rich music program.<ref name=NYT42413 /> ''Concerts at One'' has been providing live professional classical and contemporary music for the Wall Street community since 1969, and the church has several organized choirs, featured Sunday mornings on [[WQXR-FM|WQXR 105.9 FM]] in New York City. Trinity presents world-class music programs both in New York City and around the world via high definition video streaming.

The mainstay of Trinity's music program is The Choir of Trinity Wall Street, a professional ensemble that leads liturgical music at Trinity Church and St. Paul's Chapel, presents new-music concerts in New York City, produces recordings, and performs in international tours. The Choir is often joined by the Trinity Baroque Orchestra, Trinity's ensemble of period instrumentalists, and NOVUS NY, Trinity's contemporary music orchestra.

Trinity is also home to a Youth Chorus, Youth Orchestra, Family Choir, Downtown Voices, change bell ringers, and a wide variety of arts programming through Congregational Arts. Visiting choirs from around the world perform at Trinity weekly.

== Property holdings ==
[[File:Closeuptrinity.jpg|thumb|Close-up of statues of Trinity Church]]

Beginning in the 1780s, the church's claim on 62 acres of Queen Anne's 1705 grant was contested in the courts by descendants of a 17th-century Dutchwoman, Anneke Jans Bogardus, who, it was claimed, held original title to that property.  The basis of the lawsuits was that only five of Bogardus' six heirs had conveyed the land to the English crown in 1671.<ref name=inside /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/05/07/80751664.pdf | work=The New York Times | title=A Dutchwoman's Farm.; The Hon. James W. Gerard On The Anneke Jans Bogardus Claims | date=May 7, 1879 | access-date=June 13, 2018 | archive-date=August 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828212817/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/05/07/80751664.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous times over the course of six decades, the claimants asserted themselves in court, losing each time. The attempt was even revived in the 20th century. In 1959, the [[Internal Revenue Service]] sued over the compensation of the church's property manager, but the church prevailed in ''[[Stanton v. United States]]''.

Disclosure resulting from a lawsuit filed by a parishioner revealed total assets of about $2 billion as of 2011.<ref name=NYT42413 /> Although Trinity Church has sold off much of the land that was part of the royal grant from Queen Anne,<ref name="inside">{{cite inside}}, pp. 22–23</ref> it is still one of the largest landowners in New York City with 14 acres of Manhattan real estate including {{convert|5.5|e6sqft|m2}} of commercial space in [[Hudson Square]].<ref name=NYT42413 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/real-estate|title=Trinity Real Estate<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021304/http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/real-estate|archive-date=November 30, 2009}}</ref> The parish's annual revenue from its real estate holdings was $158 million in 2011 with net income of $38 million,<ref name=NYT42413 /> making it perhaps one of the richest individual parishes in the world.<ref name=inside /> {{as of|2019}}, Trinity's investment portfolio was worth over $6 billion,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Widaman|first=Dwight|date=February 14, 2019|title=With $6 billion, is this the richest church in America?|url=https://metrovoicenews.com/with-6-billion-is-this-the-richest-church-in-america/|access-date=September 29, 2020|website=Metro Voice News|language=en-US|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125015238/https://metrovoicenews.com/with-6-billion-is-this-the-richest-church-in-america/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New York's Trinity Church has a diverse investment portfolio worth $6 billion|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/new-yorks-trinity-church-has-a-diverse-investment-portfolio-worth-6-billion.html|access-date=September 29, 2020|website=www.christianpost.com|date=February 14, 2019|language=en|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126143458/https://www.christianpost.com/news/new-yorks-trinity-church-has-a-diverse-investment-portfolio-worth-6-billion.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Margolies|first=Jane|date=February 8, 2019|title=The Church With the $6 Billion Portfolio|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/nyregion/trinity-church-manhattan-real-estate.html|access-date=September 29, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107054921/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/nyregion/trinity-church-manhattan-real-estate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2018, the church's total [[equity (finance)|equity]] was $8.3 billion, and it had $0.6 million in [[Liability (financial accounting)|liabilities]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 Audited Financial Report|url=https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/sites/default/files/field_file_download/trinity_church_wall_street-2018_audited_financial_report.pdf|access-date=September 29, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202012805/https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/sites/default/files/field_file_download/trinity_church_wall_street-2018_audited_financial_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The institution also owns the [[Trinity Court Building]] property, where it formerly housed its offices and preschool. That building was demolished in 2015, and a replacement at 76 Trinity Place was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/09/74-trinity-place-aka-trinity-commons-on-track-to-open-next-year-in-financial-district.html|title=Trinity Commons On Track For 2021 Opening At 74 Trinity Place In The Financial District – New York YIMBY|date=September 29, 2020|work=New York YIMBY|access-date=October 7, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007152421/https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/09/74-trinity-place-aka-trinity-commons-on-track-to-open-next-year-in-financial-district.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.6sqft.com/construction-kicks-off-on-trinity-churchs-pelli-clarke-pelli-designed-community-center-and-office-tower/|title=Construction kicks off on Trinity Church's Pelli Clarke Pelli-designed community center and office tower {{!}} 6sqft|website=6sqft|language=en-US|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134030/https://www.6sqft.com/construction-kicks-off-on-trinity-churchs-pelli-clarke-pelli-designed-community-center-and-office-tower/|url-status=live}}</ref> The church was connected to 76 Trinity Place by a footbridge.

Trinity Church owned many tenement-houses in New York City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Charles Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_everybodys-magazine_1908-07_19_1/page/47/mode/1up|work=Everyone's Magazine 1908-07: Vol 19 Iss 1 |title=The Tenements of Trinity Church|date=July 1908 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Anglican churches]]
* [[List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City]]
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Trinity Church (Manhattan)}}
* [http://www.trinitywallstreet.org Trinity Wall Street.org] – Trinity Church Official Website
* [http://www.trinitynyc.com/ Trinity Real Estate] – Official website for Trinity Church's real estate holdings

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