View source for Triolet

{{short description|Forme fixe}}
{{other uses}}
A '''triolet''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|t|r|aɪ|ə|l|ᵻ|t}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|t|r|iː|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}}) is almost always a [[stanza]] [[poem]] of eight lines, though stanzas with as few as seven lines and as many as nine or more have appeared in its history.  Its [[rhyme scheme]] is <math>\mathrm{ABaAabAB}</math> (capital letters represent lines repeated verbatim) and often in 19th century English triolets all lines are in [[iambic tetrameter]], though in traditional French triolets, from the 17th century on, the second, sixth and eighth lines tend to be iambic trimeters followed by one [[amphibrachic]] foot each. In French terminology, a line ending in an iambic foot was denoted as masculine, while a line ending in an amphibrachic foot was called feminine. Depending on the language and era, other meters are seen, even in French. The first, fourth and seventh lines are identical, as are the second and final lines, thereby making the initial and final [[couplet]]s identical as well. In a traditional French triolet, the second and third non-repeating lines rhyme with the repeating first, fourth, and seventh lines, while the non-repeating sixth line rhymes with the second and eighth repeating lines. However, especially in German triolets of the 18th and 19th centuries, one will see this pattern often violated.<ref>Kitabayashi. ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', pp. 11-15.</ref>

==History==

The triolet is a close cousin of the [[Rondeau (poetry)|rondeau]], the [[rondel (poem)|rondel]], and the [[rondelet]], other French verse forms emphasizing repetition and rhyme. The form stems from medieval [[French poetry]] and seems to have had its origin in [[Picardy]].<ref>Kitabayashi. ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', p. 40.</ref>

The earliest written examples are from the late 13th century. In this century, possibly the earliest surviving triolet is from "Li Roumans dou Chastelain de Couci et de la Dame de Fayel", where it is referred to as simply a song ("chanson").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> Seven more easily datable 13th century triolets (also known as songs) are to be found in "Cléomadès" by Adenet le Roi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> In the early 14th century, the songwriter, Jean Lescurel, wrote many triolets under the term of rondel. Lescurel was followed by Guillaume Machaut and, at the end of the century, by Jean Froissart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> In the early 15th century, Christine de Pisan experimented with a slightly abbreviated seven-line variation of the triolet which she, like her predecessors, also termed a rondel. Toward the end of this century, Dutch language triolets (though designated as rondels) by Anthonis de Roovere appear.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> Also, at the end of the 15th century, the term triolet appears for the first time. It was probably first so designated by Octavien de Saint-Gelais, whose colleague André de la Vigne appears to have designated his own triolets as rondelets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> In the 16th century, variously designated French and Dutch triolets continue to appear, though they largely lose favor by the end of the century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/early-french-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: Early French triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> In the 17th century from 1648 to 1652, triolets designated as triolets became suddenly popular in France during the civil uprisings of the "[[Fronde]]" when triolets were used for propaganda purposes and for character assassination. However, what remains easily accessible from this period are, basically, two poems, one by Marc-Antoine Girard, Sieur de Saint-Amant and another by Jacques de Ranchin. Saint-Amant's poem is a triolet about writing a triolet and Ranchin's, also known as the "king of triolets", is about falling in love on the first of May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/17th-century-french-triolets.html|title=Amusing the Muses: 17th century French triolets|date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Though the triolet did not recover its former popularity in 18th century France, it did, with the appearance of Théodore de Banville in the mid-19th century, experience a revival of interest with triolets being written by Arthur Rimbaud, Maurice Rollinat, Alphonse Daudet, and Stéphane Mallarmé.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/later-french-triolets.html | title=Amusing the Muses: Later French triolets | date=14 May 2017 }}</ref>

The earliest known triolets composed in English were written in 1651 by [[Patrick Cary]], briefly a [[Benedictine]] at [[Douai]], who purportedly used them in his devotions. None of Cary's poetry was published until the late 18th century and his triolets did not achieve notice until Sir Walter Scott published them in 1820.<ref>Kitabayashi. ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', pp. 125 and 207.</ref>  Probably, the two earliest publications of a triolet in English were both translations of Ranchin's ''king of triolets'', with one being published in 1728 and the other in 1806.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/english-triolets.html|title=Amusing the Muses: English triolets|date=14 May 2017}}</ref> In 1835 a rondel of Froissart was translated into English as a triolet. In 1870 [[Robert Bridges]] became the first English poet to write original triolets in English that were published and achieved recognition in England.<ref>Kitabayashi. ''The Tower of Babel, A  Anthology from Various Languages'', pp. 18-19.</ref> This, though, was less through his own efforts than through the impact of an influential article written by Edmund Gosse and printed in 1877 in the Cornhill Magazine reintroducing the triolet to the English public at large, among whom it enjoyed a brief popularity among late-nineteenth-century British poets.<ref>Kitabayashi. ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', pp. 214-215.</ref>

Not only did the triolet come to enjoy popularity in the late 19th century among English writers, but in the 18th and 19th centuries, it also came to enjoy a certain popularity among writers of other European languages. Among the various languages in which the triolet appeared, German writers of triolets, in particular, were not only numerous, but, by and large, made a point of developing it in new directions not seen with English and French writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/german-triolets.html|title = Amusing the Muses: German triolets|date = 14 May 2017}}</ref> In addition to German, the triolet also appeared in Dutch, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and possibly other languages during these two centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkitabayashi.blogspot.jp/2017/05/triolets-from-various-languages.html|title=Amusing the Muses: Triolets from various languages|date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Moreover, in Brazil in the late 19th century, the triolet spawned a new, somewhat abbreviated, six-line verse form known as the biolet.<ref>Kitabayashi. ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', pp. 230-231.</ref>

Though possessing a long history, triolets, with the exception of France in the years from 1648 to 1652, have always been a relatively rare verse form. Nevertheless, the number of languages in which triolets have been written and the number of poets who have written triolets has steadily increased and it seems to be exhibiting a new vitality with the advent of the 21st century.<ref>[''The Tower of Babel, A Trioletic Anthology from Various Languages'', p. 2, Lulu Press Inc., 2017.]</ref>

==Examples==
The following five triolets were written in 1651, 1806, 1870, 1877 and 1888, respectively, the first four being written by Englishmen and the last by an American.

{{poem quote|1. Farewell all earthly joys and care

Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell!
Farewell all earthly joys and cares!
On nobler thoughts my soul shall dwell,
Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell!
At quiet, in my peacefull cell,
I'll think on God, free from your snares;
Worldly designs, fears, hopes, farewell!
Farewell all earthly joys and cares|[[Patrick Cary]]}}

{{poem quote|2. The first of May

The first morn in the month of May
I prize far more than all the rest;
For thee I saw and told that day,
The first morn of the month of May,
That thou my heart had'st stolen away.
If thee please what I then confessed,
The first morn in the month of May
I prize far more than all the rest.|Robert Fellowes}}

{{poem quote|3. When we first met

When first we met we did not guess
That Love would prove so hard a master;
Of more than common friendliness
When first we met we did not guess
Who could foretell this sore distress,
This irretrievable disaster
When first we met? We did not guess
That Love would prove so hard a master.|[[Robert Bridges]]}}

{{poem quote|4. Love's but a dance

Oh, Love's but a dance,
Where Time plays the fiddle!
See the couples advance,—
Oh, Love's but a dance!
A whisper, a glance, —
Shall we twirl down the middle?
Oh, Love's but a dance,
Where Time plays the fiddle!|Austin Dobson}}

Robert Fellows' piece "The first of May" derives its title from an English translation of the first line of an older triolet written by the French poet Ranchin in c.&nbsp;1690. In reference to Ranchin's original French triolet, English poet and literary critic [[Edmund Gosse]] claimed that "No more typical specimen of the [early French] triolet could be found":{{sfn|Gosse|1911}}

{{poem quote|Le premier jour du mois de mai
Fut le plus heureux de ma vie:
Le beau dessein que je formais,
Le premier jour du mois de mai!
Je vous vis et je vous aimais.
Si ce dessein vous plut, Sylvie,
Le premier jour du mois de mai
Fut le plus heureux de ma vie.}}

==The modern English triolet==
The following is an example of a modern English triolet.

{{poem quote|"Birds At Winter"

Around the house the flakes fly faster,
And all the berries now are gone
From holly and cotoneaster
Around the house. The flakes fly! – faster
Shutting indoors the crumb-outcaster
We used to see upon the lawn
Around the house. The Flakes fly faster
And all the berries now are gone!|[[Thomas Hardy]]}}

In the last line the punctuation is altered; this is common although not strictly in keeping with the original form. Furthermore, the fact that the "berries now are gone" has a new relevance -- the birds are going unfed -- creates a new significance from the line repetition.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Triolet|volume=27|page=287|first=Edmund|last=Gosse|author-link=Edmund Gosse}}
*Hikaru Kitabayashi: ''The Tower of Babel, A Trioletic Anthology from Various Languages'', Lulu Press Inc., 2017.  {{ISBN|978-1-365-94608-0}}
*Hikaru Kitabayashi: ''A Geolinguistic Chronicle of Early Triolet Dispersal in Western European Languages'', Lulu Press Inc., 2017.  {{ISBN|978-1-365-99031-1}}
*A. Preminger, C. Scott, J. Kane: Triolet. In: Roland Greene, Stephen Cushman et al. (Hrsg.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 4th edition. Princeton University Press 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13334-8}}
 
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051019091541/http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/16815 How Great My Grief] by [[Thomas Hardy]]
*[http://saltyvicar.typepad.com/salt/2005/05/triolet_by_a_e_.html Triolet on a Line Apocryphally Attributed to Martin Luther] by [[A. E. Stallings]]
*[http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the-country-wife/ The Country Wife] (a double triolet) by [[Dana Gioia]]
*[http://thegladdestthing.com/poems/valentine Valentine] by [[Wendy Cope]]
*[https://www.ablemuse.com/erato/archives/umbrellajournal/winter2008/pop/AntoniaClark.html Gilda & Johnny, a triolet sequence] by Antonia Clark
*[http://www.sanjeev.net/poetry/marquis-don/the-triolet-167946.html The Triolet] by [[Don Marquis]]
*[http://www.webexhibits.org/poetry/explore_obscure_triolet_examples.html Examples of Triolet]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/06/poetry Triolet Workshop]
*[http://lukaslit.blogspot.com/2015/06/setimental-triolet-by-valerian.html Sentimental Triolet] by [[Valerian Gaprindashvili]] in Georgian and parallel English translation with video
*[http://www.booksie.com/466922-though-all-should-disappear Japanese Triolets] by Qbu, transcribed using the Latin alphabet and appearing with an English translation.
*[https://classicalpoets.org/2016/11/29/how-to-write-a-triolet-with-examples/ How to Write a Triolet (with Examples)] by Carol Smallwood, ''The Society of Classical Poets'' (November 29, 2016)

{{Western medieval lyric forms}}
{{Poetic forms}}

[[Category:Western medieval lyric forms]]
[[Category:Stanzaic form]]