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{{Short description|US Army general (1889–1976)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Troy Houston Middleton
| birth_date    = 12 October 1889
| death_date    = 9 October 1976 (aged 86)
| birth_place   = [[Copiah County, Mississippi]], U.S.
| death_place   = [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], U.S.
| placeofburial = [[Baton Rouge National Cemetery]], Louisiana, U.S.
| placeofburial_label = 
| image         = Middleton.Troy.ThreeStars.jpg
| caption       = 
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = United States
| branch        = United States Army
| serviceyears  = 1910–1937<br />1942–1945
| servicenumber = 0-3476
| rank          = [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
| commands      = 1st Battalion, [[39th Infantry Regiment (United States)|39th Infantry Regiment]]<br />1st Battalion, [[47th Infantry Regiment (United States)|47th Infantry Regiment]]<br />[[142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|142nd Infantry Regiment]]<br />[[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]]<br />[[VIII Corps (United States)|VIII Corps]]
| unit          = [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]]
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[Border War (1910–19)|Border War]]
* [[Banana Wars]]
** [[United States occupation of Veracruz|Occupation of Veracruz]]
* [[World War I]]
** [[Second Battle of the Marne]]
** [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]
*** [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]]
*** [[Allied invasion of Italy#Salerno landings|Operation Avalanche]]
** [[Operation Overlord]]
*** [[Operation Cobra]]
*** [[Battle for Brest]]
** [[Battle of the Bulge]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)<br />[[Silver Star]]<br />[[Legion of Merit]] (2)
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = [[Dean (education)|Dean of Administration]], [[Louisiana State University|LSU]]<br />Acting [[Vice President]], LSU<br />[[Comptroller]], LSU<br />[[University president|President]], LSU
}}
[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] '''Troy Houston Middleton''' (12 October 1889 – 9 October 1976) was a distinguished educator and senior [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] of the [[United States Army]] who served as a [[corps]] commander in the [[Western Front (World War II)|European Theatre]] during [[World War II]] and later as president of [[Louisiana State University]] (LSU). 

Enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1910, Middleton was first assigned to the [[29th Infantry Regiment (United States)|29th Infantry Regiment]], where he worked as a clerk. Here he did not become an [[infantry]]man as he had hoped, but he was pressed into service playing football, a sport strongly endorsed by the army. Following two years of enlisted service, Middleton was transferred to [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, where he was given the opportunity to compete for an [[Officer (armed forces)|officer's commission]]. Of the 300 individuals who were vying for a commission, 56 were selected, and four of them, including Middleton, would become [[general officer]]s. As a new [[second lieutenant]], Middleton was assigned to the [[7th Infantry Regiment (United States)|7th Infantry Regiment]] in [[Galveston, Texas]], which was soon pressed into service, responding to events created by the [[Mexican Revolution]]. Middleton spent seven months doing occupation duty in the Mexican port city of [[Veracruz]], and later was assigned to [[Douglas, Arizona]], where his unit skirmished with some of [[Pancho Villa]]'s fighters.

Upon the [[American entry into World War I|entry of the United States]] into [[World War I]], in April 1917, Middleton was assigned to the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]], and soon saw action as a battalion commander during the [[Second Battle of the Marne]]. Three months later, following some minor support roles, his unit led the attack during the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]], and Middleton became a regimental commander. Because of his exceptional battlefield performance, on 14 October 1918 he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], becoming, at the age of 29, the youngest officer of that rank in the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] (AEF). He also received the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] for his exemplary service. Following World War I, Middleton served at the [[United States Army Infantry School|U.S. Army School of Infantry]], the [[Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command and General Staff School]], the [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]], and as commandant of cadets at LSU. He retired from the army in 1937 to become dean of administration and later [[comptroller]] and acting vice president at LSU. His tenure at LSU was fraught with difficulty, as Middleton became one of the key players in helping the university recover from a major scandal where nearly a million dollars had been embezzled.

Recalled to service in early 1942, upon American entry into World War II, Middleton became CG of the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]] during the [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Allied invasion of Italy#Salerno landings|Salerno]] battles in [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]], and then in March 1944 moved up to command the [[VIII Corps (United States)|VIII Corps]]. His leadership in [[Operation Cobra]] during the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] led to the capture of the important port city of [[Brest, France]], and for his success he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal by General George Patton. His greatest World War II achievement, however, was in his decision to hold the important city of [[Bastogne]], Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge. Following this battle, and his corps' relentless push across Germany until reaching [[Czechoslovakia]], he was recognized by both General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the [[Supreme Allied Commander]], and Patton as being a corps commander of extraordinary abilities. Middleton logged 480 days in combat during World War II, more than any other American [[general officer]]. Retiring from the army again in 1945, Middleton returned to LSU and in 1951 was appointed to the university presidency, a position he held for 11 years, while continuing to serve the army in numerous consultative capacities. He resided in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], until his death in 1976 and was buried in [[Baton Rouge National Cemetery]]. The library at Louisiana State University had been named for him, but in 2020, the LSU Board of Supervisors unanimously voted to remove his name due to his segregationist policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deslatte |first1=Melinda |title=LSU strips segregationist name from library after board vote |url=https://apnews.com/article/b1257915bafd11c0d3fc24ac5ba33bad |access-date=22 December 2020 |publisher=Associated Press |date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Family and early life==

===Ancestry===
Troy H. Middleton was born near [[Georgetown, Mississippi]], on 12 October 1889, the son of John Houston Middleton and Laura Catherine "Kate" Thompson.{{Ref_label|A|A|none}}<ref name="Price, 4=5">Price, 4–5</ref> His paternal grandfather, Benjamin Parks Middleton, served as a private in the Mississippi Infantry for the [[Confederate States Army]] during the [[American Civil War]], and his maternal grandfather, Riden M. Thompson, was also a [[Confederate soldier]].<ref name="National Archives"/> His great-great-grandfather, Captain Holland Middleton, served from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="Harpole"/><ref name="Engel, 210-20"/> Holland Middleton was the son of William Middleton and grandson of Robert Middleton, who had extensive land interests in [[Charles County]] and [[Prince George's County]] in [[Maryland]].<ref name="Herndon, 11"/> In 1678 Robert Middleton was paid for expenses incurred in fighting the [[Nanticoke Indian Tribe|Nanticoke Indians]] and in 1681 he was commissioned as [[cornet (military rank)|cornet]] (second lieutenant) in a troop of [[cavalry]].<ref name="Herndon, 11"/>

===Early life===
Troy Middleton was the fifth of nine children and grew up on a 400-acre [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] in southeastern Copiah County.<ref name="Price, 5">Price, 5</ref> The plantation was virtually a self-contained community, and he had a variety of chores to do depending on the season, with sausage-stuffing being one of his favorites. The local Lick Creek and [[Strong River]] had plentiful fish that he would catch, and he loved to hunt, particularly with his [[12-gauge]] [[shotgun]].<ref name="Price, 7">Price, 7</ref> While his family was [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] by heritage, they worshiped at the Bethel [[Baptist]] Church, a few miles west of Georgetown, the only church reachable on a Sunday morning.<ref name="Price, 6">Price, 6</ref> His education was conducted at the small Bethel schoolhouse, but in the summertime he was tutored by his oldest sister Emily, who came home from [[Blue Mountain College]] to share her knowledge with her family.<ref name="Price, 11">Price, 11</ref> Having exhausted all the educational opportunities available at home, Middleton's father asked him if he was interested in a college education. Finding this an attractive proposition, in the summer of 1904, at the age of fourteen, Middleton made the 172-mile train trip to [[Starkville, Mississippi|Starkville]], where he would begin his studies at Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College (Mississippi A&M, later [[Mississippi State University]]).<ref name="Price, 12-13">Price, 12–13</ref>

===College at Mississippi A&M===

[[File:Middleton.Troy.Cadet.jpg|right|thumb|Cadet Sergeant Major Middleton at Mississippi A&M]]

At his young age, Middleton was required to complete a year of preparatory school before being enrolled in the four-year program at Mississippi A&M. In essence he did a final year of high school while living in the dormitory and following the regimen of the students at the college.<ref name="Price, 14-15">Price, 14–15</ref> The students were treated like cadets at a military academy, marching to and from all meals, and beginning their day with the first bugle call at 5:30&nbsp;a.m. While Middleton did not particularly savor the military atmosphere, he settled into the routine, and the year passed quickly.<ref name="Price, 16-17">Price, 16–17</ref> The highlight of his preparatory year came on 10 February 1905 when [[John Philip Sousa]] brought his band to A&M, attracting people from around the state, and packing the 2000-seat mess hall. The train that would take the band to its next stop was held up for over an hour as the concert was extended by repeated calls for encores.<ref name="Price, 18">Price, 18</ref>

The student corps at A&M was organized into a battalion, with a size of about 350 cadets during Middleton's first year. He began as a cadet corporal, and by his junior year was appointed as the cadet sergeant major. As a senior he had the cadet rank of lieutenant colonel and was the student commander of more than 700 cadets, in two battalions. Working with the military officer in charge of the cadets, Middleton took on additional responsibilities for which he was paid $25 per month.<ref name="Price, 21-3">Price, 21–23</ref>

Middleton was involved in numerous activities during his college days, and took leadership roles in most of them. He was the vice president of A&M's Collegian Club, and president of the school's Gun Club, being photographed on one occasion with his beloved shotgun, which he was allowed to keep in his dormitory room and use for hunting on weekends.<ref name="Price, 24-5">Price, 24–25</ref> He was the president of his junior class and during his senior year was the commandant of the select Mississippi Sabre Company, which was restricted to seniors of good social, academic and military standing. Among his favorite activities were baseball and football, and he played both sports throughout college, although he had to give up a season of baseball when he failed a chemistry course. Whether playing or spectating, the baseball and football games gave the students a chance to leave campus, and they took the train to play teams around the state.<ref name="Price, 25-32">Price, 25–32</ref>

Middleton graduated with a bachelor's degree in the spring of 1909, and was hoping to get an appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]]. No such opportunity presented itself, however, and at the age of 19 he was too young to take the examination for an army commission. Taking the advice of an army officer at A&M, he decided to enlist in the [[United States Army]].<ref name="Price, 33">Price, 33</ref>

==Early service in the U.S. Army==

===Enlisted service===
On 3 March 1910 Troy Middleton enlisted into the 29th Infantry Regiment at [[Fort Porter]] in [[Buffalo, New York]].<ref name="Price, 33" /> He was put to work as a company clerk, and as a [[private (rank)|private]] earned $15 a month, which was paid in gold until it became scarce, and was then paid in silver.<ref name="Price, 34">Price, 34</ref> Middleton tired of this desk work quickly and asked to become a [[soldier]]. While this did not happen at Fort Porter, his talents as a [[American football|football]] player became known, and he was pressed into duty as the [[quarterback]] of the local team, which played civilian teams in the Buffalo area as well as other army teams.<ref name="Price, 35">Price, 35</ref> For the next several years Middleton would play a lot of football, a sport that was strongly endorsed by the army. After getting a commission, an officer is never returned to the same unit from which he served as an enlisted member, but Middleton became the exception because of his talents as a quarterback. Middleton felt that football provided him with the finest training he received while in the army, and he said he never met a good football player who was not also a good soldier.<ref name="Price, 33-43"/>

===Officer's commission===
[[File:Clocktower-Sherman-Grant-SheridanHalls Nov-2002 0056.jpg|thumb|Grant Hall at Fort Leavenworth]]
After 27 months of service, Middleton got his first promotion, to [[corporal]].<ref name="Price, 36">Price, 36</ref> Promotions came very slowly, and occurred only when a position was vacated by someone else getting promoted or retiring. Shortly after his promotion on 10 June 1912, Corporal Middleton was transferred to [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, where he would have a chance to compete for an army commission. Here Middleton attended an intensive training course to prepare for the written examination required for a [[second lieutenant|second lieutenant's]] commission.<ref name="Price, 36" /> Of the 300 civilians and enlisted men who took the exam, 56 of them passed and were commissioned. Middleton's score was just about in the middle of the passing scores. Almost all of those passing were college graduates, coming from schools such as [[Harvard]], [[Yale]], [[Virginia Military Institute]], and [[Stanford]]. Four of the 56, including Middleton, would go on to become general officers.<ref name="Price, 36" />

In addition to taking the written exam, all of the applicants had to take a horse-riding test as well. Having grown up riding horses on his family's plantation, Middleton scored very well on this exam, and the officer in charge thought that he would want to go into the [[cavalry]]. Middleton, however, wanted to go into the infantry, leaving the officer stunned that anyone with such horsemanship skills would even consider spending his time walking.<ref name="Price, 37">Price, 37</ref>

Having passed his exam, Middleton was recommended for a commission by [[President (government title)|President]] [[Howard Taft]] in November 1912, but it was not until after the new president, [[Woodrow Wilson]], was sworn in the following March, and the new congress convened, that the 56 successful candidates were confirmed by the Senate. Their appointment was back-dated to 30 November 1912. During this interim period, Middleton was transferred to [[Fort Crockett]] in [[Galveston]], Texas, where he arrived early in 1913.<ref name="Price, 37-8">Price, 37–38</ref>

===Fort Crockett and deployment to Mexico===
In February 1913 Troy Middleton reported to [[Fort Crockett]] as a second lieutenant without a commission, being assigned to Company K of the [[7th Infantry Regiment (United States)|7th Infantry Regiment]]. A large part of the United States Army was rotating here in response to trouble in Mexico.<ref name="Price, 44">Price, 44</ref> In 1910 Mexico's President [[Porfirio Diaz]] was overthrown by a reform leader, [[Francisco Madero]], beginning the [[Mexican Revolution]] which would last for nearly a decade. Madero was supported by General [[Victoriano Huerta]] in putting down a series of revolts in 1912, but the following year was assassinated by the General, who then seized power. Though many countries recognized the Huerta government, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] would not, and he hoped to return Mexico to a constitutional government by backing [[Venustiano Carranza]].  The troops at Fort Crockett went into a waiting mode, preparing for the call from the President to take action in support of American interests.<ref name="Price, 44" />

In April 1914 the waiting for the military units ended, and American troops under the command of Brigadier General [[Frederick Funston]] were sent into Mexico. The [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] had taken the port city of [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] and the 7th Regiment was ordered to take part in the occupation of the city. Middleton's landing party went in unopposed and settled into [[United States occupation of Veracruz|occupation duty]] without a shot being fired. Middleton spent a total of seven months in Mexico and returned home to Galveston in November 1914.<ref name="Price, 44-60"/>

===Marriage===
After arriving at Fort Crockett, Middleton adapted to garrison life and attended Saturday night dances in town. At one such dance he had a navy lieutenant introduce him to Jerusha Collins, who would later become his wife. She had attended [[Southwestern University]] in [[Georgetown, Texas]], and had made her debut in Galveston society in 1911. Following the death of her father, Sidney G. Collins, Jerusha had come to live with her aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. John Hagemann, in Galveston. As a merchant, Hagemann was well to do. Middleton met the Hagemanns, soon becoming a regular visitor at their house while calling on Jerusha.<ref name="Price, 45">Price, 45</ref>

Following seven months in Mexico, Middleton's return to Galveston brought a special anticipation. He had proposed to Jerusha Collins at an earlier time, and renewed the proposal upon his return. The couple was married on 6 January 1915, and this allowed them to be in [[New Orleans]] two days later with other members of Middleton's unit for the one hundredth anniversary of the [[Battle of New Orleans]] in which the 7th Regiment had served. After a week in New Orleans, the couple returned to Galveston, and were invited to move into the Hagemann's house, where they were given a large upstairs room.<ref name="Price, 52">Price, 52</ref>

===Fort Bliss===
[[File:Pancho villa horseback.jpg|thumb| [[Pancho Villa]], whose Villistas fired on Middleton's regiment in Douglas, Arizona]]
When Galveston's second major [[1915 Galveston hurricane|hurricane]] hit the Texas coastline in mid-August 1915, most of the Army units had scattered to safe locations away from the storm's path, with a few units remaining in the secure buildings of Fort Crockett or in downtown Galveston. The Middletons chose to ride out the storm at the Hagemann house. Following the storm cleanup, in October 1915, the 7th Regiment was ordered to [[Fort Bliss]] in [[El Paso]], Texas as events in Mexico flared up again. Here they were put under the command of [[Brigadier General]] [[John Pershing]], a highly capable officer who had skipped three ranks by being promoted from captain to brigadier general for his exceptional service during the [[Philippine–American War]].<ref name="Price, 54">Price, 54</ref>

The Mexican Revolutionary General [[Pancho Villa]], who had at one time been supported by the United States, felt betrayed when the Americans backed Carranza. In January 1916, Villa's followers, known as Villistas, attacked a train and killed 16 American businessmen. Two months later Villa's men crossed the border into the United States and attacked the town of [[Columbus, New Mexico]], killing an additional 19 Americans. Following these attacks, General Pershing took his forces into Mexico to pursue Pancho Villa.<ref name="Price, 44-60"/>

Preceding these events, Middleton's 7th Regiment was sent to [[Camp Harry J. Jones]] near [[Douglas, Arizona]] to perform border security.<ref name="Price, 55">Price, 55</ref> While there, Middleton and a squad of his men were fired upon by the Villistas who [[Second Battle of Agua Prieta|unsuccessfully attacked the Mexican village of Agua Prieta]], across the border from Douglas.<ref name="Price, 55"/> While several of Middleton's men were hit, no one was killed, and they all returned with the 7th Regiment back to Fort Bliss in late December 1915.<ref name="Price, 56">Price, 56</ref>

===Preparation for war===
The hunt for Pancho Villa ended unsuccessfully for the Americans. War was raging in Europe, and following several months in Mexico, Pershing was called back to Fort Bliss to begin preparing his troops for this much larger conflict. In April 1917, President Wilson requested that [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] declare war, which they did. The same month Middleton was assigned to [[Gettysburg National Park]] where the 7th Regiment would continue its training. Here, he was promoted to [[first lieutenant]] on 1 July 1916, after a little more than three and a half years as a second lieutenant.<ref name="Price, 58">Price, 58</ref> With the pending war, his promotions would become much more frequent, and in less than a year he was promoted to [[Captain (United States)|captain]], on 15 May 1917, over a month after the [[American entry into World War I]].<ref name="Price, 58" />

==World War I==
In preparation for its buildup in strength, the army had to train a large cadre of officers. On 10 June 1917 Middleton was assigned to [[Fort Myer]], Virginia, as the [[adjutant]] of a reserve officer training camp. These camps were organized to take civilians and turn them into officers in ninety days, and as adjutant Middleton was responsible for directing the flow of paperwork for 2,700 officer candidates. By November 1917, his camp graduated its last class of officers, and Middleton requested to join a combat division. His request was granted and on 21 December 1917 he reported to the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Division]] at [[Camp Greene]] near [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], North Carolina. Two days later, however, he received new orders to become the commander of a reserve officer training camp in [[Leon Springs, Texas]]. Here, he reported as ordered, and stayed until the mission was complete in April 1918. As he was technically on loan from the 4th Division, his request to rejoin that unit was granted, and Middleton was soon on his way to France.<ref name="Price, 59">Price, 59</ref>

Believing that the 4th Division was still at Camp Greene, Middleton wired there to find out that the unit was already on its way overseas. He caught a train for New York, and when he arrived on 28 April 1918, he found his division at [[Camp Mills]] on [[Long Island]], living in tents and awaiting transport. Middleton was given command of the First Battalion, [[47th Infantry Regiment (United States)|47th Infantry Regiment]], and departed New York with his regiment aboard the ''Princess Matokia'' on 11 May in a convoy of fourteen ships. Three days out of France, a fleet of destroyers met the convoy and escorted it to the port city of [[Brest, France|Brest]] where they arrived on 23 May. There the division unloaded and organized for several days, subsequently loading onto a troop train to arrive at [[Calais]] on 30 May.<ref name="Price, 61-2">Price, 61–62</ref>

===Calais, Chateau Thierry and Saint-Mihiel===
[[File:MapMarne.jpg|thumb|left|The Marne River (dark blue)]]
The first assignment of the 4th Division was to become a reserve unit for the British, just south of Calais. The Americans gave up their [[M1903 Springfield|Springfield Rifles]] for some British [[Lee-Enfield|Enfields]] for which there was available ammunition. When the [[Germans]] began an offensive north of [[Paris]], the 4th was put onto trains and sent to the [[Marne River]], about twenty-five miles west of [[Chateau Thierry]]. Here the 4th became a reserve unit for the badly battered [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd Division]].<ref name="Price,62">Price, 62</ref> In late July 1918, Middleton, promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] on 7 June, moved his First Battalion in to support the 167th Regiment of the 42nd Division. In the ensuing operation, called the [[Second Battle of the Marne]], four days of heavy fighting took place against the [[Prussian Guards|Prussian]] [[4th Guards Infantry Division (German Empire)|Fourth Guard Division]] fresh from a month's rest. While the veteran Germans fought with determination, the Americans were able to push them back about twelve miles, though at a considerable cost—more than one in four of the Americans became casualties.<ref name="Price, 63-6">Price, 63–66</ref>

When the 4th Division was relieved, they were sent to the [[Saint-Mihiel]] area, where they would undertake a small support role. Major Middleton was given the task of directing the unit's transport, complicated by the requirement to move at night with equipment and personnel to be drawn by horse and mule. After Saint-Mihiel, the unit was moved to [[Verdun]] where hundreds of thousands of French and Germans had become casualties earlier in the war. This would become the last major engagement of the First World War for Middleton, who was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] on 17 September, shortly before the commencement of the operation, called the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]].<ref name="Price, 66">Price, 66</ref>

===Meuse-Argonne Offensive===
[[File:Middleton.Troy.Colonel.WWI.jpg|right|thumb|Colonel Troy H. Middleton shortly after the First World War]]

The 4th Division, on its own for the first time in the war, was assigned a front that was one to two miles wide, sandwiched between two seasoned French divisions, about eight miles from Verdun. Lieutenant Colonel Middleton's battalion led the attack for the Americans on 26 September 1918. That day, they covered five miles, breaking through German defenses, after which it was up to the entire 47th Infantry Regiment to hold onto the gains.<ref name="Price, 66-7">Price, 66–67</ref> Middleton then put his second-in-command in charge of the battalion when he was assigned as the [[executive officer]] of the regiment. He was in this staff position for two weeks when, on 11 October, he was given command of the [[39th Infantry Regiment (United States)|39th Infantry Regiment]] after commander [[James K. Parsons]] and most of his regimental staff became casualties following a gas attack.<ref name="Price, 67">Price, 67</ref> At about one o'clock in the morning, Middleton had to find his way to the 39th headquarters and prepare for battle at daybreak. Shortly before 7:30&nbsp;a.m., Middleton led his new regiment into enemy-held territory using a tactic called "marching fire," where all of the troops constantly fired their weapons while moving a mile through heavy woods. This compelled most of the dug-in and concealed Germans to surrender, and allowed the 4th Division to move to the edge of the [[Meuse River]].<ref name="Price, 68">Price, 68</ref> Three days after taking command of the 39th, and two days after his twenty-ninth birthday, Middleton was promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], becoming the youngest officer in the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) to attain that rank.<ref name="Price, 68" /> He also received the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] for his exceptional battlefield performance.<ref name="Price, 61-70"/> The citation for the medal reads:

{{Quote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) Troy Houston Middleton, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As a battalion and a regimental commander of the 47th Infantry, 4th Division, Colonel Middleton gave proof of conspicuous energy and marked tactical ability. He achieved notable successes in the operations near Sergy, along the Vesle River, and during the fierce fighting in the Bois-du-Fays and the Bois-de-Foret of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, rendering invaluable services to the American Expeditionary Forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/17944|title=Valor awards for Troy Houston Middleton|publisher=Military Times}}</ref>}}

On 19 October, the 4th Division was withdrawn from the battle line after 24 days of continuous contact with the enemy, the longest unbroken period of combat for any American division during the war.<ref name="Price, 70">Price, 70</ref>  Middleton was now given command of his former regiment, the 47th. In early November the 4th Division relieved an [[Military history of African Americans|African American]] regiment near [[Metz]], and was preparing to chase German defenders down the [[Moselle River]], with Middleton to lead the attack. The attack did not materialize, however, because, on 10 November, Middleton received confidential news that an armistice was imminent. The following morning a messenger brought word that there would be no more firing after 11 a.m. There was celebration throughout the ranks, but there was still much work to be done; the 4th Division would soon be assigned to Germany as an occupying force.<ref name="Price, 70" />

===Occupation of Germany===
In late November 1918 the 4th Division began a road march of more than 125 miles from the French city of Metz toward the German city of [[Koblenz]], on the [[Rhine River]]. The final destination of Middleton's 47th Regiment would be the town of [[Adenau]], 35 miles due west of Koblenz. The road trip took fifteen days of moving through almost incessant rain and ended in a driving snowstorm on 15 December. Middleton rode a horse during most of each day, surveying his troops and occasionally dismounting to talk with them. The formation marched for fifty minutes of each hour, and rested for ten, with a full hour for lunch.

Once in Adenau, the regiment dispersed to many villages in the area, while Colonel Middleton stayed in a large home in Adenau where the owners continued to live as well. During the stay in Adenau, the 47th continued with its training, building a rifle range, running combat problems, and practicing lessons learned from its recent combat operations. In early March 1919, after nearly four months in Adenau, the 47th was ordered to the area of [[Remagen]] on the Rhine. On the morning of the move, Middleton had breakfast with Colonel [[George C. Marshall]], who had come to Adenau the day before to inform Middleton of his regiment's new orders. Marshall was the aide of General John Pershing, who by now was the [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] (C-in-C) of the AEF.<ref name="Price, 71-3">Price, 71–73</ref>

At Remagen the 47th Regiment was given the mission of guarding the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] over the [[Rhine River]]. Twenty five years later the 47th would once again guard this bridge during [[World War II]]. The regiment remained here until given orders to return home in mid-summer 1919. Before his departure from Europe, Middleton was summoned to report to the Third Army Chief of Staff in Koblenz. Here he was informed that he and other senior officers were being assigned to [[Camp Benning]], Georgia, to form the first faculty of the [[Infantry School]] that was being established there. Middleton sailed out of Brest in mid-July, met his wife in New York, and together they traveled to [[Columbus, Georgia]], by way of Washington, D.C., and [[Atlanta]].<ref name="Price, 73-7">Price, 73–77</ref>

==Military schools==
For the ten years following World War I, Troy Middleton would be either an instructor or a student in the succession of military schools that Army officers attend during their careers.<ref name="Price, 78-88"/> Middleton arrived in Columbus, Georgia with strong praise from his superiors, and would soon get his efficiency report, in which Brigadier General Benjamin Poore of the 4th Division wrote of him, <blockquote>The best all-around officer I have yet seen. Unspoiled by his rapid promotion from captain in July to colonel in October; and made good in every grade. He gets better results in a quiet unobtrusive way than any officer I have ever met. Has a wonderful grasp of situations and a fine sense of proportion.<ref name="Price, 84">Price, 84</ref></blockquote>

===Infantry School===
Up until the World War, other branches of the Army had their own specialty schools, but the infantry did not. This situation was being amended, and Middleton would be part of that change as a new faculty member of the [[Infantry School]] at [[Camp Benning]], about nine miles from Columbus.<ref name="Price, 78-9">Price, 78–79</ref> Middleton, whose rank had reverted to his permanent rank of captain following the war, was an instructor in the new school for his first two years at Benning, and also a member of the Infantry Board, set up for research on weapons and tactics. One of his jobs on the board was to evaluate new weapons and equipment, and at one point he tested a new [[semiautomatic rifle]] which would eventually become the [[M-1 rifle]], the standard weapon of the infantry in World War II.<ref name="Price, 78-88"/>

[[File:US Army Infantry School Flag.png|thumb|left|U.S. Army Infantry School flag]]
The first nine-month class of the new infantry school began in September 1919, and students were taken through a curriculum of weapons and tactics. Captain Middleton, the youngest faculty member on the school staff, was an ideal instructor, fresh with experiences from the recent war.<ref name="Price, 80">Price, 80</ref> After two years as an instructor, and a promotion to major on 1 July 1920, Middleton prevailed upon his commanders to be allowed to enroll in the advanced infantry course as a student. This ten-month course included instruction on [[combined arms]], [[military tactics|tactical principles]] and decisions, [[military history]] and [[economics]], then ended with a written [[thesis]]. Middleton, who was one of the most junior members of his class, finished at the top of the class.<ref name="Price, 83">Price, 83</ref>

Following the advanced course, Middleton spent the summer as the senior instructor at a [[Military reserve force|Reserve Officer]] Training Camp at [[Fort Logan]], Colorado, then returned to Camp Benning for one more year as a member of the Infantry Board. Four years at Benning had been enough for him and he was ready to move on. After expressing his wishes to a senior officer, he was assigned to Fort Leavenworth in the summer of 1923.<ref name="Price, 86-8">Price, 86–88</ref>

===Command and General Staff School===
[[File:George S. Patton - France - 1918.jpg|thumb|right|While at Command and General Staff School, Middleton befriended [[George Patton]], shown here in France in 1918.]]

As one of the youngest majors in the army, Middleton found himself among officers who were ten to fifteen years his senior at the Army's [[Command and General Staff School]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas. Students attended this ten-month school to qualify for higher commands.<ref name="Price, 89">Price, 89</ref> Here Middleton met a classmate, [[George Patton]], who would become one of his friends. Patton had confided to Middleton that he predicted completing the course as an Honor Graduate, one who finishes in the top 25% of the nearly 200 students. His prediction came true, and he finished 14th in the class. Middleton finished 8th.<ref name="Price, 89" /> With his exceptional class performance, Middleton, along with half a dozen other graduates, was invited to stay on for the next four years as an instructor at the school.<ref name="Price, 90">Price, 90</ref>

During his second year of teaching at Command and General Staff School, one of his students, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], would come to his office and pump him for information, knowing that Middleton had commanded a regiment in combat in France. Eisenhower asked practical questions, and was unquestionably motivated—he finished first in his class.<ref name="Price, 91">Price, 91</ref> Nearly every officer who commanded a division in Europe during World War II attended the Command and General Staff School during Middleton's tenure there from 1924 to 1928. There was also a point in time during World War II when every corps commander in Europe had been a student of Middleton's.<ref name="Price, 91" />

===War College===

In 1928, his final year at Leavenworth, Middleton received orders to attend the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] in Washington, D.C. His year at this highest level of professional military education was very fulfilling. He spent time in the school library and the [[Library of Congress]].<ref name="Price, 94">Price, 94</ref> He wrote his staff memorandum (equivalent to a thesis) on the subject of Army transportation. Recalling his personal experience with horses and mules in France, he recommended that motorized transport significantly replace the Army's use of livestock. The [[commandant]] of the school commended Middleton for work of exceptional merit, and sent his ideas to the highest levels in the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].<ref name="Price, 94-5">Price, 94–95</ref>

==Late career==

Having spent the previous ten years in the various Army schools, Major Middleton requested a return to [[Camp Benning]], where he and his wife still had friends. The request was approved and he was assigned as a battalion commander in the [[29th Infantry Regiment (United States)|29th Infantry Regiment]] there, the same unit in which he had enlisted nineteen years earlier at [[Fort Porter]].<ref name="Price, 97-8">Price, 97–8</ref> He was at Benning for only a year when he was told he would be assigned to the [[General Staff]] at the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in Washington D.C., but this changed when a new requirement for career officers was brought to his attention. Officers were now expected to have an assignment with a civilian component of the Army such as the [[Army National Guard|National Guard]], the [[U.S. Army Reserves|Reserves]], or the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC). The last option appealed to Middleton the most, and he wanted to work at a school in the south. There was an opening at [[Louisiana State University]] (LSU), and this is where Middleton soon headed.<ref name="Price, 98">Price, 98</ref>

===ROTC duty at Louisiana State University===

In July 1930 Troy Middleton stopped at his new headquarters at [[Fort McPherson]] in [[Atlanta]], then drove west with his family to [[Baton Rouge]], Louisiana, which would become the family home for many years. Major Middleton became the Commandant of cadets at [[Louisiana State University|LSU]], along with being the professor of military science.<ref name="Price, 99">Price, 99</ref>

[[File:HueyPLongGesture.jpg|left|thumb|[[Huey P. Long]] after he became a senator]]

While at headquarters, Middleton had learned that his predecessor did not get along with Louisiana's governor, [[Huey P. Long]]. Middleton was told a few stories about the governor that made him curious enough to call on him the day after arriving in town. While the meeting turned out to be somewhat awkward for Major Middleton, it began a friendship between the two men.<ref name="Price, 100-1">Price, 100–1</ref> Governor Long loved LSU and the cadet corps there. When Middleton mentioned to him that the cadet band had just a few dozen members, the governor saw to it that the band would grow to 250 members. Governor Long was a showman, and enjoyed parades and fanfare, and would negotiate special fares to get the cadets and band transported to athletic events across the region.<ref name="Price, 105-6">Price, 105–6</ref> Because of the governor's dealings, LSU transformed from a third rate school in 1930 to the largest university in the south by 1936.<ref name="Price, 97-118"/>

During Middleton's tenure at LSU the presidency of the university changed hands from President Atkinson to President James Monroe Smith, the latter an appointee of Governor Long. Towards the end of Middleton's fourth year on campus President Smith asked him if he would stay on for an additional year and also become [[Dean of Men]]. Middleton responded that he would accept, but it had to be cleared through the [[United States Department of War|War Department]]. Smith's request to the War Department for both the extension and the deanship for Middleton were approved. Toward the end of the fifth year Smith went a step further, suggesting that Middleton retire from the army and become a permanent member of the LSU staff. Middleton would not even consider retirement, but accepted a sixth year with the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] program. As he began his sixth year on campus, on 1 Aug 1935, he was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="Price, 97-118"/>

Early in his final year on campus, Middleton was once again pressed by the university president to retire from the army and go to work for the college. Again, Middleton could not do that, and began looking for a suitable follow-on assignment. Not having been overseas in over sixteen years, he put in a request for duty in the [[Philippines]]. He finished his tenure at LSU in the summer of 1936, having overseen the increase in students completing the ROTC program from about 500 to over 1700 cadets.<ref name="Price, 97-118"/>

===Philippines and retirement===

[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower as General of the Army crop.jpg|thumb|right|Middleton's friend and former student, [[Dwight Eisenhower]], recommended that he stay in the army, but Middleton opted for retirement in 1937.]]

In August 1936 the Middletons made a leisurely drive to [[New York City]] where they boarded a ship for the [[Philippines]]. The trip took them 42 days and included passage through the [[Panama Canal]] with stops in [[Panama]], [[San Francisco]], [[Hawaii]], and [[Guam]]. When they arrived in Hawaii, they were greeted by [[George Patton]] and his wife Bea. Patton was on duty in [[Honolulu]] and had sailed his own boat from [[San Diego]] to Hawaii, and later sailed it back to the states at the end of his tour.<ref name="Price, 119">Price, 119</ref>

Middleton was assigned as an assistant [[inspector general]] in the army headquarters in [[Manila]]. Here he listened to complaints as he travelled to various Army installations including [[Fort William McKinley]] and [[Corregidor]].<ref name="Price, 120-1">Price, 120–1</ref> Less than six months into his Philippine tour he received a [[telegram]] from President Smith renewing his offer of a job at [[Louisiana State University|LSU]] as the dean of [[academic administration|administration]] with a salary of $5,400 per year. Middleton was in the hospital undergoing testing for some heart irregularity when the telegram arrived, and he showed it to two other lieutenant colonels who were visiting him. One of them said he should take the offer, the salary being excellent. The other lieutenant colonel, [[Dwight Eisenhower]], said he should stay in the army. Eisenhower had spent three years in Panama as an [[aide-de-camp|aide]] to General [[Fox Conner]], who knew that the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] were being ignored by [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]], and who was certain another war was coming soon. Eisenhower reasoned that this was no time for an officer with Middleton's combat experience to be getting out of the Army.<ref name="Price, 121">Price, 121</ref>

To Middleton, as a very junior lieutenant colonel, the prospect of becoming a [[general officer]] seemed very remote, and upon giving the matter more thought he ultimately decided to retire from the army. Once his decision was made, he wired President Smith at LSU advising him that he was ready to become a [[civilian]] and accept the university post.<ref name="Price, 122">Price, 122</ref> The Middletons left the Philippines in May 1937, stopping in [[Hong Kong]], Japan, and China en route to [[San Francisco]]. Lieutenant Colonel Middleton officially retired from the army on 31 October 1937.<ref name="Price, 122-4">Price, 122–124</ref>

== Tenure at Louisiana State University ==

The first year in his new job as administrative dean at Louisiana State University (LSU) went smoothly. The Middletons had a new house built on Highland Road near the campus, and an oil field was discovered under their property, bringing them royalties that would pay for their property many times over. University enrollment began to climb in 1938 and the LSU football team had just finished three outstanding seasons under coach [[Bernie Moore]], winning 27 of their 30 regular season games. Middleton was photographed breaking ground for a new faculty club that year, as the campus grew in many areas.<ref name="Price, 125-6">Price, 125–126</ref> All seemed to be running well when in June 1939 the campus was given a shock from which it would take many years to recover. A [[New Orleans]] newspaper ran a photo on the front page showing an LSU truck unloading building materials in suburban New Orleans, revealing an illegal operation. The ensuing investigation led to the discovery that LSU's President Smith had embezzled nearly a million dollars from the university, using the money to cover his losses while speculating in the [[Chicago]] wheat [[futures market]]. Smith stood trial, and was sent to first Federal prison and later the Louisiana State Penitentiary in [[Angola, Louisiana|Angola]].<ref name="Price, 128">Price, 128</ref> The LSU superintendent of grounds and buildings, George Caldwell, was also involved in the scandal and served time in Atlanta for [[tax evasion]]. Meanwhile, the state's [[governor]], [[Richard Leche]], resigned, but was soon found guilty of several federal charges and sent to [[Atlanta]] to serve time.<ref name="Price, 128" />

The [[Board of Supervisors]] met in a special session at the end of June 1939 and Middleton was directed to take over the business management of the university. The school's finances were in a state of chaos, and it would take effort and time to dig out of the mess. The dean of the Law School, [[Paul M. Hebert]], became the acting president, and Middleton became acting vice president and [[comptroller]]. Middleton chose two accounting professors, Dr. Daniel Borth and Dr. Mack Hornbeak, to work with him, and a [[New York City|New York]] firm was hired to come in and establish sound business procedures.<ref name="Price, 129">Price, 129</ref>

Before the revelation of the illegal activities, expenditures had been routinely made on a cash basis, all of the university funding and program money was thrown into a single account, and university bond indentures had been violated. The new leadership had to advertise in Louisiana newspapers to find out to whom they owed money. The first year of dealing with the situation required 16- to 18-hour days, six days a week, and after that the process still required overtime through the year 1941. Faculty and staff members, accustomed to making purchases without bids, purchase orders or knowledge of the budget, had to be educated on the accepted business procedures on which the rest of the world operated.<ref name="Price, 130-1">Price, 130–131</ref>

While Middleton was helping LSU recover from this ordeal, he was also keeping an eye on events in Europe. In July 1940 he wrote a letter to General [[George Marshall]] asking if his services were needed by the Army as the United States was making preparations for war. Marshall replied that as much as the Army would like to have Middleton back in uniform, all the Army could do would be to place him in some training role, which would not effectively use his battle experience.<ref name="Price, 134-5">Price, 134–5</ref>

Middleton stayed at LSU until 1942, describing his days as the comptroller of LSU as long days that he would not want to relive, but after the first year he found both the work and his association with Hebert, Borth and Hornbeak to be satisfying and rewarding. He felt that during this period of time he was able to make his greatest contribution to an institution that had been very good to him in the past.<ref name="Price, 119-135"/>

== World War II ==
Troy Middleton was out dove hunting with his son, Troy Jr., and a friend on Sunday morning, 7 December 1941. Having had a successful morning, the trio decided to take a break for lunch, then come back out and get their bag limits in the afternoon. When they arrived at home for the mid-day meal, Mrs. Middleton greeted them with the news of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. This put an end to the dove hunting, and Troy Middleton began to make plans.<ref name="Price, 136">Price, 136</ref> The next day he reported to the [[Louisiana State University|LSU]] president announcing his intention to offer his services to the U.S. Army, and he sent a telegram to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] announcing his availability for service. Within a day or so he received a reply: he would report to active duty as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] on 20 January 1942.<ref name="Price, 137">Price, 137</ref>

Middleton was assigned to a training regiment at [[Camp Wheeler]], Georgia, where he was quickly promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] on 1 February, and oversaw the combat training of thousands of recruits.<ref name="Price, 137" /> After less than two months, he was given a rapid succession of assignments, including to [[Fort Gordon|Camp Gordon]], Georgia and [[Camp Blanding]], Florida. While at Blanding he was called to the War Department in Washington, where he was given an assignment to be a staff officer in [[London]], but this rapidly changed when he was called to the [[United States Army War College|War College]], and met a classmate from Command and General Staff School, [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], who told him that he was being assigned to the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|Forty-fifth Infantry Division]] at [[Fort Devens]], Massachusetts.<ref name="Price, 139">Price, 139</ref>

=== 45th Infantry Division ===
[[File:Middleton McClain.jpg|thumb|right| Middleton (right) with his 45th Infantry Division artillery commander, [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Raymond S. McLain]], Newport News, Virginia, June 1943.]]

Upon returning to Florida in early June 1942 to pick up his personal effects, Middleton received his orders for Fort Devens, and also word that he had been promoted to brigadier general. In mid-June he reported to the 45th, known as the "Thunderbirds," an [[Army National Guard]] division consisting mostly of troops from [[Oklahoma]], but also including some from [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], and [[New Mexico]]. The commanding general of the 45th, [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[William S. Key]], anticipated being replaced with an active duty officer. Though Middleton was not informed of this, in late summer 1942 Key was replaced, and Middleton was given the command of the division, along with a promotion to major general.<ref name="Price, 140-1">Price, 140–1</ref>

In the summer, the 45th did its training at [[Cape Cod]], Massachusetts, after which Middleton was in command for winter training at Pine Camp, [[New York (state)|New York]]. Here the temperature dipped to −36°F and snow drifted head-high. A soldier in the division by the name of [[Bill Mauldin]] did a cartoon showing slop from the kitchen frozen in a column as it descended into the garbage can outside. Mauldin later became famous for his cartoons during [[World War II]], and won two [[Pulitzer Prizes]] for his work.<ref name="Price, 141-2">Price, 141–2</ref> In February 1943 the training moved from Pine Camp to [[Fort Pickett|Camp Pickett]], Virginia, for [[Mountain warfare|mountain]] training, and then to the [[East coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]] for ship-to-shore training between [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], Virginia and [[Solomons, Maryland]]. In early April, while the division was at Camp Pickett, Middleton was sent to [[North Africa]] with some of his staff to begin planning the ensuing military operation. Here he went to the headquarters of the [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]] commander, [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[George S. Patton]], in [[Morocco]] and stayed nearly a month. Patton would command the Seventh Army in the [[Sicily]] landings during the summer, and the 45th would be the only combat-loaded division coming from the United States. With the division scheduled to sail from Norfolk on 5 June, Middleton left beforehand to complete the planning for the landing on a hostile shore, this time reporting to the [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] headquarters of Lieutenant General [[Omar Bradley]] in [[Algiers]], Algeria. For this operation, Bradley was subordinate to Patton, under British overall direction. By the time the division arrived in [[Oran]], Algeria, the planning was complete, and the unit was able to run one rehearsal in western Algeria before embarking for Sicily.<ref name="Price, 143-5">Price, 143–145</ref>

=== Sicily ===
The 45th Division was under Omar Bradley's [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]], which in turn was subordinate to Patton's Seventh Army. Overall command of the Sicilian invasion, called [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]], was with British [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]], and the British forces were organized under the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] commanded by General [[Bernard Montgomery]]. The 45th Division consisted of three infantry regiments, the [[157th Field Artillery Regiment|157th]], [[179th Infantry Regiment (United States)|179th]] and [[180th Cavalry Regiment|180th]], and numerous other elements. Fighting alongside the 45th Division were the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|First Infantry Division]], [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|Third Infantry Division]], and the [[505th Infantry Regiment (United States)|505th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] (PIR) (with the 3rd Battalion of the [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th PIR]] and numerous other support units attached), part of the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref name="Price, 146-161"/>

[[File:Map Operation Husky and Axis Dispositions.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Allied landings in Sicily on 10 July 1943]]

The 45th departed Oran on 4 July 1943, with little attention paid to the fact that it was [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]].<ref name="Price, 146">Price, 146</ref> The six-day trip to Sicily was smooth at first, then turned fairly rough, with [[seasickness]] prevalent among the troops. The weather calmed as several troop ships rendezvoused near the town of [[Scoglitti]], on the western side of Sicily's south coast. At 2 a.m. on 10 July the [[landing craft]] were filled with infantrymen, and as the craft approached the shoreline, the Navy opened up with a volley of preparatory fire.<ref name="Price, 146-7">Price, 146–147</ref> The primary mission of the 45th was to capture two airfields needed for Allied aircraft.<ref name="Price, 148">Price, 148</ref> [[Comiso Airport|Comiso Airfield]], about eleven miles from the shore, was captured in a day and was being used by American planes the next day. It took four days for the division to capture Biscari Airfield, about twelve miles inland.<ref name="Price, 148" />

The next objective of the 45th was to fight German and Italian forces en route to the north coast of Sicily. The plan was to use Highway 124, one of Sicily's four major highways. This highway, originally in the American sector, had been usurped by Montgomery, with no word of the change of boundaries given to Middleton.<ref name="Price, 150">Price, 150</ref> Word eventually came down from Alexander that the boundaries had been changed, which meant that when the 45th reached the highway, they became frozen in place with no opportunity to advance. Middleton moved his division from the right of II Corps to the left, traveling ninety miles out of the way through back areas of the other American divisions, to get in position for the march north.<ref name="Price, 150-3">Price, 150–3</ref> On 23 July the first elements of the 45th reached the north coast of the island at Station Cerda, five miles east of [[Termini Imerese]], taking thirteen days to move from south coast to north coast. The division then moved east along the coast, reaching its objective of [[Santo Stefano di Camastra|Santo Stefano]] on 30 July. Here they were stormed by the Germans, but fought back, forcing the German rear guard out of the area by the following morning. This was the end of active fighting for the 45th in Sicily, where the division endured 1,156 casualties while taking nearly 11,000 [[Prisoner of war|prisoners]].<ref name="Price, 153-5">Price, 153–5</ref>

The Third Infantry Division was moved in to replace the 45th, which was now ticketed for the upcoming invasion of the Italian mainland.<ref name="Price, 155">Price, 155</ref> In recalling events on Sicily in his biography, Middleton noted a strain in his relationship with General Patton. Patton felt that the Mauldin cartoons published in the division newspaper were irreverent and unsoldierly. Middleton consistently defended Mauldin, but was verbally ordered by Patton to get rid of him. When Middleton told Patton to put the order in writing, the issue was dropped.<ref name="Price, 160">Price, 160</ref> Soon thereafter, Patton [[George S. Patton slapping incidents|slapped two soldiers]] who he suspected of malingering in hospitals, which brought public condemnation and loss of his command.<ref name="Price, 160" />

=== Italian mainland ===
The month of August 1943 was used by the 45th Division for some rest and planning. Seven plans for the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]] were put on the table, and three of them were adopted, of which the British had two ([[Operation Baytown]] and [[Operation Slapstick]]) and the Americans had one, called [[Allied invasion of Italy#Salerno landings|Operation Avalanche]].<ref name="Price, 164">Price, 164</ref> The 45th Division would be under [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ernest J. Dawley]]'s [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]], within the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] commanded by Lieutenant General [[Mark W. Clark]]. The plan called for the landing of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in the vicinity of [[Salerno]], Italy, about 200 miles north of [[Sicily]].<ref name="Price, 162-173"/>

[[File:SalernoBeachhead1943 09 11 2400.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the Salerno beachhead at the end of 11 September 1943]]

The first Allied landings on the beach occurred on 9 September, with two regiments of Middleton's 45th Infantry Division, the 157th and [[179th Infantry Regiment (United States)|179th Infantry]], landing the following day. The other regiment of the division, the 180th, would land at a different point and be held in reserve by Clark.<ref name="Price, 164" /> Middleton was responsible for ten miles of [[beachhead]] between the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] and the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 36th Infantry Division]]. The German defensive positions pounded the Allies, who gained little ground in the first few days of the operation. Lieutenant General Clark, the Fifth Army commander, faltered and sent around a confidential memo indicating that he was contemplating taking the troops back off the beaches.<ref name="Price, 165">Price, 165</ref> Middleton, telling his staff that they were not leaving, spread around the word to his troops that it was a good time to do some hard fighting.<ref name="Price, 165" /> On the morning of 14 September units of the 45th did some particularly hard fighting at a large [[tobacco]] factory, consisting of five imposing stone buildings in a somewhat circular pattern. The Germans were dug in here, and repulsed the Americans initially, but with the aid of some naval gun fire, the Germans were eventually pushed back. Clark visited the front later that day, and was convinced that his army was going to stay.<ref name="Price, 166">Price, 166</ref>

[[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], now the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations|Mediterranean]], visited the [[beachhead]] on 17 September, observing that the battle had been won. The following day the Germans had pulled out of the area, and the 45th was able to advance to [[Venafro]] before meeting any resistance.<ref name="Price, 166" /> The division was at the far right of the Fifth Army, working up the center of the Italian boot, adjacent to Montgomery's [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] which was responsible for the eastern half of the boot. By 24 September the division had taken [[Oliveto Citra|Oliveto]] and [[Quaglietta]] after some heavy fighting, and by 3 October they had taken [[Benevento]].<ref name="Price, 167">Price, 167</ref> On 21 October the division was put into corps reserve, following almost six weeks of uninterrupted action. There was still some German resistance around Venafro, and elements of the 179th Infantry Regiment secured the town on 2 November. With this the fighting came to a large pause as Allied planners studied further action.<ref name="Price, 167-8">Price, 167–168</ref>

With the lull in the fighting, and the onset of autumn rains, coupled with endless hills and deepening mud, Middleton's left knee, which had been uncomfortable for more than a year, was now becoming agonizing. He had hurt his right knee many years earlier playing football, but there was no immediate explanation for the pain in his left leg. [[Medic]]s studied his leg, but had no answers.<ref name="Price, 168-9">Price, 168–9</ref> In late November Middleton went to the hospital in [[Naples]], staying well into December, still without adequate diagnosis. He was able to hobble around, and did some staff work, then flew to General Eisenhower's headquarters in [[North Africa]]. He stayed there until mid-January, when he was sent to [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center|Walter Reed Hospital]] back in the United States.<ref name="Price, 169">Price, 169</ref> While Middleton was at Walter Reed, General Eisenhower communicated to General [[George Marshall]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|U.S. Army Chief of Staff]], that he needed Middleton back overseas. Acknowledging Middleton's difficulty with his knees, Eisenhower said, "I don't give a damn about his knees; I want his head and his heart. And I'll take him into battle on a litter if we have to."<ref name="Price, 171">Price, 171</ref> Command of the 45th Division went to Major General [[William W. Eagles]].

The two generals came up with a plan, and Middleton was sent to six Army installations in [[Tennessee]], [[Colorado]], and Washington, D.C., with a brief stopover to visit his family in Baton Rouge. Middleton would be taking command of [[VIII Corps (United States)|VIII Corps]] in England, and was sent to the various locations to confuse the enemy about the personnel change. Accompanying him was a [[sergeant]] who had been a [[physical therapist]] in civilian life, and who would massage Middleton's knees twice a day for the next year. When asked what staff he needed to take with him, Middleton replied that he would keep the staff that was already in place, except that for an aide he would like his old LSU friend, Mack Hornbeak, who had served with him through Sicily and Italy.<ref name="Price, 172-3">Price, 172–3</ref>

===VIII Corps===
[[File:US VIII Corps SSI.png|thumb|right|VIII Corps insignia]]
The [[VIII Corps (United States)|U.S. VIII Corps]] had arrived in the United Kingdom in December 1943, and was commanded by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Emil F. Reinhardt]], who Middleton had known for many years. While he was an able commander, his lack of combat experience resulted in his being replaced by Middleton (though Reinhardt would later command a division in the European fighting). Middleton's first stop in Europe before assuming command of VIII Corps was to confer with his friend and commander, Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower had asked Middleton about his views on making [[George S. Patton|Patton]] the commander of an army. Middleton thought it was a good idea since Patton was such an able fighter. Eisenhower agreed, but was concerned about Patton's propensity to embarrass the Army by things he said to the press. Following this Patton was given command of the [[United States Army Central|Third Army]], which was headquartered north of London during the preparation for the [[invasion of Normandy]].<ref name="Price, 174-175"/>

Middleton's VIII Corps headquarters was in the town of [[Kidderminster]] about fifteen miles from [[Birmingham, England|Birmingham]], and about 110 miles northwest of [[London]].<ref name="Price, 175"/> In order to deceive the Germans, Middleton moved his headquarters another 75 miles to the north, near [[Liverpool]]. This made it appear that the corps would move east to the [[English Channel]] for a landing near [[Calais]], France. The ruse was effective, keeping the Germans guessing, and compelling them to split their forces among multiple locations along the French coast, instead of concentrating their forces at one probable landing point.<ref name="Price, 179"/>

The VIII Corps fell under Patton's Third Army, and trained in England from March to late May 1944. Two weeks before the invasion, the corps was pulled out of the Third Army and placed in Omar Bradley's [[First United States Army|First Army]]. First Army was responsible for the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings in Normandy]], and once the Allies were established on shore, Middleton was to bring his VIII Corps across. Shortly before the invasion, Middleton took his corps to [[Southampton]] where they awaited their channel crossing time.<ref name="Price, 180"/>

=== Cotentin Peninsula and Operation Cobra ===
The VIII Corps sat in Southampton from D-Day, 6 June, until 11 June 1944 when it began crossing the English Channel.<ref name="Price, 181"/> The corps lost only one of its [[Landing Ship, Tank|Landing Ship Tanks]] (LSTs) to a mine during the crossing, but on it was about half of Middleton's headquarters complement. Other than the members of the sunken LST, who would rejoin the corps ten days later, the entire corps was ashore on 12 June near [[Carentan]], where [[J. Lawton Collins|Joe Collins']] [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] had cleared the beach on D-Day.<ref name="Price, 181"/> At this point the divisions of VIII Corps included the [[82nd Airborne Division|82nd Airborne]], [[101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne]], [[79th Infantry Division (United States)|79th Infantry]] and [[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry]]. The 82nd, under Major General [[Matthew Ridgway|Matthew Bunker Ridgway]], performed admirably, but soon left the corps, and once in Brittany the corps would have an entirely different complement of divisions.

[[File:Bocage country at Cotentin Peninsula.jpg|thumb|left|The [[bocage]] landscape in the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] impeded the Allied advance.]]

After VII Corps took the port city of [[Cherbourg]], VIII Corps began moving south against German forces in the middle of the [[Cotentin Peninsula]]. The Germans had the high ground, and the fighting was further complicated by the [[bocage]] countryside—a series of farmers fields and pastures forming a latticework, with each unit separated by walls of earth up to six feet high supporting dense shrubbery and trees.<ref name="Price, 183"/> The German defenders had every advantage over the Americans, whose tanks would tip up and expose their thin bottom armor as they attempted to cross the barriers.  By mid July, field expedient devices were developed to equip tanks to penetrate the hedgerows and restore battlefield mobility.  Such specially equipped tanks were referred to as [[Rhino Tank]].<ref name="Price, 183"/>

After breaking out of the bocage, VIII Corps was able to roll fifty miles in seven days, but it, and the remainder of Bradley's First Army, remained bottled up on the Cotentin Peninsula.<ref name="Price, 184"/> The next phase of the fight, codenamed [[Operation Cobra]] was to break out of the peninsula, and once this occurred, [[George S. Patton|Patton's]] [[United States Army Central|Third Army]] would join the fight. The operation began on 24 July 1944 when American air commanders were asked to lay a carpet of bombs on the Germans to soften them up for the advancing ground forces. Poor weather curtailed the operation on the first day, but more than a thousand bombing missions were carried out the following day. [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Lesley McNair]], chief of the [[Army Ground Forces]], came to Middleton's headquarters to witness the bombing. Middleton warned him to stay at corps headquarters, but McNair strayed away far enough that he and other members of his party were killed when they got caught by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombs. More than 600 U.S. troops were killed or wounded in this [[friendly fire]] incident when the bombs fell short of their intended target.<ref name="Price, 185"/>

Despite the mishap, the bombing was effective in reducing the German resistance, and over the next few days the VIII Corps was able to move south along the coast. On 30 July they seized the town of [[Avranches]], the gateway to Brittany and southern Normandy.<ref name="Williams185"/> Once in command of Avranches, VIII Corps then secured the bridges at [[Pontaubault]], and in doing so, broke out of the Cotentin Peninsula and into [[Brittany]]. This brought about the planned command change, and at noon on 1 Aug 1944 Omar Bradley moved up to command the [[Twelfth United States Army Group|12th Army Group]], [[Courtney Hodges]] took over the First Army, and Patton's Third Army was activated into the group along with First Army, with Middleton's VIII Corps now falling under General Patton.<ref name="Price186-7"/>

Following the breakout, Middleton found himself in a doctrinally uncomfortable situation, as the allies were now in a position to pursue the Germans. The cautious and methodical Middleton was in command of two infantry divisions and two armored divisions within his corps, and the impatient Patton could not understand why Middleton was not pursuing.<ref name="Kaune, 20">Kaune, 20</ref> In early August Patton wrote in his diary, "I cannot make out why Middleton was so apathetic or dumb. I don't know what was the matter with him." Despite his wealth of battlefield experience and years of military schooling, Middleton had only limited experience in conducting pursuit operations, and was a bit overwhelmed by them.<ref name="Kaune, 20, 28">Kaune, 20, 28</ref> Ultimately he allowed his armored divisions some autonomy in their operations, while using his infantry to clean up pockets of resistance en route to Brest.<ref name="Kaune, 20-9">Kaune, 20–9</ref> His estimates of enemy strength turned out to be much more accurate than those provided to him by Patton, and Patton ultimately acknowledged Middleton's value as a corps commander by presenting him with a [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] within seven weeks of calling him "dumb" in his diary.<ref name="Price, 199"/>

=== Battle for Brest ===
After the breakout from the Cotentin Peninsula, VIII Corps followed the Brittany coast westward en route to [[Brest, France|Brest]], the port of Middleton's arrival and departure from Europe during [[World War I]]. As the corps passed [[St. Malo]], Middleton turned his [[83rd Infantry Division (United States)|83rd Division]] on the town, [[Battle of Saint-Malo|resulting in the capture]] of 14,000 Germans following a lengthy battle.<ref name="Price, 187"/> Patton had already directed the corps' [[6th Armored Division (United States)|6th Armored Division]] under [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Robert W. Grow|Bob Grow]] to move on to Brest while Middleton was still cleaning up in St. Malo, which fell on 17 August. Grow had arrived outside of Brest on 7 August, and met stiff resistance once there.<ref name="Price, 189-90"/> The city, housing important German submarine pens and extensive machine facilities, was defended by three elite German divisions and several powerful 90-millimeter guns which were capable of destroying most of the armor in the 6th Armored Division. The siege of Brest required infantry, and once the [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] under Major General [[Walter M. Robertson]] arrived, the armored division was released back to Patton for other operations. Also joining VIII Corps for the siege was the [[8th Infantry Division (United States)|8th Division]] commanded by Major General [[Donald A. Stroh]] and the [[29th Infantry Division (United States)|29th Division]], a [[Army National Guard|National Guard]] unit from Virginia, commanded by Major General [[Charles H. Gerhardt]]. Middleton also had a cavalry group and two ranger battalions commanded by [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Earl Rudder]] who later became president of [[Texas A&M University]].<ref name="Price, 190-91"/>

[[File:Battleforbrest.jpg|left|thumb|Brest in September 1944]]
The city was well organized for defense, and in the [[Battle for Brest]] Middleton's units went about capturing it methodically. The defense of the city was under German [[Generalleutnant]] [[Hermann Ramcke]] with whom Middleton carried on a dialog during the siege. Ramcke sent Middleton a map showing where several hundred American [[Prisoner of war|prisoners]] were being held in the city, but also placed on the map a number of red crosses where the Allies knew some good bombing targets were located, such as ammunition depots.<ref name="Price, 191-2"/> Middleton wrote back to Ramcke telling him to remove some of the bogus red crosses, or some terms of the [[Geneva Convention]] might have to be ignored. Middleton also reminded Ramcke of the Allies' superior artillery and air power.<ref name="Price, 196"/>

The battle for Brest was intense and very destructive. After two weeks of constant day and night attacks, Middleton's units forced the Germans into ever tighter positions.<ref name="Price, 196"/> On 12 September, Middleton sent a letter to Ramcke offering him an opportunity to stop the bloodshed, and to surrender the city in a humane and reasonable way, with terms of surrender spelled out in the letter. Ramcke's terse reply was simply, "I must decline your proposal."<ref name="Price, 198"/> Unhappy with the response, Middleton directed his soldiers to "enter the fray with renewed vigor...take them apart—and get the job finished."<ref name="Price, 198"/> One week later, on 19 September, the Germans surrendered to Middleton, who, with much of his staff, had 99 unbroken days of combat. In a formal ceremony, Middleton gave the city back to its mayor, and General Patton arrived to pin a [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] [[oak leaf cluster]] on Middleton for outstanding conduct during the campaign in Brittany, resulting in the capture of Brest.<ref name="Price, 199"/>

The Americans captured more than 36,000 Germans, and evacuated 2,000 wounded, far exceeding the estimate of 10,000 Germans given to Middleton by Patton before the operation.<ref name="Price, 199"/> Ramcke was captured by troops of the 8th Division, and asked the deputy division commander for his credentials. The American general pointed to the [[M-1 rifle]]s being carried by his soldiers and told Ramcke that those were his credentials.<ref name="Price, 199"/> Ramcke appeared at his formal surrender clean shaven and with a well-groomed [[Irish setter]]. With plenty of reporters and photographers documenting the occasion, Ramcke commented in English that he felt like a film star. He was soon sent to a prisoner of war camp in [[Camp Clinton|Clinton, Mississippi]]. After the war he spent time in a prison camp in England, and then was sent to France where he was tried and found guilty of war crimes against French civilians during the fighting at Brest. Ramcke continued a correspondence with Middleton for 15 years following the war.<ref name="Price, 201"/>

=== Move to the Ardennes ===
[[File:Major General Middleton and General Eisenhower, 1944.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Troy H. Middleton conferring in Belgium, 1944.]]

With western France in the hands of the Allies, in late September Middleton made a leisurely trip east across France to the [[Ardennes Mountains]], stopping en route to visit battlefields where he had served with distinction in 1918 during the [[World War I|Great War]].<ref name="Price, 209"/> The Germans were now behind a line from west of [[Metz]], France, through [[Luxembourg]], and east of the Belgian cities of [[Bastogne]], [[Liège|Liege]] and [[Antwerp]]. The Allies had outrun their supply lines and had to slow their advance to resupply.<ref name="Price, 210"/>

Middleton's VIII Corps was assigned a 50-mile front, half of which belonged to the 2nd Division and the other half to the 8th Division. The front extended from [[Losheim]], on the German-Belgian border, to central Luxembourg. On 11 October, the 83rd Division was brought back under VIII Corps control, and another 38 miles of front in Luxembourg was added to the responsibility of the corps. The new [[9th Armored Division (United States)|9th Armored Division]] was added to the lineup on 20 October, but put into corps reserve by Middleton.<ref name="Price, 211"/> During October and into November these divisions ran deception maneuvers to confuse the Germans, and also became thoroughly familiar with the terrain so as to be able to absorb a heavy thrust from the enemy should they be attacked. However, from mid-November to early December the three well-prepared infantry divisions were all replaced by two battle-weary divisions and one green division. Both the [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]] and the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]], Middleton's old division from World War I, had taken heavy losses in the [[Huertgen Forest]], and were at less than 75% normal strength. The [[106th Infantry Division (United States)|106th Infantry Division]] was just entering the lineup with no combat experience. Middleton now had about 68,000 officers and men in his corps, many weary and many uninitiated, along an 88-mile front facing about 200,000 veteran German troops who were deftly moving into position under the cover of darkness.<ref name="Price, 213"/>

=== Battle of the Bulge ===
Striking at 5:30&nbsp;a.m. on Saturday, 16 December, the Germans achieved almost total surprise in breaking through the allied lines, beginning what is commonly called the [[Battle of the Bulge]]. The Germans launched their [[Battle of France|great attack of 1940]] through the same region, with [[Generalfeldmarschall]] [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] in command then as he was once again in this campaign.<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 342"/> His goal was to separate the American forces from the British and Canadian forces, and take the important port city of Antwerp. By late afternoon the Germans had 14 divisions operating in the Ardennes, but this number would swell to an estimated 25 divisions, with 600 tanks and 1,000 aircraft.<ref name="Eisenhower (1986), 557"/> The 106th Division, located in the most exposed positions along the corps line, and the 28th Division took the brunt of the attack. Middleton, headquartered in Bastogne, was awakened by a guard and could hear the guns from there. Throughout the day, the 106th was able to hold its position, but additional German units poured in during the night. Much of the 106th was on the German side of the [[Our River]] in an area known as the [[Schnee Eifel]]. The division's commander, Major General Alan Jones, called Middleton, concerned about his two regiments east of the river. The conversation was interrupted by another call, and then resumed. At the end of the conversation Middleton told an aide that he had given his approval to have the two regiments pull back to the west side of the river. Jones, on the other hand was convinced that Middleton had directed these units to stay, and was further convinced of this based on a written order from earlier in the day, but just received.<ref name="MacDonald, 128-9"/> As a result of the miscommunication, the pullback did not occur, and the two regiments were ultimately surrounded with most of the men captured on 17 December.<ref name="Price, 215-16"/> While two of the [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Division]]'s regiments survived the German onslaught intact, the [[110th Infantry Regiment (United States)|110th Infantry Regiment]], commanded by Colonel Hurley Fuller, was directly in the path of the advance. On 17 December Fuller counterattacked, but his lone regiment was up against three German divisions, and when Fuller's command post was attacked he was taken prisoner. Middleton next heard from him in April when he was released.<ref name="Price, 221-2"/> Though the 110th Regiment was shattered, the resistance given by them and other VIII Corps units greatly slowed down the German timetable.<ref name="Price, 221-2"/>

[[File:Middleton.Ardennes.NatArchives.jpg|thumb|left|Major General Troy H. Middleton in the Ardennes, late 1944]]

The city of Bastogne, Belgium was a hub of several major roads and became a prime target for the Germans, seeing its capture as necessary to their advance. Middleton was in continuous communication with [[Omar Bradley|Bradley]] at [[Twelfth United States Army Group|12th Army Group]] headquarters in Luxembourg, and maintained that though Bastogne could soon be surrounded, it should be held.<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 349"/> As the Germans advanced on Bastogne, both Bradley and [[First United States Army|First Army]] commander [[Courtney Hodges|Hodges]] recognized the threat to Middleton and had him move his headquarters. He was supposed to leave Bastogne on 18 December, but spent another night there so that he could brief his relief force, the [[101st Airborne Division]]. Not only did that division's acting commander, [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Anthony McAuliffe]], show up ahead of schedule, but so did Colonel William Roberts from the [[10th Armored Division (United States)|10th Armored Division]] [[Combat Command]] R (CCR), sent by Patton. Another welcome guest arriving later that evening was Major General [[Matthew Ridgway]], commander of [[XVIII Airborne Corps]], en route to his headquarters, but advised by Middleton to stay in Bastogne for the night to avoid capture by the Germans.<ref name="Price, 227-8"/> While Middleton and his guests slept, elements of the 101st Airborne poured into Bastogne all during the night and into the following day.<ref name="Price, 230"/>

Having conferred with McAuliffe at length the previous evening, Middleton left Bastogne after full daylight on 19 December, and set up headquarters in a school building in [[Neufchâteau, Luxembourg Province|Neufchâteau]], 17&nbsp;miles to the southwest.<ref name="Price, 234"/> For the next several days, Bastogne was defended by the 101st, along with elements of CCR and some corps artillery assets that Middleton was able to supply. McAuliffe had units scattered in towns surrounding Bastogne, which bore the brunt of attacks by the [[Panzer Lehr Division]] and [[2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|Second Panzer Division]]. At one point on 19 December, some of McAuliffe's units wanted to fall back, and McAuliffe concurred, calling Middleton for his approval. Middleton's response was, "we can't hold Bastogne if we keep falling back" and the units were ordered to stay.<ref name="Price, 243"/>

On 20 December, VIII Corps was moved from Hodges' First Army back to Patton's Third Army. [[Siege of Bastogne|Bastogne was being surrounded]] by the Germans and without adequate weather for airdrops, supplies were running low. By 22 December the Germans felt that their position around Bastogne was strong enough to send in an emissary with a note advising the Americans to surrender the city, or they would be attacked in the afternoon. McAuliffe's famous reply, "Nuts!" was sent back to the German commander. The Germans did renew their attack that afternoon, but it was muted by freshly falling snow, and a stiff American response. The next morning, 23 December, was the eighth day of fighting and the first day that the sun had emerged from behind the thick fog and clouds since the beginning of the battle. The [[Ninth Air Force]] was able to send 240 aircraft over Bastogne that day, each dropping about 1200&nbsp;pounds of critically needed supplies, including artillery rounds that were delivered in the morning and used against the Germans the same afternoon.<ref name="Price, 257"/> Over the next three days, offensives made by the Germans were countered with responses from the Americans. In the late afternoon on 26 December the first elements of the long-awaited [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]] arrived in Bastogne, breaking the siege of the city.<ref name="Price, 264"/> [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] demanded that Bastogne be taken, but even with nine divisions in the fight, the Germans were not able to break in. With the siege broken and additional elements of the 4th Armored Division coming in, Middleton stipulated that the top priority was to get the 964 wounded troops out of Bastogne and into area hospitals.<ref name="Price, 265"/> Despite the small opening to the city, it was clear by 27 December that the Germans were throwing their principal effort against Bastogne.<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 362"/>

In response to this renewed German thrust against Bastogne, Eisenhower released two new divisions on 28 December, the [[87th Infantry Division (United States)|87th Infantry]] and the [[11th Armored Division (United States)|11th Armored]].<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 362"/> These units joined the 101st Airborne Division in the corps lineup just in time for a new offensive on 30 December to shrink the bulge created in the allied line. The Americans began their attack at 7:30 that morning, which, coincidentally, was the exact time that the Germans, under General der Panzertruppen (Lieutenant General equivalent) [[Hasso von Manteuffel]] scheduled an attack of their own. The 11th Armored Division had difficulty meeting its objectives (for reasons not related to the strength of the Germans), but the 87th Division fought well in the snow, sleet and deepening cold.<ref name="Price, 267"/> On 3 January the new [[17th Airborne Division]] relieved the 11th Armored Division, and the corps stretched along a crude 15-mile line due west of Bastogne, with the 101st continuing to hold the city. For the next two weeks the corps moved steadily north in heavy, sometimes even desperate, fighting, and on 16 January they met units from First Army pushing south at [[Houffalize]].<ref name="Price, 275"/> Over the following twelve days the combined force pushed the Germans back eastward across the Our River, returning the Allied line to its original position before 16 December battle began, eliminating the bulge created in the Allied line on 16 December.<ref name="Price, 275"/>

=== Push across Germany and victory ===
[[File:Loreley LOC.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lorelei]], near where Middleton led his troops across the Rhine]]

With the front restored to its previous boundary, Bradley summoned his Army and Corps commanders to his headquarters. He wanted Hodges' First Army to advance to the Rhine, while Patton's Third Army would stay put until First Army reached the river. Patton was very reluctant to hold in place, and questioned the advisability to do so. Bradley explained that all available ammunition and reinforcements would go to First Army, since two armies could not be simultaneously supplied.<ref name="Price, 277-8"/> Patton reluctantly accepted Bradley's explanation, but after that meeting he called together his three corps commanders, [[Manton Eddy]] of XII Corps, [[Walton H. Walker]] of XX Corps, and Middleton. He asked Eddy if he could ease forward and capture [[Trier]], Walker if he could do the same with [[Bitburg]] and Middleton if he could take [[Gerolstein]]. All three commanders agreed to this, and within a few days all three had reached their objectives.<ref name="Price, 278"/> Middleton was then asked by Patton to take his corps all the way to [[Koblenz]] on the Rhine River, which he did, and VIII Corps reached the river before any units of First Army arrived.<ref name="Price, 278"/>

Once the VIII Corps was at Koblenz, Patton took most of its divisions away for an operation with XII Corps further up the river at [[Mainz]], leaving Middleton with some corps units (mostly artillery) and a single division, the [[87th Infantry Division (United States)|87th Infantry]]. Middleton asked Patton if he could take Koblenz with the 87th, eliciting a laugh from the army commander. Middleton pressed him to let him try, and with the commander's approval he was able to take the city, which only had about 500 defenders. Most of the other German troops were on the other side of the Rhine not wanting to get trapped between the Rhine and the [[Moselle River|Moselle]] Rivers.<ref name="Price, 279"/>

[[File:Ohrdruf Patton 87662.jpg|thumb|Generals Patton, Bradley, and Middleton at a [[Nazi concentration camp]], 1945]]

Once Koblenz was captured in mid-March 1945, VIII Corps was assigned a 25-mile front from Koblenz upstream (southeast) to beyond [[Boppard]] and the famous landmark, the [[Lorelei]]. Patton then gave Middleton the [[89th Infantry Division (United States)|89th Division]] and [[76th Infantry Division (United States)|76th Division]] for the river crossing. Middleton chose to cross the river near the Lorelei where the river was narrow, swift, and flanked by steep terrain, eliciting another laugh from Patton. Middleton knew there would be little German resistance there, and he was able to get the entire 89th across in one night using inflatable rafts, and then put a pontoon bridge in place by early morning. The 87th initially attempted to cross at Koblenz but met too much resistance there, compelling them to move further upstream closer to Boppard, where their crossing went smoothly.<ref name="Price, 280-1"/> Within two days Middleton had all three of his divisions across the Rhine.<ref name="Price, 281"/>

In late March, VIII Corps advanced eastward through [[Eisenach]] and then across the [[Fulda River]]. Here some of Middleton's infantrymen came across the [[Ohrdruf concentration camp|concentration camp at Ohrdruf]], discovering the sickening evidence of what had transpired there. Middleton called Patton to come take a look, and Patton was joined by Bradley and Eisenhower.<ref name="Price, 287-8"/> In his diary, Patton described the place as "one of the most appalling sights that I have ever seen."<ref name="Ohrdruf"/> This was the first [[Nazi concentration camp]] to be discovered by the United States Army, and Eisenhower cabled [[George Marshall|Marshall]] to get a delegation from Congress over to witness and communicate what took place there. Middleton later had officials from the town come in. While every one of them denied knowing what was happening, the mayor and his wife both committed suicide that night.<ref name="Price, 288"/>

The VIII Corps continued its eastward advance well into the month of April, and was ordered to stop between [[Chemnitz]] and the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] border, where the corps would make contact with the Russians. The immediate problem was dealing with the prisoners of war. The Americans were almost overwhelmed by the number of Germans wanting to surrender to them, and despite orders to take no more prisoners, thousands of Germans filtered through VIII Corps lines at night, desperately trying to avoid capture by the Russians.<ref name="Price, 289-90"/> During the last week of April, a Russian cavalry unit made contact with Middleton. While the leaders of both the Americans and the Russians exchanged luncheon invitations, the Russians were extremely reluctant to allow any Americans across the Russian line, and their American lunch guests were taken by a very circuitous route into Russian-held territory.

{{Quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="My Dear General Middleton, Again the exigencies of war have separated the VIII Corps and the Third Army. We are all most regretful. None of us will ever forget the stark valor with which you and your Corps contested every foot of ground during von Rundstedt's attack. Your decision to hold BASTOGNE was a stroke of genius. Subsequently, the relentless advance of the VIII Corps to the KYLL River, thence to the RHINE at its most difficult sector, resulting in your victorious and rapid advance to the MULDE River, are events which will live in history and quicken the pulse of every soldier. Please accept for yourself and transmit to the officers and men of your command my sincere thanks and admiration for the outstanding successes achieved. May all good fortune attend you. Very sincerely,"|source= G. S. Patton Jr., Lieut. General, U.S. Army, Commanding<ref name="Patton letter to Middleton"/>}}

On 25 April 1945 Patton wrote a recommendation, citing Middleton's "outstanding tactical skill and determination," his "magnificent resistance against...Von Rundstadt's attack," and his "tireless energy and unfaltering aggressiveness."<ref name="Price, 292-3"/> With the war in Europe almost over, the disposition of the various units was being decided by higher command. Some would remain as occupation forces in Europe, some would return to the United States, and some would be sent to the Pacific theater to fight against the Japanese. The Germans formally surrendered in the American sector on 7 May 1945, and two days later Patton issued his General Order Number&nbsp;98 thanking the soldiers of the Third Army, past and present, for their accomplishments.<ref name="Price, 292"/> On 13 May, Middleton wrote a letter to Bradley requesting to be released from active duty, once his combat services were no longer needed. He asked to return to [[Louisiana State University|LSU]] by 1 August 1945, but also paid compliments to Bradley and others by writing, "That men such as you, Ike, Joe Collins, Courtney Hodges and others have accomplished so much in this war, are available to guide the future of our Army, we cannot but feel the future is in safe hands."<ref name="Price, 294"/>

Middleton was the only commander that VIII Corps had ever had in combat.<ref name="Price, 294"/> He had been away from home for over 1,200 days since departing in January 1942, and had logged 480 days in combat, more time than any other American general officer during World War II.<ref name="Price, 296"/> Near the end of May 1945 groups of general officers, other officers and enlisted men were sent to several major cities across the United States to appear in parades. Middleton was part of a group headed by Courtney Hodges that went to [[Atlanta]], where he and his son reunited with his wife and daughter (his son, Lieutenant Troy Middleton Jr. had been with him in Europe) and where they were treated to a reception held by the mayor.<ref name="Price, 295"/> From Atlanta the family flew to Baton Rouge where Middleton took 15 days of leave, after which he went to Washington, D.C., to meet with General Marshall.<ref name="Price, 296"/> Marshall told Middleton that he could either return to Germany to be with his corps, or he could wait at home until the unit returned to the states, Middleton opting for the latter. Marshall also told Middleton that VIII Corps was being ticketed for Japan. When the [[atomic bomb]] was dropped on [[Hiroshima]], Middleton went back to Washington, and this time Marshall told him he doubted any more units would be sent to the Pacific. Asked if he wanted to stay in the army, Middleton's reply was that he had retired in 1937, and he intended to be returned to retired status once he was no longer needed as a combat commander.<ref name="Price, 297"/>

== Return to Louisiana State University ==

In late August 1945 Middleton returned to [[Louisiana State University]] (LSU) and reported to President Hatcher, requesting his old job as comptroller.<ref name="Price, 298"/> He focused on getting things ready for thousands of soldiers who would be going back to school. Enrollments had swollen in 1945, but increased exponentially in 1946.<ref name="Price, 298"/> One of Middleton's priorities was to get housing for all of these new students, many of whom were married. With keen insights into military procurement, he was able to find a variety of types of excess housing units that the military no longer needed, providing both students and faculty with adequate housing at very low cost. He did not believe that blacks and whites should play on the same athletic teams, and wrote a letter dated 27 October 1961 to this effect to the Chancellor at The University of Texas.<ref name="Price, 299-300"/>

=== Military advisory roles ===
[[File:Joseph Lawton Collins.jpg|thumb|right|[[J. Lawton Collins]], Chief of Staff of the United States Army, requested Middleton's services to look into honor code violations at [[West Point]].]]

Though retired from the military, Middleton was soon called to serve in a variety of advisory capacities. In April 1946 he was appointed to the [[Doolittle Board]], set up to investigate officer-enlisted men relationships, and headed by former Air Corps General [[James H. Doolittle]].<ref name="Price, 302"/> The board made a number of recommendations, one of the more significant ones being to allow the non-commissioned officers to establish their own clubs, a recommendation supported by [[Bill Mauldin]].<ref name="Price, 303"/> Three years later Middleton was asked to serve on the Military Education Panel of the Service Academy Board to look at the curricula of the Military and Naval Academies, and the proposed Air Force Academy as well.<ref name="Price, 303"/> Working for nine months on recommendations, Middleton stressed a more liberal education for the academies, and much of what he recommended was accepted.<ref name="Price, 304"/>

Middleton was also asked to speak to military groups on occasion, such as for commissioning exercises at Fort Benning in 1951.<ref name="Price, 304"/> As late as 1958 he was called on by the [[United States Military Academy]] to come and review the curriculum offered to the cadets, and then was called again in 1959 to do related work.<ref name="Price, 304"/>

In the spring of 1951, Middleton got a call from General [[J. Lawton Collins]], who was now the Army Chief of Staff, asking for Middleton to take an assignment on behalf of the Army.<ref name="Price, 323">Price, 323</ref> Middleton was compelled to say yes. There were allegations of wholesale honor code violations at the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, and Middleton was to serve on a committee to oversee the proceedings and make recommendations.<ref name="Price, 324">Price, 324</ref> Though personally painful to Middleton, the committee's recommendation was to dismiss 82 cadets for cheating, including most of the members of the football team. A headline in a New Orleans newspaper wryly summarized the event as "Army Football Team Severely Penalized for Illegal Passing."<ref name="Price, 324" /> While this was a drastic undertaking, the committee also recommended that the same tests not be given to different groups on different days, which practice offered the cadets a big temptation to cheat.<ref name="Price, 324" /> Though this was not a pleasant assignment for Middleton, he had been selected for the task because of his reputation for fairness.<ref name="Price, 325">Price, 325</ref> Though he had never attended West Point, in 1952 he was asked to serve the academy on its Board of Visitors, a position which he held for one three-year term.<ref name="Price, 322">Price, 322</ref>

=== University presidency ===
Dr. Hatcher, the President of LSU, resigned his position in February 1947 because of ill health.<ref name="Price, 304"/> The search went out for a new president, and when Middleton was asked to be considered for the job, he declined, being very content with his job as comptroller.<ref name="Price, 304"/> Following the search, Harold W. Stoke was brought in from the [[University of New Hampshire]]. Middleton thought Stoke had many good qualities, but he could not work well with the Board of Supervisors.<ref name="Price, 308"/> Stoke was sometimes doctrinaire, and his formality when working with the board members was found to be annoying by some.<ref name="Price, 305"/> While he was respected by most of the faculty, Stoke continued to have run-ins with the board members, and in December 1950 his differences with the board resulted in his tendering his resignation.<ref name="Price, 306"/>

Stoke asked the board to hold a special meeting on 28 December to act on his resignation. Following the meeting, three members of the board came to Middleton's office, and told him, "The board has elected you president of the university and we are here to notify you. It is the board's desire that you accept."<ref name="Price, 306"/> Middleton was pressed to make a quick decision, and feeling confident that he could fulfill the job with no misgivings, he accepted the position.<ref name="Price, 307"/> There was some backlash from the resignation of Stoke, as students and members of the community criticized the board.<ref name="Price, 313-4"/> Nevertheless, the resignation became effective on 1 February 1951, on which day Middleton began his role as university president.<ref name="Price, 309"/>

The years that Middleton was president of LSU were marked by tremendous growth, resulting in many battles over funding priorities. The four major projects being considered were a new library, enclosure of the football stadium, a new auditorium and an addition to the medical school in [[New Orleans]].<ref name="Price, 322" /> Middleton's priorities put the library at the head of the list, and the stadium last.<ref name="Price, 322" /> The Board of Supervisors, on the other hand, gave priority to the stadium, and in February 1953 voted to accept a bid for the project.<ref name="Price, 332">Price, 332</ref> After the stadium expansion had been approved, the Board of Supervisors agreed to give priority to a new library in September 1953. Within a year, the state legislature had given LSU all of the funds it asked for, about 20% more than the previous request, to be used mostly for higher staff salaries, but also including 3.6 million dollars for the new library to be built across from the Hill Memorial Library in the central part of the campus.<ref name="Price, 333-5">Price, 333–5</ref> In 1954 projections indicated that student enrollment would nearly double in the next 15 years, and in response the university entered into its most ambitious building program to date.<ref name="Price, 337">Price, 337</ref>

As the university president, Middleton was constantly involved in personnel decisions, some of them making national news. One such ordeal occurred in February 1955 when the Board of Supervisors decided that it was time for the head football coach, [[Gaynell Tinsley]], to be relieved following a break-even record in seven years. His successor, [[Paul Dietzel]], had a rough beginning at LSU with three losing seasons, and calls for his removal grew. Middleton supported Dietzel, however, and in his fourth season as coach the LSU Tigers not only had an undefeated season, but also won the [[Sugar Bowl]] and were declared the national champions.<ref name="Price, 338-41">Price, 338–341</ref>

{{Quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="For his distinguished and innumerable contributions to the case of higher education in the state, in the region, and in the nation; For his truly outstanding services to Louisiana State University and to the state of Louisiana throughout a career of thirty-two years of affiliation with the university as Commandant of Cadets, as Dean of Men, as Dean of Administration, as Comptroller, as Vice President, and as President; For the clear stamp of integrity and for the tremendous respect he has provided for the university and its administration as its president through eleven years of growth and change; For the friendly and practical encouragement of faculty and students toward increased scholarship and higher academic achievements; For his invaluable and timely efforts as a soldier in the defense of his country at highly critical periods in its history; The Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University representing the university in its entirety, recommends the conferring of the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws upon Troy Houston Middleton."<ref name="Price, 368">Price, 368</ref>|source= ''Citation accompanying the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws''}}

A serious issue facing most southern schools in 1956 was that of [[desegregation]]. While Middleton, like most white Louisianans, was in favor of segregation, as the university president his responsibility was to uphold the laws of the state and nation. In a letter to University of Texas Chancellor Harry Ransom, Middleton detailed his efforts to keep black and white students separate and to prevent black students from participating in athletics, in spite of accepting black students into the university. He wrote, "Our Negro students have made no attempt to attend social functions, participate in athletic contests, go in the swimming pool, etc. If they did, we would, for example, discontinue the operation of the swimming pool."

{{Quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="Though we did not like it, we accepted Negros as students; therefore, they are permitted to occupy rooms in dormitories and take their meals in University dining halls. We have had a limited number of occupy rooms. At no time has a Negro occupied a room with a white student. We keep them in a given area and do not permit indiscriminate occupancy. Thus far we have had no problem.

Our Negro students have made no attempt to attend social functions, participate in athletic contests, go in the swimming pool, etc. If they did, we would, for example, discontinue the operation of the swimming pool.

Since we have not had a Negro request that he be permitted to participate in athletics, we, of course, have not had to make a decision. If one should apply between now and 1 February 1962, (date for my retirement), I think I could find a good excuse why he would not participate. To be specific—L.S.U. does not favor whites and Negros participating together on athletic teams.|source= ''Briscoe Center's Chancellor's Office Records, Box 85, Folder "Desegregation 9/1/60-8/31/62.''}}

In April he wrote a report to the Board of Supervisors entitled "LSU and Segregation."<ref name="Price, 344">Price, 344</ref> Here he outlined the history of the enrollment of blacks at LSU, which showed how resistant the university had been to such an undertaking. While there were avid segregationists who declared the federal desegregation laws would not be fulfilled, more practical minds could see the futility and extreme expense of having to create duplicate facilities, and the process of integration accelerated.<ref name="Price, 348">Price, 348</ref>

When Middleton reached the university's mandatory retirement age of 70 in 1959, the Alumni Council adopted a resolution to have the Board of Supervisors waive the age requirement, and allow Middleton to stay on as president. This was done, and again at the end of the 1959–1960 school year he was once again declared to be essential to the university, and once again reluctantly agreed to stay for one additional year.<ref name="Price, 354,363">Price, 354, 363</ref> Though it became a long year, on 1 February 1962 Middleton officially retired, and three weeks earlier 11 January was declared as "Troy H. Middleton Day in Louisiana" by Governor [[Jimmie H. Davis]].<ref name="Price, 367">Price, 367</ref> LSU classes were suspended, an honor guard from the Cadet Corps was formed, and Secretary of the Army [[Elvis Stahr]] came to address the convocation, at which Middleton was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.<ref name="Price, 367-8">Price, 367–368</ref>

=== Retirement and death ===
Middleton was a little more than 72 years old when he retired from LSU in 1962. He was now President Emeritus, and maintained an office on campus in the [[David French Boyd|David F. Boyd]] building.<ref name="Price, 371">Price, 371</ref> He went to this office every Wednesday morning where a staff secretary handled the typing of a large number of letters in response to his mail.<ref name="Price, 371" />

[[File:Middleton.Troy.GraveMarker.BatonRougeNatCem.20120402.jpg|thumb|left|Grave marker for Lieutenant General Troy H. Middleton and his wife, [[Baton Rouge National Cemetery]]]]

Two years after his retirement, in May 1964, Governor [[John J. McKeithen]] came to his office hoping that Middleton would accept a job on a commission that he was forming. The governor was wanting to ease the state's growing racial tensions by creating a biracial commission composed of 21 blacks and 21 whites. The governor needed a chairman who would command respect. Middleton said he would do it for a year, beginning in 1965, but as had often happened in the past, the year stretched into five, and it was not until 1970 when the commission had reached its goals and was disbanded that Middleton was freed from this duty.<ref name="Price, 374">Price, 374</ref> Middleton's black counterpart on the commission was Dr. Albert Dent, president of [[Dillard University]] in [[New Orleans]],<ref name="Price, 377">Price, 377</ref> and the directors chosen to head the staff of this Commission on Human Relations, Rights, and Responsibilities were white attorney John Martzell and black attorney [[Jesse N. Stone]].<ref name="Price, 374" /> Some of the potential trouble spots where the commission was able to have a positive effect included the towns of [[Ferriday]] and [[Opelousas]], and the commission helped to open the ranks of the Louisiana State Police to qualified blacks.<ref name="Price, 378-9">Price, 378–379</ref> The commission was disbanded in May 1970, after having effectively served its purpose, and the members each received a letter of thanks from the governor.<ref name="Price, 383">Price, 383</ref>

In January 1969 the Coordinating Council for Higher Education was authorized, and Middleton agreed to serve once again, but this time refused pressure from the governor to become the chairman.<ref name="Price, 386">Price, 386</ref> After two years, Middleton felt that the council had more than justified itself by merging redundant facilities, and disapproving projects that were wasteful of taxpayer's money.<ref name="Price, 386-7">Price, 386–7</ref> Middleton served in this role until 1973, when he was 83 years old, and also served in a number of other capacities, but continued to hunt and fish when he could, while also enjoying his growing family.<ref name="Price, 392">Price, 392</ref>

Middleton died in Baton Rouge on 9 October 1976, three days before his 87th birthday.

== Legacy ==

[[File:Troy H. Middleton Library, Louisiana State University Main Library.jpg|thumb|right|Middleton Library in 2012]]
[[File:Middleton Hall.MissState..20120407.jpg|thumb|right|Middleton Hall, the Army/Air Force [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building at [[Mississippi State University]]]]

In 1962, the year of Middleton's retirement from [[Louisiana State University|LSU]], [[Mississippi State University]] declared him the "alumnus of the year".<ref name="Price, 393">Price, 393</ref> On 10 September 1966, the Louisiana Association of Broadcasters awarded Middleton a bronze plaque, honoring him as the Louisianan of the Year for his accomplishments in racial peace-keeping while chairing the Commission on Human Relations, Rights, and Responsibilities.<ref name="Price, 395">Price, 395</ref> On 24 March 1973, the Middleton Collection of Memorabilia was dedicated at LSU. Housed in the university's library, the collection included pictures, letters, citations, awards, plaques, a uniform, riding boots, a saber and numerous other artifacts and documents.<ref name="Price, 400">Price, 400</ref> The room was maintained until 1999, when the items were cataloged and moved to the university archives in the old Hill Memorial Library.

On 3 November 1978 the LSU Board of Supervisors officially named the LSU library the "Troy H. Middleton Library," 20 years after the building was first dedicated.<ref name="Waymarking.com"/> However, in June 2020, the LSU Board of Supervisors voted to strip Middleton's name from the library, due to his past pro-segregationist stances.  A plaque and bust honoring him were also removed and placed in storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/b1257915bafd11c0d3fc24ac5ba33bad|title = LSU strips segregationist name from library after board vote| website=[[Associated Press]] |date = 20 April 2021}}</ref>

In Baton Rouge, a street is named Middleton Place in honor of the General;<ref name="Price, 401">Price, 401</ref> and in 1986 at [[Mississippi State University]] the Army and Air Force [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building was named in honor of Middleton.<ref name="Miss State ROTC"/>

When interviewed by Middleton's biographer in 1965, former President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who had once been a student of Middleton's, said:

{{quotation|First of all, he had moral courage, and he had common sense, and he took full advantage of all the experiences he'd had. You know, I like that saying attributed to Napoleon, that the genius in war is the man who can do the sensible thing or an average thing, when everybody else around him was crazy. Well now, that was Troy Middleton....I was impressed always by his complete command of himself and of the situation....Troy typified what you think of as the best in the Regular Army. He was intelligent, dedicated, and loyal. He always acted according to the old aphorism:  Always take your job seriously and never yourself. If the war had gone on, he would certainly have led an army because we were still bringing in people.<ref name="Price, 368-70">Price, 368–70</ref>|''former United States President [[Dwight Eisenhower]]''}}

==Dates of rank==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white;float:center"
|-
|[[File:Army-USA-OR-02.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Private (United States)|Private]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]:  3 March 1910
|-
|[[File:Army-USA-OR-04a.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Corporal]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]:  10 June 1912
|-
|<!--second lieutenants wore no pin insignia in 1909--> No pin insignia at the time
|[[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second lieutenant]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 30 November 1912
|-
|[[File:US-OF1A.svg|20px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[First Lieutenant#United States|First lieutenant]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 1 July 1916
|-
|[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Captain (U.S. Army)|Captain]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 15 May 1917
|-
|[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Major (United States)|Major]], [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]: 7 June 1918
|-
|[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]], [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]: 17 September 1918
|-
|[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|80px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]: 14 October 1918
|-
|[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;Reverted to permanent rank of [[Captain (U.S. Army)|captain]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: July 1919
|-
|[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Major (United States)|Major]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 1 July 1920
|-
|[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|50px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]], [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]: 1 August 1935
|-
|[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|80px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], Retired list: 31 October 1937
|-
|[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|80px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], [[Army of the United States]]: 1 February 1942 (Returned to active duty.)
|-
|[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]], [[Army of the United States]]: 25 June 1942
|-
|[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Major general (United States)|Major general]], [[Army of the United States]]: 27 October 1942
|-
|[[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|100px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]], [[Army of the United States]]: 5 June 1945
|-
|[[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|100px|center]]
| &nbsp;[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]], Retired list: 10 August 1945
|} <ref>Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army.  1948.  Vol. II.  pg. 2343.</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; 
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; 
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; 
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; 
|1= 1. Troy Houston Middleton (1889–1976)
|2= 2. John Houston Middleton (1856–1935)
|3= 3. Laura Catherine Thompson (1860–1925)
|4= 4. Benjamin Parks Middleton (1825–1891)
|5= 5. Sarah Beasley (1833-c.1875)
|6= 6. Riden M. Thompson (c.1840–1863)
|7= 7. Margaret Ellen Davis (1844–1929)
|8= 8. Robert Middleton (c.1775-c.1835)
|9= 9. Elizabeth Moore (c.1788-c.1875)
|10= 10. Lewis Beasley (1811–1885)
|11= 11. Margaret Pennington (1810-c.1875)
|14= 14. Zacheus "Zius" Davis (1803–1845)
|15= 15. Martha Ann Ratliff (1805–1901)
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Mississippi}}
*[[Allied Invasion of Italy Order of Battle]]
*[[Invasion of Normandy]]
*[[Operation Overlord]]
*[[Operation Cobra order of battle]]
*[[List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960]] (item #86)
{{Clear}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
:'''A.''' {{Note_label|A|A|none}} While some references call her "Katherine Louise," the 1870 and 1900 federal censuses for Copiah County, Mississippi and her tombstone in the Bethel Church Cemetery all give her name as "Laura Catherine," the latter spelled with a C.

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|3|refs=

<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 342">Eisenhower (1948), 342</ref>

<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 349">Eisenhower (1948), 349</ref>

<ref name="Eisenhower (1948), 362">Eisenhower (1948), 362</ref>

<ref name="Eisenhower (1986), 557">Eisenhower (1986), 557</ref>

<ref name="Engel, 210-20">Engel, 210–20</ref>

<ref name="Harpole">Harpole</ref>

<ref name="Herndon, 11">Herndon, 11</ref>

<ref name="MacDonald, 128-9">MacDonald, 128–129</ref>

<ref name="National Archives">National Archives</ref>

<ref name="Ohrdruf">{{cite web |title=Ohrdruf |url =http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006131 |access-date=2011-03-26 |location=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>

<ref name="Patton letter to Middleton">{{cite web |title=3rd Army, personal message from commanding general |url=http://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../units/3rd%20US%20Army%20letter.asp |access-date=2012-05-04}}</ref>

<ref name="Miss State ROTC">{{cite web |title=Mississippi State ROTC Building |url=http://www.msstate.edu/web/maps/historic/tour.php?building=0005 |access-date=2012-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025054522/http://www.msstate.edu/web/maps/historic/tour.php?building=0005 |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Waymarking.com">{{cite web |title=Waymarking.com |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM82NW_Troy_H_Middleton_Baton_Rouge_LA |access-date=2012-04-08 }}</ref>

<ref name="Price, 119-135">Price, 119–135</ref>

<ref name="Price, 146-161">Price, 146–161</ref>

<ref name="Price, 162-173">Price, 162–173</ref>

<ref name="Price, 174-175">Price, 174–175</ref>

<ref name="Price, 175">Price, 175</ref>

<ref name="Price, 179">Price, 179</ref>

<ref name="Price, 180">Price, 180</ref>

<ref name="Price, 181">Price, 181</ref>

<ref name="Price, 183">Price, 183</ref>

<ref name="Price, 184">Price, 184</ref>

<ref name="Price, 185">Price, 185</ref>

<ref name="Price, 187">Price, 187</ref>

<ref name="Price, 189-90">Price, 189–190</ref>

<ref name="Price, 190-91">Price, 190–191</ref>

<ref name="Price, 191-2">Price, 191–192</ref>

<ref name="Price, 196">Price, 196</ref>

<ref name="Price, 198">Price, 198</ref>

<ref name="Price, 199">Price, 199</ref>

<ref name="Price, 201">Price, 201</ref>

<ref name="Price, 209">Price, 209</ref>

<ref name="Price, 210">Price, 210</ref>

<ref name="Price, 211">Price, 211</ref>

<ref name="Price, 213">Price, 213</ref>

<ref name="Price, 215-16">Price, 215–216</ref>

<ref name="Price, 221-2">Price, 221–222</ref>

<ref name="Price, 227-8">Price, 227–228</ref>

<ref name="Price, 230">Price, 230</ref>

<ref name="Price, 234">Price, 234</ref>

<ref name="Price, 243">Price, 243</ref>

<ref name="Price, 257">Price, 257</ref>

<ref name="Price, 264">Price, 264</ref>

<ref name="Price, 265">Price, 265</ref>

<ref name="Price, 267">Price, 267</ref>

<ref name="Price, 275">Price, 275</ref>

<ref name="Price, 277-8">Price, 277–278</ref>

<ref name="Price, 278">Price, 278</ref>

<ref name="Price, 279">Price, 279</ref>

<ref name="Price, 280-1">Price, 280–281</ref>

<ref name="Price, 281">Price, 281</ref>

<ref name="Price, 287-8">Price, 287–288</ref>

<ref name="Price, 288">Price, 288</ref>

<ref name="Price, 289-90">Price, 289–290</ref>

<ref name="Price, 292">Price, 292</ref>

<ref name="Price, 292-3">Price, 292–293</ref>

<ref name="Price, 294">Price, 294</ref>

<ref name="Price, 295">Price, 295</ref>

<ref name="Price, 296">Price, 296</ref>

<ref name="Price, 297">Price, 297</ref>

<ref name="Price, 298">Price, 298</ref>

<ref name="Price, 299-300">Price, 299–300</ref>

<ref name="Price, 302">Price, 302</ref>

<ref name="Price, 303">Price, 303</ref>

<ref name="Price, 304">Price, 304</ref>

<ref name="Price, 305">Price, 305</ref>

<ref name="Price, 306">Price, 306</ref>

<ref name="Price, 307">Price, 307</ref>

<ref name="Price, 308">Price, 308</ref>

<ref name="Price, 309">Price, 309</ref>

<ref name="Price, 313-4">Price, 313–314</ref>

<ref name="Price, 33-43">Price, 33–43</ref>

<ref name="Price, 44-60">Price, 44–60</ref>

<ref name="Price, 61-70">Price, 61–70</ref>

<ref name="Price, 78-88">Price, 78–88</ref>

<ref name="Price, 97-118">Price, 97–118</ref>

<ref name="Price186-7">Price, 186–187</ref>

<ref name="Williams185">Williams, p. 185</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=David |title=Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/eisenhoweratwar101davi |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=Random House |place=New York |isbn=0-394-41237-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=Dwight D. |title=Crusade in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeineurope00eise |url-access=registration |year=1948 |publisher=Doubleday and Company |place=Garden City, New York }}
*{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Beth Bland |title= The Middleton Family, Records from Wales, England, Barbados and the Southern United States |year=1972 |publisher=Press of the Jesup Sentinel |pages=210–220}}
*{{cite book |last=Harpole |first=Agnes Sargent |title= Middletons in High and Lowly Stations |year=1981 |publisher=Privately published}}
*{{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Overlord, D-Day, June 6, 1944 |year=1984 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |place=New York |isbn=0-671-46029-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/overlorddday00hast }}
*{{cite book |last=Herndon |first=John Goodwin |title= Robert Middleton (ca 1651-ca1707) of Charles and Prince Georges Counties, Maryland and Numerous Descendants of His |year=1954 |publisher=Privately published}}
*{{citation |last=Kaune |first=Patrick N. |title=General Troy H. Middleton: Steadfast in Command |year=2011 |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College |place=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/2767/rec/15}}
*{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Charles B. |title=A Time for Trumpets, the Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge |year=1985 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |place=New York |isbn=0-688-03923-5}}
*{{citation |last=National Archives |title=Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in Organizations from the State of Mississippi|publisher=(microcopy No. 269, roll 320, [[36th Mississippi Infantry Regiment|36th Mississippi Infantry]])}}
*{{cite book |last=Price |first=Frank James |title=Troy H. Middleton, a Biography |year=1974 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |place=Baton Rouge |isbn=0-8071-2467-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew|title=D-Day to Berlin|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton|Hodder]]|year=2004|isbn=0-340-83397-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will}}

==External links==
*[http://www.45thdivision.org/Veterans/Middleton.htm 45th Division: Troy H. Middleton]
*{{YouTube|uDoAtsSeRGg|Meeting of Ramcke and Middleton}}
*[http://www.87thinfantrydivision.com/Commentary/000020/000020.html The general that history forgot; and one that popular lore created"] by Mitchell Kaidy
*[http://www.87thinfantrydivision.com/History/345th/Personal/000020.html "Who really liberated Bastogne?"] by Mitchell Kaidy
*[http://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../units/87th%20Inf.Div%20text07.asp "Did Patton himself write noble letter to Middleton?"] by Mitchell Kaidy
*[http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/bastogne.aspx The Battle of the Bulge – Fortunes of War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031738/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/bastogne.aspx |date=28 September 2013 }}
*{{YouTube|J9FktEyCpwM|The Battle of Bastogne}}
*[https://generals.dk/general/Middleton/Troy_Houston/USA.html Generals of World War II]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_M01.html#Middleton_TH United States Army Officers 1939–1945]

{{Louisiana State University leaders}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William S. Key]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[45th Infantry Division (United States)|Commanding General 45th Infantry Division]]|years=1942–1943}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William W. Eagles]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Emil F. Reinhardt]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[VIII Corps (United States)|Commanding General VIII Corps]]|years=1944–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ira T. Wyche]]}}
|-
{{s-aca}}
{{Succession box|
 before= Harold W. Stoke |
 title= [[Louisiana State University|13th President of Louisiana State University]] |
 years= 1951–1962 |
 after= John A. Hunter}}
{{End}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Middleton, Troy H.}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Leaders of Louisiana State University]]
[[Category:Mississippi State University alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]
[[Category:People from Copiah County, Mississippi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]
[[Category:American segregationists]]