View source for Trumpet

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Brass instrument}}
{{Redirect|Trumpeter|a list of trumpet players|List of trumpeters||Trumpeter (disambiguation)|and|Trumpet (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name           = Trumpet
| image          = Yamaha Trumpet YTR-8335LA crop.jpg
| image_size     = 
| image_capt     = Trumpet in B{{music|flat}}
| background     = brass
| classification = {{hlist
    | [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
    | [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
    | [[Aerophone]]
  }}
| hornbostel_sachs = 423.233
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Valved [[aerophone]] sounded by lip vibration
| range          = <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;">
  <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      fis1 \glissando c'''1
    }
  </score></div>
Written range (lower and higher notes are possible—see {{sectionlink||Range}})
| related        = [[flugelhorn]], [[cornet]], [[cornett]], [[flumpet]], [[Bugle (instrument)|bugle]], [[natural trumpet]], [[bass trumpet]], [[post horn]], [[Roman tuba]], [[buccina]], [[Cornu (horn)|cornu]], [[lituus]], [[shofar]], [[Dord (instrument)|dord]], [[Tibetan horn|dung chen]], [[sringa]], [[shankha]], [[lur]], [[didgeridoo]], [[alphorn]], [[Horn (instrument)#Russian horns|Russian horns]], [[Serpent (instrument)|serpent]], [[ophicleide]], [[piccolo trumpet]], [[Horn (instrument)|horn]], [[alto horn]], [[baritone horn]], [[pocket trumpet]], [[slide trumpet]]
}}
{{Brass}}
The '''trumpet''' is a [[brass instrument]] commonly used in classical and [[jazz]] [[musical ensemble|ensembles]]. The trumpet group ranges from the [[piccolo trumpet]]—with the highest [[Register (music)|register]] in the brass family—to the [[bass trumpet]], pitched one octave below the standard B{{Music|flat}} or C trumpet.

Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=H.N. |date=June 25, 2023 |title=History of the Trumpet and Cornet |url=https://www.trumpet-history.com/White%20History.htm |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=Trumpet-history.com}}</ref> They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608095025/http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=8 June 2008
|title=History of the Trumpet (According to the ''New Harvard Dictionary of Music'')
|publisher=petrouska.com
|access-date=17 December 2014
}}
</ref> Trumpets are used in [[art music]] styles, appearing in [[orchestras]], [[concert band]]s, [[chamber music]] groups, and [[jazz]] ensembles. They are also common in [[popular music]] and are generally included in [[school band]]s. Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?|url=https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/|website=www.orsymphony.org|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524190812/https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which starts a [[standing wave]] in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of [[brass]] tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.

There are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a [[transposing instrument]] pitched in B{{music|flat}} with a tubing length of about {{convert|1.48|m|abbr=on}}. The [[cornet]] is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) [[brass instrument valve|valves]] in order to change their [[Pitch (music)|pitch]]. Most trumpets have valves of the [[piston valve|piston]] type, while some have the [[rotary valve|rotary]] type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a ''trumpet player'' or ''trumpeter''.<ref name="elisa1">{{harvnb|Koehler|2013}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Musicians at the coal yard - DPLA - 654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg|thumb|right|Trio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940]]
The English word ''trumpet'' was first used in the late 14th century.<ref name="etymonline1">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet |title=Trumpet |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 }}</ref> The word came from [[Old French]] {{Lang|fro|trompette}}, which is a diminutive of {{Lang|fro|trompe}}.<ref name="etymonline1"/> The word ''trump'', meaning ''trumpet'', was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French {{Lang|fro|trompe}} 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' ({{c.}} 1100s), cognate with [[Occitan language|Provençal]] {{Lang|oc|tromba}}, [[Italian language|Italian]] {{Lang|it|tromba}}, all probably from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] source (compare [[Old High German]] {{Lang|goh|trumpa}}, [[Old Norse]] {{Lang|non|trumba}} 'trumpet'), of imitative origin."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Trump |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the trumpet}}

[[File:Trompette d'argent et sa sourdine en bois du tombeau de Toutânkhamon 2.jpg|thumb|Silver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the [[KV62|tomb of Tutankhamun]] (1326–1336 BC)]]
[[File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg|thumb|left|Ceramic trumpet, AD&nbsp;300, [[Larco Museum|Larco Museum Collection]] Lima, Peru]]
[[File:Trumpet, 1600-tal - Livrustkammaren - 106526.tif|thumb|Trumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels]]

The earliest trumpets date back to 2000&nbsp;BC and earlier. The bronze and silver [[Tutankhamun's trumpets]] from his grave in Egypt, [[Lur|bronze lur]]s from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.<ref>[[Edward Tarr]], ''The Trumpet'' (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30.</ref> Trumpets from the [[Amu Darya|Oxus]] civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.<ref>"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193813/http://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500803&bmUID=1164415855346&bmLocale=en ''Musée du Louvre'']</ref>

The [[Salpinx]] was a straight trumpet {{convert|62|in}} long, made of bone or bronze. [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' (9th or 8th century BCE) contain the earliest reference to its sound and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the [[Classical antiquity|Classical Period]].<ref>Homer, ''Iliad,'' 18. 219.</ref> Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.<ref name="bbtrumpet1"/> The [[Shofar]], made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth, made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.<ref name="bbtrumpet1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbtrumpet.com/history-of-the-trumpet/|title=History of the Trumpet &#124; Pops' Trumpet College|date=8 November 2017|website=Bbtrumpet.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

The [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD&nbsp;300.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref> The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.cso.org/
|title=Chicago Symphony Orchestra&nbsp;– Glossary&nbsp;– Brass instruments
|publisher=cso.org
|access-date=3 May 2008
}}
</ref> and the modern [[Bugle (instrument)|bugle]] continues this signaling tradition.

[[Image:Baroque repro trumpet.jpeg|thumb|Reproduction [[baroque trumpet]] by [[Michael Laird]]]]
Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The [[natural trumpet]]s of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change [[Crook (music)|crooks]] of the instrument.<ref name="bbtrumpet1"/>  The development of the upper, "[[Clarion (instrument)|clarino]]" register by specialist trumpeters—notably [[Cesare Bendinelli]]—would lend itself well to the [[Baroque]] era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.<ref>John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, ''The Trumpet'', Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11230-6}}.</ref>

The melody-dominated [[homophony]] of the [[Classical period (music)|classical]] and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] wrote in 1844:
<blockquote>
Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to [[Beethoven]] and [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]], every composer&nbsp;– not excepting [[Mozart]]&nbsp;– persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.<ref>[[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz, Hector]] (1844). ''[[Treatise on Instrumentation|Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration]]''. [[Edwin F. Kalmus]], NY, 1948.</ref>
</blockquote>

==Construction==
[[Image:Trumpet valve bypass.svg|thumb|Trumpet valve bypass (depressed)]]

The trumpet is constructed of [[brass]] tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162
|title=Trumpet, Brass Instrument
|publisher=dsokids.com
|access-date=3 May 2008
|archive-date=17 May 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517062732/http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the [[Mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]] and starting a [[standing wave]] vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] from a range of [[overtone]]s or [[harmonics]] by changing the lip [[aperture]] and tension (known as the [[embouchure]]).

The mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the [[timbre]] or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre.

[[Image:Bb trumpet in parts.jpg|thumb|left|B{{music|flat}} trumpet, disassembled]]

Modern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) [[piston valve]]s, each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two [[semitone]]s), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including "none"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between "1–2" and "3", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some [[piccolo trumpet]]s, it usually lowers the pitch a [[perfect fourth]] (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully [[chromatic scale|chromatic]], i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see [[Brass instrument valves]].

The overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be "bent"  using the embouchure only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackwell |first=James |date=December 11, 2012 |title=Pitch Bends! |url=https://blackwellstrumpetbasics.com/pitch-bends/ |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=Blackwells Trumpet Basics}}</ref>

To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, [[Renold Schilke]] designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bloch |first=Dr. Colin |url=http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html |title=The Bell-Tuned Trumpet |date=August 1978 |access-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225212331/http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref>

A trumpet becomes a [[closed tube]] when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.<ref>D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", ''The Musical Times'', 1 January 1910, p. 15.</ref> Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by ''throwing'' (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively.

Trumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.<ref>''[http://pplaymusic.us/pTrumpet.html P-trumpet]''</ref>

==Types==
[[File:Trumpeters, Royal Palace, Sarahan, HiP, India.jpg|thumb|250px|Trumpeters, Royal Palace, [[Sarahan]], Himachal Pradesh, India]]
[[File:Tibetan trumpets at Tagthok Gompa, Ladakh. 2010.jpg|thumb|250px|Tibetan trumpets stored at [[Tagthok]] Monastery, Ladakh]]
The most common type is the B{{music|flat}} trumpet, but A, C, D, E{{music|flat}}, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B{{music|flat}} trumpet. [[Orchestral]] trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B{{music|flat}}, D, E{{music|flat}}, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C{{music|sharp}}, F{{music|sharp}} or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B{{music|flat}} trumpet.

[[File:Trumpet piccolo.jpg|thumb|left|Piccolo trumpet in B{{music|flat}}, with swappable [[leadpipe]]s to tune the instrument to B{{music|flat}} (shorter) or A (longer)]]

The smallest trumpets are referred to as [[piccolo trumpet]]s. The most common models are built to play in both B{{music|flat}} and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B{{music|flat}} piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B{{music|flat}} trumpet making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain [[Trill (music)|trill]]s. [[Maurice André]], [[Håkan Hardenberger]], [[David Mason (trumpet player)|David Mason]], and [[Wynton Marsalis]] are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet.
[[File:Pocket trumpet.jpg|thumb|Pocket trumpet]]
[[Image:Trumpet in c german.jpg|thumb|Trumpet in C with [[rotary valves]]]]
Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]]s. Traditionally used in [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum and bugle corps]], sopranos employ either [[rotary valve]]s or [[piston valve]]s.

The bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,<ref name="elisa1"/> although its music is written in [[treble clef]]. Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B{{music|flat}}. The C bass trumpet sounds an [[octave]] lower than written, and the  B{{music|flat}} bass sounds a major ninth (B{{music|flat}}) lower, making them both [[transposing instruments]].

The historical [[slide trumpet]] was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in [[alta cappella]] wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with [[shawm]]s in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466&nbsp;Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical.
Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.<ref>
{{cite journal
|jstor=899543
|title=JSTOR: Notes, Second Series
|journal=Notes
|volume=54
|issue=2
|pages=484–485
|year=1997
|last1=Lessen
|first1=Martin
|doi=10.2307/899543
|issn=0027-4380}}
</ref>

The [[pocket trumpet]] is a compact B{{music|flat}} trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician [[Don Cherry (jazz)|Don Cherry]] was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument.

The tubing of the bell section of a [[fanfare trumpet|herald trumpet]] is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and [[fanfares]].

[[David Monette]] designed the [[flumpet]] in 1989 for jazz musician [[Art Farmer]]. It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B{{music|flat}} and using three piston valves.<ref name="fan2017">{{cite book|last1=Koehler|first1=Elisa|title=Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature|date=2014|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01179-4|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knrDAgAAQBAJ&q=flumpet+1989&pg=PA55|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>

Other variations include [[Rotary valve|rotary-valve]], or German, trumpets (which are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras), alto and [[Baroque trumpet]]s, and the [[Vienna valve]] trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] and [[Mnozil Brass]]).

The trumpet is often confused with its close relative the [[cornet]], which has a more [[cone (geometry)|conical]] tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more [[cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the [[flugelhorn]], has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes.

==Playing==
{{See also|Embouchure}}
===Fingering===<!--this section is linked to from [[Diminished triad chord]]-->
On any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. "Open" means all valves up, "1" means first valve, "1–2" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a [[perfect fourth]] as well. Within each [[overtone]] series, the different pitches are attained by changing the [[embouchure]]. 

[[Image:Special-T trumpet overtone series.png|upright=1.35|thumb|left|A step = a [[Whole tone|tone]]; a half step = a [[semitone]]]]
Each [[overtone]] series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the [[fundamental frequency|fundamental]] of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a [[pedal tone]]. Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to [[equal temperament]], and use of those fingerings is generally avoided.

The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve "1" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve "2" by one half step, and valve "3" by one and a half steps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pagliaro |first=Michael J. |url= |title=The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4422-6862-3 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=37–39 |oclc=946032345}}</ref> This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space "C" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by {{frac|1|1|2}} steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages, or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ely |first1=Mark C. |url= |title=Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments |last2=Van Deuren |first2=Amy E. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Amy E. Van Deuren |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-971631-9 |location=Oxford |pages=8–12 |oclc=472461178}}</ref>

Some of the partials of the [[Harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]] that a modern B{{music|flat}} trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with [[12-tone equal temperament]] and some are not.<ref name="utc">{{cite web |last1=Schafer |first1=Erika |url=https://blog.utc.edu/erika-schafer/trumpet-tuning-tendencies-relating-to-the-overtone-series-with-solutions-2/ |website=UTC Trumpet Studio |title=Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>

==Mutes==
{{Main|Mute (music)#Brass}}
[[File:TrumpetMutes.jpg|thumb|Trumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes.]]

Various types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=109}} Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the [[straight mute]], [[cup mute]], [[harmon mute]] (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=111}}), [[plunger mute|plunger]], [[bucket mute]], and [[Mute (music)#Whispa and practice mutes|practice mute]].<ref>For the "widest selection of mutes", see {{harvnb|Sevsay|2013|p=125}}. *For a list of common mutes, see {{harvnb|Ely|2009|p=109}}.</ref> A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=111}} Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=109}} and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boyden |first1=David D. |last2=Bevan |first2=Clifford |last3=Page |first3=Janet K. |title=Mute |journal=Grove Music Online |date=20 January 2001 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19478 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019478 |access-date=16 September 2020 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and "stone lining", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.<ref>For the list of materials, see {{harvnb|Ely|2009|p=109}}.
*For the origin of "stonelined mutes", see {{harvnb|Koehler|2013|p=173}}.</ref> They are often held in place with cork.{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=109}}{{sfn|Sevsay|2013|p=125}} To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=109}}

The straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=111}})—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.<ref>{{harvnb|Sevsay|2013|p=125|ps=: "plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating"}}</ref>{{sfn|Koehler|2013|p=173}} The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.{{sfn|Sevsay|2013|p=126}} The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper{{sfn|Ely|2009|p=111}}) and consists of a "stem" inserted into a large chamber.{{sfn|Sevsay|2013|p=126}} The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a "wah-wah" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.{{sfn|Sevsay|2013|p=126}}

==Range==
[[File:Hejnal-Warszawski.ogg|thumb|Sound of a trumpet – [[Warsaw|Warsaw Castle]], Poland.]]
Using standard technique, the lowest note is the written F{{music|sharp}} below [[middle C]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the [[Soprano C|high C]] two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them [[Maynard Ferguson]], [[Cat Anderson]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Doc Severinsen]], [[John Madrid]], and more recently [[Wayne Bergeron]], [[Louis Dowdeswell]], [[Thomas Gansch]], [[James Morrison (musician)|James Morrison]], [[Jon Faddis]] and [[Arturo Sandoval]]. It is also possible to produce [[pedal tone]]s below the low F{{music|sharp}}, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument.

==Extended technique==
Contemporary music for the trumpet makes wide uses of extended trumpet techniques.

'''[[Fluttertonguing|Flutter tonguing]]''': The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an "R" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like [[Luciano Berio|Berio]] and [[Karlheinz Stockhausen|Stockhausen]].

'''[[Growling (wind instruments)|Growling]]''': Simultaneously playing tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound.  Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s.

'''[[Double tonguing]]''': The player articulates using the syllables ''{{Not a typo|ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka}}''.

'''[[Tonguing|Triple tonguing]]''': The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables ''{{Not a typo|ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka}}''.

'''Doodle tongue''': The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word ''doodle''. This is a very faint tonguing similar in sound to a valve tremolo.

'''[[Glissando]]''': Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique.

'''[[Vibrato]]''': It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato.

'''[[Pedal tone]]''': Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F{{Music|sharp}} at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. [[Claude Gordon]] assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, that were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by [[Bohumir Kryl]].<ref>Joseph Wheeler, "Review: Edward H. Tarr, ''Die Trompete''" ''The Galpin Society Journal'', Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167.</ref>

'''[[Microtonal music|Microtones]]''': Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician [[Ibrahim Maalouf]] uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play [[Arab maqam]]s.

'''Valve tremolo''': Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his ''[[Sequenza X]].''

'''Noises''': By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification.

'''Preparation''': Composers have called for trumpeters to play under water, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves.

'''[[Split tone]]''': Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth.

'''Lip-trill or shake''': Also known as "lip-slurs". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed, and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note.

'''[[Multiphonic#Brass instruments|Multi-phonics]]''': Playing a note and "humming" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd "E" at the same time.

'''[[Circular breathing]]''': A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards.

===Instruction and method books===
One trumpet method is [[Jean-Baptiste Arban]]'s [[Arban Method|''Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)'']].<ref>[[Jean-Baptiste Arban|Arban, Jean-Baptiste]] (1894, 1936, 1982). ''[[Arban method|Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet]]''. Carl Fischer, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8258-0385-3}}.</ref> Other well-known method books include [[Clarke Studies#Technical Studies|''Technical Studies'']] by [[Herbert L. Clarke]],<ref>[[Herbert L. Clarke]] (1984). ''Technical Studies for the Cornet'', C. Carl Fischer, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8258-0158-3}}.</ref> ''Grand Method'' by Louis Saint-Jacome, ''Daily Drills and Technical Studies'' by [[Max Schlossberg]], and methods by [[Ernest Williams (conductor)|Ernest S. Williams]], [[Claude Gordon]], Charles Colin, [[James Stamp]], and Louis Davidson.<ref>Colin, Charles and ''Advanced Lip Flexibilities''.{{Full citation needed|date=December 2013}}<!--The author citation looks incomplete, and a place and publisher are needed. Presumably this source will verify all of the preceding publications.--></ref> A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's ''Method for the Cornet'', and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso [[Allen Vizzutti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html|title=Allen Vizzutti Official Website|website=www.vizzutti.com|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029022515/http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Merri Franquin]] wrote a ''Complete Method for Modern Trumpet'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qpress.ca/product/methode-complete-de-trompette-moderne-merri-franquin-translation-pdf|last=Franquin|first=Merri|title=Complete Method for Modern Trumpet|website=qpress.ca|year=2016|orig-year=1908|url-access=subscription|editor-last=Quinlan|editor-first=Timothy|translator-last=Jackson|translator-first=Susie}}</ref> which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by [[Maurice André]] revived interest in this work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gshamu.com/trumpet/Scholarship_files/ShamuDissertation.pdf|title=Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing|last=Shamu|first=Geoffrey|page=20|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

==Players==
[[Image:Gottfried reiche.jpg|thumb|[[Gottfried Reiche]], chief trumpeter for [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] in Leipzig]]

{{Main|List of trumpeters}}
In early jazz, [[Louis Armstrong]] was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the [[Hot Five]] and [[Hot Seven]] recordings, and his switch from [[cornet]] to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.<ref name="elisa1"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=West |first1=Michael J. |title=The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/cornet-horn-trumpet/ |website=JazzTimes.com |access-date=17 August 2018 |date=3 November 2017}}</ref> [[Dizzy Gillespie]] was a gifted [[improvisation|improviser]] with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of [[Roy Eldridge]] but adding new layers of [[harmony|harmonic]] complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. [[Miles Davis]] is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0525.html
|title=Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool
|newspaper=nytimes.com
|access-date=3 May 2008
}}
</ref> [[Cat Anderson]] was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. [[Maynard Ferguson]] came to prominence playing in [[Stan Kenton]]'s orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high [[register (music)|register]].<ref name="enc_music_ca">{{cite encyclopedia
  |url = https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maynard-ferguson
  |title = Ferguson, Maynard
  |access-date = 2 January 2008
  |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
  |publisher = The Canadian Encyclopedia
}}</ref>

==Repertoire==
{{Excerpt|Trumpet repertoire|paragraphs=1|files=no}}

===Solos===
In the 1790s [[Anton Weidinger]] developed the first successful [[keyed trumpet]], capable of playing chromatically. [[Joseph Haydn]]'s [[Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)|Trumpet Concerto]] was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,<ref>Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, ''Famous Trumpet Concertos'', "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have . At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800 a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable."</ref> a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range.

==In art==
<gallery>
File:Workshop of Jheronimus Bosch 001.jpg|''{{Interlanguage link multi|The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges)|nl|3=Het Laatste Oordeel (atelier van Jheronimus Bosch)}}'', {{c.|1500–1510}}
File:Gerard Dou - Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet - WGA06662.jpg|''Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet'', [[Gerrit Dou]], c. 1660–1665
File:Trumpeter Taken Prisoner1.tif|Illustration for ''[[The Trumpeter Taken Captive|The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner]]'' from an 1887 children's edition of [[Aesop's Fables]]
File:Louis Armstrong statue.JPG|[[Louis Armstrong]] statue in [[Algiers, New Orleans]]
File:Pomnik Milesa Davisa Kielce 01 ssj 20060304.jpg|[[Miles Davis]] statue in [[Kielce, Poland]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Herald and Trumpet contest]]
*[[:Category:Compositions for trumpet|Compositions for trumpet]]
*[[Birch trumpet]]
*[[Muted trumpet]]
*[[Wind controller]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Barclay |first1=R. L. |title=The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth [sic] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg |date=1992 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford [England] |isbn=0-19-816223-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bate |first1=Philip |title=The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction |date=1978 |publisher=E. Benn |location=London |isbn=0-393-02129-7 |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brownlow |first1=James Arthur |title=The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet |date=1996 |publisher=Pendragon Press |location=Stuyvesant, N.Y. |isbn=0-945193-81-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Campos |first1=Frank Gabriel |title=Trumpet technique |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-516692-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cassone |first1=Gabriele |title=The trumpet book |date=2009 |publisher=Zecchini |location=Varese, Italy |isbn=978-88-87203-80-6 |edition=1st}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ely |first1=Mark C. |title=Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-532924-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=English |first1=Betty Lou |title=You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra |date=1980 |publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books |location=New York |isbn=0-688-41963-1 |edition=1st}}
*{{cite book |last1=Koehler |first1=Elisa |title=Dictionary for the modern trumpet player |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0-8108-8658-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sherman |first1=Roger |title=The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet |date=1979 |publisher=Accura Music |location=Athens, Ohio |isbn=0-918194-02-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sevsay |first1=Ertuğrul |title=The Cambridge guide to orchestration |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-02516-5 |page=125}}
*{{cite book |last1=Smithers |first1=Don L. |title=The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721 |date=1973 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |isbn=0-8156-2157-4 |edition=1st}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Trumpet |volume=27 |short=x}}
*[http://www.trumpetguild.org International Trumpet Guild], international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.

{{Brass instruments}}
{{Renaissance music}}
{{Trumpets}}

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