View source for Tujia language

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Tujia
| states           = Northwestern [[Hunan|Hunan Province]], China; [[Laifeng County]], [[Hubei Province|Hubei]]
| ethnicity        = {{sigfig|8.03|2}} million [[Tujia people|Tujia]] (2000 census)<ref name=e18/>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|71,500|1}}
| date             = 2005
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2             = (unclassified)
| lc1              = tji
| ld1              = Northern
| lc2              = tjs
| ld2              = Southern
| glotto           = tuji1244
| glottorefname    = Tujia
| notice           = IPA
| nativename       = {{lang|tji|Bifzixsar}}<br>{{lang|tjs|Mongrzzirhof}}{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|/pi35 ʦi55 sa21/}}<br>{{IPA|/mõ21 ʣi21 ho35/}}{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
}}

The '''Tujia language''' ({{Citation needed span|text=Northern Tujia: {{lang|tji|Bifzixsar}}, {{IPA|/pi35 ʦi55 sa21/}}; Southern Tujia: {{lang|tjs|Mongrzzirhof}}, {{IPA|/mõ21 ʣi21 ho35/}}|date=July 2024}}; {{lang-zh|s=土家语 |t=土家語 |p=Tǔjiāyǔ}}) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language spoken natively by the [[Tujia people]] in [[Hunan|Hunan Province]], China. It is unclassified within the [[Sino-Tibetan language family]], due to pervasive influence from neighboring languages. There are two mutually unintelligible variants, Northern and Southern. Both variants are [[tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]] with the [[tone contour]]s of {{IPA|/˥ ˥˧ ˧˥ ˨˩/}} (55, 53, 35, 21). Northern Tujia has 21 initials, whereas Southern Tujia has 26 (with 5 additional voiced initials). As for the finals, Northern Tujia has 25 and Southern Tujia has 30, 12 of which are used exclusively in loanwords from Chinese. Its verbs make a distinction of active and passive voices. Its pronouns distinguish the singular and plural numbers along with the basic and [[possessive|possessive cases]]. As of 2005, the number of speakers was estimated at 70,000 for Northern Tujia (of which about 100 are monolingual)<ref name=tji>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tji Tujia, Northern]</ref> and 1,500 for Southern Tujia,<ref name=tjs>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tjs Tujia, Southern]</ref> out of an ethnic population of 8 million.<ref name=tji/><ref name=tjs/>

==Names==
Tujia autonyms include {{IPA|/pi35 tsi55 kʰa21/}} ({{lang|zh|毕孜卡}}; /{{IPA|pi21 tsi21 kʰa21}}/ in Ye 1995) and {{IPA|/mi35 tɕi55 kʰa33/55/}}.{{sfn|Dai|2005}} The Tujia people call their language {{IPA|/pi35 tsi55 sa21/}}.{{sfn|Ye|1995}}

{{Transliteration|zh|Tujia}} ({{lang|zh|土家}}) literally means 'native people', which is the appellation that the Han Chinese had given to them due to their aboriginal status in the area. The Tujia, on the other hand, call the Han Chinese {{Transliteration|zh|Kejia}} ({{lang|zh|客家}}), a designation also given to the [[Hakka people]], which means 'guest people'.{{sfn|Dai|2005}} Tujia is also called "Bizic" by Yulou Zhou.<ref name="Zhou">{{cite thesis |last=Zhou |first=Yulou |year=2020 |url=https://github.com/luggroo/bizic/blob/gh-pages/proto_bizic.md |title=Proto-Bizic: A Study of Tujia Historical Phonology |type=B.A. honors thesis |publisher=Stanford University}} ([https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QTpqdS2Hpb-fWw9tHRVfk1zFv8forSoRbnqKURn6tOI/edit?usp=sharing list])</ref>

==Classification==
Tujia is clearly a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]], with a number of scholars consider the Tujia languages as belonging to a separate sub-branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentation of the Southern Tujia Language of China {{!}} Endangered Languages Archive |url=https://www.elararchive.org/dk0260/#:~:text=Taking%20different%20factors%20into%20account,therefore%20have%20great%20academic%20significance. |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.elararchive.org}}</ref> but its position within that family is unclear, due to massive borrowing from other Sino-Tibetan languages, in particular loanwords from Chinese.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Brill's Tibetan studies library. 2,6: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Leiden 2000 / ed. by Christopher I. Beckwith |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0 |editor-last=Beckwith |editor-first=Christopher I. |series=Proceedings of the ... seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies |location=Leiden Köln |pages=73–112 |chapter=The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman}}</ref> Although it has been placed with other groups in the past, such as under [[Nuosu language]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=王 |first=静如 |title=关于湘西土家语言的初步意见 |publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]|isbn=7-105-03141-7 |edition=王静如民族研究文集 |pages=283–331}}</ref> or belongs to the branch of [[Qiang language]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=天贞 |first=何 |date=2003 |title=Which Branch Does Tujia Language Belong to? |url=https://lib.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=7319582&from=Qikan_Article_Detail |journal=Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Humanities and Social Sciences) |issue=1 |pages=88–97}}</ref> linguists now generally leave it unclassified.

==Subdivisions==
Tujia can be divided into two different languages: Northern Tujia and Southern Tujia, which have 40% lexical similarity with each other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=China |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909075938/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |archive-date=2016-09-09 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition}}</ref> Almost all Tujia speakers are located in [[Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]. The Northern dialect has the vast majority of speakers, while the Southern dialect is spoken in only 3 villages of Tanxi Township ({{lang|zh|潭溪镇}}) in [[Luxi County, Hunan|Luxi County]].

*Northern ({{Transliteration|zh|Biji}} {{lang|zh|毕基}}): [[Baojing County]], [[Longshan County]], [[Guzhang County]], [[Yongshun County]]
**{{Transliteration|zh|Hushi}} ({{lang|zh|互士语}})
**{{Transliteration|zh|Xia}} ({{lang|zh|虾语}})
**{{Transliteration|zh|Shasha}} ({{lang|zh|沙沙语}})
*Southern ({{Transliteration|zh|Mengzi}} {{lang|zh|孟兹}}): Tanxi Township in Luxi County

The Tujia-speaking areas of [[Longshan County]] are mostly located around the [[Xiche]] River 洗车河. The variety studied by Tian (1986) is that of Dianfang Township 靛房乡, [[Longshan County]]. Ye focuses on the Northern variety of Xinghuo Village 星火村, Miao'ertan Township 苗儿滩镇 (formerly Miaoshi 苗市), [[Longshan County]] 龙山县.{{sfn|Ye|1995}} Peng covers the Northern variety of [[Yongshun County]].{{sfn|Peng|1998}} Brassett based their Tujia data primarily on the variety of Tasha Township 他砂乡, [[Longshan County]] and also partly from Pojiao Township 坡脚乡 and Dianfang Township 靛房乡.{{sfn|Brassett|Brassett|Lu|2006}} Dai focuses on the variety of Xianren Township 仙仁乡, [[Baojing County]]. Zhang (2006) covers the Northern Tujia dialect of Duogu village 多谷村, [[Longshan County]] and the Southern Tujia dialect of Poluozhai 婆落寨, [[Luxi County, Hunan|Luxi County]].{{sfn|Dai|2005}}

===Chen (2006)===
Chen Kang divides Tujia as follows.{{sfn|Chen|2006|p=152}}

{{tree list}}
*'''Tujia'''
**'''Northern'''
***'''Longshan dialect 龙山土语'''  (autonym: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|pi35tsi55 kʰa21}}}}'' or ''Bifzivkar'') - spoken in:
****[[Longshan County]]: Jiashi 贾市, Zan'guo 咱果, Miaoshi 苗市, Pojiao 坡脚, Mengxi 猛西, Tasha 他砂, Shuiba 水坝, Guanping 官平, Neixi 内溪, Ganxi 干溪, Dianfang 靛房
****[[Laifeng County]], Hubei: Maodong 卯洞
****[[Yongshun County]]: Shaoha 勺哈, Liexi 列夕, Duishan 对山, Gaoping 高坪, Taiping 太平
****[[Guzhang County]]: Qietong 茄通, Tianjiadong 田家洞
***'''Baojing dialect 保靖土语''' (autonym: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|mi35tɕi55 kʰa21}}}}'' or ''Mifqivkar'') - spoken in:
****[[Baojing County]]: Bamao 拔茅, Bi'er 比耳, Mawang 马王, Angdong 昂洞
****[[Longshan County]]: Yanchong 岩冲
**'''Southern''' - spoken in the following villages of Tanxi Township 潭溪乡, [[Luxi County, Hunan|Luxi County]]:<ref>{{cite book |author=Li Jingzhong [李敬忠] |year=2000 |trans-title=The Luxi Tujia language |script-title=zh:泸溪土家语 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu University Press}}</ref>
***Xiadu 下都 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tsʰie21 bu21}}}}'' or ''Cirbur'')
***Puzhu 铺竹 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|pʰu33 dzɯ33}}}}'' or ''Puzzu'')
***Boluozhai 波洛寨 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|bo33 lo33 tsai13}}}}'' or ''Bolozaif'')
***Qieji 且己 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tsʰa33 dʑi35}}}}'' or ''Ciejif'')
***Xiaqieji 下且己 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tsʰa33 dʑi35 a21 di35}}}}'' or ''Ciajifafdif'')
***Daboliu 大波流 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tsʰie21 dɯ55 pʰo21}}}}'' or ''Cierduovpor'')
***Xiaolingzhai 小零寨 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tsʰie55 ȵĩ35 sa33}}}}'' or ''Ciernifsa'')
***Limuzhai 梨木寨 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|li21 mu21 tsai13}}}}'' or ''Livmuvzaif'')
***Tumazhai 土麻寨 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|tʰɯ13 ma21 tsai13}}}}'' or ''Tufmavzaiv'')
***Tanxi Town 潭溪镇 (Tujia: ''{{tonesup|{{IPA|hu33 dɯ33}}}}'' or ''Huduo'')
{{tree list/end}}

===Yang (2011)===
Yang Zaibiao reports that Tujia is spoken in over 500 natural villages comprising about 200 administrative villages and 34 townships.{{sfn|Yang|2011|p=4}} The Northern Tujia autonym is ''{{IPA|pi35 tsɿ55 kʰa21}}'', and the Southern Tujia autonym is ''{{IPA|mõ21 dzɿ21}}''.{{sfn|Yang|2011|p=15}} Yang covers the two Northern Tujia dialects of Dianfang 靛房 and Xiaolongre 小龙热, and the Southern Tujia dialect of Qieji 且己.

*[[Longshan County]] (southeastern; 15 townships): [[Xichehe]] 洗车河镇, Longtou 隆头镇, Miao'ertan 苗儿滩镇, Dianfang 靛房镇, Luota 洛塔乡, Ganxi 干溪乡, Mengxi 猛西乡, Fengxi 凤溪镇, Pojiao 坡脚乡, Tasha 他砂乡, Neixi 内溪乡, Jiashi 贾市乡, Yanchong 岩冲乡, Changxi 长潭乡, Liye 里耶镇
*[[Yongshun County]] (western; 5 townships): Duishan 对山乡, Heping 和平乡, Xiqi 西歧乡, Shouche 首车镇, Shaoha 勺哈乡
*[[Baojing County]] (western and southeastern; 10 townships):
**''Western Baojing County'': Longtou 隆头乡, Bi'er 比耳乡, Mawang 马王乡, Bamao 拔茅镇, Purong 普戎镇, Angdong 昂洞乡, Longxi 龙溪乡, Boji 簸箕乡
**''Southeastern Baojing County'': Tuzha 涂乍乡, Xianren 仙人乡
*[[Guzhang County]] (northwestern; 2 townships): Qietong 茄通 (including in Xiaolongre 小龙热村 ''{{IPA|ɕiao55 lũ21 ze55}}''), Duanlong 断龙乡
*[[Luxi County, Hunan|Luxi County]] (1 township): Tanxi 潭溪镇 (including in Qieji 且己村 ''{{IPA|tsʰa33 dʑi35}}'' / ''{{IPA|tsʰe5533 dʑi21}}'')
*[[Laifeng County]] (1 township): Hedong 河东乡

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
The following are the consonants in both the Northern and Southern Tujia dialects:{{sfn|Zhang|2006}}{{sfn|Brassett|Brassett|Lu|2006}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]{{nobold|<sup>1</sup>}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|{{IPA link|tɕ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]{{nobold|<sup>1</sup>}}
|
|{{IPA link|dz}}
|{{IPA link|dʑ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}<sup>1</sup>
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}<sup>4</sup>
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}<sup>3</sup>
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}<sup>2</sup>
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

# Voiced plosives and affricates, and {{IPA|/f/}} occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
# {{IPA|[n]}} and {{IPA|[l]}} are in [[free variation]].
# {{IPA|[ɲ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}}.
# {{IPA|/x/}} has allophones {{IPA|[ç]}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|[ɸ]}} before {{IPA|/u/}}.

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|{{IPA|y}}
|{{IPA|ɨ}}
|{{IPA|ʉ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|e}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA|ɤ}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|a}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+[[Vowel]]s/Combinations in the Tujia dialects
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="8" |Oral
! colspan="8" |Nasal
|-
! colspan="2" |Medial
!∅
!i
!ʉ
!e
!a
!o
!u
!<small>coda</small>
!∅
!e
!æ
!a
!u
!n
!ŋ
!<small>coda</small>
|-
! rowspan="11" |Nucleus
!∅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|æ̃}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɛn}}
|{{IPA|ɜŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="10" |Vowel
|{{IPA|i}}
|
|{{IPA|iaʉ}}
|{{IPA|ie}}
|{{IPA|ia}}
|{{IPA|io}}
|{{IPA|iu}}
|{{IPA|iɛ}}
|{{IPA|ĩ}}
|
|{{IPA|iæ̃}}
|{{IPA|iã}}
|{{IPA|iũ}}
|{{IPA|iɛn}}
|{{IPA|iŋ}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|y}}
|{{IPA|yei}}
|
|{{IPA|ye}}
|{{IPA|ya}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|yẽ}}
|{{IPA|yæ̃}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|ɨ}}
|{{IPA|ɨi}}
|
|{{IPA|ɨe}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɨu}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|ʉ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPA|ai}}
|{{IPA|aʉ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA|au}}
|{{IPA|iau}}
|{{IPA|ã}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|aŋ}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|ei}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ẽ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|ɔ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|uɔ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɔŋ}}
|{{IPA|iɔŋ}}
|-
|{{IPA|o}}
|
|{{IPA|oʉ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ou}}
|{{IPA|ioʉ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|ɤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|u}}
|{{IPA|uei}}
|
|{{IPA|ue}}
|{{IPA|ua}}
|{{IPA|uo}}
|
|{{IPA|uai}}
|{{IPA|ũ}}
|{{IPA|uẽ}}
|{{IPA|uæ̃}}
|{{IPA|uã}}
|
|{{IPA|un}}
|
|{{IPA|uɛn}}
|}

* Combinations with oral vowels {{IPA|/y ʉ/}} and nasal vowel {{IPA|/æ̃/}} occur only in the Southern dialects.
* Combinations with vowels {{IPA|/ɛ ɜ ɤ ɔ/}} and coda {{IPA|/n/}} occur only in the Northern dialects.

==Orthography==

===1983 experiment===
One system of writing Tujia in Latin script is based on Hanyu Pinyin and uses letters as tone markers, namely, x, r, v, f. It was used in some schools in the area as an experiment, but withdrawn from them in the mid-1990s when the funding ceased.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Minglang |title=Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-017896-8 |series=Contributions to the sociology of language |location=Berlin ; New York |pages=128–130}}</ref>

===Brassett, Brassett, & Lu (2006)===
Philip Brassett, Cecilia Brassett and Lu Meiyan have proposed an experimental Pinyin orthography for the Tujia language, as follows:{{sfn|Brassett|Brassett|Lu|2006}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Tujia Pinyin Consonants
|-
! Symbol !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Symbol !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| b || {{IPA|p}} || ng || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| c || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || p || {{IPA|pʰ}}
|-
| d || {{IPA|t}} || q || {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
|-
| g || {{IPA|k}} || r || {{IPA|z}}
|-
| h || {{IPA|x}} || s || {{IPA|s}}
|-
| hh || {{IPA|ɣ}} || t || {{IPA|tʰ}}
|-
| j || {{IPA|tɕ}} || w || {{IPA|w}}
|-
| k || {{IPA|kʰ}} || x || {{IPA|ɕ}}
|-
| l || {{IPA|l, n}} || y || {{IPA|j}}
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || z || {{IPA|ts}}
|-
| n || {{IPA|ɲ, n}} ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Tujia Pinyin Vowels
|-
! Symbol !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Symbol !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| a || {{IPA|a}} || ing || {{IPA|iŋ}}
|-
| ai || {{IPA|ai}} || iong || {{IPA|iɔŋ}}
|-
| an || {{IPA|ɛn}} || iu || {{IPA|iu}}
|-
| ang || {{IPA|aŋ}} || o || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
| ao || {{IPA|au}} || ong || {{IPA|ɔŋ}}
|-
| e || {{IPA|ɤ}} || ou || {{IPA|ou}}
|-
| ei || {{IPA|ei}} || u || {{IPA|u}}
|-
| eng || {{IPA|ɜŋ}} || ua || {{IPA|ua}}
|-
| i || {{IPA|i, ɨ}} || uai || {{IPA|uai}}
|-
| ia || {{IPA|ia}} || uan || {{IPA|uɛn}}
|-
| ian || {{IPA|iɛn}} || ui || {{IPA|uei}}
|-
| iao || {{IPA|iau}} || un || {{IPA|un}}
|-
| ie || {{IPA|iɛ}} || uo || {{IPA|uɔ}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Tujia Pinyin Tones
|-
! Symbol !! Pitch !! Name of tone !! Letters
|-
| 1 || {{IPA|˥}} or {{IPA|˦}} || High level || -v
|-
| 2 || {{IPA|˨˦}} or {{IPA|˧˥}} || Low rising || -f
|-
| 3 || {{IPA|˨˩}} || Low falling || -r
|-
| 4 || {{IPA|˥˩}} or {{IPA|˥˧}} || High falling || -x
|}

===Tujia numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|+Tujia Pinyin Tones
|-
! Number !! Tujia words (with tone letters)
|-
| 1 || La
|-
| 2 || Niev
|-
| 3 || Sov
|-
| 4 || Riev
|-
| 5 || Uv
|-
| 6 || Wor
|-
| 7 || Nier
|-
| 8 || Yer
|-
| 9 || Kiev
|-
| 10 || Laxiv 
|}

==Language preservation==
Although only a small percentage of Tujia people speak the Tujia language, Tujia language enthusiasts work hard on to preserve it, both in Hunan and Hubei. According to news reports, two Tujia language instruction books have been published and work continues on a Tujia dictionary. The Tujia language scholar Chu Yongming (储永明) works with children at the Baifusi Ethnic Minorities School (百福司民族小学) in Baifusi Town, [[Laifeng County]], Hubei to promote the language use.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bruce |last=Humes |url=http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=6707 |title=Rejuvenating the Tujia Language No Easy Feat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610010847/http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=6707 |archive-date=2012-06-10 |website=Ethnic ChinaLit |url-status=dead }} based on {{citation|script-title=zh:大山深处的土家语传承与坚守|date=2012-04-17|author1=王功尚|author2=蒲哲|author3=孙文振|url=http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-04-24|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222121/http://iel.cass.cn/news_show.asp?newsid=10206}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Brassett |first1=Philip |first2=Cecilia |last2=Brassett |first3=Meiyan |last3=Lu |year=2006 |title=The Tujia language |series=Languages of the World/Materials |volume=455 |location=Munich |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=9783895869952}}
*{{cite book |last=Chen |first=Kang [陈康] |year=2006 |trans-title=A Study of Tujia |script-title=zh:土家语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu University}}
*{{cite book |last=Dai |first=Qinxia [戴庆厦] |year=2005 |trans-title=A Study of Xianren Tujia |script-title=zh:仙仁土家语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu University}}
*{{cite book |last=Peng |first=Bo [彭勃] |year=1998 |trans-title=Tujiayu yanjiu ji shilu |script-title=zh:土家语研究及实录 |publisher=Yongshun County Ethnic Affairs Bureau [永顺县民族事务委员会]}}
*{{cite book |last=Tian |first=Desheng [田德生] |year=1986 |trans-title=A sketch of Tujia |script-title=zh:土家语简志 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Ye |first=Deshu [叶德书] |year=1995 |trans-title=A Study of Tujia |script-title=zh:土家语研究 |location=Jishou |publisher=Jishou University Xiang-Chu Culture Research Institute 吉首大学湘楚文化研究所}}
*{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Zaibiao [杨再彪] |year=2011 |trans-title=Four endangered languages of Hunan province |script-title=zh:湖南西部四种濒危语言调查] |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Yao |first=Yuanshen [姚元森] |year=2013 |trans-title=Muyu cunliuqu Longshan Pojiao de Tujiayu kouyu |script-title=zh:母语存留区龙山坡脚的土家语口语 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Xiang |first=Kuiyi [向魁益] |year=2012 |trans-title=Baojing Tujiayu shilu |script-title=zh:保靖县土家语实录 |publisher=Hunan Normal University Press [湖南师范大学出版社]}}
*{{cite book |last=Zhang |first=Jun [张军] |year=2006 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1783.1/2836 |trans-title=Phonological study of the Tujia language |script-title=zh:土家语语音硏究 |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology|hdl=1783.1/2836 }}

==External links==
{{Incubator|tji}}
*{{citation |last1=Zhou |first1=Yulou |last2=Hill |first2=Nathan W. |year=2021 |title=A collection of North Tujia (Bifzivsar ''北部土家语'') vocabulary and textual passages for use in NLP |type=Data set |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4447924}}
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\stb\tuj&limit=-1 Tujia basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0260 Documentation of the Southern Tujia Language of China]
*{{cite web|title = Tujia Language and Culture|year = 2004|given1 = Philip|surname1 = Brassett|given2 = Cecilia|surname2 = Brassett|url = http://www.brassett.org.uk/tujia/ehome.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221549/http://www.brassett.org.uk/tujia/ehome.html|archive-date = 16 July 2012}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Languages of China}}

[[Category:Languages of Hunan]]
[[Category:Languages of Hubei]]
[[Category:Unclassified Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Tujia people]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]