View source for Tula, Russia

{{Short description|City in Tula Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other places|Tula (disambiguation){{!}}Tula}}
{{Dist|Tuva|Tuval|Tuvalu}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name                 = Tula
| ru_name                 = Тула
| image_skyline           = Tula collage 2.jpg
| image_caption           = '''Up:''' [[Tula Kremlin]], {{ill|Museum of Weapons|ru|Тульский государственный музей оружия}}, {{ill|Assembly of the Nobility (Tula)|lt=Assembly of the Nobility|ru|Дом дворянского собрания (Тула)}}. '''Center:''' {{ill|Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Tula)|lt=Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|ru|Успенский собор Тульского кремля}}. '''Down:''' {{ill|Cathedral of the Dormition at Uspensky Convent|ru|Успенский собор (Тула)}}, Monument to gingerbread on Lenin Square, Administrative and production building for gingerbread trade
| pushpin_map             = Russia Tula Oblast#European Russia#Europe
| coordinates             = {{coord|54|12|N|37|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Tula.svg
| image_coa               = Coat of arms of Tula.svg
| anthem                  ={{ill|Anthem of Tula|ru|Гимн Тулы}}
| federal_subject         = [[Tula Oblast]]
| federal_subject_ref     = <ref name="Ref144"/>
| adm_inhabloc_jur        = Tula [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Oblast Jurisdiction]]
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref    = <ref name="Ref144"/>
| adm_ctr_of1             = [[Tula Oblast]]
| adm_ctr_of1_ref         = <ref name="Ref144"/>
| adm_ctr_of2             = Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction
| adm_ctr_of2_ref         = <ref name="Ref144"/>
| inhabloc_cat            = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref        = <ref name="Ref144"/>
| urban_okrug_jur         = [[Tula Urban Okrug]]
| urban_okrug_jur_ref     = <ref name="Ref900"/>
| mun_admctr_of1          = [[Tula Urban Okrug]] 
| mun_admctr_of1_ref      = <ref name="Ref900"/> 
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_title_ref        = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myslo.ru/news/politics/novim-merom-tuli-stal-uriy-tskipuri|title = Новым мэром Тулы стал Юрий Цкипури| work=MySlo |date = September 29, 2014}}</ref>
| leader_name             = [[Olga Slyusareva]]
| leader_name_ref         = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myslo.ru/news/tula/2019-09-27-merom-tuly-stala-olimpijskaya-chempionka-ol-ga-slyusareva|title = Мэром Тулы стала олимпийская чемпионка Ольга Слюсарева| work=MySlo |date = 27 September 2019}}</ref>
| representative_body     = [[Tula City Duma|City Duma]]
| representative_body_ref = <ref>[http://cityduma.tula.ru/ Official website of the Tula City Duma] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
<!-- statistics -->
| area_km2                = 153.52
| area_km2_ref            = <ref name="Genplan">[http://www.tula.ru/administration/info/investors/300/general_plan/GP_9.php Генеральный план города Тулы]</ref>
| pop_2010census          = 501169
| pop_2010census_rank     = 37th
| pop_2010census_ref      = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
| established_date        = 1146
| established_title       = First mentioned
| established_date_ref    = <ref name="tokarev">{{cite news|last1=Tokarev|first1=Kirill|title=Tula: Loved by Tolstoy, hated by Lenin|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/10/04/tula_loved_by_tolstoy_hated_by_lenin_13075|access-date=31 August 2016|work=Russia & India Report|publisher=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=4 October 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| postal_codes            = 300000–300999
| postal_codes_ref        = <ref>[http://www.ruspostindex.ru/71/1.html Почтовые индексы России]</ref>
| dialing_codes           = 4872
| dialing_codes_ref       = <ref>[http://codes.delovoigorod.ru/tula/center/ Деловой город: Телефонный код Тулы]</ref>
| website                 = http://www.tula.ru
}}
'''Tula''' ({{langx|ru|Ту́ла}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈtulə|IPA}}) is the largest city and the [[administrative center]] of [[Tula Oblast]] in [[Russia]], located {{convert|193|km|sp=us}} south of [[Moscow]]. Tula is located in the northern [[Central Russian Upland]] on the banks of the [[Upa (river)|Upa River]], a tributary of the [[Oka (river)|Oka]]. At the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 census]], Tula had a population of 501,169, an increase from 481,216 in 2002, making it the [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|32nd-largest city in Russia]] by population.{{Historical populations|1897|115000|1926|150331|1939|272224|1959|315639|1970|461965|1979|514008|1989|539980|2002|481216|2010|501169|2021|473622|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}A primarily industrial [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]], Tula was a fortress at the border of the [[Principality of Ryazan]]. The city was seized by [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] in 1606 during the [[Time of Troubles]] and withstood a four-month siege by the Tsar's army. Historically, Tula has been a major centre for the manufacture of [[Weapon|armaments]]. The [[Demidov]] family built the first armament factory in Russia in the city, in what would become the [[Tula Arms Plant]], which still operates to this day.

Tula is home to the [[Klokovo (air base)|Klokovo]] air base, [[Tula State University]], the [[Tula Kremlin]], Tula State Museum of Weapons, and Kazanskaya Embankment. Tula has a historical association with the [[samovar]], a metal container used to heat and boil water; the city was a major center of Russian samovar production. [[Yasnaya Polyana]], the former home of the writer [[Leo Tolstoy]], is located {{convert|12|km}} southwest of Tula. Additionally, Tula is known for its [[Tula pryanik|imprinted gingerbread]] ([[pryanik]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/tula/activities/gingerbread-tula/a/pa-act/v-124632P2/1315167|title=Gingerbread Tula {{!}} Tula, Russia Activities|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> which has been made in Tula since the 17th century.

==Etymology==
The name of the city is likely  pre-Russian, probably of Baltic origin.<ref>Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва: Русские словари, 1998, pg. 423: "The earliest etymologies derived the place name from Russian dialectal ''tulá'' 'hidden, unreachable place'... The pre-Russian origin of the name of the river and town is no longer doubted [Maiorova 1985].... Since the name of the river Upa is certainly Baltic..., its tributary *Tula [the presumed earlier form of Tulitsa] may also be of Baltic origin, which is supported by a series of parallels in Lithuanian toponymy: the river Tule, the Tulis swamp, the Tulyte field, the meadow Tulejos, the valley Tulija, etc. [Vanagas, 1981]; the meaning of these toponyms is not entirely clear...."</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://vedictime.com/ru/library/rashi/tula | title=VedicTime: Тула }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historyworlds.ru/tula.html | title=Тула-один из сакрально-потаённых центров на русской карте }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Тула на гравюре 1807 года.JPG|thumb|left|Tula in 1807]]
Tula was first mentioned in the ''[[Nikon Chronicle]]'' (year 1146).<ref name="tokarev" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tula-Russia|title=Tula|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

In the [[Middle Ages]], Tula was a minor fortress at the border of the [[Principality of Ryazan]]. As soon as it passed to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], a brick citadel, or [[Kremlin (fortification)|kremlin]], was constructed in 1514–1521.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|location = Moscow|title=Тула}}</ref> It was a key fortress of the [[Zasechnaya cherta|Great Abatis Belt]] and successfully resisted a siege by the [[Tatars]] in 1552. In 1607, [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] and his supporters seized the citadel and withstood a four-months siege by the [[Tsar]]'s army. In the 18th century, some parts of the kremlin walls were demolished. Despite its archaic appearance, the five-domed Assumption Cathedral in the kremlin was built as late as 1764.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 1712, Tula was visited by [[Peter the Great]], who commissioned the [[Demidov]] blacksmiths to build the first [[Tula Arms Plant|armament factory]] in Russia. Several decades later, Tula was turned by the Demidovs into the greatest ironworking center of Eastern Europe. The oldest museum in the city, showcasing the history of weapons, was inaugurated by the Demidovs in 1724, and [[Nicholas-Zaretsky Church]] in the city houses their family vault. The first factory to produce [[samovar]]s industrially was also established there in the course of the 18th century. After the Demidovs moved the center of their manufacture to the [[Urals]], Tula continued as a center of [[heavy industry]], particularly in the manufacture of [[matériel]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In the 1890s, Ivan Savelyev, a medical orderly, became the founder of [[social democracy]] in Tula and set up a workers' [[study circle]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Biggart |first=John |year=1989 |title=Alexander Bogdanov, Left-Bolshevism and the Proletkult 1904–1932 |publisher=University of East Anglia |oclc=556500696}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the city was important in the production of [[armament]]s. Tula became the target of a German offensive to break Soviet resistance in the Moscow area between 24 October and 5 December 1941. According to [[Erik Durschmied]] in ''The Weather Factor: How Nature has Changed History'', one German general reached the southwestern outskirts of Tula on 29–30 October 1941. 
<ref>Arcade Publishing, 2002; {{ISBN|1-55970-624-4}}</ref>

The heavily fortified city held out, however, and [[Heinz Guderian|Guderian]]'s [[2nd Panzer Army|Second Panzer Army]] was stopped near Tula. The city secured the southern flank during the [[Battle of Moscow]] and the subsequent counter-offensive. Tula was awarded the title [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]] in 1976. It is home to the [[Klokovo]] air base and the [[Tula Arms Plant]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Administrative and municipal status==
The {{ill|Administrative divisions of Tula|ru|Административное деление Тулы}} consists of 5 districts; {{ill|Zapechensky Distract, Tula|lt=Zelenivka|ru|Зареченский район (Тула)}}, {{ill|Privokzalny District, Tula|lt=Privokzalny District|ru|Привокзальный район (Тула)}}, {{ill|Proletarsky District, Tula|lt=Proletarsky District|ru|Пролетарский район (Тула)}}, {{ill|Tsentralny District, Tula|lt=Tsentralny District|ru|Центральный район (Тула)}} and {{ill|Sovietsky District, Tula|lt=Sovietsky District|ru|Советский район (Тула)}}.

Tula serves as the [[administrative center]] of the [[oblast]].<ref name="Ref144">Law #954-ZTO</ref> Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is incorporated as '''Tula [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Oblast Jurisdiction]]'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Tula Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref144"/> As a municipal division, the territories of Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction and of [[Leninsky District, Tula Oblast|Leninsky District]] are incorporated as [[Tula Urban Okrug]].<ref name="Ref900">Law #553-ZTO</ref><ref name="Note">All rural localities included as a part of Tula Urban Okrug in Law #553-ZTO are listed as a part of Leninsky District in [[OKATO]].</ref>

==Mayors==
{{ill|List of mayors of Tula|ru|Список градоначальников Тулы}} since 1991:
* [[Sergey Kazakov]] (1997–2005)
* {{ill|Vladimir Mogilnikov|ru|Могильников, Владимир Сергеевич}} (2005–2010)
* {{ill|Alisa Tolkachyova|ru|Толкачёва, Алиса Евгеньевна}} (2010–2011)
* {{ill|Yevgeny Avilov|ru|Авилов, Евгений Васильевич}} (2011–2012)
* {{ill|Aleksandr Prokopuk|ru|Прокопук, Александр Евгеньевич}} (2012–2014)
* {{ill|Yuri Tskipuri|ru|Цкипури, Юрий Иванович}} (2014–2019)
* [[Olga Slyusareva]] (2019–2024)
* {{ill|Alexey Erk|ru|Эрк, Алексей Алоисович}} (2024-present)

==Economy==
For more than four centuries Tula has been known as a center of crafts and metalworking. Tula is a developed industrial center. Importance in the industrial structure of Tula are metallurgy, machinery and metal with a high share of the [[Defense industry of Russia|military-industrial complex]] and food manufacturing.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===Armaments industry===
*[[Almaz-Antey|Almaz-Antey Concern]]: [[Scientific Production Association]] Strela (Russian: ОАО НПО «Стрела»)
*[[NPO Splav|Splav]] (Russian: ОАО НПО «СПЛАВ») part of the [[Techmash]] holding  of [[Rostec]]; only manufacturer of [[multiple rocket launchers]] in Russia: [[BM-21 Grad]], [[BM-27 Uragan]], [[BM-30 Smerch]]
*[[KBP Instrument Design Bureau]]
*Shcheglovsky Val plant (Russian: «Щегловский вал» завод): manufacturer of the [[Bumerang-BM]] for the [[T-15 Armata]]
*[[Tactical Missiles Corporation]]: TsKBA (Russian: ОАО «ЦКБА»)[[File:Tula asv2019-09 img05 Uspensky Convent aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tula]]
*[[Tula Arms Plant]]
*[[Tulamashzavod]]
*[[Tula Cartridge Plant]]

===Other companies===
*[[Shtamp Machine-Building Plant]]
*[[Oktava]]
*Yasnaya Polyana: a confectionery factory established in 1973 under the holding of [[:ru:Объединённые кондитеры|United Confectioners]] (Russian: Холдинг «Объединенные кондитеры») that produces 340 different candies including "Yasnaya Polyana"<ref name=Candies>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Тульская кондитерская фабрика «Ясная Поляна»|url=https://www.uniconf.ru/factories/yasnaya-polyana/|language=ru|trans-title=Tula confectionary factory "Yasnaya Polyana"|publisher=Объединённые кондитеры (United Confectioners)|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Metallistov Street in Tula in winter.jpg|thumb|Metallistov Street]]
[[File:Day of the Town 2023 (Tula) 08.jpg|thumb|[[City Day]] in Tula in 2023]]
A musical instrument, the [[Tula accordion]], is named after the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian [[pryanik]], cookies made with honey and spices (see [[Tula pryanik]]). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of arms manufacturing, mainly by [[TT pistol]], as well as [[samovar]] production: the Russian equivalent of "coals to Newcastle" is "You don't take a samovar to Tula". (The saying is falsely ascribed to the writer and playwright Anton Chekhov, whose made a satirical portrait of one of his characters saying "Taking your wife to Paris is the same as taking your own samovar to Tula".)

The most popular tourist attraction in [[Tula Oblast]] is [[Yasnaya Polyana]], the home and burial place of the writer [[Leo Tolstoy]]. It is situated {{convert|14|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=off}} southwest of the city. It was here that Tolstoy wrote his celebrated novels ''[[War and Peace]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]''. The largest public park in Tula is the [[P. Belousov Central Park of Culture and Recreation]].

==Education==
Tula is home to:
*[[Tula State University]]
*[[Tula State Pedagogical University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tspu.tula.ru/ |title=ТГПУ им. Л.Н.Толстого :: Главная страница |access-date=2009-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926224736/http://www.tspu.tula.ru/ |archive-date=September 26, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*The Tula artillery and Engineering Institute
*A branch of [[All Russia Economic and Finance Institute]]
*A branch of [[Moscow Economics and Management Institute]]

==Transportation==
Since 1867, there has been a railway connection between Tula and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_tula.html Train Station in Tula] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Tula is a major [[railway junction]] with trains to Moscow, [[Oryol]], [[Kursk]] and [[Kaluga]]. The Moscow to [[Simferopol]] [[M2 highway (Russia)|M2 motorway]] runs past the city. City transport is provided by [[tram]]s, [[trolleybus]]es, [[bus]]es, and [[marshrutka]]s. Tula trams, trolleybuses, and bus routes are operated by "Tulgorelectrotrans" (Tula city electrotransport company). The [[Russian Air Force]] base [[Klokovo (air base)|Klokovo]] is located nearby.

<gallery>
File:LiAZ-5256-bus in Tula.jpg|Bus [[LiAZ-5256]]
File:Tramway-tula.jpg|Tram [[Tatra T3]]
File:SMU 83-84 Tula.JPG|[[Tatra T6B5]]
File:LM-2008 Perekop Tula.JPG|LM-2008
File:Tula Trolleybus 17 2007.jpg|Trolleybus [[VMZ (Vologodskiy mechanical plant)|VMZ-5298]]
</gallery>

==Religion==
[[File:Успенский собор Тульского кремля. Тула.jpg|thumb|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Tula]]
Most of Tula's churches are [[Russian Orthodox church]]es. Next in number are [[Catholic]]s and [[Protestant]]s. Other religions present in the city include [[Muslims]], [[Judaism|Jews]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Taoism|Taoists]].

All Orthodox organizations in Tula and the Tula Oblast are under the [[Diocese of Tula and Yefremov]]. The oldest churches in Tula include the Saints' Cathedral (built from 1776-1800), the Annunciation Church (1692), and the Assumption Cathedral of the Tula Kremlin (1762-1764). The Shcheglovsky Monastery of Holy Mother of God is also located within the city, built in the mid-19th century and consecrated in 1860.<ref>
{{cite web
 |author      = Kamalakaran, A.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/travel/tours/away/2016/07/29/4-orthodox-monasteries-to-visit-near-moscow_616205
 |title       = 4 Orthodox monasteries to visit near Moscow
 |publisher   = Russia Beyond the Headlines
 |date        = 2016-07-29
 |access-date  = 2020-01-29
}}</ref> [[Old Believers]]' community services are performed in the church of St. John Chrysostom.

The only Roman Catholic church in Tula is the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Since the 1990s, several Protestant [[Christian denomination|denominations]] have grown, the largest of which is a [[Baptism|Baptist]] church with a prayer house in Tula. Representatives of other Protestant churches in Tula are [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Presbyterians]] (Church of the Holy Trinity, The Glorious Jesus the Lord, the Good News), [[Pentecostals]] (Tula Christian Center, Church of the New Testament) and other evangelical churches (Word of Life, the Vine Gypsy Church).{{cn|date=March 2024}}

The city also has a [[synagogue]] and the Jewish Community House.

==Sports==
[[File:Vedenin Ski track 2023 05.jpg|thumb|[[Vyacheslav Vedenin|Vedenin]] Ski track in Tula]]
In [[Russian fist fighting]], Tula was considered to have some of the most famous fighters.<ref>[http://istina.rin.ru/cgi-bin/print.pl?sait=6&id=2855 Русский кулачный бой]: "Tula's fighters were always glorious, but every place had its heroes."</ref><ref>[http://bibliotekar.ru/rusSaharov/129.htm Сказания о русских народных играх] "Tula's fighters were considered the best one on one."</ref>

The city [[association football]] club, [[FC Arsenal-Tula|FC Arsenal Tula]], played in the Russian Premier League in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 seasons, and now competes in the second-tier [[Russian First Division]].

The city's professional [[ice hockey]] club, [[HC AKM]], competes in the [[All-Russian Hockey League]], the second tier of Russian hockey.

== People==
===Arts===
*[[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828-1910), Writer
*[[Leonid Bobylev]] (born 1949), composer
*[[German Galynin]] (1922–1966), composer 
*[[Vladimir Mashkov]] (born 1963), theater and film actor and director
*[[Vyacheslav Nevinny]] (1934–2009), theater and film actor
*[[Maria Ouspenskaya]] (1876–1949), actress and acting teacher
*[[Vsevolod Sanayev]] (1912–1996), theater and film actor, acting teacher
*[[Sofia Sotnichevskaya]] (1916–2011), actress
*[[Irina Skobtseva]] (1927–2020), actress
*[[Gleb Uspensky]] (1843–1901), writer
*[[Vikenty Veresaev]] (1867–1945), writer
*[[Alexey Vorobyov]] (born 1988), singer, actor and model
*[[Alexey Goloborodko]] (born 1994), dance contortionist

===Public servants===
* [[Vyacheslav Dudka]] (born 1960), governor of [[Tula Oblast]] (2005–2011)
* [[Vladimir Ivanov (politician, born 1893)|Vladimir Ivanov]] (1893–1938), Soviet politician
* [[Yury Afonin]], politician
* [[Viktor Ilyich Baranov]], Soviet Army lieutenant general
*[[Ivan Bakhtin]], governor of the [[Kharkov Governorate]]

===Sciences, technologies===
*[[Nikolay Artemov]] (1908–2005) physiologist
*[[Vladimir Bazarov]] (1874–1939), philosopher and economist
*[[Vasily Degtyaryov]] (1880–1949), [[weapons engineer]]
*[[Valery Legasov]] (1936–1988), [[inorganic chemist]]
*[[Valery Polyakov]] (1942-2022), cosmonaut
*[[Ivan Sakharov]] (1807–1863), folklorist, ethnographer
*[[Petr Sushkin]] (1868–1928), [[ornithologist]]
*[[Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev|Sergei Tokarev]] (1899–1985), historian, [[ethnographer]]

===Sports===
*[[Ksenia Afanasyeva]] (born 1991), Olympic artistic gymnast, world and European champion
*[[Evgeniya Augustinas]] (born 1988), racing cyclist, European champion
*[[Ekaterina Gnidenko]] (born 1992), [[track cyclist]]
*[[Yevgeny Grishin (speed skater)|Yevgeny Grishin]] (1931–2005), [[speedskater]], Olympic and European champion
*[[Oksana Grishina (cyclist)|Oksana Grishina]] (born 1968), track cyclist
*[[Irina Kirillova]] (born 1965), volleyball player, Olympic, world and European champion
*[[Sergei Kopylov]] (born 1960), [[racing cyclist]]
*[[Alexander Kotov]] (1913–1981), [[chess]] player, international [[grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]], [[Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik|SSSR]] champion, author, [[mechanical engineer]]
*[[Viktor Kudriavtsev]] (born 1937), [[figure skating]] coach
*[[Andrey Kuznetsov (tennis)|Andrey Kuznetsov]] (born 1991), tennis player
*[[Vladimir Leonov (cyclist)|Vladimir Leonov]] (born 1937), [[cycle sport|cyclist]]
*[[Valentina Maksimova]] (born 1937), track cyclist 
*[[Ihor Nadein]] (1948–2014), football player and coach
*[[Nikolay Novikov (boxer)|Nikolay Novikov]], (born 15 May 1946), boxer
*[[Alexandra Obolentseva]] (born 2001), chess player
*[[Yelena Posevina]] (born 1986), [[Rhythmic gymnastics|rhythmic gymnast]], Olympic, world and European champion
*[[Anastasia Voynova]] (born 1993), racing cyclist, world and European champion

===Others===
* [[Nikita Demidov]] (1656–1725), industrialist, founder of [[Demidov]] dynasty

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population size
|'''1811'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Тула |url=https://www.mojgorod.ru/tuljsk_obl/tula/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.mojgorod.ru}}</ref>
|'''1840'''<ref name=":0" />
|'''1856'''<ref name=":0" />
|'''1863'''<ref name=":0" />
|'''1897'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Города с численностью населения 100 тысяч и более человек. |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2011/year/year2011.rar}}</ref>
|'''1913'''<ref name=":0" />
|'''1914<ref name=":0" />'''
|'''1923'''<ref name=":0" />
|'''1926'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1937 года: Общие итоги. Сборник документов и материалов / Сост. В.Б.Жиромская, Ю.А.Поляков. — М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2007. — 320 с.; ISBN 5-8243-0337-1. |url=https://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/47581-vsesoyuznaya-perepis-naseleniya-1937-goda-obschie-itogi#mode/inspect/page/64/zoom/4}}</ref>
|'''1931'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Административно-территориальное деление Союза ССР : [Районы и города СССР на 1931 год]. — Москва: Власть советов, 1931. — XXX, 311 с. |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/17630/sssr_ad-ter_delenie_1931_rsfsr.pdf}}</ref>
|'''1933'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Административно-территориальное деление Союза ССР. На 15 июля 1934 года. |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/53487/adm._delenie_sssr_1934.pdf}}</ref>
|'''1937<ref name=":1" />'''
|-
|52 100
|{{Decrease}}51 700
|{{Decrease}}50 600
|{{Increase}}56 700
|{{Increase}}115 000
|{{Increase}}138 900
|{{Increase}}139 700
|{{Decrease}}123 300
|{{Increase}}150 331
|{{Increase}}191 200
|{{Increase}}199 500
|{{Increase}}239 122
|-
|'''1939'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_pop_39_3.php |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
|'''1956'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Численность городского населения СССР по городским поселениям и внутригородским районам. Дата обращения: 30 ноября 2013. Архивировано 24 декабря 2013 года. |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/17165/narhoz_sssr_1956_svodnyy.pdf}}</ref>
|'''1959'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus59_reg2.php |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
!1962<ref name=":0" />
!1967<ref name=":0" />
!1970<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus70_reg2.php |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
!1973<ref name=":0" />
!1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник, 1998 год |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/41385/rossiyskiy_statisticheskiy_ezhegodnik_1998_g.pdf}}</ref>
!1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus79_reg2.php |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
!1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=Народное хозяйство СССР 1922-1982 (Юбилейный статистический ежегодник) |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/15623/narodnoe_hozyaystvo_sssr_1922-1982.pdf}}</ref>
!1985<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. Госкомстат, Москва, 2001 |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/21317/nx_5.pdf}}</ref>
!1986<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 1994 |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/18276/stat._ezh._rf_1994_demografiya.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|{{Increase}}272 224
|{{Increase}}320 000
|{{Decrease}}315 639
|{{Increase}}342 000
|{{Increase}}377 000
|{{Increase}}461 965
|{{Increase}}486 000
|{{Increase}}502 000
|{{Increase}}514 008
|{{Increase}}524 000
|{{Increase}}529 000
|{{Increase}}532 000
|-
!1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Народное хозяйство СССР за 70 лет: Юбилейный стат. ежегодник / Госкомстат СССР. — М:Финансы и статистика, 1987. — 766 с. |url=https://alcdata.narod.ru/USSR_70_1987 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=alcdata.narod.ru}}</ref>
!1989<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg2.php |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref>
!1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 2002 |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/43527/rossiyskiy_statisticheskiy_ezhegodnik_2002.pdf}}</ref>
!1991<ref name=":3" />
!1992<ref name=":3" />
!1993<ref name=":3" />
!1994<ref name=":3" />
!1995<ref name=":2" />
!1996<ref name=":2" />
!1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 1997 год |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/45329/4naselenie.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122150432/http://istmat.info/files/uploads/45329/4naselenie.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2016 }}</ref>
!1998<ref name=":2" />
!1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 1999 год |url=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/45329/4naselenie.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|{{Increase}}538 000
|{{Increase}}539 980
|{{Increase}}540 000
|{{Increase}}544 000
|{{Decrease}}541 000
|{{Decrease}}539 000
|{{Decrease}}535 000
|{{Decrease}}529 000
|{{Decrease}}525 000
|525 000
|{{Decrease}}516 000
|{{Decrease}}513 100
|-
!2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 2000 год |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/45859/07_naselenie.pdf}}</ref>
!2001<ref name=":2" />
!2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls}}</ref>
!2003<ref name=":0" />
!2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник. 2004 год |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/46358/r_05.doc}}</ref>
!2005<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник, 2005 год |url=http://www.gks.ru/doc_2005/year05.zip}}</ref>
!2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник, 2006 год |url=http://www.gks.ru/doc_2006/year06.zip}}</ref>
!2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник, 2007 год |url=http://www.gks.ru/doc_2007/year07.zip}}</ref>
!2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Российский статистический ежегодник, 2008 год |url=http://www.gks.ru/doc_2008/year08.zip}}</ref>
!2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по городам, поселкам городского типа и районам на 1 января 2009 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/tabl-21-09.xls}}</ref>
!2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Перепись населения 2010. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-11.xlsx}}</ref>
!2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Тульская область. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2009-2013 годов |url=http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst70/DBInet.cgi?pl=8112027}}</ref>
|-
|{{Decrease}}506 100
|{{Decrease}}495 500
|{{Decrease}}481 216
|{{Decrease}}481 200
|{{Decrease}}472 300
|{{Decrease}}465 900
|{{Increase}}509 000
|{{Decrease}}504 000
|{{Decrease}}500 000
|{{Decrease}}496 035
|{{Increase}}501 169
|{{Decrease}}500 314
|-
!2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям. Таблица 35. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2012 года. |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2012/bul_dr/mun_obr2012.rar}}</ref>
!2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2013 года |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013314/www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2013/bul_dr/mun_obr2013.rar}}</ref>
!2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Таблица 33. Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2014 года. |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2014/bul_dr/mun_obr2014.rar}}</ref>
!2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/bul_dr/mun_obr2015.rar}}</ref>
!2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2016 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar}}</ref>
!2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2017 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2017/bul_dr/mun_obr2017.rar}}</ref>
!2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar}}</ref>
!2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2019 года |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2019/bul_dr/mun_obr2019.rar}}</ref>
!2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2020 года. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/CcG8qBhP/mun_obr2020.rar}}</ref>
!2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более. Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx}}</ref>
!2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2023 года (с учётом итогов Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 г.) |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Bul_MO_2023.xlsx}}</ref>
!2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2024.xlsx}}</ref>
|-
|{{Decrease}}499 511
|{{Decrease}}493 813
|{{Decrease}}490 508
|{{Decrease}}487 841
|{{Decrease}}485 930
|{{Decrease}}485 221
|{{Decrease}}482 873
|{{Decrease}}479 105
|{{Decrease}}475 161
|{{Decrease}}473 622
|{{Decrease}}466 609
|{{Decrease}}461 692
|}

==Climate==
Tula has a [[humid continental climate]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tula, Russia Köppen Climate Classification |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=592111&cityname=Tula%2C+Tula%2C+Russia&units= |access-date=25 January 2015 |publisher=Weatherbase}}</ref> featuring warm summers, and cold, but not particularly severe winters by Russian standards.

{{Weather box
|location = Tula (1991–2020, extremes 1897–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 7.0
|Feb record high C = 7.3
|Mar record high C = 19.0
|Apr record high C = 29.0
|May record high C = 33.2
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 39.0
|Aug record high C = 39.2
|Sep record high C = 30.2
|Oct record high C = 24.3
|Nov record high C = 17.8
|Dec record high C = 9.3
|year record high C = 39.2
|Jan high C = -4.2
|Feb high C = -3.4
|Mar high C = 2.5
|Apr high C = 11.9
|May high C = 19.6
|Jun high C = 22.8
|Jul high C = 25.1
|Aug high C = 23.6
|Sep high C = 17.3
|Oct high C = 9.6
|Nov high C = 1.6
|Dec high C = -2.7
|year high C = 10.3
|Jan mean C = -6.9
|Feb mean C = -6.7
|Mar mean C = -1.5
|Apr mean C = 6.8
|May mean C = 13.8
|Jun mean C = 17.2
|Jul mean C = 19.5
|Aug mean C = 17.7
|Sep mean C = 12.0
|Oct mean C = 5.8
|Nov mean C = -0.8
|Dec mean C = -5.0
|year mean C = 6.0
|Jan low C = -9.7
|Feb low C = -10.1
|Mar low C = -5.3
|Apr low C = 1.8
|May low C = 7.9
|Jun low C = 11.6
|Jul low C = 14.0
|Aug low C = 12.2
|Sep low C = 7.4
|Oct low C = 2.5
|Nov low C = -3.1
|Dec low C = -7.5
|year low C = 1.8
|Jan record low C = -42.0
|Feb record low C = -38.0
|Mar record low C = -32.2
|Apr record low C = -19.0
|May record low C = -4.3
|Jun record low C = 1.9
|Jul record low C = 4.0
|Aug record low C = -1.1
|Sep record low C = -6.8
|Oct record low C = -13.0
|Nov record low C = -26.3
|Dec record low C = -37.0
|year record low C = -42.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 43
|Feb precipitation mm = 38
|Mar precipitation mm = 35
|Apr precipitation mm = 40
|May precipitation mm = 48
|Jun precipitation mm = 76
|Jul precipitation mm = 77
|Aug precipitation mm = 60
|Sep precipitation mm = 57
|Oct precipitation mm = 55
|Nov precipitation mm = 41
|Dec precipitation mm = 45
|year precipitation mm = 615
|Jan snow depth cm = 18
|Feb snow depth cm = 29
|Mar snow depth cm = 23
|Apr snow depth cm = 2
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 3
|Dec snow depth cm = 10
|year snow depth cm = 29
|Jan rain days = 5
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 6
|Apr rain days = 12
|May rain days = 13
|Jun rain days = 16
|Jul rain days = 15
|Aug rain days = 13
|Sep rain days = 13
|Oct rain days = 15
|Nov rain days = 12
|Dec rain days = 6
|year rain days = 131
|Jan snow days = 21
|Feb snow days = 22
|Mar snow days = 15
|Apr snow days = 4
|May snow days = 0.2
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 4
|Nov snow days = 13
|Dec snow days = 21
|year snow days = 101
|Jan humidity = 85
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 76
|Apr humidity = 67
|May humidity = 64
|Jun humidity = 70
|Jul humidity = 72
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 86
|year humidity = 77
|Jan sun = 37.2
|Feb sun = 72.8
|Mar sun = 142.6
|Apr sun = 207.0
|May sun = 285.2
|Jun sun = 279.0
|Jul sun = 294.5
|Aug sun = 279.0
|Sep sun = 180.0
|Oct sun = 93.0
|Nov sun = 36.0
|Dec sun = 31.0
|year sun = 1937.3
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27719.htm
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Tula
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Погода и климат
| language = ru}}</ref>
|source 2 = Climatebase (sun, 1959–2011)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/27719/?lang=en
| title = Tula Climate Normals
| access-date = April 5, 2016
| publisher = Climatebase}}</ref>
|date=August 2011

}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Tula is [[sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=https://www.tula.ru/city/pobratimi/|website=tula.ru|publisher=Tula|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Albany, New York|Albany]], United States
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Barranquilla]], Colombia
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kerch]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Mogilev]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Villingen-Schwenningen]], Germany
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|tul|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|tul|mun|list|tula}}
*{{OKATO reference|71}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|publisher=Hurst and Blackett|location=London|author=Annette M. B. Meakin|title=Russia, Travels and Studies|date=1906|oclc=3664651|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028397929#page/n299/mode/2up|chapter=Tula|ol=24181315M}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Tula (government) |volume= 27 | pages = 365&ndash;366 |short= 1}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Tula (town) |volume= 27 | page = 366 |short= 1}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Tula}}
*[http://mapswar2.x10host.com/Battle_of_Moscow_1941_World_War_2_Campaigns.htm#_map_of_battle_of_Tula_1941 Map: Battle of Tula 1941]
*{{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=Tula}}

{{Tula Oblast}}
{{Hero Cities}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}}

[[Category:Tula, Russia| ]]
[[Category:Tulsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium]]
[[Category:Rus' towns]]