View source for Tula Oblast

{{short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
|en_name=Tula Oblast
|ru_name=Тульская область
|image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Tula Oblast.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|53|55|N|37|35|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=File:Coat of Arms of Tula oblast.png
|image_flag=File:Flag of Tula Oblast.svg
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|political_status=Oblast
|political_status_link=Oblasts of Russia
|federal_district=[[Central Federal District|Central]]
|economic_region=[[Central economic region|Central]]
|adm_ctr_type=Administrative center
|adm_ctr_name=[[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|adm_ctr_ref=
|pop_2021census=1501214	
|pop_2021census_rank=31st
|urban_pop_2021census=73.3%
|rural_pop_2021census=26.7%
|pop_2021census_ref=<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|pop_latest=1479294
|pop_latest_date=2023
|pop_latest_ref=<ref name=2023Estimate>{{cite web|title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2023 г.|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=21 February 2023}}</ref>
|area_km2=25679
|area_km2_rank=69th
|established_date=26 September 1937
|established_date_ref=
|license_plates=71
|ISO=RU-TUL
|leader_title=[[Governor of Tula Oblast|Governor]]
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name= [[Dmitry Milyaev]]
|leader_name_ref=
|legislature=[[Tula Oblast Duma|Oblast Duma]]
|legislature_ref=
|website=[https://www.tula.ru https://www.tula.ru]
}}
'''Tula Oblast''' ({{langx|ru|Ту́льская о́бласть|Tulʹskaya oblastʹ}}) is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] (an [[Oblasts of Russia|oblast]]) of [[Russia]]. It is geographically located in [[European Russia]] and is administratively part of the [[Central Federal District]], covering an area of {{convert|25700|km2|sp=us}}. It has a population of {{ru-census2010|1,553,925|.}} [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] is the largest [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders [[Moscow Oblast]] in the north, [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]] in the east, [[Lipetsk Oblast|Lipetsk]] in the southeast, [[Oryol Oblast|Oryol]] in the southwest, and [[Kaluga Oblast|Kaluga]] in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-[[Novomoskovsk, Russia|Novomoskovsk]] Agglomeration, an [[urban area]] with a population of over 1 million.

==History==
{{see also|Upper Oka Principalities}}
The Tula Oblast area has been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]], as shown by the discoveries of burial mounds ([[kurgan]]s) and old settlements.<ref>For example, at the Satinskoye settlement site. {{Cite book|last=Yushkova |first=Maria A. |year=2012 |chapter=Northwestern Russia at the periphery of the north European and Volga-Uralic Bronze Age |editor1=Anfinset, Nils |editor2=Wrigglesworth, Melanie |title=Local Societies in Bronze Age Northern Europe |location=London  |publisher=Equinox ([[Acumen Publishing|Acumen]]) |pages=129–147 |isbn=978-1-84553-742-5}}</ref> By the eighth century, these lands were occupied by the [[Vyatichi]], an [[East Slavic people|East Slavic]] tribe who cultivated the land, traded, and worked at crafts, confirmed by records in property registers which mention an "ancient settlement" located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Upa River]] and Tulitsa River. The first mention of the city of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] in 1146 is found in the [[Nikon Chronicle]], in reference to the campaign of Prince [[Svyatoslav Olgovich]] of [[Chernigov]]. At the time the lands belonged to the [[Ryazan Principality]], and Prince Sviatoslav passed through a number of settlements, including Tula, while heading for [[Ryazan]].<ref name="TulaRegion">{{Cite web|title=Tula Region |date=8 March 2004 |publisher= Kommersant Moscow |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-73/r_417/Tula_Region/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193332/http://www.kommersant.com/p-73/r_417/Tula_Region/ |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Geography==
Tula Oblast is located in Russia's [[Central Federal District]] and borders [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]], [[Lipetsk Oblast|Lipetsk]], [[Oryol Oblast|Oryol]], and [[Kaluga Oblast]]s.

===Rivers===
Tula Oblast contains more than 1,600 rivers and streams.  Major rivers include:
*[[Don River (Russia)|Don River]]
*[[Oka River]]
*[[Upa River]]

===Natural resources===
The oblast is rich in [[iron ore]], [[clay]], [[limestone]], and deposits of [[lignite]] (coal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/5115647|title=Tula Oblast|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (2001)|access-date=2006-10-31}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The lignite deposit is part of the [[Moscow coal basin]].

===Climate===
Tula Oblast has a moderate [[continental climate]], with warm summers and cold winters. Average January temperature is {{convert|-10|C}} in the north and {{convert|-9|C}} in the south. Average July temperature is about {{convert|+19|C}} to {{convert|+20|C}}. Annual precipitation is {{convert|470|mm}} in the southeast and {{convert|575|mm}} in the northwest.

==Politics==
[[Image:Cityhouse-tula.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Oblast administration building]]
During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tula CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected [[Regional parliaments of Russia|regional parliament]].

The Charter of Tula Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Tula Oblast Duma is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Oblast Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the [[Constitution of Russia]].

===Local government===
Representative bodies of urban and rural settlements and urban districts consist of deputies elected in municipal elections. The representative body of the municipal district consists of the heads of settlements that are part of the municipal district, and of deputies of the representative bodies of these settlements, elected by the representative bodies of the settlements from among their members in accordance with the same norm of representation, regardless of the population of the settlement. The term of office of representative bodies of cities, rural settlements, city districts, and municipal districts is 5 years, with some exceptions when the term is 3 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Закон Тульской области от 10 июля 2014 года №2168-ЗТО О регулировании отдельных правоотношений, связанных с организацией и деятельностью органов местного самоуправления на территории Тульской области |trans-title=Law of the Tula Region of 10 July 2014 No. 2168-ZTO On the regulation of certain legal relations related to the organization and activities of local government bodies in the territory of the Tula Oblast |lang=ru |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/412381650 |website=Electronic fund of legal, regulatory and technical documents |access-date=2023-01-11 |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116131624/https://docs.cntd.ru/document/412381650 |url-status=live}}</ref> Local government bodies in the Tula Oblast are headed by 103 heads of municipalities and 84 heads of municipal administrations.<ref name="Report">{{cite web |title=Отчет министерства внутренней политики и развития местного самоуправления в Тульской области по итогам работы за 2022 год |trans-title=Report of the Ministry of Internal Policy and Development of Local Self-Government in the Tula Region on the results of work for 2022 |url=https://mvp.tularegion.ru/activities/performance-reporting/ |website=Ministry of Internal Policy and Development of Local Self-Government in the Tula Oblast |date=2023-01-30}}</ref>

In accordance with the regional law of 2017, village elders carry out activities to organize interaction between local government bodies and residents of rural settlements when resolving issues of local importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Что делают сельские старосты Тульской области? |trans-title=What do village elders in the Tula Oblast do? |lang=ru |url=https://newstula.ru/fn_718680.html |website=News Tula |date=2021-05-27 |access-date=2023-01-12 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112082522/https://newstula.ru/fn_718680.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 1 November 2022, 1,071 village elders operate in 23 municipal districts and urban districts. Their powers extend to the territory of more than 1,700 settlements, home to about 160,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Report"/>

In the Tula Oblast, regional branches of dozens of political parties are registered, the largest in terms of membership being [[United Russia]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] (CPRF), the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] (LDPR), [[Patriots of Russia]], the [[Party of Growth]], [[A Just Russia – For Truth]], [[Yabloko]], and the [[Party of Pensioners of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Список региональных отделений политических партий, зарегистрированных в Тульской области |trans-title=List of regional branches of political parties registered in the Tula Oblast |lang=ru |url=https://tularegion.ru/ViewerJS/#../upload/iblock/8f5/8f5dfa905a605910f119fe2da836c3f9.pdf |website=Government of the Tula Oblast |date=2016-08-16}}</ref>

Since 2011, the "People's Budget" project has been implemented in the Tula Oblast, aimed at identifying and solving socially significant problems in the territories of the region’s municipalities. Project activities are financed from the budget of the Tula Oblast, the budgets of municipalities, and personal funds of residents and sponsors. The target orientation of the "People's Budget" project is to enhance the participation of residents of the Tula Oblast in solving local problems, creating comfortable living conditions, and supporting the initiatives of residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Агеев: С 2011 года на реализацию проекта Народный бюджет привлечено более 2,8 млрд руб |trans-title=Ageyev: Since 2011, more than 2.8 billion rubles have been raised for the implementation of the People’s Budget project |lang=ru |url=https://www.tulapressa.ru/2016/11/ageev-s-2011-goda-na-realizaciyu-proekta-narodnyj-byudzhet-privlecheno-bolee-28-mlrd-rub/ |website=Tula Pressa |date=2016-11-15 |access-date=2023-01-11 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111234457/https://www.tulapressa.ru/2016/11/ageev-s-2011-goda-na-realizaciyu-proekta-narodnyj-byudzhet-privlecheno-bolee-28-mlrd-rub/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Власти Тульской области выделят 1,5 млрд рублей на продление проекта "Народный бюджет" |trans-title=The authorities of the Tula Oblast will allocate 1.5 billion rubles to extend the People's Budget project |lang=ru |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/4989461 |website=[[TASS]] |date=2018-02-26 |access-date=2023-01-11 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111234455/https://tass.ru/ekonomika/4989461 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, an annual survey of the population was conducted in the Tula Oblast on the effectiveness of the activities of heads of local government bodies and enterprises operating at the regional and municipal levels, in which 20,141 people participated. Efficiency assessment was carried out according to the following criteria: population satisfaction with the organization of transport services and the quality of roads, housing, and communal services. The overall percentage of satisfaction in municipal areas and urban districts was 88.13% (2020 - 81.01%, 2021 - 83.14%). The highest overall satisfaction rate in the municipalities is [[Kamensky District, Tula Oblast|Kamensky District]] - 99.75, [[Tyoplo-Ogaryovsky District]] - 99.65%, [[Chernsky District]] - 99.12%, [[Donskoy, Tula Oblast|Donskoy city]] - 98.86%. Low satisfaction rates were noted in the municipalities of [[Kireyevsky District]] - 73.15%, [[Zaoksky District]] - 76.34%, [[Shchyokinsky District]] - 77.19%, [[Tula Urban Okrug]] - 77.29%, [[Aleksin|Aleksin city]] - 77.63%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Сводный доклад Тульской области о результатах мониторинга эффективности деятельности органов местного самоуправления городских округов и муниципальных районов, расположенных в границах Тульской области, по итогам 2022 года |trans-title=Summary report of the Tula Oblast on the results of monitoring the effectiveness of local government bodies of urban districts and municipal districts located within the borders of the Tula Oblast, based on the results of 2022 |url=https://tularegion.ru/ViewerJS/#../upload/iblock/5fd/4u9lg066nxf3q06ws3cuv32p2fx8uy3w.pdf |website=Government of the Tula Obblast |date=2023-09-13}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Tula Oblast}}

==Demographics==
'''Population''': {{ru-census|p2021=1,501,214|p2010=1,553,925|p2002=1,675,758|p1989=1,867,013}}

===Settlements===
{{Largest cities
| country      = Tula Oblast
| stat_ref     = 2010 Russian Census
| list_by_pop  =
| div_name     =
| div_link     = Administrative divisions of Tula Oblast{{!}}Administrative Division
| city_1 = Tula, Russia{{!}}Tula
| div_1 = Tula, Russia{{!}}City of oblast significance of Tula
| pop_1 = 501,169
| img_1 = Стены Кремля.jpg
| city_2 = Novomoskovsk, Russia{{!}}Novomoskovsk
| div_2 = Novomoskovsky District
| pop_2 = 131,386
| img_2 = Komsomolskaya and Beryozovaya crossroad.jpg
| city_3 = Donskoy, Tula Oblast{{!}}Donskoy
| div_3 = Donskoy, Tula Oblast{{!}}Town of oblast significance of Donskoy
| pop_3 = 64,552
| img_3 = Церковь Спаса Преображения на Бобрик- горе.JPG
| city_4 = Aleksin
| div_4 = Aleksinsky District
| pop_4 = 61,732
| img_4 = Vadimrazumov copter - Aleksin kreml.jpg
| city_5 = Shchyokino (town), Tula Oblast{{!}}Shchyokino
| div_5 = Shchyokinsky District
| pop_5 = 58,139
| city_6 = Uzlovaya
| div_6 = Uzlovsky District
| pop_6 = 55,282
| city_7 = Yefremov (town){{!}}Yefremov
| div_7 = Yefremovsky District
| pop_7 = 42,350
| city_8 = Bogoroditsk
| div_8 = Bogoroditsky District
| pop_8 = 31,897
| city_9 = Kimovsk
| div_9 = Kimovsky District
| pop_9 = 28,485
| city_10 = Kireyevsk
| div_10 = Kireyevsky District
| pop_10 = 25,557
}}{{Historical populations|1897|1419456|1926|1505263|7=1959|8=1920308|9=1970|10=1952467|11=1979|12=1906176|13=1989|14=1867013|15=2002|16=1675758|17=2010|18=1553925|19=2021|20=1501214|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}'''Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}</ref>'''
*Births: 8,851 (6.0 per 1,000)
*Deaths: 22,324 (15.2 per 1,000)

'''Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref>'''<br />
1.14 children per woman

'''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref>  <br />
Total — 68.97 years (male&nbsp;— 64.05, female&nbsp;— 73.85)

'''Ethnic composition (2010):'''<ref name="2010Census" />
*[[Russians]] - 95.3%
*[[Ukrainians]] - 1%
*[[Armenians]] - 0.6%
*[[Tatars]] - 0.5%
*[[Azeris]] - 0.4%
*[[Romani people]] - 0.3%
*[[Belarusians]] - 0.2%
*[[Germans]] - 0.2%
*Others - 1.5%
*19,778 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm|title=ВПН-2010|website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Tula Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|62}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|2.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|19}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|13.3}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|2.4}}
}}

According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 62% of the population of Tula Oblast adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 2% are [[nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliated]] generic [[Christians]], 1% are [[Muslim]]s. In addition, 19% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 3% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>
{{clear}}

==Economy==
Tula Oblast is part of the [[Central economic region]]. It is a prominent industrial center with [[metalworking]], [[engineering]], [[coalmining]], and chemical industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9073715 |title=Tula |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=2006-10-31}}</ref>  Major industrial cities include [[Novomoskovsk, Russia|Novomoskovsk]] and [[Aleksin]].  Historical industries, such as [[firearm]], [[samovar]], and [[accordion]] manufacturing, still play an important role in the region.{{cn|date=April 2018}}

The oblast also has a developed agricultural sector, which ranks 33rd in Russia in agricultural production.<ref name="TulaRegion"/>  The sector includes farming [[grain]] ([[wheat]] and [[rye]]), [[potato]]es, [[sugar beet]]s, and [[vegetable growing]], [[livestock]] raising, and [[dairying]].

==Culture==
[[File:Tula YasnayaPolyana asv2019-09 img11 LNTolstoy House.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Leo Tolstoy's estate in Yasnaya Polyana]]

Tula Oblast has more than 100&nbsp;museums. Several are located in the administrative center of the oblast, the city of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], notably the ''Tula State Arms Museum'', the ''Tula Kremlin'', and the ''Tula Samovar Museum''. Another important cultural tourist attractions is the home and country estate of [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Yasnaya Polyana]], located {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=off}} outside of the city of Tula.

The oblast also has four professional theaters, a [[philharmonic]] orchestra, and a [[circus]].

The cuisine of Tula Oblast use the same ingredients as [[Russian cuisine]]. [[Tula pryanik]] is the most famous dish from the oblast.

==See also==
*[[List of Chairmen of the Tula Oblast Duma]]
*[[2005 Moscow power blackouts]]
*[[Tula Arms Plant]]
*[[Tula Governorate]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103202911/http://www.yasnayapolyana.ru/english/index.htm Official website of the Museum-Estate of Leo Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana"]

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Tula Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tula Oblast| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1937]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in the Soviet Union]]