View source for Tunis

{{short description|Capital and largest city of Tunisia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Tunis
| native_name        = تونس
| native_name_lang   = aeb
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]] 
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| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Tunis.svg
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| shield_alt         = Coat of arms of Tunis
| nickname           = 
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| pushpin_map        = Tunisia#Mediterranean#Africa
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Tunisia]] and [[Africa]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|36|48|23|N|10|10|54|E|region:TN-11_type:city(693,000)|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- location ------------------>
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Tunisia]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Governorates of Tunisia|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Tunis Governorate]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Delegations of Tunisia|Delegation(s)]]
| subdivision_name2  = El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Djebel Jelloud, El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Omrane, El Omrane Superieur, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, Séjoumi, Sidi El Bechir
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = <!-- established --------------->
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 698 AD
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = <!-- government type, leaders -->
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| leader_party       = <small>[[Independent politician|Independent]]</small>
| leader_title       = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Imed Boukhris]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
<!-- or US or UK -->
<!-- area ---------------------->| area_footnotes     = <ref name="Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" />{{citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=need source for area_metro_km2}}<!-- need source for area_metro_km2, as of 2022-11-20 -->
| area_total_km2     = 212
| area_metro_km2     = 2668
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
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<!-- population ---------------->| population_footnotes = <ref name="Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information">{{cite web | title=Tunisia: Governorates, Major Cities, Communes & Urban Agglomerations | website=Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information | date=2022-01-01 |access-date=2022-11-20 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tunisia/cities/}}</ref>
| population_total   = 693210 
| population_as_of   = 2024-01-01
| population_demonym = {{langx|ar|تونسي}} ''Tounsi'' <br /> {{langx|fr|Tunisois}}
| population_note    = 
| population_urban   = 1110000
| population_metro   = 2912818
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr:602560/104 round 0}}
| demographics_type1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2024
| demographics1_title2 = Total (Urban)
| demographics1_info2 = $14.1&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web |title=TelluBase—Tunisia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase-factsheet-tun.pdf |publisher=Tellusant |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $12,500
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| utc_offset1        = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = (Not Observed)
<!-- postal codes --->| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 1xxx, 2xxx
| area_code_type     = Calling code
| area_code          = 71
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:TN|TN-11]], [[ISO 3166-2:TN|TN-12]], [[ISO 3166-2:TN|TN-13]] and [[ISO 3166-2:TN|TN-14]]
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| website            = {{Official website|www.commune-tunis.gov.tn}}
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}}

'''Tunis''' ({{langx|ar|تونس}}, ''{{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}'') is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Tunisia]]. The greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as "[[Grand Tunis]]", has about 2,700,000 inhabitants. {{As of|2020}}, it is the third-largest city in the [[Maghreb]] region (after [[Casablanca]] and [[Algiers]]) and the [[List of largest cities in the Arab world|eleventh-largest]] in the [[Arab world]]. 

Situated on the [[Gulf of Tunis]], behind the [[Lake of Tunis]] and the port of [[La Goulette]] (Ḥalq il-Wād), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At its core lies the [[Medina of Tunis|Medina]], a [[World Heritage Site]]. East of the Medina, through the Sea Gate (also known as the ''[[Bab el Bhar]]'' and the ''Porte de France''), begins the modern part of the city called "Ville Nouvelle", traversed by the grand [[Avenue Habib Bourguiba]] (often referred to by media and travel guides as "the Tunisian [[Champs-Élysées]]"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. Further east by the sea lie the suburbs of [[Carthage (municipality)|Carthage]], [[La Marsa]], and [[Sidi Bou Said]].

As the capital of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life and also the center of the country's commercial and cultural activities.

== Etymology ==
''Tunis'' is the transcription of the [[Arabic]] name {{lang|ar|تونس}} which can be pronounced as "Tūnus", "Tūnas", or "Tūnis". All three variations were mentioned by the 12th-century [[Arab]] geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] in his ''[[Mu'jam al-Buldan|Mu'jam al-Bûldan]]'' (''Dictionary of Countries'').

Different explanations exist for the origin of the name ''Tunis''. Some scholars relate it to the Carthaginian goddess ''[[Tanit]]h'' ('Tanit or Tanut), as many ancient cities were named after patron deities.<ref name="adrian">
{{cite book
 | last = Room
 | first = Adrian
 | title = Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites
 | publisher = McFarland
 | year = 2006
 | page = 385
 | isbn = 0-7864-2248-3 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 | last = Taylor
 | first = Isaac
 | title = Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature
 | publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC
 | year = 2008
 | page = 281
 | isbn = 978-0-559-29668-0 }}
</ref> Some scholars claim that it originated from ''Tynes'', which was mentioned by [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Polybius]] in the course of descriptions of a location resembling present-day Al-Kasbah, Tunis's old Berber village.<ref name="ej-brill">
{{cite book
 | last = Houtsma
 | first = Martijn Theodoor
 | title = E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
 | publisher = Brill
 | year = 1987
 | page = 838
 | isbn = 90-04-08265-4 }}
</ref><ref name="hann-war">
{{cite book
 |author=Livy |translator=John Yardley |editor=Dexter Hoyos
 | title = Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 2006
 | page =705
 | isbn = 0-19-283159-3 }}
</ref>

Another possibility is that it was derived from the [[Berber languages|Berber]] verbal root ''ens'' which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night".<ref name="peter-ross">
{{cite book
 | first1 = Peter M.
 | last1 = Rossi
 | first2 = Wayne Edward
 | last2 = White
 | title = Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal
 | publisher = Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]]
 | year = 1980
 | page = 132 }}
</ref> The term ''Tunis'' can possibly mean "camp at night", "camp", or "stop", or may have referred to as "the last stop before Carthage" by people who were journeying to Carthage by land. There are also some mentions in ancient Roman sources of such names of nearby towns as ''Thinisa in Numidia'' (now [[El Kala]]), ''Thunusuda'' (now [[Sidi-Meskin]]), ''Thinissut'' (now Bir Bouregba), ''Thunisa'' (now [[Ras Jebel]]) and ''[[Cartennae]]'' (now [[Ténès]]). As all of these Berber villages were situated on Roman roads, they undoubtedly served as rest-stations or stops.<ref name="Sebag54">{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=54}}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Carthage and early settlements===
{{Main|Carthage|Ancient Carthage|History of Carthage}}
[[File:Karthago Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG|Ruins of the Roman [[Baths of Antoninus]] in Carthage.|thumb|left]]

The historical study of Carthage is problematic. Because its culture and records were destroyed by the Romans at the end of the [[Third Punic War]], very few Carthaginian [[primary source|primary historical sources]] survive. While there are a few ancient translations of [[Punic language|Punic]] texts into Greek and [[Latin]], as well as [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions|inscriptions on monuments and buildings discovered in Northwest Africa]],<ref>{{cite web
 |last        = Jongeling
 |first       = K.
 |year        = 2005
 |url         = http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~jongelingk/projects/neopunic-inscr/puninscr.html
 |title       = The Neo-Punic Inscriptions and Coin Legends
 |publisher   = University of Leiden
 |access-date  = April 14, 2006
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060629212917/http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~jongelingk/projects/neopunic-inscr/puninscr.html
 |archive-date = June 29, 2006
}}</ref> the main sources are [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historians, including [[Livy]], [[Polybius]], [[Appian]], [[Cornelius Nepos]], [[Silius Italicus]], [[Plutarch]], [[Dio Cassius]], and [[Herodotus]]. These writers belonged to peoples in competition, and often in conflict, with Carthage.<ref name="Warmington_11">{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=9384201|title=Carthage – 1960, Page 11 by B. H. Warmington|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021114736/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=9384201}}</ref> Greek cities contended with Carthage over [[Sicily]],<ref>Herodotus, V2. 165–7</ref> and the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] fought three wars [[Punic Wars|against Carthage]].<ref>Polybius, World History: 1.7–1.60</ref> Not surprisingly, their accounts of Carthage are extremely hostile; while there were a few Greek authors who took a favourable view, these works have been lost.<ref name="Warmington_11"/> The area was originally a Berber settlement.<ref name="Fromherz2016">{{cite book|author-link1=Allen James Fromherz| first= Allen James |last= Fromherz|title=Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k5w7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|date=16 March 2016|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-1007-6 |page= 87}}</ref> The existence of settlements in and around the area of Tunis is attested by sources dating from the 4th century BC.<ref name="Sebag60">{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=60}}</ref> Situated on a hill, its location served as an excellent point from which the comings and goings of naval and caravan traffic to and from Carthage could be observed. It was one of the first towns in the region to fall under Carthaginian control, and in the centuries that followed the settlement was mentioned in the military histories associated with [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]. Thus, during Agathocles' expedition, which landed at [[Cape Bon]] in 310 BC, the town changed hands on various occasions.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

During the [[Mercenary War]], it is possible that the town served as a center for the native population of the area,<ref name="Sebag60"/> and that its population was mainly composed of peasants, fishermen, and craftsmen. Compared to the ancient ruins of Carthage, the town's ancient ruins are not as large. According to [[Strabo]], it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC during the [[Third Punic War]]. Both the town and Carthage were destroyed; the former, however, was rebuilt first<ref name="Sebag70">{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=70}}</ref> under the rule of [[Augustus]] and became an important town under Roman control and the center of a booming agricultural industry. The township is mentioned as ''Thuni'' in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]].<ref name="Sebag70"/> In the system of Roman roads for the [[Africa (Roman province)|Roman province of Africa]], the town had the title of {{lang|la|mutatio}} ("way station, resting place").<ref name="Sebag70"/> The borough, increasingly Romanized, was also eventually Christianized and became the seat of a [[bishop]]. However, it remained modestly sized compared to Carthage during this time.<ref name="Renate">{{cite web |url=http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/articles/tunishistoire/ |title= Tunis - Émergence d'une capitale| first= Renate |last= Fisseler-Skandrani| language=fr| trans-title= Tunis - Emergence of a Capital |website= saisonstunisiennes.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081204093252/http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/articles/tunishistoire/ |archive-date=December 4, 2008}}</ref>

===Foundation and early Islamic period===
[[File:Tunis Zitouna-Moschee Minarett.JPG|thumb|Courtyard of [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque|Zaytuna Mosque]], founded in the late 7th century by the Umayyad dynasty]]
In the late 7th century, the Arab Muslims conquered the region, and in 698 a commune and a mosque were established at the outskirts of the ancient ruins, founded by [[Hassan ibn al-Nu'man]], which would become the city of Tunis and the [[Zaytuna Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC |title=A Political Chronology of Africa |last2=Rowe |first2=Annamarie |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-85743-116-2 |page=437 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Medina of Tunis]], the oldest section of the city, dates from this period, during which the region was conquered by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. The city had the natural advantage of coastal access, via the [[Mediterranean]], to the major ports of southern Europe. Early on, Tunis played a military role; the Umayyads recognized the strategic importance of its proximity to the [[Strait of Sicily]], with a dockyard built upon the founding of the city by order of Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]]. From the beginning of the 8th century, Tunis was the [[administrative center]] of the area: it became the Umayyad, and later the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]' [[navy|naval]] base in the western [[Mediterranean Sea]], and took on considerable military importance.<ref name="Renate"/> Under the [[Aghlabid]]s, the city gained significance and benefited from economic improvements and became one of the most important in the caliphate,<ref name="Renate"/> and was briefly the national capital from the end of the reign of [[Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya|Ibrahim II]], from 902 until 909,<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=87}}</ref> when control over [[Ifriqiya]] was handed to the newly founded [[Fatimid Caliphate]].

Local opposition to the authorities began to intensify in September 945, when [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] [[Insurgency|insurgents]] occupied Tunis, resulting in general pillaging.<ref name="Renate"/><ref name="Sebag88">{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=88}}</ref> With the rise of the Fatimid-viceregal [[Zirid dynasty]] the [[Sunni]] population tolerated Shi'ite rule less and less, and carried out massacres against the Shi'ite community.<ref name="Sebag88"/> In 1048 the Zirid ruler [[Al-Muizz ibn Badis]] rejected his city's obedience to the Fatimids and re-established Sunni rites throughout all of Ifriqiya. This decision infuriated the Fatimid Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah|Al-Mustansir Billah]]. To punish the Zirids, he unleashed the [[Banu Hilal]] Arab tribe on Ifriqiya; a large part of the country was set to the torch, the Zirid capital [[Kairouan]] was razed in 1057, and only a few coastal towns, including Tunis and [[Mahdia]], escaped destruction.

Exposed to violence from the hostile tribes that settled around the city, the population of Tunis repudiated the authority of the Zirids and swore allegiance to the [[Hammadid]] prince [[Nasir ibn Alnas|El Nacer ibn Alennas]], who was based in [[Béjaïa]], in 1059. The governor appointed by Béjaïa, having reestablished order in the country, did not hesitate to free himself from the Hammadids to found the [[Khurasanid dynasty]] with Tunis as its capital. This small independent kingdom picked up the threads of trade and commerce with other nations and brought the region back to peace and prosperity.<ref>M. Th Houtsma, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936, BRILL, 1987 p.839</ref>

[[File:Piri Reis - Map of the Tunisian Coast with the Ports of Bizerte and Tunis as Far as Kelibia - Walters W658279B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|Historic map of Tunis by [[Piri Reis]]. [[The Walters Art Museum]].]]

===New capital of Tunisia===
In 1159, the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] '[[Abd al-Mu'min]] took Tunis, overthrew the last Khurasanid leader, and installed a new government in the [[kasbah]] of Tunis.<ref name="Renate"/> [[Almohad conquest of Norman Africa|The Almohad conquest]] marked the beginning of the dominance of the city in Tunisia. Having previously played a minor role behind [[Kairouan]] and [[Mahdia]], Tunis was promoted to the rank of provincial capital.

In 1228, Governor [[Abu Zakariya]] seized power and, a year later, took the title of Emir and founded the [[Hafsid dynasty]]. The city became the capital of a Hafsid kingdom stretching towards [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Fes|Fez]]. Walls were built to protect the emerging principal town of the kingdom, surrounding the medina, the kasbah, and the new suburbs of Tunis. In 1270 the city was taken briefly by [[Louis IX of France]], who was hoping to convert the Hafsid sovereign to Christianity. King Louis easily captured [[Carthage]], but his army soon fell victim to an outbreak of [[dysentery]]. Louis himself died before the walls of the capital and his army were forced out. At the same time, driven by the reconquest of Spain, the first Andalusian Muslims and Jews arrived in Tunis and would become of importance to the economic prosperity of the Hafsid capital and the development of its intellectual life.<ref name="Renate"/>

During the Almohad and Hafsid periods, Tunis was one of the richest and grandest cities in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]], with a population of about 100,000. Like the Almohads, the Hafsids maintained Christian mercenaries who lived in a neighbourhood closed off with a gate near the Hafsid palace complex. They worshipped in a church dedicated to [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] which visitors described as "very beautiful and great" and which was allowed to ring the bell, a practice forbidden by the so-called [[Pact of Umar]] and a privilege not granted to the Genoese and Venetian merchants who maintained chapels in their merchant quarters. When Jean Adorno visited Tunis in 1470, he described these Christians as assimilated culturally and linguistically into Tunisian society, though they remained Christians and would sing in Latin during mass.<ref name="Lower">{{cite book |last1=Lower |first1=Michael |editor1-last=France |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=DeVries |editor2-first=Kelly |editor3-last=Rogers |editor3-first=Clifford J. |title=Journal of Medieval Military History |date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-78327-130-6 |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY3gDQAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=en |chapter=Medieval European Mercenaries in North Africa}}</ref>

During this period, one of the famous travelers to Tunis was [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his travel account, when Ibn Battuta and his group arrived in Tunis, the population of the city came out to meet him and the other members of his party. They all greeted them and were very curious, many were asking questions, however, no one in Tunis personally greeted Ibn Battuta, greatly upsetting him. He felt very lonely and could not hold back the tears coming from his eyes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tolan |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxnU0AEACAAJ |title=Islam: A New History from Muhammad to the Present |date=2025 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-26353-3 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> This went on for a while until one of the pilgrims realized he was upset, he went up and greeted and talked to Ibn Battuta until he entered the city. At the time, the Sultan of Tunis was Abu Yahya and during Ibn Battuta's stay, the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast was taking place. The people in the city assembled in large numbers to celebrate the festival, in extravagant and most luxurious outfits. Abu Yahya arrived on horseback, where all of his relatives joined him. After the performance, the people returned to their homes.<ref>Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta</ref>

===Spanish occupation and Ottoman control===
{{see also|Ottoman Tunisia}}

The [[Ottoman Empire]] took nominal control of Tunis in 1534 when [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] [[Conquest of Tunis (1534)|captured it]] from the Hafsid Sultan [[Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan|Mulai Hassan]], who fled to the court of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Spain. Charles, suffering losses from the [[Privateer|corsairs]] operating out of [[Djerba]], Tunis, and [[Algiers]], agreed to reinstate Mulai Hassan in exchange for his acceptance of Spanish suzerainty. A naval expedition led by Charles himself was dispatched in 1535, and the city was recaptured. [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|The victory]] against the corsairs is recorded in a tapestry at the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]]. The Spanish governor of [[La Goulette]], Luis Pérez de Vargas, fortified the island of [[Chikly]] in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defenses between 1546 and 1550. 
[[File:Charles quint a tunis.png|left|thumb|Entry of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] into Tunis in 1535]] 
The Ottoman [[Uluç Ali Reis]], at the head of an army of [[janissaries]] and [[Kabyles]], retook Tunis in 1569. However, following the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, the Spanish under [[John of Austria]] succeeded in [[Conquest of Tunis (1573)|retaking the city]] and re-establishing the Hafsid sovereign in October 1573. Following these conflicts, the city finally [[Conquest of Tunis (1574)|fell into Ottoman hands]] in August 1574. Having become an Ottoman province governed by a [[Pasha]] who was appointed by the Sultan based in [[Constantinople]], the country attained a degree of autonomy. After 1591, the Ottoman governors ([[Bey]]s) were relatively independent, and both piracy and trade continued to flourish. Under the rule of [[dey]]s and [[bey]]s, the capital sprang into new life. Its population grew by additions from various ethnicities, among which were Moorish refugees from Spain, and economic activities diversified. To traditional industry and trade with distant lands was added the activity of the [[Barbary pirates]], then in their golden age. Profits obtained from the trade in Christian [[Barbary Slave Trade|slaves]] allowed the rulers to build sumptuous structures that revived the architectural heritage of the Middle Ages.<ref name="Renate"/>
[[File:Khazdadar.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Mustapha Khaznadar]], [[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Prime Minister]] of Tunis from 1837 to 1873.<ref>{{cite book |author= Morsy, Magali |title=North Africa, 1800–1900: a survey from the Nile Valley to the Atlantic |publisher=Longman |year=1984 |page=185 |isbn=0-582-78377-1 |quote=Mustafa Khaznadar became Prime Minister in 1837, a position he maintained under three successive beys, more or less continuously until 1873. }}</ref> and one of the most influential persons in modern Tunisian history.<ref>{{cite book |author= Ziadeh, Nicola A. |title=Origins of nationalism in Tunisia |publisher=Librarie du Liban |year=1969 |page=11 |oclc=3062278 |quote= Mustafa Khaznadar was of Greek origin (born 1817), and proved to be one of the most influential persons Tunisia saw in her modern history. He took the interest of his master and the country to heart and did all he could to prevail on Ahmad Bey to see that Tunisia acquired as much as she could }}</ref>]]
In April 1655 the English admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] was sent to the Mediterranean to extract compensation from states that had been attacking English shipping. Only the Bey of Tunis refused to comply, with the result that Blake's fifteen ships attacked the Bey's arsenal at Porto Farina (Ghar el Melh), destroying nine Algerian ships and two shore batteries, the first time in naval warfare that shore batteries had been eliminated without landing men ashore.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Tunisia entered into a new period in its history with the advent of the [[Husainid dynasty]]. Successive Husainid rulers made great progress in developing the city and its buildings. During this period, the city prospered as a center of commerce. Taking advantage of divisions within the ruling house, Algerians captured Tunis in 1756 and put the country under supervision. [[Hammuda ibn Ali|Hammouda Bey]] faced bombardment by the Venetian fleet, and the city experienced a rebellion in 1811.<ref>{{harvp|Messikh|2000|p=32}}</ref> Under the reign of [[Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud|Hussein Bey II]], naval defeats by the British (1826) and French (1827) saw the French become increasingly active in the city and in the economy.<ref>{{harvp|Messikh|2000|p=34}}</ref>

Various sources estimate the 19th-century population to have ranged from 90,000 to 110,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=280}}</ref> During the later 19th century, Tunis became increasingly populated by Europeans, particularly the French, and immigration dramatically increased the size of the city. This resulted in the first demolition of the old city walls, from 1860, to accommodate growth in the suburbs. The city spilled outside the area of the earlier town and the banks of the lake, and the new districts were modernized with running water (1860), lighting gas (1872), roads, waste collection (1873), and communication with adjacent suburbs and the city center.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=261}}</ref> The crafts and traditional trades declined somewhat, as the newcomers increased trade with Europe, introducing the first modern industries and new forms of urban life.

===Development under the French protectorate===
{{see also|History of French-era Tunisia}}
[[File:Tunisia view 1890s2.jpg|right|thumb|View of Tunis c. 1890–1900. Zaytuna Mosque is slightly right of center.]]
[[File:Plan tunis 1890 1914.jpg|left|thumb|Urban evolution between 1890 and 1914]]
[[File:Bab Suika-Suker Square, Tunis, Tunisia, ca. 1899.jpg|thumb|[[Bab Souika]] Square in Tunis, ca. 1899]]

The creation of the [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French protectorate]] in 1881 was a turning point in Tunis's history, leading to rapid redevelopment of the city in the span of two to three decades. The city quickly spread out of its fortifications: it divided into a traditional Arab-populated old city, and a new city populated by immigrants, with a different structure from that of the traditional [[Medina of Tunis|medina]]. Tunis also benefited from the French construction of a [[Water supply network|water supply]], natural gas and electricity networks, [[public transport]] services, and other public infrastructure.

Under French rule, a substantial number of Europeans settled (like the [[Tunisian Italians]]); half of the population was European in origin.<ref>Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> The city expanded and created new boulevards and neighborhoods.

Tunis was quiet during the First World War. After the war, the city faced new transformations as the modern portion grew in importance and extended its network of boulevards and streets in all directions. In addition, a series of satellite cities emerged on the urban rim and encroached on the municipality of Tunis proper. In the economic sphere, commercial activities expanded and diversified as modern industries continued to grow, while traditional industry continued to decline.

During World War II, Tunis was held by [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces from November 1942 to May 1943. It was their last base in Africa, as they retreated towards [[Sicily]] after being surrounded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces from Algeria to the west and from Libya to the east.<ref>Rolf, David, ''The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 – May 1943''. London: Greenhill Books, {{ISBN|978-1-85367-445-7}}</ref> 
On 7 May 1943, at about 15:30 in the afternoon, Tunis fell to troops of [[First Army (United Kingdom)|British 1st Army]] and the [[First United States Army|U.S. 1st Army]], which had defeated the [[5th Panzer Army|German 5th Panzer Army]] guarding the city. At midday on 20 May 1943, the Allies held a victory parade on Avenue Maréchal Galliéni, and Avenue Jules Ferry, to signal the end of fighting in North Africa.<ref>Atkinson, Rick (2002), ''An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943''. New York: Henry Holt, {{ISBN|978-0-8050-6288-5}}</ref>

Having succeeded in driving the Axis powers out of Tunisia, the Allies used Tunis as a base of operations from which to stage [[amphibious assault]]s first against the island of [[Pantelleria]], and then [[Sicily]], and finally the mainland of [[Italy]].<ref>Atkinson, Rick (2007), ''The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944''. New York: Henry Holt, {{ISBN|978-0-8050-6289-2}}</ref>

===Growth since independence===
[[File:El menzah 1955.jpg|left|thumb|Extension of the city in the 1950s with the district of El Menzah]]

After independence in 1956, Tunis consolidated its role as the capital, first with the establishment of a constitution stating that the [[Chamber of Deputies (Tunisia)|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[President of Tunisia|Presidency of the Republic]] must have their headquarters in Tunis and its suburbs. In a very short time, the colonial city transformed rapidly. As the city has grown and native Tunisians gradually began to replace the extensive European population, the conflict between the Arab city and the European city has gradually decreased with the arabization of the population.

Because of population pressure and the rate of migration to the capital, the city continued to grow, even with the creation of new districts in the suburbs. Old buildings have gradually been renovated and upgraded. New buildings have come to influence the urban landscape. At the same time, an active policy of industrialization is developing the municipal economy. The [[Medina of Tunis]] has been a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] since 1979.

The [[Arab League]] represents 22 Arab nations. It transferred its headquarters to Tunis in 1979 because of Egypt's peace with Israel. The Arab League returned to Egypt in 1990.

The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] also had its headquarters in Tunis, from 1982<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-10-mn-33686-story.html|title = PLO's Office in Tunisia, Now a Lonely Outpost: North Africa: Israel won't allow some officials into Gaza or Jericho. So they hang on, missing the old days|website = [[Los Angeles Times]] |date = 10 August 1995}}</ref> to 2003. In 1985, the PLO's headquarters [[Operation Wooden Leg|was bombed]] by [[Israeli Air Force]] F-15s, killing approximately 60 people.

=== 21st century ===
{{main|Tunisian Revolution}}

Many protests took place during the [[Arab Spring]] of 2011–12.

On 18 March 2015, [[Bardo National Museum attack|two gunmen attacked]] the [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]] and held hostages.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia-security-idUSKBN0ME18E20150318|title=Gunmen storm Tunisian museum, kill 17 foreign tourists|date=18 March 2017|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Argoubi|first1=Tarek Amara}}</ref> Twenty civilians and one policeman were killed in the attack, while around 50 others were injured.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|title=The Latest: French President Mourns Tunisia Victims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/18/world/middleeast/ap-ml-tunisia-attack-the-latest.html|access-date=19 March 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Five Japanese, two Colombians, and visitors from Italy, Poland, and Spain were among the dead. Both gunmen were killed by Tunisian police. The incident has been treated as a [[terrorist attack]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/3/18/tourists-killed-in-tunisia-museum-assault.html|title=19 killed in Tunisia attack; hostage drama ends with deaths of gunmen|date=March 18, 2015|website=[[Al Jazeera America]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925120313/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/3/18/tourists-killed-in-tunisia-museum-assault.html|archive-date=September 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Marszal|first1=Andrew|title=Gunmen 'take hostages' in attack on Tunisia parliament. |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/11479898/Gunmen-take-hostages-in-attack-on-Tunisia-parliament.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318130121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/11479898/Gunmen-take-hostages-in-attack-on-Tunisia-parliament.html|archive-date=18 March 2015|access-date=18 March 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

On July 25th, 2025, hundreds of Tunisians protested in Tunis against incumbent president Kais Saied’s alleged authoritarian leadership. Protesters marched under slogans such as “The Republic is a large prison” and demanded the release of jailed opposition leaders, journalists, and activists. Saied has ruled by decree ever since 2021 after dissolving the parliament. The protesters called this move a “coup.” They chanted, “No fear, no terror… streets belong to the people,” and “the people want the fall of the regime.” <ref>{{Cite news |last=Amara |first=Tarek |date=2025-07-25 |title=Tunisians protest aginst President Saied, call country an 'open-air prison' |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/tunisians-protest-aginst-president-saied-call-country-an-open-air-prison-2025-07-25/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> The protesters also carried with them a cage they said represented the political system in Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AP |date=2025-07-25 |title=Tunisians protest against President Kais Saied's authoritarian rule on July 25 anniversary |url=https://www.tdtnews.com/news/nation_world/article_0f9a03bb-52e1-5624-8ea8-d76284ebdbd4.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Temple Daily Telegram |language=en}}</ref> 

==Geography==
[[File:Tunis, Tunisia.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Tunis.]]
Tunis is located in north-eastern [[Tunisia]] on the [[Lake of Tunis]], and is connected to the Mediterranean sea's [[Gulf of Tunis]] by a canal which terminates at the port of [[La Goulette]]/[[Halq al Wadi]]. The ancient city of [[Carthage]] is located just north of Tunis along the coastal part. The city is further South than Sicily, on a similar latitude to [[Cádiz]], an ancient city in Southern Spain with ties to the Phoenician and Carthaginian civilizations.

The city of Tunis is built on a hill slope down to the lake of Tunis. These hills contain places such as Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury, and La Manoubia with altitudes just above {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=18}}</ref> The city is located at the crossroads of a narrow strip of land between Lake Tunis and Séjoumi. The [[isthmus]] between them is what geologists call the "Tunis dome", which includes hills of limestone and sediments. It forms a natural bridge and since ancient times several major roads linking to [[Egypt]] and elsewhere in Tunisia have branched out from it. The roads also connect with Carthage, emphasizing its political and economic importance not only in Tunisia but more widely in North Africa and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in ancient times.

The Greater Tunis area has an area of {{cvt|300,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}}, 10% of which are urbanized, the rest being shared between bodies of water ({{cvt|20,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}} of lakes or lagoons) and agricultural or natural land ({{cvt|250,000|hectare|sqmi sqkm}}). However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with [[urban sprawl]].

{{wide image|Lac nuit 02.jpg|800px|Panorama of Tunis at night|alt=Tunis City}}

=== Suburbs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:smaller;"
|-
! Municipality !! Population (2004) 
|-
| [[Ettadhamen-Mnihla]]
| {{Formatnum:118487}}
|-
| [[Ariana, Tunisia|Ariana]]
| {{Formatnum:97687}}
|-
| [[La Soukra]]
| {{Formatnum:89151}}
|-
| [[El Mourouj]]
| {{Formatnum:81986}}
|-
| [[La Marsa]]
| {{Formatnum:77890}}
|-
| [[Douar Hicher]]
| {{Formatnum:75844}}
|-
| [[Ben Arous]]
| {{Formatnum:74932}}
|-
| [[Mohamedia-Fouchana]]
| {{Formatnum:74620}}
|-
| [[Le Bardo]]
| {{Formatnum:70244}}
|-
| [[Le Kram]]
| {{Formatnum:58152}}
|-
| [[Oued Ellil]]
| {{Formatnum:47614}}
|-
| [[Radès]]
| {{Formatnum:44857}}
|-
| [[Raoued]]
| {{Formatnum:53911}}
|-
| [[Hammam Lif]]
| {{Formatnum:38401}}
|-
| [[La Goulette]]
| {{Formatnum:28407}}
|-
| [[Carthage (municipality)|Carthage]]
| {{Formatnum:28407}}
|-
| [[La Manouba]]
| {{Formatnum:26666}}
|-
| [[Mornag]]
| {{Formatnum:26406}}
|-
| [[Djedeida]]
| {{Formatnum:24746}}
|-
| [[Den Den]]
| {{Formatnum:24732}}
|-
| [[Tebourba]]
| {{Formatnum:24175}}
|-
| [[Mégrine]]
| {{Formatnum:24031}}
|-
| [[Kalâat el-Andalous]]
| {{Formatnum:15313}}
|-
| [[Mornaguia]]
| {{Formatnum:13382}}
|-
| [[Sidi Thabet]]
| {{Formatnum:8909}}
|-
| [[Sidi Bou Saïd]]
| {{Formatnum:4793}}
|-
| [[El Battan]]
| {{Formatnum:5761}}
|-
| [[Borj El Amri]]
| {{Formatnum:5556}}
|-
|  '''Total'''
| '''{{Formatnum:1265060}}'''
|-
|colspan="2"| ''Sources:'' [[National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)|National Institute of Statistics]]<ref name="ins">{{cite web| url= http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer |title= Census of 2004 information| language= fr |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015451/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24411&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer |archive-date=2013-12-07 |publisher= [[National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)|National Institute of Statistics]]| place= Tunisia| website= ins.nat.tn| date= }}</ref>
|}

After World War II, suburbs began to rapidly spring up on the outskirts of Tunis. These form a large percentage of the population of the Tunis metropolitan area. It grew from 27% of the total population in 1956, to 37% in 1975 and 50% in 2006.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Climate ===
Tunis has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') bordering a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | title= World Map of Köppen—Geiger Classification| url-status= unfit| website= vu-wien.ac.at | publisher= University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200416044534/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif| archive-date= 2020-04-16| access-date= 2022-07-12}}</ref> characterized by hot and dry, prolonged summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. The local climate is also affected somewhat by the latitude of the city, the moderating influence of the Mediterranean sea, and the terrain of the hills.

Winter is the wettest season of the year, when more than a third of the annual rainfall falls during this period, raining on average every two or three days. The sun may still increase the temperature from {{convert|7|C|F|abbr=on}} in the morning to {{convert|16|C|F|abbr=on}} in the afternoon on average during the winter. Frosts are rare. The lowest temperature of {{convert|-2.0|C|F|abbr=on}} was recorded on 18 January 1979. In spring, rainfall declines by half. The sunshine becomes dominant in May when it reaches 10 hours a day on average. In March temperatures may vary between {{convert|8|and|18|C|F|abbr=on}}, and between {{convert|13|and|24|C|F|abbr=on}} in May. However, it is common for temperatures to soar even as early as April with record temperatures reaching {{convert|40|C|F|abbr=on}}. In summer, rain is almost completely absent and the sunlight is at a maximum.

The average temperatures in the summer months of June, July, August, and September are very high. Sea breezes may mitigate the heat, but sometimes the [[sirocco]] winds reverse the trend. Occasional thunderstorms in the afternoon can develop quickly, especially after the periods of extremely hot weather. They usually do not produce precipitation (see [[dry thunderstorm]]), but may be accompanied by a brief shower. The highest temperature of {{convert|49.0|C|F|abbr=on}} was recorded at Tunis-Carthage International Airport on July 24, 2023. In autumn, it begins to rain, often with short thunderstorms, which can sometimes cause flash floods or even flood some parts of the city.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?opt=15&categ=1&news=57211 |first= Imen | last= Haouari| title= Pluies torrentielles sur la capitale | work= La Presse de Tunisie, lapresse.tn| publisher= | language= fr| date= 25 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?opt=15&categ=1&news=58252 |first= Mongi |last= Gharbi| title= Trombes d'eau sur Tunis et certains gouvernorats du pays | work= [[La Presse de Tunisie]], lapresse.tn| date= 14 October 2007| language= fr| publisher= }}</ref>  The month of November marks a break in the general heat with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|11|to|20|C|F|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Tunis ([[Tunis–Carthage International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1943—present
|metric first = yes
|width=auto
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 25.6
|Feb record high C = 28.7
|Mar record high C = 36.5
|Apr record high C = 33.1
|May record high C = 41.4
|Jun record high C = 47.0
|Jul record high C = 49.0
|Aug record high C = 49.0
|Sep record high C = 44.4
|Oct record high C = 40.0
|Nov record high C = 34.5
|Dec record high C = 29.6
|year record high C = 49.0
|Jan high C = 16.4
|Feb high C = 16.8
|Mar high C = 19.4
|Apr high C = 22.3
|May high C = 26.5
|Jun high C = 31.0
|Jul high C = 34.0
|Aug high C = 34.5
|Sep high C = 30.5
|Oct high C = 26.7
|Nov high C = 21.5
|Dec high C = 17.6
|year high C = 24.8
|Jan mean C = 12.3
|Feb mean C = 12.5
|Mar mean C = 14.6
|Apr mean C = 17.2
|May mean C = 21.0
|Jun mean C = 25.1
|Jul mean C = 28.1
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 22.0
|Nov mean C = 17.2
|Dec mean C = 13.5
|year mean C = 19.8
|Jan low C = 8.2
|Feb low C = 8.1
|Mar low C = 9.8
|Apr low C = 12.1
|May low C = 15.4
|Jun low C = 19.3
|Jul low C = 22.1
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 20.7
|Oct low C = 17.3
|Nov low C = 12.8
|Dec low C = 9.4
|year low C = 14.8
|Jan record low C = -5.3
|Feb record low C = -2.6
|Mar record low C = 0.0
|Apr record low C = 1.7
|May record low C = 5.2
|Jun record low C = 10.6
|Jul record low C = 13.0
|Aug record low C = 11.7
|Sep record low C = 10.9
|Oct record low C = 5.6
|Nov record low C = -1.1
|Dec record low C = -0.1
|year record low C = -5.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 45.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 37.9
|May precipitation mm = 22.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 12.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 4.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 14.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 68.1
|year precipitation mm = 485.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 6.3
|Apr precipitation days = 5.7
|May precipitation days = 3.7
|Jun precipitation days = 1.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.5
|Aug precipitation days = 1.7
|Sep precipitation days = 5.0
|Oct precipitation days = 5.8
|Nov precipitation days = 6.8
|Dec precipitation days = 8.3
|year precipitation days = 61.5
|Jan humidity = 76
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 73
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 62
|Aug humidity = 64
|Sep humidity = 68
|Oct humidity = 72
|Nov humidity = 74
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 70
|Jan sun = 164.1
|Feb sun = 176.8
|Mar sun = 220.0
|Apr sun = 235.8
|May sun = 291.4
|Jun sun = 317.3
|Jul sun = 354.6
|Aug sun = 327.3
|Sep sun = 250.7
|Oct sun = 220.7
|Nov sun = 175.2
|Dec sun = 157.8
|year sun = 
|Jand sun = 5.3
|Febd sun = 5.7
|Mard sun = 6.4
|Aprd sun = 7.5
|Mayd sun = 9.1
|Jund sun = 10.3
|Juld sun = 11.5
|Augd sun = 10.6
|Sepd sun = 8.6
|Octd sun = 7.0
|Novd sun = 5.8
|Decd sun = 5.1
|yeard sun = 7.7
|source 1 =Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity 1961-1990, sun 1981–2010)<ref name=IMN1>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt
| archive-date = 19 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f
| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMN2>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3
| title = Données normales climatiques 1961-1990
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNextremes>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt
| archive-date = 21 December 2019
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30
| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language = fr
| access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Le Kef is 23232111.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=fr |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNclimate>{{cite web | url = https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques | title = Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie | publisher = Ministère du Transport | language = fr | access-date = 26 December 2019}}</ref>}} 
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity/daily sun 1961–1990),<ref name = "Tunis-Carthage Climate Normals 1961–1990">{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/TS/60715.TXT
| title = Tunis-Carthage Climate Normals 1961–1990
| website = ncei.noaa.gov
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 September 2018
| archive-date = 8 May 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508165342/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/TS/60715.TXT
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name = "Climate Normals 1991-2020">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/TunisCarthage_60715.csv
| title = Climate Normals 1991-2020
| website = NOAA.gov
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 September 2018}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-627-Tunis.php
| title = Station Tunis 
| publisher = Météo Climat 
| language = fr 
| access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}

==Politics==

===Capital===
[[File:Kasbah-Kassus.jpg|right|thumb|Kasbah Square comprising the finance ministry and the prime ministry of Tunisia]]

Tunis has been the capital of Tunisia since 1159. Under Articles 43 and 24 of the [[Constitution of Tunisia|Constitution of 1959]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/constitution/menup.html Constitution de la République tunisienne (Jurisite Tunisie)]</ref> Tunis and its suburbs host the national institutions: the Presidential Palace, which is known as [[Carthage Palace]], residence of the [[President of Tunisia]], the [[Chamber of Deputies of Tunisia|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Chamber of Advisors]] and parliament, the Constitutional Council and the main judicial institutions and public bodies. The revised [[Tunisian Constitution of 2014]] similarly provides that the National Assembly is to sit in Tunis (article 51) and that the Presidency is based there (article 73).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/news/constitution-b-a-t.pdf| title= Constitution de la Republique Tunisienne| trans-title= Constitution of the Republic Tunisia| language= fr| website= legislation.tn| publisher= | date= | access-date= October 6, 2017| archive-date= July 12, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170712202219/http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/news/constitution-b-a-t.pdf}}</ref>

===Municipality===

====Institutions====
[[File:Mairie de Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|City Hall]]
[[Image:SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg|thumb|Souad Abderrahim, mayor of Tunis since 2018.|alt=Photo of Souad Abderrahim.]]

Following the municipal elections of 6 May 2018, [[Ennahdha]] obtained 21 seats out of 60. [[Nidaa Tounes]] came second with 17 seats. On 3 July 2018, the head of the Ennahdha list [[Souad Abderrahim]] was elected by the council as the new mayor of the capital.

Before 2011, unlike other mayors in Tunisia, the mayor of Tunis was appointed by decree of the President of the Republic from among the members of the City Council.

==== Budget ====
The 2008 budget adopted by the City Council is structured as follows: 61.61 million dinars for operations and 32,516 million dinars for investment.<ref name="BDG">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm Budget de la municipalité de Tunis pour l'année 2008 (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052724/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm |date=2009-04-16 }}</ref> It reflects the improved financial situation of the municipality, the year 2007 was a year registering a surplus in resources that allowed the settlement of debts of the municipality and the strengthening of its credibility with respect its suppliers and public and private partners.

Revenues are generated by the proceeds of taxes on buildings and vacant lots, fees for the rental of municipal property, income from the operation of the public, advertising, and that the fact that the municipality has capital shares in some companies. On the expenditure side, provision is made for the consolidation of [[hygiene]] and cleanliness, the state of the environment and urban design, infrastructure maintenance, rehabilitation and renovation of facilities, and strengthening the logistics and means of work and transport.<ref name="BDG"/>

====Administrative divisions====
The city of Tunis, whose size has increased significantly during the second half of the 20th century, now extends beyond the [[Tunis Governorate]] into parts of the governorates of [[Ben Arous]], [[Ariana]] and [[Manouba]].

The municipality of Tunis is divided into 15 municipal districts:<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=94# Arrondissements municipaux (Municipalité de Tunis)].</ref>  These include El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Jelloud Jebel El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, El Omrane, El Omrane Higher Séjoumi and Sidi El-Bashir.

{{wide image|Tunis subdivisions.svg|700px|Map of the arrondissements of Tunis – 1, Médina; 2, Sidi El Béchir; 3, Sijoumi; 4, Bab Souika; 5, El Omrane; 6, Bab Bhar; 7, El Menzah; 8, El Omrane Supérieur; 9, Ettahrir; 10, Bardo; 11, Ezzouhour; 12, El Ourdia; 13, Jebel Jelloud; 14, Kabaria; 15, Cité El Khadra; 16, El Bouhaira; 17, La Marsa; 18, Carthage; 19, La Goulette; 20, Hrairia; 21, Sidi Hassine.}}

==Demography==
[[File:Old Man in Tunis.jpg|right|thumb|Elderly man in Tunis wearing a [[Chechia]].]]
[[File:Tunis mosque 1899.jpg|thumb|Muslims in Tunis attend the mosque in 1899.]]
[[File:Tunismarketseller.jpg|thumb|A [[souk]] shopkeeper]]
{| class="wikitable centre"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
! Year !! Municipality !! Metropolitan area
|-
| 1891
| {{Formatnum:114121}}
|
|-
| 1901
| {{Formatnum:146276}}
|
|-
| 1911
| {{Formatnum:162479}}
|
|-
| 1921
| {{Formatnum:171676}}
| {{Formatnum:192994}}
|-
| 1926
| {{Formatnum:185996}}
| {{Formatnum:210240}}
|-
| 1931
| {{Formatnum:202405}}
| {{Formatnum:235230}}
|-
| 1936
| {{Formatnum:219578}}
| {{Formatnum:258113}}
|-
| 1946
| {{Formatnum:364593}}
| {{Formatnum:449820}}
|-
| 1956
| {{Formatnum:410000}}
| {{Formatnum:561117}}
|-
| 1966
| {{Formatnum:468997}}
| {{Formatnum:679603}}
|-
| 1975
| {{Formatnum:550404}}
| {{Formatnum:873515}}
|-
|colspan="3"|Sources: {{harvp|Sebag|1998}}
|}

In the years following independence, the population of the metropolitan area continued to grow: by 21.1% from 1956 to 1966 and by 28.5% from 1966 to 1975 (55.6% between 1956 and 1975).<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=608}}</ref> This steady growth was accompanied by changes that affected the nature of the settlement of the capital. Decolonization led to the exodus of some European minorities whose numbers dwindled every year. The gaps created by their departure were filled by Tunisians who emigrated to Tunis from other parts of the country.

The population of the city of Tunis exceeds 2,000,000 inhabitants. After independence, the Tunisian government implemented a plan to cope with the population growth of the city and country, a system of family planning, to attempt to lower the rate of population growth. However, between 1994 and 2004, the population of the governorate of Tunis grew more than 1.03% per annum. It represents, in the 2004 census, 9.9% of the total population of Tunisia.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024 Population, répartition proportionnelle et taux d'accroissement par gouvernorat (Institut national de la statistique)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015845/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024 |date=2013-12-07 }}</ref> As in the rest of Tunisia, [[literacy]] in the region of Tunis evolved rapidly during the second half of the 20th century and has reached a level slightly higher than the national average.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The education level is only exceeded by the neighboring governorate of Ariana which has many institutions of education.

== Economy ==
{{Update|the city's economy|date=August 2017}}

===Overview===
[[File:Avenue Mohammed V - Tunis 3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Avenue Mohammed V (Tunis)|Avenue Mohamed V]] in the financial district]]
[[File:Tunisia mall.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tunisia Mall]]]]

Products include textiles, [[carpets]], and [[olive oil]]. Tourism also provides a significant portion of the city's income.

Because of the concentration of political authority (headquarters of the central government, presidency, parliament, ministries, and central government) and culture (festivals and mainstream media), Tunis is the only nationally ranking metropolis. Tunis is the heartland of the Tunisian economy and is the industrial and economic hub of the country, home to a third of Tunisian companies—including almost all the head offices of companies with more than fifty employees, with the exception of the [[Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa]], headquartered in [[Gafsa]]—and produces a third of the national gross domestic product.<ref name="STRAT">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/urbanisme_developpement.htm Stratégie de développement de la ville de Tunis (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217011850/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/urbanisme_developpement.htm |date=2007-12-17 }}.</ref>

Tunis attracts foreign investors (33% of companies, 26% of investments and 27% of employment), excluding several areas due to economic imbalances. According to the Mercer 2017 Cost of Living Rankings, Tunis has the lowest [[cost of living]] for [[expatriate]]s in the world.<ref>"[https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/infographic/index.html Mercer 2017 Cost of Living Rankings]". ''Mercer''. 2017.</ref> The urban unemployment rate of university graduates is increasing and the illiteracy rate remains high among the elderly (27% of women and 12% of men).<ref name="STRAT"/> The number of people living below the poverty line, falling at the national level, remains higher in urban areas. In addition, unemployment is high in young people aged 18 to 24, with one in three unemployed as compared to one in six at the national level. In Greater Tunis, the proportion of young unemployed is at 35%.<ref name="STRAT"/>

Gulf finance house or GFH has invested $10 billion {{citation needed|date=March 2022}} in order for the construction of Tunis financial harbor, which will transform Tunisia as the gateway to Africa from Europe. The project hopes to boost the economy of Tunisia as well as increase the number of tourists visiting Tunisia annually. The project is going through planning.

=== Sectors ===
The economic structure of Tunis, as well as that of the country, is overwhelmingly [[tertiary industry]]. The city is the largest financial center in the country hosting the headquarters of 65% of financial companies – while the industrial sectors are gradually declining in importance.<ref name="STRAT"/>  However the secondary industry is still very represented and Tunis hosts 85% of industrial establishments in the four governorates, with a trend towards the spread of specialized industrial zones in the suburbs.

Primary industry such as agriculture, however, is active in specialized agricultural areas in the suburbs, particularly in the wine and olive oil industries. The generally flat terrain and the two main rivers in Tunisia, the [[Medjerda]] to the north and the [[Milian]] to the south, the soils are fertile.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=13}}</ref>  Tunis has several large plains, the most productive are in [[Ariana]] and [[La Soukra]] (north), the plain of [[Manouba]] (west) and the plain of [[Mornag]] (south). In addition, groundwater is easily accessible through the drilling of deep wells, providing water for the different agriculture crops. The soils are heavy and contain limestone in the north but are lighter and sandy containing [[clay]] in the south.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=40}}</ref>  There is much diversification in the municipality of Tunis, with [[Durum]] grown in Manouba, Olives and olive oil in Ariana and Mornag, wine (Mornag), and fruit, vegetable and [[legume]]s are grown in all regions.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|pp=41–42}}</ref>

== Architecture and landscape ==
{{See also|List of tallest structures in Tunisia}}

===Urban landscape===

[[File:StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG|left|thumb|Statue of [[Ibn Khaldoun]] in Independence Square]]

The [[Medina of Tunis|Medina]], built on a gentle hill slope on the way down to the [[Lake of Tunis]], is the historical heart of the city and home to many monuments, including palaces, such as the [[Dar Ben Abdallah]] and [[Dar Hussein]], the mausoleum of [[Tourbet el Bey]] and many mosques such as the [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque]]. Some of the fortifications around it have now largely disappeared, and it is flanked by the two suburbs of Bab Souika to the north and Bab El Jazira to the south. Located near the Bab Souika, the neighborhood of Halfaouine gained international attention through the film '[[Halfaouine Child of the Terraces]]'.

[[File:Habib-bourguiba-tunisia 23858288336 o.jpg|right|thumb|Avenue Habib-Bourguiba]]
But east of the original nucleus, first with the construction of the French Consulate, the modern city was built gradually with the introduction of the French protectorate at the end of the 19th century, on open land between the city and the lake. The axis to the structure of this part of the city is the [[Avenue Habib Bourguiba]], designed by the French to be a Tunisian form of [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris with its cafes, major hotels, shops, and cultural venues. On both sides of the tree lined avenue, north and south, the city was extended in various districts, with the northern end welcoming residential and business districts while the south receives industrial districts and poorer peoples.

[[File:Tunisie Siège du RCD.jpg|thumb|View of the building of "Tour de la nation" in avenue Mohamed-V]]
South-east of the Avenue Bourguiba the district of La Petite Sicile (Little [[Sicily]]) is adjacent to the old port area and takes its name from its original population of workers from [[Italy]]. It is now the subject of a redevelopment project including the construction of twin towers. North of the Avenue Bourguiba is the district of La Fayette, which is still home to the Great Synagogue of Tunis and the Habib Thameur Gardens, built on the site of an ancient Jewish cemetery that lay outside the walls. Also to the north is the long Avenue Mohamed V, which leads to the Boulevard of 7 November through the neighborhood of the big banks where there are hotels and Abu Nawas Lake and finally to the Belvedere area around the place Pasteur. This is where the Belvedere Park lies, the largest in the city, and home to a zoo and the Pasteur Institute founded by [[Adrien Loir]] in 1893. Continuing to the north are the most exclusive neighborhoods of Mutuelleville which house the French Lycée Pierre-Mendès-France, the Sheraton Hotel, and some embassies.

[[File:August Moon (165913827).jpeg|left|thumb|Tunis at night]]
Still further north of the Belvedere Park, behind the Boulevard of 7 November are the neighborhoods of [[El Menzah]] and El Manar now reaching the peaks of the hills overlooking the north of the town. They support a range of residential and commercial buildings. To the west of the park lies the district of El Omrane which holds the main [[Muslim]] cemetery in the capital and the warehouses of public transport. Heading east is the [[Tunis-Carthage International Airport]] and the neighborhoods of Borgel, giving his name to the existing Jewish and Christian cemeteries in the capital, and the neighborhood of Montplaisir. Beyond that, several kilometers north-east, on the road to [[La Marsa]], the [[Berges du Lac]] was built on land reclaimed from the north shore of the lake near the airport, which has held offices of Tunisian and foreign companies, many embassies as well as shops.

Southwest of the Medina, on the crest of the hills across the Isthmus of Tunis, is the Montfleury district then on down to the foothills of Séjoumi, the poor neighbourhood of [[Mellassine]]. Northwest of the latter, north of the [[National Route 3]] leading to the west, is the city of [[Ezzouhour]] (formerly El Kharrouba), which spans more than {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} and is divided into five sections. It is still surrounded by farmland and vegetables are grown which supply many of the [[souk]]s in the region.

The south of Tunis is made up of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, especially due to the strong industry in this part of the metropolis. These include Jebel Jelloud, located in the southeast of Tunis, which concentrates on the [[heavy industry]] of [[cement]] production, the treatment plant of [[phosphate]] s, etc. The main cemetery in Tunis, the Djellaz Cemetery, dominates this part of town, perched on the slopes of a rocky outcrop.

=== Médina ===
[[File:PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG|left|thumb|Court of Dar Soulaimania, once the boarding lodge of [[University of Ez-Zitouna]].]]
The [[medina of Tunis]] has been a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] since 1979. The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, [[mausoleum]]s, [[madrasa]]s, and fountains dating from the Almohad and the Hafsid periods. These ancient buildings include:

* The Aghlabid [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque|Al-Zaytouna Mosqu]]e ("Mosque of the Olive") built in 723 by [[Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab]] to celebrate the new capital.
* The [[Dar El Bey]], or Bey's Palace, comprises architecture and decoration from many different styles and periods and is believed to stand on the remains of a Roman theatre as well as the 10th-century palace of Ziadib-Allah II al Aghlab.

With an area of 270 hectares (over 29 hectares for the Kasbah)<ref name="MEDI"/>  and more than 100,000 people, the Medina comprises one-tenth of the population of Tunis. The planning of the Medina of Tunis has the distinction of not grid lines or formal geometric compositions. However, studies were undertaken in the 1930s with the arrival of the first anthropologists who found that the space of the Medina is not random: the houses are based on a socio-cultural code according to the types of complex human relations.

Domestic architecture (palaces and townhouses), official and civilian (libraries and administrations), religious (mosques and zaouïas), and services (commercial and fondouks) are located in the Medina. The notion of public space is ambiguous in the case of Medina where the streets are seen as an extension of the houses and subject to social tags. The concept of ownership is low however and souks often spill out onto public roads. Today, each district has its culture, and rivalries can be strong.

The northern end supports the football club of [[Esperance Sportive de Tunis]] while at the other end is the rival [[Club Africain]]. The Medina also has a social sectorization: with the neighborhood of [[Tourbet el Bey]] and the Kasbah district being aristocratic, with a population of judges and politicians, while the streets of Pacha often being military and [[bourgeois]].

Founded in 698 is the [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque]] and the surrounding area which developed throughout the [[Middle Ages]],<ref name="MEDI">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.asmtunis.com/savoir.php Fiche de présentation de la médina (Association de sauvegarde de la médina de Tunis)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223232940/http://www.asmtunis.com/savoir.php |date=2008-12-23 }}</ref>  dividing Tunis into a main town in two suburbs, in the north (Bab Souika) and the south (Bab El Jazira). The area became the capital of a powerful kingdom during the [[Hafsid]] era and was considered a religious and intellectual home and economic center for the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. A great fusion of influences can be seen blending [[Andalusian people|Andalusian]] styles with eastern influences, and Roman or [[Byzantine]] columns, and typical Arab architecture, characterized by the archways.

[[File:PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG|left|thumb|Court of Dar Ben Abdallah]]
The architectural heritage is also omnipresent in the homes of individuals and small palace officials as well as in the palace of the sovereign of Kasbah. Although some palaces and houses date back to the Middle Ages, a greater number of prestigious houses were built in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries such as [[Dar Othman]] (early 17th century), [[Dar Ben Abdallah]] (18th century), [[Dar Hussein]], Dar Cherif and other houses. The main palace beys are those of La Marsa, Bardo, and Ksar Said. If we add the mosques and oratories (about 200), the [[madrasa]]hs ([[Madrasa El Bachia|El Bachia]], [[Madrasa Slimania|Slimania]], El Achouria, Bir El Ahjar, [[Madrasa Ennakhla|Ennakhla]], etc..), The [[zaouia]]s (Mahrez Sidi Sidi Ali Azouz, Sidi Abdel Kader, etc.) and Tourbet El Fellari, Tourbet Aziza Othman and Tourbet El Bey the number of monuments in Tunis approaches 600. Unlike [[Algiers]], [[Palermo]] and [[Naples]], its historical heart has never suffered from major natural disasters or urban radical interventions. The main conflicts and potentially destructive human behavior has been experienced in the city occurred relatively recently following the country's independence which is why it made into a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1979. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Medina is one of the best-preserved urban locations in the Arab world.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop44.swf&url=http://213.41.65.178/akamareal/tv5/tunis/binous_160304.rpm Entretien avec Jamila Binous sur la médina de Tunis (TV5)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417043428/http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop44.swf&url=http%3A%2F%2F213.41.65.178%2Fakamareal%2Ftv5%2Ftunis%2Fbinous_160304.rpm |date=2008-04-17 }}</ref>

Furthermore, along the boulevards, the contribution of the architectural period 1850–1950 can be felt in the buildings, such as the government buildings of the nine ministries and the headquarters of the municipality of Tunis.

===Other landmarks===
* The [[Bardo Museum]] was originally a 13th-century [[Hafsid]] palace, located in the (then) suburbs of Tunis. It contains a major collection of Roman empires and other antiquities of interest from [[Ancient Greece]], Tunisia, and the Arab period.
* The ruins of [[Carthage]] are nearby, along the coast to the northeast, with many ancient ruins.

====Souks====
{{main|Souks of Tunis}}

The souks are a network of covered streets lined with shops and traders and artisans ordered by specialty.<ref name="NARDI">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop48.swf&url=http://213.41.65.178/akamareal/tv5/tunis/souk_160304.rpm Promenade de Marie-Ange Nardi et Lotfi Bahri dans les souks de Tunis (TV5)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207205055/http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop48.swf&url=http%3A%2F%2F213.41.65.178%2Fakamareal%2Ftv5%2Ftunis%2Fsouk_160304.rpm |date=2008-12-07 }}</ref>  Clothing merchants, perfumers, fruit sellers, booksellers, and wool merchants have goods at the souks, while fishmongers, blacksmiths, and potters tend to be relegated to the periphery of the markets.<ref name="NARDI"/>

[[File:Souks Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Souk En Nhas with items of copper]]

North of the [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque]] is the [[Souk El Attarine]], built in the early 18th century. It is known for its essences and perfumes. From this souk, there is a street leading to the [[Souk Ech-Chaouachine]] ([[Taqiyah (cap)|chachia]]). The main company that operates it is one of the oldest in the country and they are generally descendants of Andalusian immigrants expelled from Spain. Attached to El Attarine are two other souks: the first, which runs along the western coast of the Al-Zaytuna Mosque, is the Souk El Kmach which is noted for its fabrics, and the second, the [[Souk El Berka]], which was built in the 17th century and houses embroiderers and jewelers. Given the valuable items it sells, it is the only souk whose doors are closed and guarded during the night. In the middle, there is a square where the former slave market stood until the middle of the 19th century.

Souk El Berka leads to [[Souk El Leffa]], a souk that sells many carpets, blankets, and other weavings, and extends with the Souk Es Sarragine, built in the early 18th century and specializing in leather. At the periphery are the souks Et Trouk, El Blat, El Blaghgia, El Kébabgia, [[Souk En Nhas|En Nhas]] (copper), [[Souk Es Sabbaghine|Es Sabbaghine]] (dyeing) and [[Souk El Grana|El Grana]] that sell clothing and blankets and was occupied by Jewish merchants.

====Walls and gates====
{{City gates of Tunis|state=collapsed}}
[[File:Tunis remparts portes.jpg|thumb|Walls and gates of the city in 1888]]
From the early days of its founding, Tunis has been considered an important military base. The Arab geographer El Yacoubi has written that in the 9th century Tunis was surrounded by a wall of brick and clay except for the side of the sea where it was stone.<ref>{{harvp|Messikh|2000|p=41}}</ref>  Bab El-Jazeera, perhaps the oldest gate of the south wall, opened onto the southern road. Bab Cartagena gave access to Carthage, important for bringing in construction materials needed for the city. Bab Souika (initially known as Bab El Saqqayin) had a strategic role to keep the roads to [[Bizerte]], [[Béja]] and [[Le Kef]]. Bab Menara (initially known as Bab El Artha) opened onto the medina and onto the suburb of El Haoua. As for El Bab Bhar, it allowed access to some [[Caravanserai|funduq]]s where Christian merchants lived in Tunis.

With the development of the capital under the reign of the [[Hafsids]], two emerging suburbs grew outside the walls; Bab El Jazira in the south and Bab Souika to the north. In the early 14th century, Hafsid Darba Abû al-Muhammad al-Mustansir Lihyânî ordered the construction of a second chamber including the Medina and two suburbs outside.<ref>{{harvp|Messikh|2000|p=46}}</ref> Six new gates were built including Bab El Khadra, Bab Saadoun, Bab El Allouj (initially called Bab Er-Rehiba), Khalid or Bab Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif, Bab El Fellah and Bab Alioua. In the Ottoman period, four new gates were established: Bab Laassal, Bab Sidi Abdesselam, Bab El Bab Gorjani, and Sidi Kacem. The city retains some of these gates including Bab El Khadra, Bab El Bhar, and Bab Jedid but some of the earlier ones have long disappeared.

=== Places of worship ===
[[File:Acropolium.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Louis Cathedral, Carthage|St. Louis Cathedral]] on the Byrsa hill at [[Carthage (municipality)|Carthage]]]]
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques.   There are also [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples : [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Protestant churches]], [[Evangelical Churches]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2898</ref>

As in the rest of Tunisia, a very large majority of the population of Tunis (around 99%) is [[Sunni Muslim]]. The capital is home to a large number of mosques in various architectural styles, signs of construction of their respective eras. 

[[File:MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis 1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zaytuna Mosque]]]]
The main and oldest of them is the [[Al-Zaytuna Mosque]], founded in 689<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thearabweekly.com/zitouna-mosque-landmark-tunisia-and-islamic-history|title = The Zitouna mosque, a landmark of Tunisia and Islamic history &#124; Roua Khlifi}}</ref> and built in 732 and is in the heart of the Medina. Practicing the [[Maliki]] rite as the vast majority of Tunisia's Mosques. It was completely rebuilt in 864 and is a prestigious place of worship, and was long an important place of culture and knowledge with the [[University of Ez-Zitouna]] on the premises until the independence of Tunisia. It still hosts the main ceremonies marking the dates on the Muslim calendar and is regularly attended by the president.

[[File:Bab El Bhar, Tunis.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bab el Bhar]]]]
The medina contains most of the major mosques in the capital which were built before the advent of the French protectorate. The mosque in the Kasbah, was founded in 1230. Practicing the [[Hanafi]] rite since 1584, it is recognisable mainly by the dome as well as its minaret, similar to the Koutoubia in [[Marrakesh]] and is the highest in the city.<ref name="MUN">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm Lieux de culte (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811155804/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm |date=2009-08-11 }}</ref> [[Ksar Mosque]], also of the [[Hanafi]] rite, is located in front of Dar Hussein (Bab Menara) and was built in the 12th century.<ref name="MUN"/>  The [[Hammouda Pasha Mosque]], built in 1655, is the second mosque built by the Hanafi rite in Tunis.<ref name="MUN"/> [[Youssef Dey Mosque]] operated primarily as a public speaking venue before becoming a real mosque in 1631.<ref name="MUN"/> The [[Sidi Mahrez Mosque]] is the largest mosque Hanafi mosque in terms of area but not the tallest. Built in 1692, it resembles the Ottoman [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref name="MUN"/>  The [[Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque]], built between 1808 and 1814 was the last mosque built by the Tunis Husseinites before the French occupation.<ref name="MUN"/>

[[File:SVdP Tunis.JPG|left|thumb|[[Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul]]]]
The presence of modern churches in Tunis is also testimony to the French presence for half a century. Tunis is the seat of the [[Diocese of Tunis]], with the seat located at the [[Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul]], The church was built in 1897 on the site of the old Christian cemetery of Saint-Antoine.<ref name="MUN"/>  This includes a network of Catholic buildings, including the Church of St. Joan of Arc, but also with the Protestant Reformed Church and the Anglican church Saint-Georges.<ref>Cette dernière est construite sur ordre du souverain Romdhane Bey en 1696 pour y inhumer la dépouille de sa mère d'origine italienne et de culte protestant. Elle est gérée par l'ambassade du Royaume-Uni à Tunis.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Duane|title=Contextuality, Contextualization, and the New Christians of Tunis|journal=Pharos Journal of Theology|date=2016|volume=97|pages=1–13|url=https://www.academia.edu/24369709|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

[[Greeks]] used to enjoy an important presence in the city since ancient times. Tunis is the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Holy Archdiocese of Carthage with jurisdiction over [[Algeria]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]], and Tunisia. It belongs to the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa]], and its cathedral, small school, and other buildings are in Central Tunis.
In total, there are three Greek Orthodox and two Russian Orthodox parishes in Tunisia. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria also maintains jurisdiction in Tunisia.
The small [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] community is centred around the Greek Orthodox Church (1862), managed by the Greek Embassy and the Russian Orthodox Church (1957), reflecting the presence in Tunisia of a small colony of [[white émigré|Russian immigrants]].<ref name="MUN"/>

Judaism, meanwhile, enjoys a long tradition of presence in the city despite the emigration of a large part of the community after independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/177862-180623-synagogues-in-tunis-from-28-to-2|title = I24NEWS| date=23 June 2018 }}</ref> Among the places of worship are {{ill|Beit Yaakov Synagogue|fr|Synagogue Bet Yaakov}} and especially the [[Great Synagogue of Tunis]], built at the end of the 1940s to replace the former Great Synagogue which was demolished as part of the Jewish redevelopment area, the [[Hara (Tunis)|Hara]].

===Parks and greenery===
Tunis has some large parks, many of which were installed at the end of the 19th century by the authorities of the French protectorate. The largest Park, Belvédère Park, which was founded in 1892, overlooks Lake Tunis. It is the oldest public park in the country and is built in the landscape style common to France.<ref>{{harvp|Turki|Zhioua|2006|p=24}}</ref>  The park covers an area of more than one hundred hectares across roads that can be explored on foot or by car. It is also home to [[Tunis Zoo]], which houses African fauna, and the Museum of Modern Art.

Habib Thameur garden in Tunis has a central pond and flower beds. The Gorjani garden is an English garden located southwest of the city, which notably takes an irregular form, partly due to the steep topography of the land.<ref>{{harvp|Turki|Zhioua|2006|p=28}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Museums===
[[File:GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG|right|thumb|Bardo National Museum]]
Located in an old [[bey]]lical palace (the palace of the [[Bey of Tunis]] since the end of the 18th century), the [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]] is the most important [[Archaeology|archaeological]] museum in the [[Maghreb]], and has one of the richest Roman [[mosaic (art)|mosaic]] collections in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia/Daily-life-and-social-customs#ref1179569|title=Tunisia - Daily life and social customs | website= Britannica.com| date= | publisher= }}</ref>  Its collections developed rapidly because of numerous archaeological discoveries in the surrounding territory.

In 1964, the [[Dar Ben Abdallah]], a palace probably dating back to the 18th century, became the seat of the capital's Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions. In its exposition halls, it holds numerous traditional items, witnesses of the everyday lives of families of the [[Medina of Tunis|Medina quarter]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19192 | title= Mansions and museums > Dar Ben Abdallah| website= commune-tunis.gov.tn| publisher= Comune Tunis |date= | access-date= July 12, 2022}}</ref>

The Museum of the National Movement is situated in Dar Maâkal Az-Zaïm, which was the residence of nationalist [[Habib Bourguiba]] for the entirety of the fight for independence. After the advent of independence, a museum was built there to relate the details of the national struggle between 1938 and 1952.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19194 | title= Mansions and museums > Dar Maakal Azzaïm| website= commune-tunis.gov.tn| publisher= Comune Tunis|date= | access-date= July 12, 2022}}</ref>

The National Military Museum, opened in 1989 in the suburbs west of the city, holds a collection of 23,000 weapons, 13,000 of which date back to the 19th century, and some of which were used by the Tunisian troops during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19199 | title= Mansions and museums > National military museum | website= commune-tunis.gov.tn| publisher= Comune Tunis|date= | access-date= July 12, 2022}}</ref>

=== Music ===
Tunis holds some of the most prestigious musical institutions in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Aramco World: The Musical Pulse of Tunisia|url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.musical.pulse.of.tunisia.htm|website=archive.aramcoworld.com|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref> [[The Rachidia]] was founded in 1934 to safeguard [[Arab music]], and in particular to promote [[Tunisian music|Tunisian]] and [[Ma'luf|malouf]] music. The group is made up of 22 members, both instrumental players and [[choir|choral musicians]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires2.htm Musique et conservatoires (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110050830/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires2.htm |date=2009-01-10 }}</ref>

The Musical Troupe of the City of Tunis was created in 1954 by [[Salah El Mahdi]]. In 1955 he placed his student [[Mohamed Saâda]] in charge of the ensemble, which at that time included the best artists, and later merged with the ensemble of [[Radio Tunis]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires1.htm Musique et conservatoires (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629150732/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires1.htm |date=2010-06-29 }}</ref>  This group contributed to the rise to stardom of numerous Tunisian singers, including [[Oulaya]].

The Association of Arab Orchestra of the City of Tunis began its activities at the end of April 1982, as a workshop linked to the cultural center of the city. It worked on promoting Arab music, on music education and training, and on cooperation with various partners both in Tunisia and abroad. The [[Tunisian Symphony Orchestra]], created in 1969 by the Minister of Culture, has also produced monthly concerts at the Municipal Theater and in various cultural spaces in the city.

===Performing arts===
[[File:Theatre municipal - Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Tunis Municipal Theatre]]
Tunis is a center of Tunisian culture. The [[Théâtre municipal de Tunis]], opened on 20 November 1902, showcases [[opera]], [[ballet]], symphonic concerts, drama, etc. On the stage of this theater, many performances are regularly given by Tunisian, Arabic, and international actors.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre0.htm Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725154516/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre0.htm |date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> The [[National Theatre of Tunisia]] is an important public enterprise in Tunis,<ref name="THEA1">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre1.htm Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715030204/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre1.htm |date=2009-07-15 }}</ref> and since 1988 been located in the Khaznadar palace (dating from the middle of the 19th century and situated in the [[Halfaouine]] quarter), renamed "Theater Palace". In 1993, it also took possession of the former [[movie theater]] Le Paris, with a 350-person seating capacity. During each "cultural season" (from October 1 to 30 June) the theater holds over 80 events.<ref name="THEA1"/>  The Al Hamra theater was the second theater to be opened in Tunis, situated on El Jazira Road. Al Hamra was one of the most famous theaters in the capital during the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="THEA2">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre2.htm Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715235038/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre2.htm |date=2009-07-15 }}</ref>  After being closed for fifteen years, it was turned into a small theater in 1986, and since 2001 has housed the first Arab-African center for theater training and research.<ref name="THEA2"/>  One should also note the [[El Teatro]] and [[L'Étoile du Nord (Tunis)|Étoile du Nord]] theater groups.

[[File:Ancien siège du Tribunal administratif Tunis المقر القديم للمحكمة الإدارية تونس.jpg|right|thumb|Tunis Old Tribunal]]
Other arts are also represented in the capital. The National Center of the Arts established the puppet theatre in 1976.<ref name="THEA1"/>  The National School of Circus Arts was founded following a meeting between the Director of the National Theater and the Director General of the National Center for Arts of Châlons-en-Champagne (France) in 1998. In addition, various small theatres and cultural centers are scattered throughout the city and display various artistic performances.

===Film===
Film producers and cinema have long been present in the city of Tunis. The first animated film was shown in Tunis by the [[Lumiere brothers]] as early as 1896.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20001206210500/http://www.ctv-services.com/francais/tunisia.htm Filming in Tunisia (CTV Services)]</ref> The first screenings were held the following year and the first cinema, the Omnia Pathé, opened in October 1908. The first film club opened in Tunis in 1946 and the Globe, in 1965. The [[Carthage Film Festival]] is the oldest established film festival in Africa, running biennially until 2014 and annually thereafter.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filminquiry.com/carthage-film-festival-tunisia/ |title=The Cultural Importance Of The Tunisian Carthage Film Festival |last=Zouari |first=Kenza |date=3 December 2014 |website=Film Inquiry|publisher=Film Inquiry Society |access-date=28 August 2017 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airfrance.co.jp/JP/en/common/travel-guide/the-carthage-film-festival-celebrates-its-50th-birthday.htm |title=The Carthage Film Festival celebrates its 50th birthday |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=7 May 2016 |website=Air France |access-date=28 August 2017 }}</ref>

In 1990, Ferid Boughedir shot the notable film ''[[Halfaouine Child of the Terraces]]'' in Halfaouine district. The films ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]'' (1996) and ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (2003) were also shot in studios in Tunis.

===Festivals===
The city holds several [[festivals]] each year, of which the largest is the [[International Festival of Carthage]] which takes place in July and August. Founded in 1964, much of the festival is held in Carthage in an old amphitheater with a capacity of 7,500 seats.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.citedelaculture.gov.tn/en/international-festival-carthage | title= The International Festival of Carthage | website= citedelaculture.gov.tn | publisher= Ministry of Cultural Affairs | date=  | access-date= 12 July 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It hosts the performances of singers, musicians, actors, dancers, and films on display on outdoor screens.

==Education==
[[File:FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg|left|thumb|Faculty of the Human and Social Sciences]]
Tunis and its suburbs have many of the major Tunisian universities including the [[University of Tunis]], [[Tunisia Private University]], [[University of Ez-Zitouna]], the University of Tunis – El Manar, the [[University of Carthage]] and the [[Manouba University]]. It therefore has the highest concentration of students in Tunisia, with a student population of 75,597 {{As of|2006|lc=y}}.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.mes.tn/francais/donnees_de_base/p_etud.htm Statistiques officielles (Ministère de l'éducation nationale)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207143229/http://www.mes.tn/francais/donnees_de_base/p_etud.htm |date=2014-02-07 }}</ref>

[[File:New building of the Higher School of Communication of Tunis (Sup'Com).png|thumb|Higher School of Communication of Tunis]]
There are also a number of other post-secondary institutions, such as the [[National School of Engineers of Tunis]], the [[National School of Science]], the [[Graduate School of Communications of Tunis]], and the [[Higher Institute of Technological Studies in Communications of Tunis]]. In addition, private training institutes include the [[Open University]] of Tunis, the Central University Private Business Administration and Technology, the Graduate School of Private Engineering and Technology, and the North African Institute of Economics and Technology.

Among the high schools in the capital, the best-known are the Lycée de la Rue du Pacha (founded 1900), Lycée Bab El Khadhra, Lycée de la Rue de Russie, Lycée Bourguiba (formerly Lycée Carnot de Tunis), and the Lycée Alaoui. Until independence, [[Sadiki College]] (founded 1875) and [[Khaldounia]] (founded 1896) were also among the most recognized. A legacy of the French presence in the country remains, and the city retains many French schools, the most important being the Lycée Pierre Mendes-France at [[Mutuelleville]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Students can pursue language studies at small private schools such as [[Sidi Bou Said Centre for Languages]] (Centre Sidi Bou Said de Langues et d'Informatique) in the picturesque Tunis suburb of Sidi Bou Said, next to the Sidi Bou Said TGM station that specializes in Arabic, offering classes in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), classical Arabic, Tunisian Arabic and the various dialects of North Africa, the Gulf and the Levant.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Libraries===
[[File:Bibliothèque nationale de Tunisie (19-09-2008).jpg|right|thumb|National Library of Tunisia]]
Tunis has some of the most important libraries in Tunisia including the National Library of Tunisia which was first installed in 1924 in the Medina, in a building built in 1810 by [[Hammuda ibn Ali|Hammouda Bey]] to serve as barracks for troops and then a jail.<ref name="MUN2">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque0.htm Bibliothèques (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106122348/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque0.htm |date=2009-01-06 }}</ref>  The library moved to its current location on Boulevard 9 April in 1938. The new building contains a reading room, conference room, laboratories, an exhibition gallery, a block of technical and administrative services, a restaurant, parking, and green space areas.

Housed in a former home of a Hafsid scholar, the library of the [[Khaldounia]] was founded in 1896 along with the creation of the educational institution. After independence and following the consolidation of programs of education, the association ceased operations but the library is now linked to the National Library, which provides for its management.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque1.htm Bibliothèques (Municipalité de Tunis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211164528/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque1.htm |date=2008-12-11 }}</ref>

Built in the 17th century, the Dar Ben Achour also contains a library. Acquired in the late 1970s by the municipality of Tunis, the house was restored in 1983 into a library.<ref name="MUN2"/>

==In the arts==
An engraving of a painting by [[Charles Bentley (painter)|Charles Bentley]] entitled {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/Tunis|''Tunis, from the Saneeah Eftoor'']]}} was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] that comments on the potential the city has for development.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA30|section=picture|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA32|section=poetical illustration|page=15|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Public transport ===
[[File:Train banlieue nord rentrant gare Tunis 2020.jpg|thumb|left|Tunis south surb train]]
The growing metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of public transportation including buses, an above-ground light rail system (le Metro), as well a regional train line (the [[Tunis-Goulette-Marsa|TGM]]) that links the city center to its closest northern suburbs. Multi-lane autoroutes surround the city and serve the increasing number of privately owned cars one encounters in Tunisia.

The Tunis area is served by the [[Métro léger de Tunis|métro léger]] ([[Arabic language|Ar.]]: المترو الخفيف لمدينة تونس) and [[Tunis-Goulette-Marsa|TGM]] (Tunis-Goulette-Marsa), as well as bus services, and is linked to other places in Tunisia by [[SNCFT]], the national railways. The important transport authorities are the [[Société des Transports de Tunis]] (STT)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snt.com.tn/ |title=e-Market place &#124; |publisher=Snt.com.tn |date=2012-11-13 |access-date=2013-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020402092510/http://www.snt.com.tn/ |archive-date=2002-04-02 }}</ref> and the Ministry of Transport (Airports)
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaca.nat.tn/ |title=Accueil |publisher=OACA |language=fr |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>

[[File:AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg|thumb|Tunis bus]]
The city has, as of the beginning of the 21st century, a public transportation system developed under the management of the Société des transports de Tunis (STT). In addition to some 200 bus routes, the first light rail line opened in 1985. The [[Métro léger de Tunis]] network has extended gradually since then to reach the suburbs. The capital is also linked to its northern suburbs by the railway line that crosses the lake, dividing the lake into two.
New mass transit was planned for Greater Tunis in 2009. This was the RTS (rapid rail network), the local equivalent of the Paris [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], which was to carry tens of thousands of travellers from the distant suburbs of Tunis to the centre by using either existing tracks or new tracks yet to be built.<ref name="CHOKRI">Chokri Gharbi, La métamorphose d'une capitale au cœur de la Méditerranée, ''La Presse de Tunisie''</ref>

[[File:RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg|right|thumb|[[Métro léger de Tunis|Tunis Light Metro]]]]
The plan was for lines based on certain criteria such as population density and the lack of coverage for a given area. Among the priority lines were: Tunis-Borj Cédria (23&nbsp;km) where modernization and electrification are already planned; Tunis-Mohamedia-Fouchana (19.4&nbsp;km); Tunis-Manouba-Mnihla (19.2&nbsp;km); Tunis-Ezzouhour-Sidi Hassine Séjoumi (13.9&nbsp;km). In addition, the TGM will be integrated into the light-rail network and a new line built around Ayn Zaghouan and Bhar Lazrag (8.4&nbsp;km). Such an operation would require the upgrading of the docks' TGM stations so that they become suitable for light rail trains.<ref name="CHOKRI"/> Among other projects are a line to the city of [[Ennasr]] (8.4&nbsp;km) and the extension of the Tunis-Ettadhamen to [[Mnihla]] (1.7&nbsp;km). For its part, the south light-rail line was extended in November 2008 to [[El Mourouj]] with a length of {{convert|6.8|km|1|abbr=off}}. The total length of the network will eventually be in the range of {{convert|84|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CHOKRI"/>

===Infrastructure===
[[File:Aéroport Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tunis-Carthage International Airport]]]]
[[File:Radès-La Goulette Bridge.jpg|right|thumb|Radès Bridge]]
[[File:Umgehungsstraße von Tunis, Tunesien Januar 2015 04.JPG|right|thumb|Tunis road]]
Tunis is served by [[Tunis-Carthage International Airport]], located {{convert|8|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of downtown, which began operating in 1940 under the name of Tunis El Aouina.

After independence, in the 1960s, the National Board of Seaports, which supports all ports in the country, modernized the infrastructure of the port of Tunis.<ref>{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=659}}</ref>  In the 21st Century, the port of Tunis underwent further transformation with a marina as part of the redevelopment district of [[La Petite Sicile]].
Tunis is the starting point from which the main roads and all highways that serve different parts of the country of Tunis originate. This city has a high density of traffic because vehicle ownership is rising at 7.5% per year.<ref name="WMN">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.webmanagercenter.com/management/imprim.php?id=9639&pg= « Le grand Tunis en chantier »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206113038/http://www.webmanagercenter.com/management/imprim.php?id=9639&pg= |date=2013-12-06 }}, ''Webmanagercenter'', 1</ref>  The capital is home to approximately 40% of the cars in Tunisia, with 700,000 cars on average used in the city per day.<ref name="WMN"/>  In this context, major road infrastructure (bridges, interchanges, roads, etc..) was initiated in the late 1990s to decongest the main areas of the capital.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?opt=15&categ=1&news=35554 Chokri Ben Nessir, « Une véritable requalification routière »], ''La Presse de Tunisie''.</ref>  The main roads to other Tunisian cities include: [[Autoroute tunisienne A1|Autoroute A1]], Tunis-[[Sfax]]; [[Autoroute tunisienne A3|Autoroute A3]], Tunis-[[Oued Zarga]]; and [[Autoroute tunisienne A4|Autoroute A4]], Tunis-[[Bizerte]]. Also, as part of the major infrastructure project, the city's traffic lights were increased from 5,000 to 7,500.

==Sport==
[[File:Oussama Mellouli 1.jpg|thumb|[[Oussama Mellouli]], gold medallist at the [[Beijing 2008|Beijing Summer Olympics]] and at the [[London 2012|London Summer Olympics]]]]
At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of sports institutions were established in Tunis, particularly in school and college settings. In 1905 the Muslim Association of Tunisia brought together students from Lycée Alaoui and [[Sadiki College]] to organize gymnastics. A regional gymnastics competition was held in Tunis in 1912 with the participation of thousands of French gymnasts.

Football made its appearance in the capital on 15 September 1904, followed by the formal creation of the country's first league, the Racing Club Tunis, on 11 May 1905. It took some time to run properly, but it soon organized meetings between the teams in schools. The first took place on 9 June 1907, between teams from Lycée Alaoui and Lycée Carnot (1–1).

Football is not the only discipline to emerge. Between 1928 and 1955 the city hosted nine rounds of the Grand Prix of Tunis, where notable drivers such as [[Marcel Lehoux]], [[Achille Varzi]], [[Tazio Nuvolari]] and [[Rudolf Caracciola]] took part. The Grand Prix of Tunis has re-emerged since 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://stream1.m6.fr.ipercast.net/m6.fr/videonum2/07/11/23/turbo__grd-prix-tunis-__20071123__43354432_Stream.wmv |title= Grand Prix historique de Tunis: un rendez-vous magique | work= Turbo| publisher= M6| date= 23 November 2007| via= ipercast.net | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221312/http://stream1.m6.fr.ipercast.net/m6.fr/videonum2/07/11/23/turbo__grd-prix-tunis-__20071123__43354432_Stream.wmv |archive-date=2009-02-24 | language= fr}}</ref> The city has also held the [[Mediterranean Games]] twice, in 1967 and 2001, and the international tennis tournament, the [[Tunis Open]], which is included in the [[ATP Challenger Series]]. The 2005 World Championship final for men in [[team handball]] was played in Tunis.

In total, the governorate of Tunis registered 24,095 licenses for various clubs in the municipal area in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.sport.tn/fo/fr/global.php?menu1=12 |title= Statistiques du sport en Tunisie | publisher= Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports et de l'éducation physique| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082358/http://www.sport.tn/fo/fr/global.php?menu1=12 |archive-date=2008-12-16 | language= fr}}</ref> Regarding international basketball, the city hosted the [[FIBA Africa Championship 1965]] and the [[FIBA Africa Championship 1987]].

{| class="sortable wikitable centre"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
! Club !! Stadium !! Foundation !! Championships<br />of Football !! Championships<br />of volleyball !! Championships<br />of handball !! Championships<br />of basketball
|-
| [[Club Africain]]
| [[Stade Olympique de Radès]]<br />[[Stade El Menzah]]
| 1920
| 12
| 7
| 8
| 2
|-
| [[Espérance Sportive de Tunis]]
| Stade Olympique de Radès<br />Stade El Menzah
| 1919
| 20
| 15
| 24
| 3
|-
| [[Stade Tunisien]]
| [[Stade Chedli Zouiten]]
| 1948
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}

The [[Esperance Sportive de Tunis]] (EST), [[Club Africain]] (CA), and [[Stade Tunisien]] are the major sports clubs in the city. A symbolic class difference is present between the EST's and the CA's supporters, despite their playing at the same stadium. The EST is supported by the majority of the masses, while the CA, a poorer club, is supported by the others.<ref>{{cite book| first= Franck | last= Moroy| title= Football et politique. Le derby tunisois Espérance sportive de Tunis – Club Africain| publisher= Institut d'études politiques| place= Aix-en-Provence| language= fr| year= 1997| isbn= }}</ref>

The first true sports facilities were managed under the French protectorate, as illustrated by the development of the Ksar Said racecourse and construction of the [[Stade Chedli Zouiten]] in the neighborhood of Belvedere, which had long been the main stadium in the capital before being supplanted by the Olympic stadium, [[Stade El Menzah]], where EST and CA play their football today. The Olympic stadium and village area were built to accommodate the Mediterranean Games in 1967. A 60,000-seat stadium was also built in Radès for the Mediterranean Games in 2001 at an estimated cost of 170 million dinars, with nearly half of the loans financed by [[South Korea]]n businessmen. The Olympic Village was financed by an investment estimated at 50 million dinars.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07083combietocan0 |first= Abdelaziz |last= Barrouhi| title= Combien ça coûte ?| work= [[Jeune Afrique]]| publisher= | date= | language= fr}}</ref>  In 2008, the government announced the start of construction of a large sports complex that will include several sports academies, a 20,000-seat stadium, and a swimming centre. Known as [[Tunis Sports City]], it will expand around the lake of Tunis, on the road to [[La Marsa]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1|title= Image of sports complex | url-status= unfit| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080519102557/http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1| archive-date= 2008-05-19| publisher= | work= mosaiquefm.net| date=| access-date= 12 July 2022}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Radès stadium by night.jpg|[[Stade Olympique de Radès]]
El Menzah Stadium 2.jpg|[[Stade El Menzah]]
PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg|[[Palais des sports d'El Menzah]]
CA MAS AFR LIGUEFOOT Nov2011 9.JPG|[[Salle Omnisport de Radès]]
</gallery>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Tunisia|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia}}

===Twin towns and sister cities===
Tunis is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="tunis">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 Coopération internationale (Municipalité de Tunis)]</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil<ref name="commune-tunis1">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |title=بوابة مدينة تونس |publisher=Commune-tunis.gov.tn |access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada <ref name="commune-tunis1"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|KUW}} [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]], Oman<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], Morocco<ref name="tunis"/>
{{Div col end}}

===Other cooperations===

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal<ref name="tunis"/><ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|access-date=2013-08-23|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=pt|trans-title=Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520050208/https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100}}</ref><ref name="Lisbon twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa |access-date=2013-08-23 |work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa |language=pt |trans-title=Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |archive-date=2013-10-31 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France (Partner city)<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy (Partner city)<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Santiago]], Chile<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|LBY}} [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], Libya<ref name="tunis"/>
{{Div col end}}

== Notable inhabitants ==
{{main category|People from Tunis}}
[[File:SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Salah El Mahdi]]]]
[[File:Tahar Haddad.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Tahar Haddad]]]]
[[File:Gisele Halimi Front de Gauche 2009-03-08.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Gisèle Halimi]]]]
[[File:Albert Memmi par Claude Truong-Ngoc décembre 1982.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Albert Memmi]]]]
[[File:Khaled Mouelhi.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Khaled Mouelhi]]]]
* [[Serge Adda]] (1948–2004), president of the French TV channel TV5
* [[Tarak Ben Ammar]] (born 1949), Tunisian-French film producer
* [[Danièle Aron-Rosa]] (born 1934), French-Tunisian ophthalmologist and physician-scientist 
* [[Mustapha Ben Jafar]] (born 1940), Tunisian politician
* [[Sophie Bessis]], (born 1947), Franco-Tunisian historian, journalist, and researcher
* [[Roberto Blanco]] (born 1937), German pop singer and actor
* [[Alain Boublil]] (born 1941), French musical author
* [[Abdelhamid Bouchnak]] (born 1984), filmmaker
* [[Claudia Cardinale]] (1938–2025), Tunisian-Italian actress
* [[Hassen Chalghoumi]] (born 1972), imam 
* [[Moncef Chelli]] (1936–1994), philosopher and writer
* [[Jacob Chemla]] (1858–1938), ceramic artist
* [[Karine Chemla]] (born 1958), historian of mathematics and sinologist
* [[Pierre Darmon]] (born 1934), French tennis player
* [[Bertrand Delanoë]] (born 1950), mayor of Paris
* [[Salah El Mahdi]] (1925–2014), musicologist and composer
* [[Chokri El Ouaer]] (born 1966), football goalkeeper
* [[Farès Ferjani]] (born 1997), Olympic medalist saber fencer living in the U.S.
* [[Yehuda Getz]] (1924–1995), rabbi 
* [[Marc Gicquel]] (born 1977), French tennis player
* [[Azza Ghanmi]], feminist and activist
* [[Tahar Haddad]] (1899–1935), promoter of women's emancipation in Tunisia
* [[Gisèle Halimi]] (1927–2020), Tunisian-French lawyer, politician, essayist, and feminist activist
* [[Hédi Jouini]] (1909–1990), singer, oud player, and composer
* [[Amel Karboul]] (born 1973), entrepreneur, business consultant, and politician
* [[Abdellatif Kechiche]] (born 1960), Tunisian-French film director, screenwriter, and actor
* [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332–1406), Arab sociologist and scholar
* [[Phillip King (sculptor)|Phillip King]] (1934–2021), British sculptor
* [[Margaret Maruani]] (born 1954), Tunisian-French sociologist, researcher
* [[Fouad Mebazaa]] (1933–2025), politician, President of Tunisia in 2011
* [[Abdelwahab Meddeb]] (1946–2014), Tunisian-French writer and radio staff
* [[Albert Memmi]] (1920–2020), French-Tunisian writer and sociologist
* [[Fatma Moalla]] (born 1939), mathematician
* [[Khaled Mouelhi]] (born 1981), footballer
* [[Alberto Pellegrino]] (1930–1996), Italian Olympic medalist épée and foil fencer
* [[Nicola Pietrangeli]] (born 1933), Italian tennis player
* [[Karim Saidi]] (born 1983), footballer
* [[Georges-Elia Sarfati]] (born 1957), philosopher, linguist, poet, existentialist psychoanalyst, and author 
* [[Joseph Sitruk]] (1944–2016), rabbi
* [[Georges Wolinski]] (1934–2015), French illustrator and caricaturist killed in the  [[Charlie Hebdo shooting| ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]
* [[Yazid Zerhouni]] (1937–2020), Algerian politician

==See also==
{{Portal|Africa}}
* [[European enclaves in North Africa before 1830]]
* [[Barbary pirates]]
* [[Tunisian Community Center]]
* [[Tunisian Italians]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Messikh|first=Mohamed Sadek|year=2000|title=Tunis: la mémoire|publisher=Du Layeur|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-911468-44-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Sebag|first=Paul|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeJ44F961AEC|title=Tunis: Histoire d'une ville|publisher=L'Harmattan|series=Histoire et Perspectives Méditerranéennes|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7384-6610-5}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Turki|first1=Sami Yassine|last2=Zhioua|first2=Imène Zaâfrane|year=2006|title=Analyse de la répartition spatiale et de l'aménagement des espaces verts programmés par les documents d'urbanisme dans le Grand Tunis|language=fr|url=http://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124024744/http://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf|archive-date=2006-11-24|publisher=École nationale supérieure du paysage|location=Versailles|book-title=Actes du séminaire « Étapes de recherches en paysage »|volume=8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Tunis#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Tunis}}
* Jellal Abdelkafi, ''La médina de Tunis'', éd. Presses du CNRS, Paris, 1989
* Alia Baccar-Bournaz [sous la dir. de], ''Tunis, cité de la mer'' (acte d'un colloque de 1997), éd. L'Or du temps, Tunis, 1999
* [[Philippe Di Folco]], ''Le goût de Tunis'', éd. Mercure de France, Paris, 2007
* Faouzia Ben Khoud, ''Tunis. Architectural Guide''. Berlin 2020, {{ISBN|978-3-86922-676-7}}.
* [[Abdelwahab Meddeb]], ''Talismano'', éd. Christian Bourgois, Paris, 1979
* Horst-Günter Wagner, ''Die Altstadt von Tunis. Funktionswandel von Handwerk und Handel 1968–1995''. (The Medina of Tunis. Functional change of handicraft and commerce 1968–1995). Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 140, 1996, 5/6, S. 343–365.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/default.asp?lang=en The Municipality of Tunis official website]
* [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/ The Municipality of Tunis official website] {{in lang|ar}}
* [http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/default.asp?lang=fr The Municipality of Tunis official website] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/tunis.htm Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124133120/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/tunis.htm |date=2010-11-24 }}
* [http://www.tunisforum.com TunisForum:Guide ou sortir en Tunisie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223119/http://www.tunisforum.com/ |date=2018-12-15 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060323095400/http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/12/the_bardo_museu.html Video tour] of the Bardo Museum
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060323094745/http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/11/strolling_throu_1.html Video of Tunis Medina]
*[http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/tunis/tunis/tunis.html Old maps of Tunis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809093641/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/tunis/tunis/tunis.html |date=2021-08-09 }}, [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html Historic Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html |date=2022-03-25 }} site

{{Medina of Tunis}}
{{List of African capitals}}
{{Capitals of Arab countries}}
{{Arab Capital of Culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tunis| ]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments]]
[[Category:Barbary Wars]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Cities in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tunis Governorate]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]