View source for Tupi–Guarani languages

{{redirect|Tupi–Guarani|the indigenous people of Brazil|Tupí people|indigenous peoples of South America|Guaraní people}}
{{Short description|Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America}}
{{Disputed|date=November 2025}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Línguas tupi-guaranis|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Tupi–Guarani
| region        = [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[French Guiana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]]
| familycolor   = tupian
| fam1          = [[Tupian languages|Tupian]]
| glotto        = tupi1276
| glottorefname = Tupi–Guarani
| child1        = [[Guarani languages|Guarani]]
| child2        = [[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]
| child3        = [[Tupi languages|Tupi]]
| child4        = [[Teneteharan languages|Teneteharan]]
| child5        = [[Kagwahiva language|Kawahib]]
| child6        = [[Kamayurá language|Kamayurá]]
| child7        = [[Xingu languages|Xingu]]
| child8        = [[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern]]
| map           = Tupi languages.png
| mapcaption    = Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c.&nbsp;1500 (pink-grey)
}}

'''Tupi–Guarani''' (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni]; {{Audio|Br-TupiGuarani.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the [[Tupian languages]] of [[South America]]. It consists of about fifty languages, including [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Old Tupi]]. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of [[Paraguay]].

The words ''[[petunia]], [[jaguar]], [[piranha]], [[ipecac]], [[tapioca]], [[jacaranda]], [[anhinga]], [[carioca]]'', and ''[[capoeira]]'' are of Tupi–Guarani origin.{{Citation needed|reason=This is a serious claim to make, as it implies that the Guarani Languages have contributed to major cultural aspects of Brazil. There must be a source of this information|date=April 2018}}

==Classification==
===Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)===
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

{{tree list}}
* '''Tupí–Guaraní'''
** '''[[Guaraní languages|Guaraní]]''' (Group I)
** '''[[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]''' (Group II): [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]**, [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]] (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
** '''[[Tupí languages|Tupí]]''' (Group III): [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] (lingua franca dialect: [[Tupí Austral]]), Tupinambá (dialects: [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], {{a.k.a.}} [[Língua Geral]] as lingua franca, [[Cocama language|Cocama]]–[[Omagua language|Omagua]]*
** '''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''' (Group IV): [[Akwáwa language|Akwáwa]] (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), [[Avá-Canoeiro language|Avá-Canoeiro]], [[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]], [[Tenetehára language|Tenetehára]] (dialects: [[Guajajara]], Tembé), [[Turiwára language|Turiwára]]
** '''[[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]]''' (Group VI): [[Apiacá language|Apiacá]], [[Kawahíb language|Kawahíb]] (numerous varieties; e.g. Piripkúra, Diahói), [[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kawahib language|Karipúna]], ?[[Uru-Pa-In language|Uru-Pa-In]]
** '''''[[Kamayurá language|Kamayurá]]''''' (Group VII)
** '''[[Xingu languages|Xingu]]''' (Group VIIIa): [[Anambé language|Anambé]] (of Cairarí), [[Amanayé language|Amanayé]], [[Xingú Asuriní language|Xingú Asuriní]], [[Araweté language|Araweté]], [[Aurá language|Aurá]], [[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]]
** '''[[Northern Tupi–Guaraní languages|Northern Tupi–Guaraní]]''' (Group VIIIb): [[Anambé of Ehrenreich]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Zo'é language|Zo'é]], [[Takunyapé language|Takunyapé]], [[Kaapor language|Urubú–Kaapor]], [[Wayampipukú language|Wayampipukú]]
{{tree list/end}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a [[mixed language]], and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

<nowiki>**</nowiki>Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

[[Sound change]]s from [[Proto-Tupi-Guarani]] (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):<ref name="Rodrigues-2002">Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). ''Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história''. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable"
! Group !! PTG final consonants !! PTG *tʃ  !! PTG *pw !! PTG *pj !! PTG *j
|-
! 1
| lost || *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero || *pw > kw, k || *pj > tʃ, ʃ ||
|-
! 2
| lost || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw > kw, k || *pj preserved ||
|-
! 3
| preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw preserved || *pj preserved ||
|-
! 4
| preserved (with some modifications) || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw || *pj > tʃ, ts || *j > tʃ, ts, s, z
|-
! 5
| preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > ɸ || *pj > s || *j > dʒ
|-
! 6
| preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká); <br />*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb) || *pj preserved || *j preserved
|-
! 7
| preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > hw, h || *pj > ts || *j preserved
|-
! 8
| partially lost || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > kw || *pj > s || *j preserved
|}

===Michael, et al. (2015)===
Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.

{{tree list}}
* '''Tupí-Guaraní'''
** [[Kamayurá language|Kamaiurá]] (600 speakers)
** '''Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní'''
*** '''[[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Northern]]'''
**** [[Guajá language|Guajá]] (280 speakers)
**** [[Ka'apor language|Ka'ápor]] (800 speakers)
**** [[Avá-Canoeiro language|Avá-Canoeiro]] (14 speakers)
*** '''[[Xingu languages|Central]]'''
**** {{tree list/branching}}
***** [[Anambé language|Anambé]], [[Araweté language|Araweté]] (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
***** [[Xingu Asurini language|Xingú Asurini]] (120 speakers)
**** {{tree list/branching}}
***** [[Akwáwa language|Tocantins Asuriní]], [[Parakana language|Parakanã]] (700-1,500 speakers)
***** [[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]] (560 speakers)
*** '''Peripheral'''
**** [[Wayampi language|Wayampi]], [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)
**** [[Kayabí language|Kayabí]], [[Kagwahiva language|Parintintin]] (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)
**** '''Diasporic'''
***** [[Tenetehára language|Tembé]] (13,000 speakers)
***** {{tree list/branching}}
****** '''[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]'''
******* [[Omagua language|Omagua]], [[Cocama language|Kokama]] (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)
******* [[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)
****** '''Southern'''
******* [[Sirionó language|Sirionó]], [[Yuki language (Bolivia)|Yuki]] (500 speakers)
******* [[Guarayu language|Guarayu]], [[Pauserna language|Pauserna]] {{extinct}} (Guarayu 5,900 speakers)
******* '''[[Guarani languages|Guaranian]]'''
******** [[Aché language|Aché]] (910 speakers)
******** [[Mbya language|Mbyá]]
******** [[Guarani language|Paraguay Guaraní]] (4.85 million speakers)
******** {{tree list/branching}}
********* [[Xeta language|Xetá]] {{extinct}}, [[Kaiwá language|Kaiowá]], [[Ava Guarani language|Ñandeva]] (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)
********* [[Tapiete]], [[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní|Chiriguano]] (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)
{{tree list/end}}

O'Hagan et al. (2014,<ref>O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503193131/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~zjohagan/pdflinks/ohagan_lvc_tg_classification_spread_2014.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.</ref><ref name="OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019">{{cite journal|last1=O'Hagan|first1=Zachary|last2=Chousou-Polydouri|first2=Natalia|last3=Michael|first3=Lev|title=Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|year=2019|pages=e019018|issn=2177-7160|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]] and [[Xingu River]]s, just to the south of [[Marajó]] Island in eastern [[Pará]] State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the [[Amazon River]], Proto-[[Tupi language|Tupinambá]] expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/[[Araguaia River]] towards the [[Paraná River]] basin.

===Jolkesky (2016)===
{{See also|Tupian languages#Jolkesky (2016)}}

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref>

({{extinct}} = extinct)

{{tree list}}
* '''Tupí-Guaraní'''
** '''Kamayura''': ''[[Kamayura language|Kamayura]]''
** '''Kaapor-Ava'''
*** Ava-Canoeiro: ''[[Ava-Canoeiro language|Ava-Canoeiro]]''
*** [[Northern Tupi–Guarani languages|Kaapor]]: ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Aura language|Aura]]''; ''[[Guaja language|Guaja]]''; ''[[Takuñape language|Takuñape]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Urubu-Kaapor language|Urubu-Kaapor]]''
** '''[[Xingu languages|Akwawa-Arawete]]'''
*** Akwawa-Tapirape
**** Akwawa: ''[[Asurini do Tocantins language|Asurini do Tocantins]]''; ''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''; ''[[Surui language|Surui]]'' (Tupi-Guarani)
**** Tapirape: ''[[Tapirape language|Tapirape]]''
*** Arawete-Asurini
**** Arawete: ''[[Amanaye language|Amanaye]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Anambe language|Anambe]]''; ''[[Ararandewara language|Ararandewara]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Arawete language|Arawete]]''
**** Asurini do Xingu: ''[[Asurini do Xingu language|Asurini do Xingu]]''
** '''Nuclear Tupi-Guarani'''
*** '''[[Tenetehara languages|Tenetehara]]''': ''[[Guajajara language|Guajajara]]''; ''[[Tembe language|Tembe]]''; ''[[Turiwara language|Turiwara]]'' {{extinct}}
*** '''[[Kawahib language|Kawahib-Kayabi]]'''
**** Apiaka: ''[[Apiaka language|Apiaka]]''
**** Juma: ''[[Juma language|Juma]]''
**** Kayabi: ''[[Kayabi language|Kayabi]]''
**** Kawahib: ''[[Amondawa language|Amondawa]]''; ''[[Nheengatu language|Karipuna]]'' (Tupi); ''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''; ''[[Piripkura language|Piripkura]]''; ''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumanfed]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Uruewauwau language|Uruewauwau]]''; ''[[Wirafed language|Wirafed]]''
*** '''Diasporic Tupi-Guarani'''
**** Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
***** [[Guarayu languages|Guarayu]]: ''[[Guarayu language|Guarayu]]''; ''[[Pauserna language|Pauserna]]''
***** Siriono: ''[[Siriono language|Siriono]]''; ''[[Jora language|Jora]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Yuki language|Yuki]]''
***** [[Guarani languages|Guarani]]
****** Ache: ''[[Ache language|Ache]]''
****** Guarani: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani, Classical]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Chiriguano language|Chiriguano]]''; ''[[Chiripa language|Chiripa]]''
****** Central: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Paraguaio]]''
****** Western: ''[[Guarani language|Guarani Boliviano]]''; ''[[Tapiete language|Tapiete]]''
****** Eastern: ''[[Kayowa language|Kayowa]]''; ''[[Mbya language|Mbya]]''; ''[[Ñandeva language|Ñandeva]]''; ''[[Pai Tavytera language|Pai Tavytera]]''; ''[[Sheta language|Sheta]]''
**** [[Tupi languages|Tupinamba-Kokama]]
***** Kokama-Omagua: ''[[Kokama language|Kokama]]''; ''[[Kokamilla language|Kokamilla]]''; ''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]''
***** Tupi: ''[[Tupi language|Tupi]]'' {{extinct}}; ''[[Tupi Austral language|Tupi Austral]]'' {{extinct}}
***** Tupinamba: ''[[Nhengatu language|Nhengatu]]''; ''[[Tupinamba language|Tupinamba]]'' {{extinct}}
***** Wayampi: ''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''; ''[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]''; ''[[Zo'e language|Zo'e]]''
{{tree list/end}}

===Ferraz and Reichert (2021)===
The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).<ref name="Ferraz-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraz Gerardi |first1=Fabrício |last2=Reichert |first2=Stanislav |title=The Tupí-Guaraní language family |journal=Diachronica |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=2021 |issn=0176-4225 |doi=10.1075/dia.18032.fer |pages=151–188|s2cid=228872841 }}</ref><ref>Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. [[Zenodo]]. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.4094642}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
* '''Tupí-Guaraní'''
** Guajá–Tenetehara
*** Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
** Guaraní
*** Warazu
*** Xetá
*** Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
*** Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
*** Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
** Tupi
*** Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
** Northern
*** Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
*** Avá–Wayampí?
**** Avá-Canoeiro
**** Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
** Central
*** Asurini Xingu
*** Akwawa–Tapirapé
**** Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
*** Kawahib
**** Kayabi
**** Parintintin, Tenharim
**** Amondava, Urueuwauwau
{{tree list/end}}

==Varieties==
Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by [[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

{{collapse top|expand=yes|Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by [[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968)}}
;[[Tupi language|Tupi]] (Abañeénga) dialects
* '''Tamoyo''' – once spoken from the [[Cabo de São Tomé]] to [[Angra dos Reis]], state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
* '''Ararape''' – once spoken on the [[Paraíba do Sul River]] in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)
* '''Temimino''' – once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.)
* '''Tupiniquin''' / '''Margaya''' – once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as [[Camamu]], state of Bahia.
* '''Tupinamba''' – formerly spoken on the coast from [[Camamu]] as far as the mouth of the [[São Francisco River]], later on the coast in the state of Maranhão.
* '''Tupina''' – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.)
* '''Caeté''' / '''Caité''' – once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the [[São Francisco River]] to the mouth of the [[Paraíba do Norte River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Amoipira''' / '''Anaupira''' – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from [[Cabrobó]] to the mouth of the [[Río Grande (Bolivia)|Grande River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Abaete''' – once spoken in Bahia on the [[Abaeté River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Maromomi''' – dialect spoken at the old mission of [[São Barnabé]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Potiguara''' / '''Petigare''' – dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the [[Paraíba do Norte River]] to the mouth of the [[Parnaiba River]], now spoken by a few families in the [[Baía da Traição]], state of Paraíba.
* '''Viatan''' – once spoken in the interior of the states of [[Pernambuco]], but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.)
* '''Tobajara''' / '''Miarigois''' – once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the [[Camocim]] River. (Unattested.)
* '''Cahicahi''' / '''Caicaze''' / '''Caicai''' – once spoken on the lower course of the [[Itapecurú River]], state of Maranhão. (Unattested.)
* '''Jaguaribára''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Jaguaribe River|Jaguaribare River]], state of Ceará. (Unattested.)
* '''Tupinambarana''' – once spoken on the island of the same name on the [[Amazon River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Nhengahiba''' / '''Ingahiva''' – once spoken in the southern part of [[Marajó Island]], Pará. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Nheengatu language|Nheéngatu]]''' / '''Niangatú''' / '''Lingua Geral''' – a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the [[Amazon River]] and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.

;[[Guarani language|Guarani]] (Karani, Abañéem) dialects
* '''Chandri''' / '''Yarri''' – once spoken on the [[Martín García Island]] and in the [[Martín Chico]] region, Argentina, and on the coast near [[San Lázaro, Paraguay]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Topare''' – once spoken near [[San Gabriel, Uruguay]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Cariú''' / '''Carijó''' – once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from [[Porto Alegre]] to [[Antonina (Brazil)|Antonina]], state of Paraná and in the [[Serra do Mar]].
* '''[[Arachán|Arachane]]''' / '''Arechane''' – once spoken around the [[Lagoa dos Patos]], Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.)
* '''Itatin''' – originally spoken south of the [[Apa River]], Paraguay, now by a few families on the [[Brilhante River]], state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.)
* '''Bituruna''' – once spoken on the [[San Antonio River (South America)|São Antonio River]], [[Rio do Peixe (Paraná River)|Peixe River]], and [[Chopim River]] in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.)
* '''Tape''' – extinct dialect from the [[Serra Geral]], state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.)
* '''Apapocúva''' – originally spoken on the [[Dourado River (São Paulo)|Dourados River]] and [[Amambaí River]], state of Mato Grosso, later on the [[Itaparé River]], state of São Paulo, now extinct.
* '''Tañyguá''' – originally spoken on the [[Dourado River (São Paulo)|Dourados River]], Mato Grosso, later on the [[Aguapeí River (São Paulo)|Aguapeí River]], state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.)
* '''Oguaíva''' – originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the [[Paranapanema River]], state of São Paulo. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Pai Tavytera language|Kainguá]]''' / '''Painguá''' / '''Montese''' – language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the [[Jejuy River]], Paraguay, and on the [[Aracaí River]] and [[Igatimí River]], state of Paraná. Dialects are:
** '''Baticola''' – once spoken in the [[Amambai Mountains|Serra Amambaí]], state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
** '''Paiguasú''' – spoken on the [[Curupaiña River]], Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
** '''Avahuguai''' – spoken on the [[Dourado River (São Paulo)|Dourados River]], Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
** '''Yvytyiguá''' – spoken in the [[Serra do Diabo]], Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
** '''Apiteré''' – spoken between the [[São Joaquim River]] and [[Amambaí River]], Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
** '''Tembecua''' – spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe.
** '''[[Ava Guarani language|Chiripá]]''' – spoken on the [[Acaray River]], Paraguay; and at the mouth of the [[Iguazu River|Iguasú River]], Argentina.
** '''[[Mbyá Guaraní language|Mbyhá]]''' / '''Jeguaká Tenondé''' / '''Bwihá''' / '''Caiua''' / '''Cahygua''' – spoken on the [[Monday River]], Paraguay.
* '''Canoiero''' / '''[[Avá-Canoeiro language|Aba]]''' / '''Tiäbezä''' – spoken on both banks of the [[Tocantins River]], in the central part of [[Bananal Island]] and at the mouth of the [[Crixás River (Goiás)|Crixás River]] and [[Rio do Peixe (Paraná River)|Peixe River]], state of Goiás.

;Guaranized languages
* '''[[Xeta language|Shetá]]''' / '''Aré''' / '''Yvaparé''' – once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the [[Ivaí River]], now extinct.
* '''Serra dos Dourados''' (tribe with unknown name) – in the [[Serra dos Dourados]], state of Paraná.
* '''[[Aché language|Guayaquí]]''' / '''Acé''' – spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de [[Villa Rica, Paraguay]].
* '''Notobotocudo''' / '''Pihtadyouai''' – language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the [[Uruguai River]] and [[Iguazu River|Iguasú River]], state of Santa Catarina.

;Kamayurá group
* '''[[Kamayurá language|Kamayurá]]''' / '''Camayura''' – spoken by a small tribe on the [[Ferro River]] in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso.
* '''Awití''' / '''Auetö''' / '''[[Awetí language|Aweti]]''' – spoken in the same region on the [[Culiseo River|Culiseú River]], Mato Grosso.
* '''Arawiné''' – little known language from the [[7 de setembro River]], state of Mato Grosso.

;Tapirapé group
* '''[[Tapirapé language|Tapirapé]]''' – spoken on the [[Tapirapé River (Mato Grosso)|Tapirapé River]] and [[Naja River]], Mato Grosso.
* '''Ampaneá''' – extinct language once spoken at the sources of the [[Tapirapé River (Mato Grosso)|Tapirapé River]], state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

;Northern group
* '''[[Tenetehara language|Tenetehara]]''' – language with two dialects:
** '''[[Guajajara|Guajajára]]''' – originally spoken at the sources of the [[Itapecurú River]] and [[Mearim River]], now on the [[Grajaú River (Maranhão)|Grajaú River]] and [[Pindaré River]], state of Maranhão.
** '''[[Tembé]]''' – originally spoken on the upper course of the [[Pindaré River]], now on the [[Capiro River]] and [[Acará River|Acará Pequeno River]], state of Maranhão.
* '''[[Guajá language|Guajá]]''' / '''Guaxara''' / '''Wazaizara''' / '''Ayaya''' – spoken between the [[Capim River]] and the lower course of the [[Gurupí River]], Maranhão.
* '''Manajé''' / '''[[Ararandewara language|Ararandeuára]]''' – spoken at the sources of the [[Bujarú River]] and on the [[Moju dos Campos River|Mojú River]] and [[Ararandéua River]], state of Maranhão.
* '''Manoxo''' / '''[[Amanayé language|Amanaye]]''' – extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the [[Mearim River]] near [[São Bento, Maranhão]]. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Turiwára language|Turiwára]]''' / '''Turiguara''' – spoken originally on the [[Turi River]], now on the [[Acará River|Acará Grande River]].
* '''[[Kaʼapor language|Kaapor]]''' / '''Urubú''' / '''Gavião''' – spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the [[Gurupi River]], [[Guama River]], and [[Turiaçu River|Turiassú River]], Maranhão.
* '''Pocheti''' – once spoken on the [[Araguaia River]] and [[Moju dos Campos River|Mojú River]]. (Unattested.)

;Pará group
* '''Camboca''' – extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the [[Tocantins River]] and [[Jacundá River (Pará)|Jacundá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Apehou''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Xingú River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Aratú''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Curuá River (Amazon River)|Curuá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Mapua''' – once spoken on [[Marajó Island]] on the [[Mapuá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Anajá''' – once spoken on [[Marajó Island]] on the [[Anajás River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Camarapim''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Pacajá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Uanapú''' – once spoken on the [[Anapú River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Coaní''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Xingú River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Mamayaná''' – once spoken to the south of the mouth of the [[Anapú River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Pacajá''' – once spoken between the [[Pacajá River]] and [[Anapú River]].
* '''Jacunda''' – once spoken on the [[Jacundá River (Pará)|Jacundá River]]. (Villa Real 1848, p.&nbsp;432, only two words.)
* '''[[Parakanã language|Parakanã]]''' – spoken between the [[Tocantins River]] and [[Pacajá River]] by an almost unknown tribe.
* '''[[Anambé of Ehrenreich|Anambé]]''' – once spoken on the left bank of the [[Tocantins River]] near [[Rebojo de Guariba]], now extinct.
* '''Caranbú''' – spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.)
* '''Tapirauha''' / '''Cupelobo''' / '''Kupẽ-rob''' / '''Jandiaí''' – spoken by only a few individuals on the [[Igarapé do Bacurí]] and west of the [[Cachoeira de Itaboca]].
* '''Anta''' – once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.)
* '''Tacayuna''' – once spoken on the [[Tacaiuna River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Asurini''' – spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the [[Xingú River]], and the [[Freso River]] and [[Pacajá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Mudzyetíre''' – a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the [[Igarapé Sororosinho]]. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Takunyapé language|Tacuñapé]]''' / '''Eidum''' / '''Péua''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Iriri River]] and [[Iriri Novo River|Novo River]]. (only a few words.)
* '''Tacumandícai''' / '''Caras Pretas''' – language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the [[Xingú River]].
* '''Jauari''' – extinct language once spoken on the [[Vermelho River (Araguaia River)|Vermelho River]] and [[Araguaia River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Zapucaya''' – once spoken between the Amazon and [[Paraná do Urariá]] Rivers. (Unattested.)
* '''Tapajó''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Tapajós River]] (cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.)
* '''Auacachi''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Abacaxis River|Auacachi River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Papateruana''' – once spoken in a part of [[Tupinambarana Island]] on the [[Amazon River]]. (Unattested.)

;Guiana group
* '''Oyampi''' / '''[[Wayampi language|Wayapí]]''' / '''Guayapi''' – originally spoken on the lower course of the [[Xingú River]], later on the [[Oiapoque River]] in the territory of Amapá, in French Guiana, now on the [[Maroni River]].
* '''Tamacom''' – extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the [[Jarí River]] and at the sources of the [[Maracá River]], Pará. (Unattested.)
* '''Cusari''' / '''Coussani''' – once spoken on the upper course of the [[Araguarí River]], territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)
* '''Paikipiranga''' / '''Parixi''' – spoken at the sources of the [[Maracá River]], Pará.
* '''Calayua''' – once spoken at the sources of the [[Inipucú River]], Pará. (Unattested.)
* '''Apama''' – spoken by a few individuals on the [[Maicuru River|Maecurú River]], Pará. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]''' / '''Teko''' / '''Emereñon''' / '''Marêyo''' – spoken by only a few families on the [[Approuague River]], [[Camopi River]], [[Inini River]], [[Coureni River]], and [[Araoua River]], French Guiana.
* '''Caripuna''' / '''Calipurn''' – language spoken on the [[Curipi River]], Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.)

;Southern group
* '''[[Apiaká language|Apiacá]]''' – originally spoken between the [[Arinos River]] and [[Juruena River]], now on the [[São Manoel River]] and [[Ronuro River]], and on the upper course of the [[Tapajós River]], Mato Grosso.
* '''Tapañuna''' – language of a very little known tribe that lived between the [[Tapanhuna River]] and [[Rio do Peixe (Paraná River)|Peixe River]], state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)
* '''Timaóna''' – language of an unknown tribe from the [[Rio do Peixe (Paraná River)|Peixe River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Raipé-Sisi''' / '''Aipé-Chichi''' – once spoken between the [[Arinos River]] and [[São Manoel River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Makirí''' – spoken at the mouth of the [[São Manoel River]].
* '''Pariuaia''' – spoken at the sources of the [[Barati River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Kayabi language|Kayabí]]''' / '''Parua''' – spoken on the lower course of the [[Verde Grande River|Verde River]] and on the [[Paranatina River]].
* '''Kawahyb''' / '''Cabahyba''' / '''[[Kagwahiva language|Kawahíwa]]''' – originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the [[Tocantins River]], later on the [[Ji-Paraná River]] and [[Marmelos River]], Pará.
** '''[[Parintintin language|Parintintin]]''' / '''Nakazetí''' / '''Itoehebe''' – spoken between the [[Madeira River]] and [[Maiçí River]], Pará.
** '''[[Wiraféd]]''' / '''Tupi do rio Machado''' – spoken on the [[Machado River]].
** '''Pauaté''' – once spoken at the sources of the [[Zinho River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''[[Paranawát]]''' – spoken at the mouth of the [[Muqui River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''Mialat''' – spoken on the middle course of the [[Machado River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''Takwatíp''' / '''Tacuatepe''' – spoken at the confluence of the [[Ji-Paraná River]] and [[Pimenta Bueno River]].
** '''[[Tukumanfed language|Tukumaféd]]''' – spoken on the middle course of the [[Machado River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''Ipoteuate''' – spoken on the [[Ji-Paraná River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''Apairandé''' – spoken between the [[Ji-Paraná River]] and [[Maiçí River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''Jabotiféd''' – spoken on a tributary of the [[Machado River]], east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.)
** '''Dawahib''' / '''[[Bocas Pretas language|Bocas Pretas]]''' – spoken on the [[Anarí River]], Rondônia.
** '''Jaguarúb''' – spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.)
** '''Hamno''' – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.)
** '''Sanenäre''' – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.)
** '''Majubim''' – spoken at the confluence of the [[Pimenta Bueno River]] and [[Ji-Paraná River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Catuquinaru language|Catuquinarú]]''' – language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the [[Embira River]], Amazonas.

;Amazonas group
* '''[[Omagua language|Omagua]]''' / '''Campeua''' / '''Carari''' – originally spoken along the [[Amazon River]] between the mouth of the [[Juruá River]] and the mouth of the [[Napo River]], now in only a few villages.
* '''Yurimagua''' / '''Yoriman''' – once spoken along the [[Amazon River]] from the mouth of the [[Jutaí River]] to the mouth, of the [[Purus River]], now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of [[Yurimaguas]], Peru. (Unattested.)
* '''Aizuare''' – once spoken from the mouth of the [[Juruá River]] to the mouth of the [[Japura River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Ibanoma''' / '''Bonama''' – spoken on the right bank of the [[Amazon River]] from the mouth of the [[Purus River]] to the mouth of the [[Juruá River]]; now totally extinct. (Unattested.)
* '''Tapajó''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Tapajós River]] (cf. Pará group). (Unattested.)
* '''Awakachi''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Abacaxis River|Auacachi River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Papateruana''' – once spoken in a part of the [[Tupinambarana Island]] on the [[Amazon River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Paguana''' – once spoken along the [[Amazon River]] from the mouth of the [[Cafua River]] to the mouth of the [[Tefé River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''[[Cocama language|Cocama]]''' – language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the [[Ucayali River]] and near the city of [[Nauta]], Peru.
* '''[[Cocamilla]]''' – spoken on the lower course of the [[Huallaga River]], Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p.&nbsp;82.)
* '''Yeté''' – once spoken on the [[Tiputini River]], Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.)
* '''Jibitaona''' – once spoken near the city of [[Santiago de las Montañas]], Peru. (Unattested.)

;Chiriguano group
* '''[[Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language|Chiriguano]]''' / '''Camba''' – spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de [[Aguarugue]] and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in [[Sara Province]] and on the upper course of the [[Bermejo River]]. Now only in the [[Carandaiti]] Valley and around [[Tarabuco]].
* '''[[Guarayu language|Guarayo]]''' – spoken at the sources of the [[Río Blanco (Bolivia)|Blanco River]] and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of [[Yotaú]], San Pablo, and [[Yaguarú]], province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
* '''[[Warázu language|Pauserna]]''' / '''Moperecoa''' / '''Warádu-nëe''' – originally spoken on the [[Paragúa River]] and [[Tarbo River]], Bolivia, now by only a few individuals on the [[Verde Grande River|Verde River]], a tributary of the [[Guaporé River]], Mato Grosso.
* '''[[Tapieté]]''' / '''Kurukwá''' / '''Yanaygua''' / '''Parapiti''' – spoken on the upper course of the [[Pilcomayo River]] and on the [[Parapití River]], Paraguayan Chaco
* '''Izozo''' / '''[[Chané language]]''' – spoken on the [[Itiyuro River]] in the Campo y Durán and on the [[Parepetí River]], Chaco.
* '''[[Sirionó language|Siriono]]''' / '''Chori''' – language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the [[Ichillo River]] and [[Río Grande (Bolivia)|Grande River]], between the [[Río Blanco (Bolivia)|Blanco River]] and [[Yapacaní River]], between the [[Ivari River]] and [[Quimore River]], between the upper course of the [[Ivari River]] and [[Río Grande (Bolivia)|Grande River]], between the [[Piray River]] and [[Itonama River]], and between the [[Beni River]] and [[Mamoré River]].
** '''Tirinié''' – spoken on the [[Mamoré River]].
** '''Ñeozé''' – spoken on the [[Río Grande (Bolivia)|Grande River]] and [[Mamoré River]].
** '''Yandé''' – spoken on the [[Mamoré River]]. (Unattested.)
** '''[[Jorá language|Jora]]''' – once spoken around the [[Laguna Jorá]] near the city of [[Baures]].

;Mawé group
* '''[[Mawé language|Mawé]]''' / '''Mauhé''' / '''Mague''' – originally spoken on the [[Tapajós Mataura River]], [[Maué-assú River]], [[Arapiuns River]], [[Arichi River]], and [[Tracuateua River|Tracuá River]], in the state of Pará, now on the [[Uaicurapá River]].
* '''Arapiyú''' / '''Aripuana''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Arapiuns River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Andirá''' – once spoken south of [[Tupinambarana Island]] on the [[Amazon River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Igapuitariara''' – once spoken at the sources of the [[Curauaí River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Curiato''' – once spoken at the mouth of the [[Maricauá River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Sapupé''' / '''Sacopé''' – once spoken on the [[Bararatí River]]. (Unattested.)
* '''Maraguá''' – extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the [[Amazon River]], south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)
{{collapsebottom}}

==Proto-language==<!---[[Proto-Tupi–Guarani]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Tupi–Guarani
| familycolor      = American
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Tupian]]
| ancestor2        = {{nowrap|[[Proto-Maweti-Guarani]]}}
| target          = Tupi–Guarani languages
}}
{{see also|Proto-Tupian}}

===Schleicher (1998)===
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):<ref>Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. ''Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family''. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.</ref>

{{collapse top|Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Tupi-Guarani !! notes
|-
| 1 || fruit || *ʔá; *ɨʔβa ||
|-
| 2 || hair || *ʔáβ ||
|-
| 3 || lie down || *ʔáβ/*ʔáw ||
|-
| 4 || to stand || *ʔám ||
|-
| 5 || to sit || *ʔapɨk ||
|-
| 6 || tie up || *ʔapɨtĩ ||
|-
| 7 || fall (human) || *ʔár ||
|-
| 8 || say || *ʔé ||
|-
| 9 || other, companion || *ʔirũ ||
|-
| 10 || tree || *ʔɨ́β ||
|-
| 11 || canoe || *ʔɨčár ||
|-
| 12 || swim || *ʔɨtáβ ||
|-
| 13 || they || *ʔŋã ||
|-
| 14 || dig || *ʔók ||
|-
| 15 || eat (trans.) || *ʔú ||
|-
| 16 || 3rd person || *aʔé ||
|-
| 17 || seed || *aʔɨ̃y ||
|-
| 18 || person || *aβá ||
|-
| 19 || corn || *aβatí ||
|-
| 20 || bad || *aíβ ||
|-
| 21 || sharp || *aimbé ||
|-
| 22 || man || *akʷaimbaʔé || < *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ?
|-
| 23 || head || *akáŋ ||
|-
| 24 || humid, wet || *akɨ́m ||
|-
| 25 || hot || *-akúβ ||
|-
| 26 || rain || *amán ||
|-
| 27 || other || *amõ ||
|-
| 28 || far || *amõ-ité ||
|-
| 29 || old man, grandfather || *amõy ||
|-
| 30 || no || *anĩ ||
|-
| 31 || this || *áŋ ||
|-
| 32 || back || *apé ||
|-
| 33 || road || *apé ~ *peé ||
|-
| 34 || burn || *apɨ́ ||
|-
| 35 || nose || *apũy ||
|-
| 36 || root || *apó ||
|-
| 37 || short || *apoʔá/*apuʔá ||
|-
| 38 || round || *apuʔá ||
|-
| 39 || day || *ár ||
|-
| 40 || walk || *atá ||
|-
| 41 || fire || *(t)atá ||
|-
| 42 || smoke || *(t)atá-tíŋ ||
|-
| 43 || mountain || *atɨ́r ||
|-
| 44 || horn || *atĩ ||
|-
| 45 || tooth || *-ãy ||
|-
| 46 || push || *(mbo)ayán ||
|-
| 47 || parrot || *ayurú ||
|-
| 48 || fly || *βeβé ||
|-
| 49 || float || *βeβúy ||
|-
| 50 || crack, split || *βók ||
|-
| 51 || swell || *βúr ||
|-
| 52 || float || *βúr ||
|-
| 53 || cord || *čám ||
|-
| 54 || play, amuse || *-čaráy ||
|-
| 55 || worm || *čeβoʔí ||
|-
| 56 || wash || *čéy ||
|-
| 57 || mother || *čɨ́ ||
|-
| 58 || clean || *čɨ́β ||
|-
| 59 || rub || *čɨ́β ||
|-
| 60 || smooth || *čɨ́m ||
|-
| 61 || run (water) || *čɨrɨ́ ||
|-
| 62 || pull off || *čók ||
|-
| 63 || to bite || *čuʔú ||
|-
| 64 || black || *čún ||
|-
| 65 || not || *eʔɨ́m ||
|-
| 66 || scratch || *eʔɨ̃y ||
|-
| 67 || belly || *eβék ||
|-
| 68 || eye || *ečá ||
|-
| 69 || to pull || *ekɨ́y ||
|-
| 70 || to live || *ekó ||
|-
| 71 || wife || *embi-rekó ||
|-
| 72 || you || *endé ||
|-
| 73 || saliva || *endɨ ||
|-
| 74 || hear || *endúβ ||
|-
| 75 || knee || *enɨpɨʔã ||
|-
| 76 || call || *enõy ||
|-
| 77 || see || *epʸák ||
|-
| 78 || name || *-ér ||
|-
| 79 || much || *-etá ||
|-
| 80 || leg || *etɨmã ||
|-
| 81 || smell || *-etún ||
|-
| 82 || stone || *itá ||
|-
| 83 || I || *iye, *iče ||
|-
| 84 || water || *ɨ́ ||
|-
| 85 || lake || *ɨ-upá ||
|-
| 86 || sand || *ɨʔɨtíŋ ||
|-
| 87 || drink || *ɨʔú ||
|-
| 88 || earth || *ɨβɨ́ ||
|-
| 89 || sky || *ɨβák ||
|-
| 90 || cloud || *ɨβák-tíŋ ||
|-
| 91 || tree || *ɨβɨrá ||
|-
| 92 || wind || *ɨβɨtú ||
|-
| 93 || belly || *ié ||
|-
| 94 || domestic animal || *(e)ɨmbá ||
|-
| 95 || bark || *ɨpé ||
|-
| 96 || night || *ɨpɨtún ||
|-
| 97 || bow || *ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár ||
|-
| 98 || dust, powder || *-ɨtiʔmbór ||
|-
| 99 || know || *kʷaáβ ||
|-
| 100 || sun || *kʷár ||
|-
| 101 || scrubland, forest || *kaʔá ||
|-
| 102 || grass, weeds || *kaʔapiʔí ||
|-
| 103 || monkey || *kaʔí ||
|-
| 104 || suck || *kaʔmbú ||
|-
| 105 || fat || *káβ ||
|-
| 106 || breast || *kám ||
|-
| 107 || bone || *káŋ ||
|-
| 108 || scrape || *karãy ||
|-
| 109 || eat (intrans.) || *karú ||
|-
| 110 || good || *katú ||
|-
| 111 || get burned || *káy ||
|-
| 112 || sleep || *kér ||
|-
| 113 || dirty || *kɨʔá ||
|-
| 114 || louse || *kɨβ ||
|-
| 115 || knife || *kɨčé ||
|-
| 116 || fear || *čɨkɨyé ||
|-
| 117 || green || *(a)kɨr ||
|-
| 118 || fat || *(pi)kɨr ||
|-
| 119 || clean || *kɨtíŋ-ʔók ||
|-
| 120 || to cut || *kɨtĩ/*kɨti ||
|-
| 121 || tongue || *kũ ||
|-
| 122 || this || *ko ||
|-
| 123 || ashes || *kočúβ ||
|-
| 124 || sand || *kuʔí ||
|-
| 125 || back || *kupé ||
|-
| 126 || boy || *kurumĩ ||
|-
| 127 || bore, perforate || *kutúk ||
|-
| 128 || fall (object) || *kúy ||
|-
| 129 || woman || *kuyã ||
|-
| 130 || manioc plant || *mandí ||
|-
| 131 || die || *manõ ||
|-
| 132 || why || *mbaʔé ||
|-
| 133 || sing || *mbaraká ||
|-
| 134 || sew || *mboβúk/*mboβɨk ||
|-
| 135 || few || *mbočapɨr ||
|-
| 136 || throw || *(mbo)mbór ||
|-
| 137 || snake || *mbóy ||
|-
| 138 || dust || *-mbukú ||
|-
| 139 || give || *meʔéŋ ||
|-
| 140 || child || *membɨr ||
|-
| 141 || husband || *mén ||
|-
| 142 || animal || *miyár ||
|-
| 143 || two || *mokõy ||
|-
| 144 || recount || *mombeʔú ||
|-
| 145 || ear || *nambí ||
|-
| 146 || beat || *nupã ||
|-
| 147 || flesh || *oʔó ||
|-
| 148 || green || *oβɨ́ ||
|-
| 149 || leaf || *óβ ||
|-
| 150 || house || *ók ||
|-
| 151 || we (exclusive) || *ore ||
|-
| 152 || all || *páβ ||
|-
| 153 || (re)count || *papár ||
|-
| 154 || river || *paranã ||
|-
| 155 || one || *pé ||
|-
| 156 || you all || *pẽẽ ||
|-
| 157 || wing || *pepó ||
|-
| 158 || tobacco || *petɨ́m ||
|-
| 159 || blow || *peyú ||
|-
| 160 || rub || *pín ||
|-
| 161 || skin || *pír ||
|-
| 162 || fish || *pirá ||
|-
| 163 || bark || *pirér ||
|-
| 164 || child || *ptáŋ/*mitáŋ ||
|-
| 165 || foot || *pɨ́ ||
|-
| 166 || liver || *pɨʔá ||
|-
| 167 || new || *pɨčačú ||
|-
| 168 || catch || *pɨčɨ́k ||
|-
| 169 || wide || *pɨpír ||
|-
| 170 || suck || *pɨtér ||
|-
| 171 || breath || *pɨtú ||
|-
| 172 || hand || *pó/*mbó ||
|-
| 173 || thin || *poʔí ||
|-
| 174 || fingernail || *po-apẽ ||
|-
| 175 || twist || *poán || < *poayán ?
|-
| 176 || heavy || *počɨ́y ||
|-
| 177 || sing, dance || *poračéy ||
|-
| 178 || chest || *potiʔá ||
|-
| 179 || flower || *potɨ́r ||
|-
| 180 || clean || *potuká || < *po-kutuk ?
|-
| 181 || laugh || *puká ||
|-
| 182 || long || *pukú ||
|-
| 183 || tie (up) || *pʷár ||
|-
| 184 || cure || *pʷeráβ ||
|-
| 185 || cold || *roʔɨ́ ||
|-
| 186 || swell || *rurúk ||
|-
| 187 || ashes || *tanimbúk || < *tatá imbúk ?
|-
| 188 || tapir || *tapiʔír ||
|-
| 189 || white || *tíŋ ||
|-
| 190 || nose || *tĩ ||
|-
| 191 || pull || *-tɨ́k ||
|-
| 192 || father || *túβ ||
|-
| 193 || big || *tuβiyáβ ||
|-
| 194 || old || *tuyá ||
|-
| 195 || arrow || *uʔɨ́β ||
|-
| 196 || leg || *úβ ||
|-
| 197 || egg || *upiʔá ||
|-
| 198 || come || *úr ||
|-
| 199 || blood || *uwɨ́ ||
|-
| 200 || tail || *uwáy ||
|-
| 201 || old (woman) || *waiwĩ ||
|-
| 202 || red || *-wáŋ ||
|-
| 203 || vomit || *weʔén ||
|-
| 204 || bird || *wɨrá ||
|-
| 205 || ax || *yɨ́ ||
|-
| 206 || jaguar || *yaʔwár ||
|-
| 207 || moon || *yačɨ́ ||
|-
| 208 || star || *yačɨ-tatá ||
|-
| 209 || crocodile || *yakaré ||
|-
| 210 || run || *yán ||
|-
| 211 || we (inclusive) || *yande ||
|-
| 212 || tighten || *(mbo)yár ||
|-
| 213 || to play || *-yarú ||
|-
| 214 || laugh || *yáy ||
|-
| 215 || speak || *yeʔéŋ ||
|-
| 216 || return, come back || *ye-βɨ́r ||
|-
| 217 || grass, weeds || *yuʔũ ||
|-
| 218 || yellow || *yúβ ||
|-
| 219 || rotten || *yúk ||
|-
| 220 || kill || *yuká ||
|-
| 221 || yellow || *yukɨrɨ́ ||
|-
| 222 || salt || *yukɨ́r ||
|-
| 223 || neck || *yúr ||
|-
| 224 || mouth || *yurú ||
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

===Lemle (1971)===
The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):<ref>Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), ''Tupi studies I'', 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.</ref>

{{collapse top|Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Tupi-Guarani
|-
| 1 || to, in || *pɨpe
|-
| 2 || accident || *memwã
|-
| 3 || sharp || *aemee
|-
| 4 || water || *ɨ
|-
| 5 || some || *amõ
|-
| 6 || align, braid || *pẽ
|-
| 7 || yellow || *yub
|-
| 8 || tie || *apɨtĩ
|-
| 9 || tie || *pwar
|-
| 10 || walk || *ata
|-
| 11 || tapir || *tapiʔir
|-
| 12 || tightten || *momyk
|-
| 13 || squeeze || *pɨcɨk
|-
| 14 || that || *pe
|-
| 15 || bow || *ɨbɨrapar
|-
| 16 || tree || *ʔɨb
|-
| 17 || wing || *pepo
|-
| 18 || grandfather || *amõy
|-
| 19 || fat || *kab
|-
| 20 || lard || *yanɨ
|-
| 21 || stomach, liver || *pɨʔa
|-
| 22 || stomach || *ɨe
|-
| 23 || stomach || *ebek
|-
| 24 || hit || *nupã
|-
| 25 || drink || *ɨʔu
|-
| 26 || animal || *eɨmab
|-
| 27 || mouth || *yuru
|-
| 28 || float || *bebɨy
|-
| 29 || good || *katu
|-
| 30 || white || *tiŋ
|-
| 31 || play || *yemocaray
|-
| 32 || hole || *kwar
|-
| 33 || head || *akaŋ
|-
| 34 || hair || *ʔab
|-
| 35 || fall || *ʔar
|-
| 36 || path || *pe, *ape
|-
| 37 || field || *yũ
|-
| 38 || canoe || *ɨar
|-
| 39 || grass || *kapiʔi
|-
| 40 || meat || *oʔo
|-
| 41 || house || *ok
|-
| 42 || bark || *pe
|-
| 43 || corn drink || *kawĩ
|-
| 44 || dig || *ɨbɨkoy
|-
| 45 || dig || *yoʔok
|-
| 46 || basket || *karamemwã
|-
| 47 || sky || *ɨbak
|-
| 48 || call || *enõy
|-
| 49 || full || *por
|-
| 50 || smell || *etun
|-
| 51 || horn || *atĩ
|-
| 52 || horn || *ʔak
|-
| 53 || suck || *pɨter
|-
| 54 || rain || *aman
|-
| 55 || ashes || *tanimuk
|-
| 56 || coati || *kwati
|-
| 57 || snake || *moy
|-
| 58 || scratch || *eʔɨ̃y
|-
| 59 || eat || *ʔu
|-
| 60 || companion, brother || *ʔirũ
|-
| 61 || long || *puku
|-
| 62 || string || *cam
|-
| 63 || flow || *cɨrɨk
|-
| 64 || cut || *kɨtĩ
|-
| 65 || back || *ape
|-
| 66 || back || *kupe
|-
| 67 || sew || *mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk
|-
| 68 || grow || *akakuwab
|-
| 69 || give || *meʔeŋ
|-
| 70 || finger || *pwã
|-
| 71 || lie || *ʔab
|-
| 72 || tooth || *ãy
|-
| 73 || draw || *kwatiar
|-
| 74 || day || *ar
|-
| 75 || two || *mokõy
|-
| 76 || sleep || *ker
|-
| 77 || he || *aʔe
|-
| 78 || push || *moayan
|-
| 79 || rub || *pin
|-
| 80 || rub || *kɨtɨk
|-
| 81 || wife || *emireko
|-
| 82 || stand || *puʔam
|-
| 83 || star || *yacɨtata
|-
| 84 || I || *(i)ce
|-
| 85 || knife || *kɨce
|-
| 86 || speak || *yeʔeŋ
|-
| 87 || full || *ʔɨtarõ
|-
| 88 || thin || *poʔi
|-
| 89 || arrow || *uʔɨb
|-
| 90 || flower || *potɨr, *ɨbotɨr
|-
| 91 || fire || *tata
|-
| 92 || leaf || *ob
|-
| 93 || cold || *roʔɨ, *roʔɨca
|-
| 94 || fruit || *ʔa
|-
| 95 || smoke || *tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ
|-
| 96 || tobacco || *petɨm
|-
| 97 || pierce || *kutuk
|-
| 98 || claw || *pɨcãpẽ
|-
| 99 || like || *ʔarõ
|-
| 100 || large || *tubicab
|-
| 101 || man || *aba
|-
| 102 || island || *ɨpaʔũ
|-
| 103 || swell || *bubur
|-
| 104 || swell || *ruru
|-
| 105 || space || *paʔũ
|-
| 106 || go || *co
|-
| 107 || alligator || *yakare
|-
| 108 || knee || *enɨpɨʔã
|-
| 109 || throw || *momor
|-
| 110 || lake || *ɨpab, *ɨupab
|-
| 111 || wash || *yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay
|-
| 112 || tongue || *ape-kũ, *kũ
|-
| 113 || smooth || *cɨm
|-
| 114 || far || *-mɨrɨb
|-
| 115 || moon || *yacɨ
|-
| 116 || monkey || *kaʔi
|-
| 117 || ax || *yɨ
|-
| 118 || mother || *cɨ
|-
| 119 || command || *pway
|-
| 120 || manioc || *maniʔok
|-
| 121 || hand || *po
|-
| 122 || left hand || *acu
|-
| 123 || husband || *men
|-
| 124 || kill || *yuka
|-
| 125 || woods || *kaʔa
|-
| 126 || bad || *aib, *aɨb
|-
| 127 || boy || *kunumĩ
|-
| 128 || corn || *abati
|-
| 129 || wet || *akɨm
|-
| 130 || bite || *cuʔu
|-
| 131 || die || *manõ
|-
| 132 || hill || *ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu)
|-
| 133 || move || *mɨ̃y
|-
| 134 || many || *eta, *c-eta
|-
| 135 || woman || *kuyã
|-
| 136 || variety of bird || *mɨtũ
|-
| 137 || swim || *ɨtab
|-
| 138 || nose, beak || *tĩ
|-
| 139 || night || *pɨtun
|-
| 140 || night || *pɨca
|-
| 141 || name || *er
|-
| 142 || we (excl.) || *ore
|-
| 143 || we (incl.) || *yane
|-
| 144 || new || *pɨcacu
|-
| 145 || cloud || *ɨbatiŋ
|-
| 146 || hollow || *ɨbɨ̃y
|-
| 147 || eye || *eca
|-
| 148 || jaguar || *yawar
|-
| 149 || ear || *nami
|-
| 150 || bone || *kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer
|-
| 151 || hear || *enub
|-
| 152 || egg || *upiʔa
|-
| 153 || father || *ub
|-
| 154 || pan || *yaʔẽ
|-
| 155 || pan || *yaẽpopo
|-
| 156 || parrot || *ayuru
|-
| 157 || pass || *pwan
|-
| 158 || bird || *wɨra
|-
| 159 || stick || *ɨbɨra
|-
| 160 || foot || *pɨ
|-
| 161 || rock || *ita
|-
| 162 || chest || *potiʔa
|-
| 163 || breast || *kam
|-
| 164 || fish || *pira
|-
| 165 || skin || *pir, *piruer
|-
| 166 || feather || *ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer
|-
| 167 || leg || *etɨmã
|-
| 168 || heavy || *pocɨy
|-
| 169 || neck || *ayur
|-
| 170 || person || *akwa
|-
| 171 || louse || *kɨb
|-
| 172 || variety of gnat || *piʔũ
|-
| 173 || past tense || *pwer
|-
| 174 || black || *un, *c-un
|-
| 175 || black, dark || *picun
|-
| 176 || burn || *kay
|-
| 177 || burn || *apɨ
|-
| 178 || hot || *akub
|-
| 179 || tail || *uway
|-
| 180 || split || *mobok, *bok
|-
| 181 || root || *apo
|-
| 182 || scrape || *karãy
|-
| 183 || round || *apuʔa
|-
| 184 || breathe || *pɨtu
|-
| 185 || river || *paranã
|-
| 186 || laugh || *puka
|-
| 187 || know || *kuwaab
|-
| 188 || sat || *yukɨr
|-
| 189 || saliva || *enɨ
|-
| 190 || blood || *uwɨ
|-
| 191 || heal || *pwerab
|-
| 192 || dry || *kaŋ
|-
| 193 || seed || *aʔɨ̃y
|-
| 194 || sit || *apɨk
|-
| 195 || sun || *kwaracɨ
|-
| 196 || blow || *peyu
|-
| 197 || dirty || *kɨʔa
|-
| 198 || dirty || *ipib
|-
| 199 || bamboo || *takwar
|-
| 200 || fear || *cɨkɨye
|-
| 201 || land || *ɨbɨ
|-
| 202 || all || *pab
|-
| 203 || three || *mocapɨr
|-
| 204 || intestines || *ɨʔe
|-
| 205 || one || *oyepeteĩ
|-
| 206 || fingernail || *pwã-pẽ
|-
| 207 || wind || *ɨbɨtu
|-
| 208 || see || *epyak
|-
| 209 || green || *obɨ
|-
| 210 || worm || *ceboʔi
|-
| 211 || red || *waŋ
|-
| 212 || red || *piraŋ
|-
| 213 || red || *pɨtaŋ
|-
| 214 || pour || *(ʔ)ẽ
|-
| 215 || come || *ur
|-
| 216 || live || *eko, *ekobe
|-
| 217 || ffly || *bebe
|-
| 218 || you (sing.) || *ne, *ene
|-
| 219 || you (pl.) || *pe- -ẽ
|-
| 220 || vomit || *weʔen
|-
| 221 || mad || *irõ
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Ka'apor Sign Language|Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1331v899 A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní]. ''LIAMES'' 15(2):193–221.
* O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/ohagan_et_al_tg_homeland_submitted.pdf Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland]. ''LIAMES'', Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Michael |first1=Lev |first2=Natalia |last2=Chousou-Polydouri |date=2020 |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/pubs/michael_chousou-polydouri_SAm_phylo_to_appear.pdf |title=Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages |journal=Language and Linguistics Compass |volume=13 |issue=12 |doi=10.1111/lnc3.12358|s2cid=210985305 }}

==Further reading==
* Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: ''Diachronica''. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]

==External links==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''[[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Tupi-Guarani reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Tupi-Guarani reconstructions]]'''''}}
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tupi–Guarani_languages Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~levmichael/research.html Publications by Lev Michael]

{{Tupian languages}}
{{South American languages}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupi-Guarani Languages}}
[[Category:Tupi–Guarani languages| ]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)]]