View source for Turkey Stearnes

{{Short description|American baseball player (1901–1979)}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
| name           = Turkey Stearnes
| image          = Turkey Stearnes.png
| position       = [[Outfielder]] / [[Manager (baseball)|Manager]]
| bats           = Left
| throws         = Left
| birth_date     = {{Birth date|1901|5|8}}
| birth_place    = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date     = {{Death date and age|1979|9|4|1901|5|8}}
| death_place    = [[Detroit]], Michigan, U.S.
| debutleague    = Negro leagues
| debutyear      = 1920
| debutteam      = Nashville Giants
| finalleague    = Negro leagues
| finalyear      = 1940
| finalteam      = Kansas City Monarchs
| statleague     = Negro leagues{{efn|On December 16, 2020, Major League Baseball declared certain Negro leagues, from the span of 1920–1948, to be "Major League".<ref>{{cite web|title=MLB officially designates the Negro Leagues as 'Major League'|url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-officially-designates-the-negro-leagues-as-major-league|website=MLB.com|date=December 16, 2020|access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> Stearnes' statistics reflect his time in the Negro leagues from 1923 to 1940.}}
| stat1label     = [[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]]
| stat1value     = .348
| stat2label     = [[Hit (baseball)|Hits]]
| stat2value     = 1,326
| stat3label     = [[Home run]]s
| stat3value     = 187
| stat4label     = [[Run batted in|Runs batted in]]
| stat4value     = 1,009
| stat5label     = [[Stolen base]]s
| stat5value     = 130
| stat6label     = Managerial record
| stat6value     = 0–3
| stat7label     = Winning percentage
| stat7value     = .000
| teams          = 
;As player
* [[Nashville Giants]] ({{baseball year|1920}})
* [[Montgomery Grey Sox]] ({{baseball year|1921}})
* [[Detroit Stars]] ({{baseball year|1923}}–{{baseball year|1931}})<ref name="detroitstars1925">[https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1Wcncq5-bHdZWh3U1ZuTnFpbUE "Champion Monarchs Open Season With Victory" The Kansas City Advocate, Kansas City, Kansas, Friday, May 29, 1925, Page 3, Columns 1 to 5]</ref>
* [[New York Lincoln Giants]] ({{baseball year|1930}})
* [[Kansas City Monarchs]] ({{baseball year|1931}}, {{baseball year|1934}}, {{baseball year|1938}}–{{baseball year|1940}})
* [[Chicago American Giants]] ({{baseball year|1932}}–{{baseball year|1935}}, {{baseball year|1937}}–{{baseball year|1938}})
* [[Philadelphia Stars (baseball)|Philadelphia Stars]] ({{baseball year|1936}})
* [[Detroit Stars (1937)|Detroit Stars]] ({{baseball year|1937}})
;As manager
* [[Detroit Stars (1937)|Detroit Stars]] ({{baseball year|1937}})
| highlights     = 
* 5× [[East-West All-Star Game|All-Star]] (1932, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939)
* 2× [[List of Major League Baseball batting champions#Negro leagues|Negro National League batting champion]] (1929, 1931)
* 7× [[List of Major League Baseball batting champions#Negro leagues|Negro National League home run leader]] (1924, 1925, 1927, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1940)
* [[Negro Southern League (1920–1936)|Negro Southern League]] pennant (1932)
* [[Negro American League]] pennant (1939)
| hoflink        = National Baseball Hall of Fame
| hoftype        = National
| hofdate        = [[2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|2000]]
| hofmethod      = Veterans Committee
}}

'''Norman Thomas''' "'''Turkey'''" '''Stearnes''' (May 8, 1901 – September 4, 1979) was an American baseball [[center fielder]]. He played 18 years in the [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]], including nine years with the [[Detroit Stars]] (1923–1931), six years with the [[Chicago American Giants]] (1932–1935, 1937–1938), and three years with the [[Kansas City Monarchs]] (1938–1940).

Stearnes ranks fifth in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) history with a .616 career [[slugging percentage]] and seventh in MLB history with a .348 career [[Batting average (baseball)|batting average]]. He led the [[Negro National League (1920–1931)|Negro National League]] (NNL) in [[home run]]s six times. He won the NNL batting championship in 1929 with a .390 batting average and repeated as batting champion in 1931 with a .376 average.

Stearnes was posthumously elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 2000.

== Early years ==
Stearnes was born in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], in 1901.<ref name="BR">{{cite web |title=Turkey Stearnes |publisher=Sports Reference |work=Baseball-Reference.com |access-date=July 8, 2023 |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/steartu99.shtml}}</ref> There are two versions as to how he acquired the nickname "Turkey". The most common version is that the name came from his unusual style of running the bases while flapping his arms. The second version, advanced by Stearnes himself, was that he gained the nickname due to a pot belly he had as a child.<ref name=Bak>Bak, pp. 93-94.</ref><ref name=Holway/>

Stearnes attended Pearl High School in Nashville. He later recalled: "I learned to play baseball in high school. We had a lot of sandlots. All the schools around there had clubs. At that time I was a pitcher. They were getting me to play every Friday."<ref name=Holway>{{cite book|author=John B. Holway|title=Blackball Stars: Negro League Pioneers|publisher=Meckler Books|year=1988|pages=250–251}}</ref> Stearnes' father died when he was 15 years old. Stearnes left school to find work to support his family.<ref name="THOF" /> Stearnes later recalled: "I just did any job that popped up, taking care of hogs or cows and anything like that. I worked at a grocery store, driving a wagon, delivering groceries. I worked at the Baptist Publishing Board, a janitor mostly, running errands."<ref>Bak, p 94.</ref> He continued to play sandlot baseball on Saturdays and Sundays.<ref name=Holway/>

== Professional baseball player ==
===Negro Southern League (1921-22)===
Stearnes began his career in professional baseball in 1921 with the Montgomery Grey Sox of the Southern Negro League. He was Montgomery's leadoff hitter and led the club to the league pennant. He switched to the Memphis Red Sox.<ref name=Bak>Bak, pp. 93-94.</ref> In his history of the Negro leagues, Mark Ribowsky described the impact Stearnes had in Montgomery:<blockquote>In Montgomery, Alabama, a cobralike outfielder, Norman "Turkey" Stearnes, was ripping up league pitching. All arms and legs, Stearnes was a pastiche of oddities; in his batting stance he leaned way forward and his back foot pointed straight up. When he ran, his elbows flapped in and out — thus his nickname. He choked up on a light, thin bat, yet he hit moonshot home runs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Ribowsky|title=A Complete History of the Negro Leagues: 1884-1955|publisher=Birch Lane Press|year=1995|page=116}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1922, Stearnes joined the Memphis Red Sox of the Southern Negro League and continued to play well. The [[Detroit Stars]] sent catcher [[Bruce Petway]] to Memphis to scout Stearnes, who was then playing first base and pitcher. Petway offered Stearnes a chance to play with the Stars in 1922. Stearnes declined, deciding to remain in Tennessee to finish high school.<ref name=Holway/><ref name=SABR>{{cite web|title=Turkey Stearnes|publisher=Society for American Baseball Research|author=Thomas Kern|url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/turkey-stearnes/#_edn12}}</ref>

===Detroit Stars (1923-31)===
After finishing high school, Stearnes traveled to Detroit and joined the Stars in March 1923. In an interview with Negro league historian John B. Holway, Stearnes described his move to Detroit:<blockquote>I came north in 1923, March 1. I came here to Detroit. I worked at the Briggs Manufacturing Company, the same man that owned the Tigers. All our gang. He gave us a job out there and we'd play semi-pro. We were painting the bodies of the cars. I was putting them into the drier myself. The white boys were painting. I'd put them on the drier for them. . . .  In '23 I was playing professional ball with the Detroit Stars out on Mack Avenue. . . .That was the biggest thing doing around here in the Detroit among the colored."<ref name=Holway/></blockquote>{{efn|According to Stearnes, many of the Stars players worked for Briggs: "We worked in the paint shop in the winter and played ball in the summer.  All that gang, about 19 of us, with the secretary and manager and all, about 22 or 23 of us."<ref>Bak, p. 183.</ref>}}

As a rookie in 1923, Stearnes immediately became one of the top players of the Negro National League (NNL). He led the NNL with 14 triples and ranked among the NNL leaders with 49 extra base hits (second), 136 putouts in center field (second), 17 home runs (third), 85 RBIs (third), 70 runs scored (third), 198 total bases (third), a .710 slugging percentage (third), and a .362 batting average (seventh).<ref name=BR/>

Stearnes' remained a fixture  with the Stars, holding down the center field position for nine years from 1923 to 1931. He had one of his finest seasons in 1925 when he hit for a .371 batting average and a .668 slugging percentage and led the NNL in hits (135), triples (14), home runs (19), and RBIs (126).<ref name=BR/>  Three years later in 1929, he recorded his first NNL batting championship with an average of .390 and also led the league with a .468 on-base percentage and a .672 slugging percentage.<ref name=BR/>

In 1930, Stearnes left Detroit to play for the New York Lincoln Giants. He returned to Detroit after playing 20 games in New York. Playing without Stearnes, the Stars finished fourth in the first half of the season; with Stearnes' return, they won the second-half pennant.<ref name=Holway/><ref name=SABR/>

In 1931, his final year with the Stars, Stearnes won his second NNL batting championship with a .376 average and again led the league in on-base percentage (.465) and slugging (.632).<ref name=BR/>

===Chicago/Cole's American Giants (1932-35)===
The Detroit Stars folded after the 1931 season, and Stearnes joined the [[1932 Cole's American Giants season|1932 Cole's American Giants]] of Chicago and helped lead the team to the Negro National League pennant. At the end of the 1932 season, the American Giants faced the Nashville Elite Giants in a postseason series. Stearnes played in two games and drove in five runs with seven hits.

Stearnes continued as the American Giants' center fielder through the 1935 season. He remained one of the best players in the Negro leagues. In 1934, he led the league's center fielders with a .989 fielding percentage. In 1935, he compiled a career-high .469 on-base percentage and ranked among the league's leaders with a .388 batting average (second), 52 RBIs (second), a .624 slugging percentage (second), 86 putouts in center field (second), and 106 total bases (third).<ref name=BR/>

===Philadelphia and Detroit (1936-37)===
In 1936, Stearnes played for the Philadelphia Stars. He led the Negro National League with five triples and 120 putouts by a center fielder and ranked among the leagues leaders with 122 total bases (second), 74 hits (second), 23 extra base hits (second), 43 RBIs (second), 45 runs scored (third), 10 home runs (third) and a .571 slugging percentage (fourth).<ref name=BR/>

Stearnes returned to Detroit Stars in 1937. His batting average dipped to .286 but he still ranked second in the league with five home runs.<ref name=BR/>

===Chicago and Kansas City (1937-40)===
Stearnes concluded his major-league career with the Chicago American Giants (1937–38) and [[Kansas City Monarchs]] (1938–40). In 1939, he compiled a .330 batting average and led the Negro American League (NAL) in both runs (47) and home runs (7). In 1940, his final major-league season, Stearnes at age 39 led the NAL in both RBIs (33) and home runs (5).<ref name=BR/>

===An all-around player: Power, average, speed, and fielding===
Despite his slender build, Stearnes led the Negro major leagues in home runs seven times—1924, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, and 1940. He hit a career-high 24 home runs in only NNL 80 games played in 1928. His 187 career home runs is the most in Negro leagues history, seven more than second-place [[Mule Suttles]].

In an interview with John Holway, Stearnes described the source of his power as follows: "I never did weigh over 168 pounds. Well, I have reached up to 175 my last few years in baseball. But people couldn't understand how I hit the ball so hard and far. . . . I was strong in my shoulders; that was the difference."<ref name=Holway/>

Despite being one of the Negro leagues' best home run hitters, he was typically a leadoff hitter. In his history of the Negro leagues, Leslie A. Heaphy wrote: "Stearnes generally led off even though he had a fair amount of power. His speed and his high average made him a great choice at the top of the order. . . . He also had great speed and a strong arm."<ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie A. Heaphy|title=The Negro Leagues, 1869-1960|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2003|page=72}}</ref>

Stearnes was also known for his unusual batting stance. The Negro League Baseball Museum described it as follows: "Stearnes had {{not a typo|an}} unique stance, with his front foot turned heel down and toe pointed straight up, but although not a heavy man, he was a natural hitter with powerful shoulders."<ref>{{cite web|title=Norman "Turkey" Stearns|publisher=Negro League Baseball Museum|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://nlbemuseum.com/history/players/stearnes.html}}</ref> Biographer Richard Bak described the stance as "right foot splayed, the toe pointed skyward."<ref name=Bak/> Satchel Paige noted: "He had a funny stance, but he could get around on you. . . . He was one of the greatest hitters we ever had. He was as good as Josh [Gibson]. He was as good as anybody ever played baseball."<ref>Bak, p. 95.</ref> Another contemporary, [[Jimmie Crutchfield]], recalled Stearnes as a "quicky-jerky sort of guy who could hit the ball a mile. Turkey had a batting stance that you'd swear couldn't let anybody hit a baseball at all. He'd stand up there looking like he was off balance. But, it was natural for him to stand that way, and you couldn't criticize him for it when he was hitting everything they threw at him!"<ref name=BHOF/>

Despite having played pitcher and first base before joining the Stars, Sternes also won a reputation as one of the best center fielders in the history of the Negro leagues. Negro league contemporary [[Ted Radcliffe]] opined that even "[[Cool Papa Bell]] couldn't field with Turkey Stearnes. [Bell] was faster, but Turkey Stearnes was one of the best fly ball men."<ref>Bak, pp. 94-95.</ref>

Stearnes' career totals rank him among the greatest batters in baseball history:
* His .6157 career slugging percentage ranks fifth in major-league history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Leaders & Records for Slugging %|publisher=Sports Reference|work=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/slugging_perc_career.shtml}}</ref> 
* His .348 career batting average ranks seventh highest in major-league history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average|publisher=Sports Reference|work=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/batting_avg_career.shtml}}</ref>  
* His .4168 on-base percentage ranks 24th highest in baseball history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Leaders & Records for On-Base %|publisher=Sports Reference|work=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/onbase_perc_career.shtml}}</ref>

He led [[Negro league baseball]] in triples six times (1923–1925, 1927, 1934, 1936), which is the most all-time. In light of [[Major League Baseball]] announcing several of the Negro Leagues from 1920 to 1948 as major leagues, Stearnes now shares the record for most times leading a league in triples with [[Sam Crawford]]. He is one of nine players in [[Negro league baseball]] history to have won multiple batting titles, with only [[Josh Gibson]] and [[Oscar Charleston]] having more than Stearnes, who won twice.

[[Cool Papa Bell]] said of Stearnes: "That man could hit the ball as far as anybody. And he was one of our best all-around players. He could field, he could hit, he could run. He had plenty of power."<ref name=BHOF>{{cite web|title=Turkey Stearnes|publisher=Baseball Hall of Fame|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/stearnes-turkey}}</ref>

== Family and later years ==
Despite his accomplishments, Stearnes had to work winters in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]'s auto plants to survive. He worked for 30 years for the [[Ford Motor Company]] in the foundry at the [[Ford River Rouge complex|River Rouge plant]].<ref name="Lapointe" />

In 1946, Stearnes was married to his wife, Nettie, a school teacher.<ref name="Lapointe">{{cite news |title=A man in our midst still lives, breathes baseball |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |author=Joe Lapointe |date=July 16, 1979 |page=1D |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-turkey-stearnes/127893713/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Nettie was also a niece of Negro league veteran [[Ted Radcliffe]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Bill Traughber|title=Turkey|newspaper=Nashville City Paper|date=July 27, 2001|page=1}}</ref> Stearnes and his wife lived in a modest house on Detroit's east side.<ref name=Bak/> They had two daughters, Joyce and Rosilyn.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Negro League star Turkey Stearnes, 78 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |author=Joe Lapointe |date=September 6, 1979 |page=5A |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-turkey-stearnes/127893789/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

In 1979, Stearnes had a heart attack. Later that year, he suffered complications after surgery at Detroit's Harper Hospital for a large stomach ulcer, falling into a coma.<ref name="DFP2000" /> He died on September 4, 1979, at the age of 78.

In 2023, Vanessa Ivy Rose, Stearnes' granddaughter released a 6-part podcast named "Reclaimed: The Forgotten League" which told the story of many of the greats of the Negro Leagues. It was promoted and distributed by ABC and ESPN's 30-for-30.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abcaudio.com/podcasts/reclaimed-forgotten-league/ | title=Reclaimed: The Forgotten League Podcast }}</ref>

==Baseball Hall of Fame and legacy==
Stearnes was not inducted into the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] during his lifetime. Even as the Hall began to induct others who had played only in the Negro leagues ([[Cool Papa Bell]] in 1974, [[Oscar Charleston]] in 1976, and [[Pop Lloyd]] in 1977), Stearnes was overlooked. Stearnes' widow Nettie noted: "Norman was very shy. He'd play very well, then go right home after the game."<ref name=bak1/>  Stearnes' biographer Richard Bak added: "Lacking a colorful personality, he never was a fixture in the storytelling that earned other Negro leaguers belated entry to Cooperstown in the 1970s and 1980s."<ref name=bak1>{{cite book|title=Turkey Stearnes and the Detroit Stars|author=Richard Bak|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1994|page=12}}</ref> A stand-offish personality likely also detracted from his popularity. Bob Sampson, who was track coach at Cass Tech High School, recalled: "You could go up to him and say something to him, but he wouldn't talk. Never seen anybody like him. . . . He was a peculiar fellow, but he sure could play the game."<ref>Bak, p. 97.</ref>{{efn|Other stories about Stearnes' lack of "public relations" sensibility are documented in Richard Bak's biography. In one instance, he grabbed a fan who snuck in through a hole in the center field fence and pushed him back through the hole. A teammate recalled: "After he left the ball field, that was it. You have to go out and meet the public. He wasn't that type."<ref>Bak, p. 134.</ref>}}

After Stearnes' death in 1979, Nettie led a 20-year campaign to have Stearnes inducted into the Hall of Fame.<ref name=nettie>{{cite news |title=Late Stars' star Stearnes makes local family proud |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |author=David A. Markewicz |date=March 1, 2000 |pages=1D, 4D |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-late-stars-star-stea/127894412/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Stearnes was finally inducted in July 2000.<ref name="DFP2000">{{cite news |title=Legendary Stearnes finally gets his due: Induction caps 20-year campaign |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |author=Charles Robinson |date=July 21, 2000 |pages=1C, 8C |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-turkey-stearnes/127894262/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> At the induction ceremony, Nettie said: "I prayed every morning for 20 years that this would happen. My husband was one of the greatest baseball players ever to play the game. . . . This is certainly an honor he deserved. We wish it could have happened during his lifetime."<ref>{{cite news |title=A place in history for Sparky, Turkey |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |author=Gene Guidi |date=July 24, 2000 |pages=1A, 2A |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-turkey-stearnes-hof/127894205/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Stearnes also received other notable posthumous honors, including the following:

* In 2001, baseball historian [[Bill James]] ranked Stearnes as the 25th greatest baseball player of all time.<ref>James, Bill (2001). ''The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract''. The Free Press.</ref>
* In July 2007, the [[Detroit Tigers]] held a Turkey Stearnes day at [[Comerica Park]]. As part of the ceremonies, a permanent plaque honoring Stearnes was unveiled outside the center field gate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's day|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=July 21, 2007|page=B1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-turkeys-day/129219930/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* Stearnes was inducted into the [[Michigan Sports Hall of Fame]] in February 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Head of the class|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=February 11, 2008|page=2B|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-head-of-the-class/129220851/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Norman Thomas (Turkey) Stearnes|publisher=Michigan Sports Hall of Fame|access-date=July 31, 2023|url=https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/turkey-stearns/}}</ref>
* Stearnes was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in February 2010.<ref name="THOF">{{cite web |title=Stearnes, Norman Thomas |publisher=Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=July 8, 2023 |url=https://tshf.net/halloffame/stearnes-norman-thomas-turkey/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=State Hall finally calls 'Turkey': Daughter says honor 'overdue'|newspaper=The Tennessean|author=Maurice Patton|date=February 16, 2020|page=2C|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-state-hall-finally-calls/129220315/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* In 2019, a display honoring Stearnes was included in the Hank Greenberg Walk of Heroes at The Corner Ballpark (the historic site of [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]]) at the intersection of Michigan and Trumbull Avenues in Detroit.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Hank Greenberg Walk of Heroes|newspaper=The Detroit Jewish News|author=Steve Stein|date=September 27, 2019|url=https://www.thejewishnews.com/news/local/the-hank-greenberg-walk-of-heroes/article_d1df3e97-092a-5b62-8997-0485168c9247.html}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{bbhof|stearnes-turkey}}
* {{Baseball stats|mlb=492584|br=s/steartu99}} and [https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=stearn001tur Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats] and [https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=stear01tur Seamheads]
* {{baseball-reference manager|steartu99}} and [https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/manager.php?playerID=stear01tur Seamheads]
* [http://coe.k-state.edu/annex/nlbemuseum/history/players/stearnes.html Negro Leagues Museum bio]
* [https://www.mlb.com/player/turkey-stearnes-492584 Officially recognized statistics into Major League Baseball's record book.]

{{2000 Baseball HOF}}
{{Baseball Hall of Fame members}}
{{Detroit Negro league baseball}}
{{Negro league baseball batting champions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stearnes, Turkey}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American sportsmen]]
[[Category:American expatriate baseball players in Cuba]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Nashville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Chicago American Giants players]]
[[Category:Detroit Stars (1937) players]]
[[Category:Detroit Stars players]]
[[Category:Kansas City Monarchs players]]
[[Category:Leopardos de Santa Clara players]]
[[Category:New York Lincoln Giants players]]
[[Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Philadelphia Stars players]]
[[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]]