View source for Tyana

{{Short description|Ancient city}}
{{for|the moth genus|Tyana (moth)}}
{{distinguish|Tynna|Tiana (disambiguation){{!}}Tiana}}
{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}
{{Infobox ancient site
  |name = Tyana
  |native_name = 
  |alternate_name = 
  |image = Tyana,_Cappadocia,_Turkey_(23777549058).jpg
  |caption = Tyana, Cappadocia, Turkey
  |map_type = Turkey
  |relief=yes
  |coordinates = {{coord|37|50|53|N|34|36|40|E|display=inline,title}}
  |location = [[Kemerhisar]], [[Niğde Province]], [[Turkey]]
  |region = [[Cappadocia]]
  |type = Settlement
  |condition = In ruins
}}
'''Tyana''', earlier known as '''Tuwana''' during the Iron Age, and '''Tūwanuwa''' during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the [[Anatolia]]n region of [[Cappadocia]], in modern [[Kemerhisar]], [[Niğde Province]], [[Central Anatolia Region|Central Anatolia]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Starke|2006|p=125}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2009|p=726}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=148}}|{{harvnb|Mouton|2014|p=249}}}}</ref>

It was the capital of a [[Luwian language|Luwian]]-speaking [[Neo-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite]] kingdom in the 1st millennium BC.{{sfn|Strobel|2010|p=52}}

==Name==
The name of the city was {{Transliteration|hit|Tūwanuwa}} ({{lang|hit|{{cuneiform|ana|𒌷𒌅𒌋𒉿𒉡𒉿}}}}{{sfn|Kryszeń|2023}}) during the Hittite Empire,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}} and {{Transliteration|hlu|Tuwana}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=520}} ({{lang|hlu|{{script|Hluw|𔑢𔗬𔐤𔔂}}}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=518}}) in the [[Luwian language]] during the Neo-Hittite period.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}} From the Luwian name {{Transliteration|hlu|Tuwana}} were derived:
* the Neo-Assyrian Akkadian name of the city, {{Transliteration|akk-x-neoassyr|Tuḫana}} ({{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒆳𒌅𒄩𒈾}}}}, {{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒌷𒌅𒄩𒈾}}}}, {{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒆳𒌓𒄩𒈾}}}}<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite web |title=Tuhanayu [OF TUHANA] (EN) |url=http://oracc.org/armep/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x000006390.html |website=Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Tuhanayu [OF TUHANA] (EN) |url=http://oracc.org/cams/akno/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x000000580.html |department=Ancient Knowledge Networks online |website=Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Tuhanayu [OF TUHANA] (EN) |url=http://oracc.org/riao/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x000001420.html |website=The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Tuhanayu [OF TUHANA] (EN) |url=http://oracc.org/rinap/cbd/qpn/x000005730.html |website=The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Tuhanayu [OF TUHANA] (EN) |url=http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x000006870.html |website=Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}}}</ref>),<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Bryce|2009|p=726}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=141}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=271}}|{{harvnb|Aro|2017}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2017|p=728}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2023|p=722}}}}</ref>
* the [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] name of the city, {{Transliteration|phn|{{sc|twn}}}} ({{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|𐤕𐤅𐤍}}}}),{{sfn|Aro|2017}}
* and the [[Ancient Greek]] name of the city, {{Transliteration|grc|Tuana}} ({{langx|grc|{{script|Grek|Τύανα}}}}; {{langx|la|Tyana}}).{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726–727}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

==Geography==
===Location===
The location of the Hittite Tūwanuwa/Neo-Hittite Tuwana/Classical Tyana corresponds to the modern-day town of [[Kemerhisar]] in [[Niğde Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Bryce|2009|p=726–727}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2010|p=56}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2023|p=921}}|{{harvnb|Aro|2023|p=114}}}}</ref>

===Surroundings===
The region around Tyana, which corresponded to roughly the same area as the former Iron Age kingdom of Tuwana, was known in Classical Antiquity as Tyanitis.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Starke|2006|p=125}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=148}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=284}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2017|p=722}}}}</ref> This region was surrounded to the south and southwest by the Taurus Mountains.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

==History==
According to later Hittite sources, Tūwanuwa was an important cult centre,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726–727}} and its local pantheon was headed by the Storm-god [[Tarḫunz]]as of Tūwanuwa and his consort, the goddess Šaḫḫaššara of Tūwanuwa.{{sfn|Singer|Hoffner|2002|p=89}}{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=117}}

===Bronze Age===
[[File:Map Hittite rule en.svg|thumb|left|250px|The Hittite Empire, with {{Transliteration|hit|Tūwanuwa|italics=no}} located in the [[Lower Land]].]]
The city of Tūwanuwa was first mentioned in the texts of the [[Hittites|Hittite Empire]], as a city located in southeastern Anatolia, in the northern regions of the [[Lower Land]]. According to the [[Telipinu Proclamation|{{Transliteration|en|Telipinu Proclamation}}]], Tūwanuwa was part of the territories that the 17th century BC founder-king of the Hittite Old Empire, [[Labarna I]], had conquered and which his sons divided among each other and established their rule there.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Mouton|2014|p=249}}

During the reign of the Hittite Middle Empire's king [[Tudhaliya III]], the cities of Tūwanuwa and [[Hyde (Cappadocia)|Uda]] had become border towns of the forces of [[Arzawa]] after it had invaded the Lower Land.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=727}}{{sfn|Mouton|2014|p=249}} Tūwanuwa itself was attacked by Arzawa, and Hittite records of this development associated Tūwanuwa with the town of Tupazziya and Mount Ammuna. Hittite descriptions of the city suggest that Tūwanuwa itself might have been located on a hill or a mountain at this time.{{sfn|Mouton|2014|p=249}}

The prince [[Šuppiluliuma I|Suppiluliuma]] fought a battle against the Arzawan forces near Tūwanuwa and recaptured Tūwanuwa, which then became a base from which the Hittite forces reconquered the Lower Land from Arzawa.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=727}}

Several Hittite texts associated Tūwanuwa with the cities of [[Nenašša]] and [[Ḫupišna]], attesting that they were located close to each other. The city of [[Purushanda|Purušḫattum]] was also located close to Tūwanuwa.{{sfn|Mouton|2014|p=249}}

{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{lang|hlu|{{script|Hluw|{{big|𔑢𔗬𔐤𔔂‎}}}}}} ({{Transliteration|hlu|Tuwana}})
| era                    = Iron Age
| year_start             = {{c.|12th century BC}} ?
| year_end               = {{c.|7th century BC}} ?
| event_start            = [[Late Bronze Age collapse]]
| p1                     = Hittite empire
| flag_p1                = Hittite KingdomsecXIV.png
| image_map              = Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png
| image_map_caption      = Tuwana (in blue) among the [[Neo-Hittite states]].
| image_map2             = NeoHittiteStates.gif
| map_caption2           = [[Tabal (region)|Tabal]] among the Neo-Hittite states.<br/>Tuwana was one of the constituent states of Tabal.
| capital                = Tuwana
| common_languages       = [[Luwian language|Luwian]]<br/>
[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]
| religion               = [[Luwian religion]]
| title_leader           = King
| leader1                = Warpalawas I
| year_leader1           = {{c.|early 8th c. BC}}
| leader2                = Sarruwannis
| year_leader3           = ? – {{c.|740 BC}}
| leader3                = Muwaḫḫaranis I
| year_leader4           = {{c.|740}}–705 BC
| leader4                = [[Warpalawas II]]
| year_leader5           = {{c.|late 8th c. BC}}
| leader5                = Muwaḫḫaranis II
| year_leader2           = {{c.|750 BC}}
| sovereignty_type       = Vassal of [[Tabal (state)|Tabal]] (mid 8th century BC)<br/>Vassal of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] ({{c.|740s}} - 705 BC)
| today                  = [[Turkey]]
}}

===Iron Age===
====Neo-Hittite Kingdom of Tuwana====
After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Tūwanuwa became the centre of the [[Luwian language|Luwian]]-speaking [[Neo-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite state]] of Tuwana{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}} in the [[Tabal (region)|region of Tabal]], in whose southernmost regions it was located.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=921}}

=====Location=====
The kingdom of Tuwana was located in southern [[Cappadocia]] and covered the territory located in the present-day [[Niğde Province|province of Niğde]] in Turkey,{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=388-389}} lying to the east of the [[Konya Plain]] and the Obruk Plateau across [[Lake Tuz]] and the Melendiz Mountains until the [[Mount Hasan|Hasandağ]] volcano to the north,{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=921}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=1000}} where the Erdaş and Hodul mountains formed its northern boundary by separating it from the [[Tabal (state)|kingdom of Tabal]],{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=921}} while to the south it extended to the south until the [[Cilician Gates]]{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=729}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=1000}} so that Tuwana was the first area travellers would reach after leaving [[Ḫiyawa]] to the north by passing through the Cilician Gates to cross the Taurus Mountains,{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=921}} and a stele bearing [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] inscriptions from İvriz testifies that Tuwana entertained close connections with Ḫiyawa to its south.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

Tuwana thus corresponded to the region which later in Classical Antiquity was called Tyanitis.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=729}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=722}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=724}}

Tuwana was therefore located in the southern Tabalian region,{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=722}} of which it was the largest and most prominent kingdom, with its territory consisting of several settlements surrounding the royal capital at the city of Tuwana,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}} although the city of Naḫitiya (modern [[Niğde]]; possibly Hittite period Naḫita{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=494}}) might have temporarily acted as capital under the reign of the king Sarruwannis.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148–149}} Another important settlement in Tuwana was the location known in Classical Antiquity as [[Tynna]] and presently as Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük.{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=1000}}

By the 8th century BC, Tuwana's territory included the Mount Mudi,{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=152}} which was likely identical with the "alabaster mountain," Mount Mulî, which the Neo-Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser III]] climbed and from where he extracted [[alabaster]] during his campaign in the Tabalian region in 837 BCE. The name {{Transliteration|akk-x-neoassyr|Mulî}} ({{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒆳𒈬𒇷𒄿}}}}<ref> {{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite web |title=Mulu [1] (GN) |url=http://oracc.org/armep/cbd/qpn/x000127670.html |website=Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN) |url=http://oracc.org/riao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40riao%2Fria5%25akk%3A%7BKUR%7Dmu-li-i%3DMuli%5BMount%20Muli%2F%2FMount%20Muli%5DGN%C2%B4GN%24Muli |website=The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN) |url=http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn/x000111630.html |website=Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}|{{cite web |title=Muli [MOUNT MULI] (GN) |url=http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000024100.html |website=Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}}}</ref>) was the Akkadian form of a Luwian original name {{Transliteration|hlu|Mudi}} ({{lang|hlu|{{script|Hluw|𔑿𔑣}}}})<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Hawkins|2000b|p=523}}|{{harvnb|Hawkins|2000a|p=521-525}}|{{harvnb|Weeden|2017|p=727}}|{{cite web |url=http://luwian.web-corpora.net/luwian_corpus/docs/1310 |title=BULGARMADEN |last1=Yakubovich |first1=Ilya |last2=Arkhangelskiy |first2=Timofey |website=Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts |access-date=25 March 2023 }}}}</ref> which had experienced the Luwian sound shift from {{IPAslink|d}} to {{IPAslink|l}}.{{sfn|Hawkins|1997|p=414}}{{sfn|D'Alfonso|2012|p=178}}

Based on the close association of the "silver mountain," Mount Tunni, with Mount Mulî in the Neo-Assyrian records, both of these mountains were located close to each other, in the northeastern end of the [[Bolkar Mountains|Bolkar]] and Taurus Mountains, where are presently located the silver mines of Bulgarmaden and the [[gypsum]] mine at [[Tunna|Porsuk]]-[[Tunna|Zeyve Höyük]].{{sfn|Hawkins|1997|p=414}}{{sfn|Streck|2014|p=189-190}} An inscription from the silver mines in the Bolkar Mountains suggests that these metallic resources constituted an important source of income for Tuwana.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

=====History=====
Tuwana might have been ruled by a single dynasty consisting of the kings Warpalawas I, followed by his son Sarruwannis, who was succeeded by his own son Muwaḫḫaranis I, himself succeeded by his son [[Warpalawas II]], whose son and successor was Muwaḫḫaranis II.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=149}}

Tuwana was spared by the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III's invasion of the Tabalian region which he conducted in 837 BC.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=240}}

======Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire======
By {{c.|738 BC}}, the Tabalian region, including Tuwana, had become a tributary of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], either after the Neo-Assyrian king [[Tiglath-pileser III]]'s ({{Reign|745|727 BCE}}) conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=144}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=271}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=389}}

Consequently, the longest reigning king of Tuwana, [[Warpalawas II]], was mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as one of five kings who offered tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 and 737 BC.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2014|p=408}}
[[Image:IvrizRelief.JPG|left|thumb|250px|[[İvriz relief]], depicting Warpalawas II (smaller, on the right) worshipping the Storm-god [[Tarḫunz]]as (taller, on the left)]]

Tuwana was a powerful state under Warpalawas II, under whose reign it contained one sub-kingdom whose capital was at the site corresponding to present-day [[Porsuk, Ulukışla|Porsuk]], and whose ruler Tarḫunazzas declared himself to be the "servant" of Warpalawas.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Hawkins|1997|p=414}}|{{harvnb|Starke|2006|p=125}}|{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|p=149}}|{{harvnb|Hawkins|2014|p=408}}}}</ref> Furthermore, the king [[Wasusarmas]] of [[Tabal (state)|Tabal]] listed Warpalawas as one of his allies.{{sfn|Starke|2006|p=125}}

By the time of the Neo-Assyrian king [[Sargon II]] ({{Reign|722|705 BC}}), Tuwana was one of the last still independent Tabalian kingdoms, although it was coming under the pressure of both the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the kingdom of [[Phrygia]] because of its location between these two powers.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2014|p=408}} Some [[Old Phrygian]] inscriptions on basalt, possibly dated from Warpalawas II's reign, as well as the Phrygian robe depicted as worn by Warpalawas II in his [[İvriz relief|İvriz monument]], suggest that aspects of Phrygian culture were arriving into Tuwana during the late 8th century BC in the time of Warpalawas II,{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=150}} and three tumulus graves with Phrygian metal objects have been discovered at Kaynarca.{{sfn|Aro|2017}} The ruling dynasty of Tuwana consequently exhibited a unique mix of Luwian, Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian elements in their style and iconography.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

Warpalawas II nevertheless appears to have carried out a policy of cooperation with the Neo-Assyrian Empire, thanks to which he was able to keep his throne until the {{c.|700s BC}}.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=150}}

And, after Sargon II had annexed the kingdom of Tabal, then reorganised as the kingdom of Bīt-Burutaš, and deported its king Ambaris in 713 BC, he increased Tuwana's territory in the broader Tabalian region by giving Warpalawas II part of the territory of Bīt-Burutaš.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}

======Imposition of Neo-Assyrian governorship======
Tuwana however appears to have come under direct Assyrian rule during the later years of Warpalawas II's reign, especially following the annexation of the kingdom of Tabal, then reorganised as the kingdom of Bīt-Burutaš, and the deportation of its king Ambaris in 713 BC, after which Sargon II appointed one Aššur-šarru-uṣur as governor of Que based in Ḫiyawa who also held authority on [[Ḫilakku]] and the Tabalian region, including both Bīt-Burutaš and Tuwana.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=685}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=152}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=158-159}}

Thus Tuwana and other nearby Anatolian kingdoms were placed the authority of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=152}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=284-285}} Following the appointment of Aššur-šarru-uṣur, Warpalawas II of Tuwana and [[Awarikus]] of Ḫiyawa became largely symbolic rulers although they might have still held the power to manage their kingdoms locally.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=284}}

The reason for these changes was due to the fact that, although Warpalawas II and Awarikus had been loyal Neo-Assyrian vassals, Sargon II considered them as being too elderly to be able to efficiently uphold Neo-Assyrian authority in southeastern Anatolia, where the situation had become volatile because of encroachment by the then growing power of [[Phrygia|Phrygian kingdom]].{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=284}} Tuwana nevertheless appears to have continued to thrive as a Neo-Assyrian vassal during the rules of Warpalawas II and his son and successor, Muwaḫḫaranis II.{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=117}}

Some cities in these new territories from Bīt-Burutaš which Sargon II had assigned to Warpalawas II were later attacked and occupied by Atuna and Ištuanda in {{c.|710 BC}}.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}

The last known king of Tuwana was Muwaḫḫaranis II, the son of Warpalawas II.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2014|p=408}} As in the latter part of his father's reign, Tuwana during the rule of Muwaḫḫaranis II was under direct rule of the Neo-Assyrian governor Aššur-šarru-uṣur.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=152}}

======Regained independence======
Muwaḫḫaranis II might have continued to rule in Tabal into the 7th century BC,{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=123}} by which time Neo-Assyrian control of the Tabalian region had ended.{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=}}

A late 8th century BC king named Masauraḫissas{{sfn|Adiego|2019|p=153-154}} is also attested from an inscription at Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük, although it is uncertain whether he was the king of another state (he is commonly assumed to have been a ruler of Tunna), or whether he ruled in Tuwana after Muwaḫḫaranis II.{{sfn|Simon|2013|p=285-290}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=1002}} Masauraḫissas's name might possibly have been a Luwianisation of a Phrygian name {{Transliteration|xpg|Masa Urgitos}}.{{sfn|Summers|2023|p=115}}

By {{c.|675 BC}}, Neo-Assyrian sources no longer referred to the local Tabalian kings, suggesting that they, including Tuwana, might have been annexed by the king Iškallû of Tabal proper, after which it possibly became part of the united kingdom of Tabal and Melid of the king Mugallu.{{sfn|Simon|2013|p=288}}

The situation of Tuwana following the loss of Neo-Assyrian control over the Tabalian region after 705 BC is unknown, and it might have been annexed by a neighbouring state, such as Ḫilakku, Ḫiyawa, or Mugallu's united kingdom of [[Tabal (region)#Renewed independence|Tabal]] and [[Melid]].{{sfn|Simon|2021|p=679}} Nevertheless, survival of the city's name until the Classical period suggests that there was no significant cultural break there after the end of the 8th century BC.{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=117}}

=====Society=====
Tuwana was a region of intensive economic and cultural exchange and a political centre.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

======Population======
Tuwana was a state whose population was descended from the largely [[Luwians|Luwian]] inhabitants of the former Hittite region of Tūwanuwa.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=148}}

======Religion======
The god Tarḫunzas was the most popular iconographic motif on the stelae and rock motifs of Tuwana. He was always depicted carrying a bundle of ears of grain and a vine which grew out of his shows and represented his vegetative role.{{sfn|Aro|2017}}

=====List of rulers=====
*Warpalawas I ?, {{Reign|single={{c.|early 8th century BC}}}}
*Sarruwannis ({{langx|hlu|𔗔𔗑𔗬𔗐𔗔}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=515}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=514}}), {{Reign|single=first half of 8th century BC}}
*Muwaḫḫaranis I ({{langx|hlu|𔑾𔗬𔓷𔖱𔗐𔗔}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=520}}), {{Reign||{{c.|740 BC}}}}
*[[Warpalawas II]] ({{langx|hlu|𔗬𔖱𔕸𔓊𔗬𔗔}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=520}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=518}} {{langx|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒁹𒌨𒁄𒆷𒀀}}|translit=[[Diš|ᵐ]]Urpallâ}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Urpalla [1] (PN) |url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/saa11/cbd/qpn/x000005850.html |department=Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration |website=State Archives of Assyria Online |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Urpalla [1] (PN) |url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/cbd/qpn/x000030490.html |website=State Archives of Assyria Online |series=[[Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus]] |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] }}</ref>), {{Reign|{{c.|740 BCE}}|705 BC}}
* Muwaḫḫaranis II ({{langx|hlu|𔑾𔗬𔓷𔖱𔗐𔗔}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=527}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=526}}), {{Reign|{{c.|late 8th century BC}}|unknown}}
*Masauraḫissas{{sfn|Adiego|2019|p=153}} ? ({{langx|hlu|𔒅𔗔𔖙𔖱𔗒𔑷𔗦}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000b|p=528}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2000c|p=527}})

===Achaemenid period===
Tyana remained an important city in the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid period]], when it was mentioned by [[Xenophon]] in the [[Anabasis (Xenophon)|{{Transliteration|la|Anabasis}}]].{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=378}}

=== Hellenistic period ===
[[File:NigdeMuseumTyana.jpg|thumb|Artifacts from Tyana in [[Niğde Archaeological Museum]]]]
[[File:Tyana,_Cappadocia,_Turkey_(23777522658).jpg|thumb|Tyana archeological site]]
[[File:Tyana,_Cappadocia,_Turkey_(23777570238).jpg|thumb|Roman Aqueduct of Tyana]]
[[File:TyanaAquädukt3.jpg|thumb|left|Roman Aqueduct of Tyana]]
By the Graeco-Roman period, the city became known as Tyana ({{langx|grc|{{script|Grek|Τύανα}}|translit=Túana}}; {{langx|la|Tyana}}), and the country around it as Tyanitis ({{langx|grc|Τυανῖτις|translit=Tuanîtis}}; {{langx|la|Tyanitis}}).{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=726–727}}{{sfn|Mouton|2014|p=249}}

In Greek legend, the city was first called Thoana because Thoas, a [[Thrace|Thracian]] king, was its founder ([[Arrian]], ''Periplus Ponti Euxini'', vi); it was in [[Cappadocia]], at the foot of the [[Taurus Mountains]] and near the Cilician Gates ([[Strabo]], XII, 537; XIII, 587). According to Strabo the city was renamed as "Eusebeia at the Taurus", likely due to its refoundation by [[Ariarathes V of Cappadocia|Ariarathes V Eusebes]]. In the first century B.C., the city had a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]].{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=378}}

During the Hellenistic period, Tyana was renamed as Eusebeia near the Taurus ({{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ}}}}), and was the second most important city in Cappadocia after [[Caesarea (Mazaca)|Mazaca]].{{sfn|Strobel|2010|p=52}}

=== Roman period ===
In the first century of Roman rule of Cappadocia, the city was one of the only four major "cities" in the region and among those the most hellenised and therefore the closest to a Roman city.{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|p=15}} Tyana is the reputed birthplace of the celebrated philosopher (and reputed saint or magician) [[Apollonius of Tyana]] in the first century AD. [[Ovid]] ([[Metamorphoses (poem)|Metamorphoses]] VIII) places the tale of [[Baucis and Philemon]] in the vicinity.

Under [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]], the city became ''Antoniana colonia Tyana''. After having sided first with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] ruler [[Shapur I|Shapur]] in 260 and then Queen [[Zenobia]] of [[Palmyra]], [[Siege of Tyana (272)|it was captured]] by emperor [[Aurelian]] in 272, who would not allow his soldiers to sack it, allegedly because [[Apollonius of Tyana|Apollonius]] appeared to him. It is more likely though that the city was its strategic importance in a fertile plain and as a major stop linking Anatolia with Cilicia.{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|pp=16–17}}

In 372, Emperor [[Valens]] split the [[Roman province|province]] of Cappadocia in two, and Tyana became the capital and metropolis of ''[[Cappadocia Secunda]]'', and the city was sometimes referred to as '''Christoupolis''' ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|{{script|Grek|Χριστούπολις}}|lit=city of Christ}}) in [[Late Antiquity]].{{sfn|Fiaccadori|1991|p=2130}}{{sfn|Strobel|2010|p=52}}

Due to its location, the city was on one of the [[Pilgrim's Road|major Christian pilgrim routes]] in the empire and also had its own local saints such as [[Orestes of Cappadocia|Orestes]], who according to tradition was [[Christian martyr|martyred]] in Late Antiquity in Tyana and remained a venerated figure in Cappadocia up to the tenth century at least.{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|pp=165–166}}

===Byzantine period===
[[File:Arab-Byzantine frontier zone.svg|thumb|Map of the Arab-Byzantine frontier region, with Tyana in the lower left corner]]
In the fifth century, Cooper and Decker estimate that the city had possibly a population of no more than 10,000.{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|p=47}} Being located around 30&nbsp;km to the north of the Cilician Gates, Tyana lied on the main road between Constantinople and the Levant. Following the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] and the establishment of the frontier between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Caliphate]] along the [[Taurus Mountains]], this made Tyana a recurrent target of raids by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and then [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliphates in 708, 806 and 831:{{sfn|Fiaccadori|1991|p=2130}}
*the city was first [[Siege of Tyana|sacked]] by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] after a long siege in 708,{{sfn|Fiaccadori|1991|p=2130}}<ref>Treadgold (1988), p. 275–276</ref> and remained deserted for some time before being rebuilt
*it was then [[Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)|occupied]] by the [[Abbasid]] caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] in 806. Harun began converting the city into a military base and even erected a [[mosque]] there, but evacuated it after the Byzantine emperor [[Nikephoros I]] bought a peace.<ref>Treadgold (1988), p. 145</ref>

The city was again taken and razed by the Abbasids under [[Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun]] in 831.<ref>Treadgold (1997), p. 341</ref> Abbas rebuilt the site three years later as an Abbasid military colony in preparation for Caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]'s planned conquest of Byzantium, but after Ma'mun's sudden death in August 833 the campaign was abandoned by his successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] and the half-rebuilt city was razed again.<ref>Treadgold (1988), pp. 279–281</ref>{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|p=23}}

Tyana finally entered into a permanent phase of decline after 933{{sfn|Fiaccadori|1991|p=2130}} and lost its importance to [[Niğde|Nakida]].{{sfn|Strobel|2010|p=52}}

In the Middle and Late Byzantine periods the city recovered somewhat as a place of relative agricultural and commercial importance, but it never hosted more than a few thousand inhabitants.{{sfn|Cooper|Decker|2012|pp=23–24}}

===Modern period===
Insignificant ruins of the Byzantine city are still visible at the site of Tyana in the present.{{sfn|Fiaccadori|1991|p=2130}}

==Ecclesiastical history==
Beginning in 325, Tyana became the seat of a bishopric and then of a metropolitan, and would remain so until the 14th century.{{sfn|Strobel|2010|p=52}}

As noted, in 372 Emperor [[Valens]] created the province of ''Cappadocia Secunda'', of which Tyana became the metropolis. This aroused a violent controversy between [[Anthimus of Tyana|Anthimus]], Bishop of Tyana, and St. [[Basil of Caesarea]], each of whom wished to have as many [[suffragan]] sees as possible. About 640 Tyana had three, and it was the same in the tenth century ([[Heinrich Gelzer]], "Ungedruckte ... Texte der Notitiae episcopatum", 538, 554).

[[Le Quien]] mentions 28 bishops of Tyana,<ref>{{Oriens Christianus|volume=1|at=cols. 395–402}}</ref> among whom were:
*Eutychius, at Nice in 325
*Anthimus, the rival of [[St. Basil]]
*Aetherius, at Constantinople in 381
*Theodore, the friend of [[St. John Chrysostom]]
*Eutherius, the partisan of [[Nestorius]], deposed and exiled in 431
*Cyriacus, a [[Severians|Severian]] [[Monophysite]].

In May 1359, Tyana still had a [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] (Mikelosich and Müller, "Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani", I, 505); in 1360 the [[metropolitan of Caesarea]] secured the administration of it (op. cit., 537). Thenceforth the see was titular.

In 2020, during excavations the archaeologists discovered an octagonal church and coins dated to the 4th century.<ref>[https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/1-600-year-old-octagonal-church-found-in-central-anatolia-157255 1,600-year-old octagonal church found in Central Anatolia]</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{refend}}

== Sources ==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* {{The Byzantine Revival, 780–842}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* {{Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Tyana}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kemerhisar.net Tyana in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202004418/http://kemerhisar.net/ |date=2007-02-02 }} Nigde city. Tyana and Apollonius
* [https://www.livius.org/tt-tz/tyana/tyana.html Tyana (Kemerhisar)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106132716/http://www.livius.org/tt-tz/tyana/tyana.html |date=2013-11-06 }}

{{History of Turkey timeline|state=expanded}}
{{Former settlements in Turkey|state=expanded}}
{{Neo-Hittite states|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Central Anatolia region]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]]
[[Category:Neo-Hittite states]]
[[Category:Tabal]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Cappadocia]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Niğde Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Niğde Province]]
[[Category:History of Niğde Province]]
[[Category:Coloniae (Roman)]]