View source for Type IX submarine

{{Short description|German type of large ocean-going submarines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
 | image = U-505chicago b.jpg
 | image_caption = {{GS|U-505||2}}, a type IXC U-boat
 }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
 | name = Type IX
 | builders = 
 | operators = *{{navy|Nazi Germany|name=''Kriegsmarine''}}
               * {{navy|Empire of Japan}}
               * {{navy|Soviet Union}} 
               * {{navy|France}}
               * {{navy|Canada}}
 | class_before = [[Type I submarine|Type I]]
 | class_after = * [[Type XXI submarine|Type XXI]]
 | subclasses = * Type IXA
                * Type IXB
                * Type IXC
                * Type IXC/40
                * Type IXD1
                * Type IXD2
                * Type IXD/42
 | cost = 
 | built_range = 1937-1945
 | in_service_range = 1938-1945
 | in_commission_range = 
 | total_ships_building = 195
 | total_ships_planned = 290
 | total_ships_completed = 194
 | total_ships_canceled = 95
 | total_ships_laid_up = 
 | total_ships_lost = 
 | total_ships_retired = 
 | total_ships_preserved = 2
 }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
 | hide_header = 
 | header_caption = 
 | propulsion = *2 × [[MAN SE|MAN]] M&nbsp;9&nbsp;V&nbsp;40/46 supercharged 9-cylinder diesel engines, {{convert|4400|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}} (surfaced)
                * 2 × [[Siemens-Schuckert|SSW]] 1&nbsp;GU&nbsp;345/34 [[Motor-generator|double-acting electric motors]], {{convert|1000|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}} (submerged)
 | test_depth = *{{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 | complement = 48 to 56 (55 to 63 in Type IXD)
 | armament = *6 × [[torpedo tube]]s (4 bow, 2 stern)
              * 22 × {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo]]es (24 in Type IXD)
              * 1 × [[10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun]]
              * various AA guns
 | notes = 
 | speed = *{{convert|18.2|kn|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=out}} (surfaced)
           * {{convert|7.7|kn|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=out}} (submerged)
 | range = *{{convert|13,450|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
           * {{convert|63|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} submerged
 }}
}}

The '''Type IX U-boat''' was designed by [[Nazi Germany]]'s ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' in 1935 and 1936 as a large ocean-going [[submarine]] for sustained operations far from the home support facilities. It was derived from the [[Type I submarine|Type IA]] and appeared in various sub-types.{{sfn|Williamson|2005|p=40}}{{sfn|Showell|2006|p=83}}{{efn|Showell states that the ''Type IX'' submarine was designed as a further development of the [[Type U 81 submarine|''U81'']].{{sfn|Showell|2006|p=83}}}}

Type IXs had six [[torpedo tube]]s; four at the bow and two at the stern. They carried six reloads internally and ten spare torpedoes externally in pressure-tight containers. Type IX boats could also be fitted for mine operations; as mine-layers they could carry 44 [[TMA mine|TMA]] or 60 [[TMB mine]]s.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=104}}

Secondary armament was provided by one [[10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun|{{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} deck gun]] with 180 rounds. Anti-aircraft armament differed throughout the war.

== Design ==
The [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] of 1935 allowed Germany to build a U-Boat fleet of {{cvt|22050|t|LT}}. Parts for two [[Type I submarine|Type I]], twenty-four [[Type II submarine|Type II]] and ten [[Type VII submarine|Type VII]] U-boats had already been produced before the conclusion of the agreement and these thirty-six U-boats comprising {{cvt|12500|t|LT}} were built within the year. The German Navy wanted to spend the remaining {{cvt|9950|t|LT}} on a large {{cvt|750|t|LT}} U-boat, capable of operating in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In order to speed up construction, the existing Type I design was modified to fulfill the extra requirements. To improve speed, a more powerful diesel engine was installed. The upper deck was widened so that ten spare torpedoes could be stored below in water-tight containers.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=103-105}}

== Subclasses ==

=== Type IXA ===
{{Main|Type IXA submarine}}The first four Type IX U-boats were ordered on 29 July 1936 from [[DeSchiMAG]] [[AG Weser]] in [[Bremen]],{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=105}} and on 21 November a further four were ordered from the same yard.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=109}} The eight U-boats were commissioned in 1938-39. Six were lost in action and two were scuttled at the end of the war.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=96}}

=== Type IXB ===
{{Main|Type IXB submarine}}On 17 July 1937 the British amended the Anglo-German Naval Agreement for an expansion of their submarine fleet. As a consequence Germany was also allowed more tonnage for their U-boats and part of this tonnage was used to order two Type IXB on 21 July. The Type IXB was a identical to the Type IXA, except for a wider outer hull,{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=109}} which increased fuel storage to {{cvt|165|t|LT}}.{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}} In 1938, the Germans invoked a clausule of the Anglo-German Naval- Agreement which allowed them to build submarines in parity with the British. A further eight Type IXB were ordered on 24 May 1938 and a ninth was ordered on 9 August.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=115}} A total of fourteen Type IXB was ordered from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen. These U-boats were commissioned in 1939-40. Thirteen were sunk in the course of the war, the remaining one was decommissioned and sabotaged when [[Lorient Submarine Base]] was evacuated in 1944.{{Sfn|Kemp|1999|p=197}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=97}}

=== Type IXC ===
The Type IXC had again a wider outer hull, with storage for an additional 43 tonnes of fuel, increasing the boat's range. This series omitted the control room periscope leaving the boats with two tower scopes.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=117-118}} The 35 boats of {{GS|U-162|1941|2}} through {{GS|U-170||2}} and {{GS|U-505||2}} through {{GS|U-550||2}} were not fitted for mine operations.{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}} 

The first ten Type IXC were ordered on 7 August 1939.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=117}} Three shipyards, DeSchiMAG AG Weser and [[Seebeckwerft]] of Bremen, and [[Deutsche Werft]] of [[Hamburg]] built 54 Type IXC submarines, which were commissioned in 1941-42. 49 Type IXC U-boats were lost. Two were decommissioned in French ports and could not be evacuated to Germany when the Allies overran France in 1944.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=98}} One was given to Japan as a gift from Hitler, one surrendered at the end of the war, and ''U-505'' was captured at sea and survives at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web |title=U-505 (German Submarine) |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212012351/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=2008-06-11 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=National Park Service |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=98}}

=== Type IXC/40 ===
Type IXC/40 was an improved Type IXC with slightly increased range and some were commissioned with a schnelltauchback that made diving easier and faster .{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=126}} The 87 Type IXC/40 U-boats built at DeSchiMAG AG Weser and Seebeckwerft of Bremen, and Deutsche Werft of Hamburg were commissioned in 1942-44.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=99-101}} After the decision of [[Karl Dönitz]] on 13 August 1943 to focus on the construction of the new [[Elektroboot|Elektroboote]], on 30 September 1943, the outstanding order for 71 Type IXC/40 was cancelled.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=216}} 64 Type IXC/40 were lost in action, four were decommissioned before the end of the war, two were scuttled, one was transferred to the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] and sixteen surrendered.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=99-101}} The Type IXC/40 {{GS|U-534||2}} was sunk on 5 May 1945, but raised and is on display at Woodside Ferry Terminal, [[Birkenhead]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The U-Boat Story - The Story of World War 2 German Submarine ''U-534'' |url=http://www.u-boatstory.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828150544/http://www.u-boatstory.co.uk/ |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=6 February 2010 |work=u-boatstory.co.uk}}</ref>{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=100}}

=== Type IXD1 ===
After the cancelling of the Type XI U-cruisers at the beginning of the war which were intended for patrols against independently sailing vessels in remote areas, Dönitz sought a way to replace these U-cruisers with an existing design that could be modified without much impact on existing U-boat production. The solution was to adapt the Type IXC into two designs : a high-speed Type IXD1 and a long-range Type IXD2. On 28 May 1940 the first IXD U-boats were ordered.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=150}} Only two Type IXD1 U-boats were built,{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=102}} {{GS|U-180||2}} was commissioned on 10 December 1941 and {{GS|U-195||2}} on 8 April 1942.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=159}}

The Type IXD1 was significantly longer and heavier than the IXC/40. It had three pairs of 20-Cylinder, four-stroke Daimler Benz MB501 diesels, which were also used for [[E-boat|E-boats]], with a total of {{convert|9000|bhp|lk=off|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=102}} This installation was not successful: it produced too much exhaust smoke, and the heat in the engine room was unbearable because of defective cooling.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=|pp=150-151}}{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=231-232}} Since they were not fit for war patrols, it was decided in the autumn of 1943 to convert the two Type IXD1 U-boats into transport U-boats. They had their torpedo tubes removed and the six diesel engines were replaced with two Type VIIC {{convert|3200|bhp|lk=off|abbr=on}} Germaniawerft F46 diesel engines.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=206}} As a consequence top speed dropped to {{convert|15.8|kn||abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=337}} In their new role they could transport 252 tonnes of cargo.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=206}}

=== Type IXD2 and IXD/42 ===
{{see also|Focke-Achgelis Fa 330}}Apart from the two standard  MAN M9V40/46 diesel engine totalling {{convert|4400|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}, the Type IXD2 had two extra six-cylinder, four-stroke MWM RS34S diesel generators totalling {{convert|1000|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} for economical cruising.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=103}}The IXD2 had a range of {{convert|23700|nmi}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=75}} and {{convert|31,500|nmi}} {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}. The IXD/42 was almost identical.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=104}} Most of the Type IXD2 were sent to patrols in the [[Indian Ocean]] as part of the [[Monsun Gruppe]] and were equipped with a [[Focke-Achgelis Fa 330]] [[rotor kite]] which was stored in two watertight vertical canister behind the [[conning tower]].{{Sfn|Paterson|2016|pp=92-94}}

The first two Type IXD2 U-boats were ordered on 15 August 1940.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=126}} DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen built 28 Type IXD2 U-boats, which were commissioned in 1942-44.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=103}} Following the decision by Dönitz to stop building conventional U-boats, the orders for 22 Type IXD/42 U-boats was cancelled. Only two that were already under construction by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen, were continued. Only {{GS|U-883||2}} was launched on 28 April 1944 and commissioned 27 March 1945, and surrendered at the end of the war. The other Type IXD/42 {{GS|U-884||2}} was launched on 17 May 1944 but was badly damaged on 30 March 1945 by US bombs while still in the dockyard and never commissioned.{{sfn|Rössler|2001|p=216}}{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=104}}

== In foreign service ==

* {{GS|U-123|1940|2}} had been scuttled in Lorient but was raised by the French after the war, repaired and recommissioned as ''Blaison''.{{Sfn|Kemp|1999|p=197}}
* {{GS|U-510||2}} was returning from the [[Far East]] to [[Saint-Nazaire submarine base]] when the war ended and was captured there by the French.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=690-691}} The U-boat was commissioned into the French Navy as ''Bouan''.{{Sfn|Watts|1977|p=24}}
* {{GS|U-511||2}} was a gift from [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to Japan, she arrived on 16 September 1943 in Japan and was renamed ''Ro-500''.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=776}}
* {{GS|U-1224||2}} was another gift from Hitler to Japan. A Japanese crew was brought to Germany to commission her on 14 February 1944.{{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|p=101}} She sailed for Japan on 30 March and was lost on her way.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=538-539}}
* {{GS|U-181||2}}, {{GS|U-862||2}} and {{GS|U-195||2}} were in the Far East when Germany surrendered in May 1945, were captured by the Japanese and commissioned into the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] as ''I-501'', ''I-502'' and ''I-506'' respectively.''{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=694}}''
* {{GS|U-1231||2}} surrendered at the end of the war and was given as a war prize to the [[Soviet Union]]. She was commissioned in the [[Soviet Navy]] as ''N.26''.{{Sfn|Watts|1977|p=27}}
* {{GS|U-190||2}} and {{GS|U-889||2}} were on patrol in the North Atlantic when Germany surrendered. They put into a Canadian port and both were commissioned in the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], but ''U-889'' was later transferred to the [[United States Navy]].{{Sfn|Watts|1977|pp=23, 26}}''{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=685, 690}}''

== Specifications ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
!Class
!IXA{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}}
!IXB{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}}
!IXC{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}}
!IXC/40{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=68}}
!IXD1{{sfn|Gröner|Jung|Maass|1991|p=114}}
!IXD2{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}}
!IXD/42{{Sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=71}}
|-
!Displacement surfaced
|{{convert|1032|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1051|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1120|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1144|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1610|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1616|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1616|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|-
!Displacement submerged
|{{convert|1152|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1178|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1232|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1257|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1799|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1808|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1808|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|-
!Length overall
|{{convert|76.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|76.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|87.58|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|87.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|87.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|-
!Length pressure hull
|{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|68.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| --
| --
|-
!Beam overall
|{{convert|6.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|6.86|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|7.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|-
!Beam pressure hull
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| --
| --
|-
!Height
|{{convert|9.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|10.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| --
| --
|-
!Draft
|{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4.67|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|5.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|-
!Power surfaced
(diesel){{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=96-104}}
| colspan="4" |{{convert|4,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|9,000|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|5,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|5,400|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Power submerged 
(Electric){{Sfn|Möller|Brack|2004|pp=96-104}}
| colspan="7" |{{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Surface speed
|{{convert|18.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|18.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|18.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|18.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|20.8|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|19.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|19.2|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Submerged speed
|{{convert|7.7|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}} 
|{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|6.9|kn|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!fuel capacity{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=336-337}}
|{{convert|154|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|165|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|208|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|214|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|203|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|442|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|442|t|LT|abbr=on}}
|-
!Surface range at 10 knots
|{{convert|10,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|12,000|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|13,450|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|13,850|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|12,750|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|31,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|31,500|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Surface range at 12 knots{{sfn|Rössler|2001|pp=336-337}}
|{{convert|8,100|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|8,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|11,000|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|11,400|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|9,900|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|23,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|23,700|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Submerged range at 4 knots
|{{convert|65|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|64|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|63|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|63|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|115|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|57|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{convert|57|nmi|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!Bow tubes
| colspan="7" align="center" |4
|-
!Stern tubes
| colspan="7" align="center" |2
|-
!Torpedoes (maximum)
|22
|22
|22
|22
|22
|24
|24
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist |20em}}

==Bibliography==

{{Commons category|Type IX submarines}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bagnasco |first=Erminio |title=Submarines of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1977 |isbn=0870219626 |location=Annapolis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 |publisher=Cassell |year=1998 |isbn=0-304-35261-6 |volume=2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gröner|first1=Erich|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|name-list-style=amp|last3=Maass|first3=Martin|translator-last1=Thomas|translator-first1=Keith|translator-last2=Magowan|translator-first2=Rachel|year=1991|title=German Warships 1815–1945|volume=2: U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-593-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Kemp |title=U-Boats Destroyed, German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |year=1999 |publisher=Arms and Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Möller |first1=Eberhard |title=The Encyclopedia of U-Boats |last2=Brack |first2=Werner |publisher=Chatham |year=2004 |isbn=1-85367-623-3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paterson |first=Lawrence |title=Hitler's Grey Wolves : U-Boats in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Frontline Books |year=2016 |isbn=9781473882751 |location=Havertown}}
* {{cite book |last=Rössler |first=Eberhard |date=2001 |title=The U-boat: The Evolution and Technical History of German submarines |location=London |publisher=Cassell & Co |isbn=0-304-36120-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Showell |first=Jak P. Mallmann |date=2006 |title=The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare 1906–2006 |location=London |publisher=Chatham Publishing |isbn=9781861762412}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Anthony John |title=Axis Submarines |publisher=Arco Pub. Co. |year=1977 |isbn=0668041595 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Williamson |first=Gordon |date=2005 |title=Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-boat in World War II |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-872-3}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Peter |date=1998 |title=U-Boat Fact File: Detailed Service Histories of the Submarines Operated by the Kriegsmarine 1935–1945 |location=Leicester |publisher=Midland Publishing |isbn=1-85780-072-9}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thew|first1=Robert W.|year=1991|title=The Type IX U-Boat|journal=Warship International|publisher= International Naval Research Organization|volume=XXVIII |issue=1 |issn=0043-0374|pages=14–29}}

{{German Type IX submarines}}
{{Uboat |state=collapsed}}
{{WWII German ships}}
{{French submarine classes after 1945}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Type 009 Submarine}}
[[Category:German Type IX submarines| ]]
[[Category:Submarine classes]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of Germany]]