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{{Short description|Religious obligation in Judaism to do what is right and just}}
{{Redirect|Sedaqah|charity in Islam|Sadaqah{{!}}''Sadaqah''}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Italics title}}
{{Judaism}}
{{Teshuva}}
[[File:Tzedakah (charity) box, Charleston, 1820, silver, National Museum of American Jewish History.JPG|thumb|[[Tzedakah box]] (''Pushke''), Charleston, 1820, silver, [[National Museum of American Jewish History]]]]
'''''Tzedakah''''' ({{langx|he|צְדָקָה}} ''ṣədāqā'', {{IPA|he|ts(e)daˈka|}}) is a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness", but commonly used to signify ''[[Charity (practice)|charity]]''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rabbi Hayim Halevy |last=Donin |title=To Be A Jew |url=https://archive.org/details/tobejewguidetoj00doni |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1972 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tobejewguidetoj00doni/page/48 48]|isbn=9780465086245 }}</ref> This concept of "charity" differs from the modern Western understanding of "charity". The latter is typically understood as a spontaneous act of goodwill and a marker of generosity; ''tzedakah'' is an ethical obligation, and it is not properly "charity", like in [[Christendom]], but a way to empower poor people to support themselves, helping them in developing their talents and skills.

''Tzedakah'' (Tzedaka) refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just, which [[Judaism]] emphasizes as an important part of living a spiritual life. Unlike voluntary [[philanthropy]], ''tzedakah'' is seen as a religious obligation that must be performed regardless of one's financial standing, and so is mandatory even for those of limited financial means. ''Tzedakah'' is considered to be one of the three main acts that can positively influence an unfavorable heavenly decree.

The word ''tzedakah'' is based on the Hebrew ({{Script/Hebrew|צדק}}, {{Transliteration|he|Tzedeq}}), meaning ''[[righteousness]]'', ''[[Social justice|fairness]],'' or ''[[justice]]'', and is related to the Hebrew word ''[[Tzadik]]'', meaning ''righteous'' as an adjective (or ''righteous individual'' as a noun in the form of a [[substantive]]). Although the word appears 157 times in the [[Masoretic Text]] of the [[Hebrew Bible]], typically in relation to "righteousness" ''per se'', its use as a term for "charity" in the above sense is an adaptation of [[Rabbinic Judaism]] in [[Talmud]]ic times.

In the Middle Ages, [[Maimonides]] conceived of an eight-level hierarchy of ''tzedakah'', where the highest form is to give a gift, loan, or partnership that will result in the recipient becoming self-sufficient instead of living upon others. In his view, the second highest form of ''tzedakah'' is to give donations anonymously to unknown recipients.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jtfn.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/maimonides_ladder_and_tzedakah_texts.pdf |title=Maimonides Eight Degrees of Tzedakah |work=Jewish Teen Funders Network |access-date=12 April 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123122953/http://www.jtfn.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/maimonides_ladder_and_tzedakah_texts.pdf|archivedate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Precedents in ancient Israel==

The [[Hebrew Bible]] teaches the obligation to aid those in need, but does not employ one single term for this obligation.<ref>Ronald L. Randle, ''The JPS guide to Jewish traditions'', Jewish Publication Society, 2004, p. 531. "Tzedakah (hqdx) The Bible repeatedly stresses the obligation to aid those in need, but never designates a special term for this requirement. The Rabbis adopted the word "tzedakah" to apply to charity, primarily in the form ..."</ref> The term ''tzedakah'' occurs 157 times in the [[Masoretic Text]], typically in relation to "righteousness" per se, usually in the singular, but sometimes in the plural ''tzedekot'', in relation to acts of charity.<ref>"The word "almsgiving", however, is far from expressing the full meaning of the Hebrew ẓedaḳah, which is, charity in the spirit of uprightness or justice. According to the Mosaic conception, wealth is a loan from God, and the poor have a certain claim on the possessions of the rich; while the rich are positively enjoined to share God's bounties with the poor."{{attribution needed|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Alms" /> In the [[Septuagint]] this was sometimes translated as ''eleemosyne'', "almsgiving".<ref>As per [[Wilhelm Gesenius|Gesenius]] Lexicon; "Deuterony 6:25 καὶ ἐλεημοσύνη ἔσται..."</ref><ref>"... derived from the Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (mercifulness), used by Greek-speaking Jews to denote almost exclusively the offering of charity to the needy, from a feeling of both compassion and righteousness (ẓedaḳah). (See [[LXX]]. (note: Septuagint) on Prov. xxi. 21, and Dan. iv. 24.)"{{attribution needed|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Alms">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kohler |first=Kaufmann |title=Alms |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1295-alms |encyclopedia=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

Today, however, it is evident that it is not very correct to use some expressions such as "charity" or "alms", it is not always accepted, in fact even parents have the duty to give to their children and this is considered Tzedakah, also thanks to the abundance of products and money in most of cases.<ref>Maurizio Picciotto, Shlomo Bekhor (a cura di), ''Tzedakà: Giustizia o Beneficenza?'', Mamash, Milano 2009. ISBN 978-88-86674-40-9</ref>

==In rabbinical literature of the classical and Middle Ages==

In [[classical rabbinical literature]], it was argued that the Biblical regulations concerning left-overs only applied to cereal grain fields, orchards, and vineyards, and not to vegetable gardens. The classical rabbinical writers were much stricter as to who could receive the remains. It was stated that the farmer was not permitted to benefit from the [[gleaning]]s, and was not permitted to discriminate among the poor, nor try to frighten them away with dogs or lions ([[Hullin]] 131a, [[Pe'ah]] 5:6).<ref>[[Maimonides]], ''Mishneh Torah'', 4:11</ref> The farmer was not even allowed to help one of the poor to gather the left-overs. However, it was also argued that the law was only applicable in [[Canaan]] (Jerusalem Talmud. Pe'ah 2:5), although many classical rabbinical writers who were based in [[Babylon]] observed the laws there (Hullin 134b).<ref>Maimonides, ''Mishneh Torah'', 1:14</ref> It was also seen as only applying to Jewish paupers, but poor non-Jews were allowed to benefit for the sake of civil peace.<ref>[[Gittin]] 59b</ref>

[[Maimonides]] is known for enumerating Eight Levels of Giving (where the first level is most preferable, and the eighth the least):<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], ''Hilkhot matanot aniyim'' ("Laws about Giving to Poor People"), Chapter 10:7–14</ref>

#Giving an interest-free loan to a person in need; forming a partnership with a person in need; giving a grant to a person in need; finding a job for a person in need, so long as that loan, grant, partnership, or job results in the person no longer living by relying upon others.
#Giving tzedakah anonymously to an unknown recipient via a person or public fund that is trustworthy, wise, and can perform acts of tzedakah with your money in a most impeccable fashion.
#Giving tzedakah anonymously to a known recipient.
#Giving tzedakah publicly to an unknown recipient.
#Giving tzedakah before being asked.
#Giving adequately after being asked.
#Giving willingly, but inadequately.
#Giving "in sadness" (giving out of pity): It is thought that Maimonides was referring to giving because of the sad feelings one might have in seeing people in need (as opposed to giving because it is a religious obligation). Other translations say "giving unwillingly".

==In practice{{anchor|Ma'aser kesafim}}==
[[File:Jewish cemetery Otwock Karczew Anielin IMGP6721.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Tzedakah motif on a Jewish gravestone. Jewish cemetery in [[Otwock]] (Karczew-Anielin).]]
[[File:Hasdey-Naomi-charity-ZE001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Puskhes'' in [[Bnei Brak]], Israel]]

In practice, most Jews carry out ''tzedakah'' by donating a portion of their income to charitable institutions, or to needy people they may encounter. The perception among many modern-day Jews is that if donation of this form is not possible, the obligation of ''tzedakah'' still requires that something be given. Traditional Jews commonly practice ''ma'sar kesafim'', tithing 10% of their income to support those in need.

The Shulchan Arukh was composed in 16th century and has become the most widely accepted code of Jewish law ever written.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halakhah, Shulchan Arukh {{!}} Sefaria |url=https://www.sefaria.org/texts/Halakhah/Shulchan%20Arukh |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref> It states:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 249:1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Yoreh_De'ah.249.1?lang=bi&with=About&lang2=en |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=The amount of charity one should give is as follows: if one can but afford, let him give as much as is needed. Under ordinary circumstances, a fifth of one's property is most laudable. To give one-tenth is the average disposition. But to give less than one-tenth is niggardly.|author=|title=Shulchan Arukh: Yoreh De'ah Ch. 249|source=translated by sefaria.org}}

Special acts of ''tzedakah'' are performed on significant days: At weddings, Jewish brides and bridegrooms would traditionally give to charity to symbolise the sacred character of the marriage. At [[Passover]], a major holiday in Jewish tradition, it is traditional to be welcoming towards hungry strangers and feed them at the table. At [[Purim]] it is considered obligatory for every Jew to [[Mishloach manot|give food to one other person, and gifts to at least two poor people]],<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Esther|9}}</ref> in an amount that would equate to a meal each, for the purpose of increasing the total happiness during [[Adar|the month]].

As for the more limited form of ''tzedakah'' expressed in the biblical laws, namely the leaving of ''[[gleaning]]s'' from certain crops, the [[Shulchan Aruch]] argues that during [[Babylonian captivity|The Exile]] Jewish farmers are not obliged to obey it.<ref>Shulchan Aruch, ''Yoreh De'ah'' 332:1</ref> Nevertheless, in modern [[Israel]], rabbis of [[Orthodox Judaism]] insist that Jews allow ''gleanings'' to be consumed by the poor and by strangers, and all crops (not just ''gleanings'') by anyone and everyone (free, not bought nor sold) during [[Shmita|sabbatical years]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Rabbi Yaron |last=Ben-David |title=Shmita |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3445115,00.html |publisher=Ynetnews |date=November 9, 2007 |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

In addition, one must be very careful about how one gives out tzedakah money. It is not sufficient to give to just any person or organization; rather, one must check their credentials and finances to be sure that your tzedakah money will be used wisely, efficiently, and effectively. The meaning of "Do not steal from a poor person, for (s)he is poor" ([[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 22:22) and of [[Talmud]]ic-era commentaries, including [[Numbers Rabba]] 5:2, is that tzedakah money was never yours to begin with. Rather, it always belongs to God, who merely entrusts you with it so that you may use it properly. Hence, you are obliged to ensure that it is received by those who are deserving.

According to the Halacha, every time a poor person asks for charity, he must be given at least a small amount, as it is written in the Torah," Do not make an effort to give but let it come of yourself, and do not close your hand from giving to the poor" (Deuteronomy 15:7), but if one is in the middle of the prayer, there is no obligation to give him charity, since during prayer time one is busy with another mitzvah<ref> A halachic answer on the topic of [https://meshiv.co.il/en/shelot_vetshuvot/giving-charity-in-middle-of-praying/ giving charity to the poor who ask in the middle of the prayer] on the website [https://meshiv.co.il/en/home-page1/ "Meshiv Kahlahah"].</ref>

There are many examples of tzedakah funds that operate according to Maimonides' principles above (particularly #2), including [[Hands on Tzedakah]] (working with nonprofits in the U.S. and in [[Israel]]), and Mitzvah Heroes Fund (working mainly with nonprofits in Israel). [[Paamonim]] is a nonprofit organization in Israel that operates according to Maimonides' first principle. Keeping a ''[[pushke]]'' (a collection box) in private homes is traditional.

[[Gaon of Vilna|The Gaon of Vilna]] considered giving tzedakah ''to all householders in our city with tax-benefit''. [[Dvēyre-Ēster Helfer]] (1817–1907), known to Vilna's Jews for her integrity and wisdom, was legendary for her ability to help people in trouble, although she and her husband were not wealthy. Aided by her phenomenal memory, she was able to touch the right people at the right time to help individuals throughout her life, many of whom came to see her as a sort of saint who not only found money for her, but also offered special blessings accompanying her charitable gifts. She also helped fund a prayerhouse dedicated to charity for the needy that was known colloquially by her name; in her lifetime she came to be seen as a saint, while her death was commemorated in ways usually reserved for religious figures; and her portrait often hung next to the Gaon's in the homes of Vilna's Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lithuanian Jewish Culture |last=Katz |first=Dovid |publisher=Baltos Lankos |year=2004 |isbn=9955-584-41-6 |location=Vilnius, Lithuania |pages=185–186}}</ref>

===Pushka===
Both Jewish homes<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/10/garden/grandma-s-house-gets-guided-tours.html
   |title=Grandma's House Gets Guided Tours |date=December 10, 1998
   |quote=a Lithuanian pushka, or charity box}}</ref> and synagogues have a charity collection box into which cash is placed. At home, particularly before the woman of the house lights her Sabbath candles, it is a way of setting aside money. In the synagogue, a designated individual circulates (and shakes it to announce this opportunity).

In Chicago in the early 1900s "Many of the families kept ''pushkas'', or contribution containers, as a handy means of making periodic contribution to worthwhile causes." The Polish word ''puszka'' means tin can.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cutler |first1=Irving |title=The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb
 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=71 |isbn=9780252021855 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85k85NhemBgC&pg=PA73 |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>

===TAT===
''TAT'' (an acronym for ''Tomchei Torah'') is an institutionalized arrangement whereby money is donated for either one-time (e.g. wedding) expenses or ongoing support, for the adult (and often married) yeshiva students. A check made out to "TAT of x" would be for those at that yeshiva, or perhaps it can be designated for a particular newly engaged student (or a student with a son or daughter newly engaged).<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Yated Ne'eman (United States)|Yated]]
  |url=https://yated.com/my-take-on-the-news-256
  |title=My Take On The News}}</ref> Sometimes donations were intended for ongoing support of students not receiving family support.<ref>{{cite news
|newspaper=[[Yated Ne'eman (United States)|Yated]]
|url=https://yated.com/author/rabbi-yitzchok-tzvi-schwarz/page/12/
|title=Rabbi Yitzchok Schwarz
|quote=a tomchei Torah fund to support its talmidim}}</ref>

== Examples ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Tzedoko gelt.JPG|Tzedakah pouch and coins on fur-like padding
File:Kirkut Otwock 11.jpg|Tzedakah box on Jewish gravestone. Jewish cemetery in [[Otwock County|Otwock]].
File:Pappenheim Jüdischer Friedhof 012.JPG|Tzedakah box on Jewish gravestone. Jewish cemetery in [[Pappenheim]].
File:Kupsa kchula 2006.jpg|[[JNF collection box]] (pushke). The blue box of the [[Jewish National Fund]] was collecting donations for the establishment of the state in the early years.
File:Donation box of the Merkas Yeshivot Bnei Akiva B'Israel.jpg|Donation box of the Merkas Yeshivot Bnei Akiva B'Israel, 1960–1970s, Tel Aviv, in the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Charity (practice)]]
* [[Charity (virtue)]]
* [[Donation]]
* [[Sadaqah]] (Islam), a related word from the Semitic language of Arabic
* [[Zidqa]], almsgiving in Mandaeism

==References==
<references />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=Rabbi Wayne |last=Dossick |year=2010 |title= Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition, and Practice |url={{google books |id=k7DXAAAAMAAJ |keywords= tzedakah |plainurl= yes }} |isbn=9780060621797}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tzedakah boxes}}
* [https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/814118/jewish/tzedakah-charity.htm Chabad.org: Tzedakah – Charity]
* [https://www.jewfaq.org/tzedakah.htm Judaism 101: Tzedakah]
* [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/tzedakah-101/ My Jewish Learning: Tzedakah]

{{Jewish life}}
{{Charity}}

[[Category:Alms in Judaism]]
[[Category:Charity law]]
[[Category:Jewish ethical law]]
[[Category:Jewish law principles]]
[[Category:Jewish life cycle]]
[[Category:Jewish theology]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Jewish philanthropy]]
[[Category:Positive Mitzvoth]]