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{{Short description|National political party in Malaysia}}
{{About||the upcoming leadership election|2026 United Malays National Organisation leadership election}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = United Malays National Organisation
| native_name      = Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu
| abbreviation     = UMNO (امنو)<br>PEKEMBAR (ڤکمبر)
| lang1            = Malay
| logo             = UMNO logo.svg
| president        = [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]
| secretary_general = [[Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki]]
| foundation       = 11 May 1946<br>({{age in years and days|1946|05|11}})<br>{{small|(original)}}<hr>13 February 1988<br>({{age in years and days|1988|02|13}})<br>{{small|(UMNO Baru)}}
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
 |''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]''{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/47/1/47_KJ00005849019/_pdf|title=The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]|author=Helen Ting|work=Southeast Asian Studies, [[Kyoto University]]|publisher=J-Stage|volume=47|page=3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]|format=PDF|quote=UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-[[Malayan Union]] Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato’ [[Onn Jaafar]], once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar [[Ariffin Omar]] as “the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else”. Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the “National Front”], is multiethnic in its composition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jinna Tay|author2=Graeme Turner|title=Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxU-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=24 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-00807-9|pages=127–}}</ref>}}
 |[[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]]
 |[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/en/33.34966/|title=Political Awakening in Malaysia|author=Jan Senkyr|journal=KAS International Reports|issue=7|year=2013|quote= the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party|pages=73–74}}</ref>
 |[[Social conservatism]]
}}
| headquarters     = Tingkat 38, Menara Dato’ Onn, [[Putra World Trade Centre]], Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| international    = 
| chairperson      = [[Badruddin Amiruldin]]
| leader1_title    = First Deputy President
| leader1_name     = [[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]]
| leader2_title    = Second Deputy President <br> (Women Chief)
| leader2_name     = [[Noraini Ahmad]]
| founder          = [[Onn Jaafar]]
| leader3_title    = Vice Presidents
| leader3_name     = [[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]] <br> [[Mohamed Khaled Nordin]] <br> [[Johari Abdul Ghani]]
| leader4_title    = Youth Chief
| leader4_name     = [[Muhamad Akmal Saleh]] (Pemuda) <br> Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi (Puteri)
| leader5_title    = Treasurer
| leader5_name     = [[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]]
| slogan           = {{lang|ms|Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat}}<br>{{small|(United, Loyal, In Service)}}
| dissolution      = 
| predecessor      = United Malays Organisation <br> [[United Sabah National Organisation|USNO]] (in Sabah) <br> [[Sabah People's United Front|BERJAYA]] (in Sabah)
| newspaper        = [[New Straits Times]]{{refn|belongs to the same parent company as ''Berita Harian'' and ''Harian Metro''.|group=nb}}<br>[[Berita Harian]]{{refn|In September 1972, the investment arm of UMNO named Fleet Holdings, which headed by Junus Sudin, bought out the Malaysian operations unit of [[Singapore Press Holdings|The Straits Times Press Group]] (a forerunner of [[SPH Media]]), which included ''Berita Harian''. The bought over publications were placed under the management of the [[New Straits Times Press]], which is also the name of its main publication<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19720905-1.2.68|title=Straits Times subsidiary|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 1972|accessdate=14 May 2019|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19720917-1.2.3|title=The New Straits Times Press|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=17 September 1972|accessdate=14 May 2019|page=1}}</ref>|group=nb}}<br />[[Harian Metro]]{{refn|belongs to the same parent company as the ''New Straits Times'' and ''Berita Harian''.|group=nb}}
| think_tank       = 
| wing1_title      = [[Youth wing]]
| wing1            = [[UMNO Youth|Pergerakan Pemuda UMNO]]
| wing2_title      = [[Women's wing]]
| wing2            = [https://www.facebook.com/wanitaumnomalaysia/ Wanita UMNO]
| wing3_title      = Women's youth wing
| wing3            = [http://www.puterimalaysia.com/ Pergerakan Puteri UMNO]
| wing4_title      = [[Student wing]]
| wing4            = [https://www.facebook.com/mahasiswaUMNO/ Kelab Mahasiswa UMNO]
| membership_year  = 2022
| membership       = 3,021,845<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/03/781106/umno-has-over-three-million-members-says-secretary-general|title=Umno has over three million members, says secretary-general|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>
| position         = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| religion         = [[Sunni Islam]]
| national         = [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] (1952–1973)<br>[[Barisan Nasional]]<br>(since 1973)
| colours          = {{Color box|{{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] and {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[white]]
| colorcode        = {{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}
| anthem           = {{lang|ms|Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat}}
| flag_title       = Sang Saka Bangsa
| flag             = File:UMNO (Malaysia).svg
| seats1_title     = [[Dewan Negara]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|8|70|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|26|222|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[State legislative assemblies of Malaysia|Dewan Undangan Negeri]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|103|611|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[Heads of state governments of Malaysia|Chief Minister of states]]
| seats4           = {{composition bar|4|13|hex={{party color|United Malays National Organisation}}}}
| website          = {{Official URL}}<br>{{URL|https://umno-online.my/}}
| country          = Malaysia
| footnotes        = 1. Red and white have been used since before independence.
| symbol           = 
}}
{{Politics of Malaysia}}

The '''United Malays National Organisation''' ('''UMNO'''; {{Langx|ms|Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu}}, '''PEKEMBAR''') is a [[conservatism|conservative]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muhammad Takiyuddin Ismail |date=2011 |title=Konservatisme dalam politik Umno (Conservatism in UMNO politics) |url=https://journalarticle.ukm.my/2381/ |journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |issn=2180-0251 |publisher=Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia}}</ref> and [[nationalism|Malay nationalist]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Father of Malay nationalism |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/father-of-malay-nationalism |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Malaysian Bar}}</ref> political party in [[Malaysia]]. Founded in 1946 by [[Onn Jaafar]], it is the oldest national political party in the country and has been described as Malaysia's "[[Republican Party (United States)|Grand Old Party]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Umno assembly grand old party dominant in all ways |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-grand-old-party-dominant-independence-to-the-defeat-in-all-ways |work=The Straits Times |access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> UMNO is a founding and principal member of the [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition, which, together with its predecessor the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]], governed Malaysia from the [[Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957|independence of Malaya]] in 1957 until its defeat in the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]]. During this period, every [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] was also the [[President of the United Malays National Organisation|President of UMNO]].

Following the 2018 election, UMNO retained considerable influence in Malaysian politics. It returned to power twice during the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis]], first as part of a [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN)–led government and later as the leading party in a BN–led administration. In the latter, UMNO Vice President [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] served as [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] from 2021 to 2022. Since 2022, the party’s president, [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]], has served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]] in a [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH)–led government. Despite changes in coalition alignments, UMNO continues to play a significant role in shaping national policy and political discourse.

An ethnically based party advocating for Malay interests, UMNO's constitution states its objectives as the promotion of [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]], the concept of ''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]'' ({{lit.}} Malay [[wikt:overlordship|Overlordship]] or Malay [[Supremacism#Racial|Supremacy]]), the preservation of the "dignity" of the [[Malaysian Malays|Malay people]], the recognition of [[Islam in Malaysia|Islam]] as the [[Religion in Malaysia|religion of the federation]] and the "protection of [[Malays (ethnic group)#Culture|Malay culture]]" as the core national culture of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Foundation and Goals |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> The party also declares as a goal the defence and expansion of Islam within Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5 |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.3 |url=http://umno-online.com/?page_id%3D2787 |website=UMNO Online |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132114/http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787 |archive-date=2012-02-29}}</ref> These aims are rooted in the party's longstanding position as the principal vehicle for Malay political representation at the national level.

== History ==
After the British returned to [[British Malaya|Malaya]] in the aftermath of [[World War II]], the [[Malayan Union]] was formed. However, the Union was met with much opposition due to its constitutional framework, which allegedly threatened Malay sovereignty over Malaya.

The first phase of the journey of the UMNO party was the result of a combination of 41 Malay associations in the Malay Peninsula at that time led by [[Ahmad Boestamam]] who presented a memorandum to [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail ibni Sultan Ibrahim]] who became the [[Sultan of Johor]] at that time to reject the Malayan Union proposal brought by the British.

In the second phase, a series of Malay congresses were held, culminating in the formation of the nationalist party, UMNO on 10 May 1946 at the Third Malay Congress in [[Johor Bahru]], with [[Onn Jaafar]] as its leader. UMNO strongly opposed the Malayan Union, but originally did not seek political power. UMNO had no choice but continue playing a supporting role to the British colonial administration. The British cooperated with UMNO leaders and helped to defeat the communist insurgency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/malaysia/history |title=Malaysia : History &#124; The Commonwealth |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228100109/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/malaysia/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1949, after the Malayan Union had been replaced by the semi-autonomous Federation of Malaya, UMNO shifted its focus to politics and governance. According to at least one official school textbook published during UMNO's time in government, the party fought for other races once they were at the helm of the country.<ref>Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). ''Sejarah Tingkatan 3'', pp. 60–65, 75. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. {{ISBN|983-62-8285-8}}.</ref>

In 1951, Onn Jaafar left UMNO after failing to open its membership to non-Malay Malayans to form the [[Independence of Malaya Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/news_features/the_rebel_in_onn_jaafar.html|title=The rebel in Onn Jaafar|author=Joseph M. Fernando|work=The Star|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 June 2007|access-date=19 June 2007}}</ref> [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] replaced Onn as UMNO President. In the following year, the Kuala Lumpur branch of UMNO formed an ''ad hoc'' and temporary electoral pact with the Selangor branch of [[Malaysian Chinese Association|Malayan Chinese Association]] to avoid contesting the same seats in the [[Kuala Lumpur]] municipal council elections.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA138 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=9781576077702 |editor=Ooi |editor-first=Keat Gin |editor-link=Keat Gin Ooi |page=138}}</ref>  UMNO and MCA eventually carried nine out of the twelve seats, dealing a crushing blow to the IMP. After several other successes in local council elections, the coalition was formalised as an "Alliance" in 1954.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 124, 135.</ref>

In 1954, state elections were held. In these elections, the Alliance won 226 of the 268 seats nationwide. In the same year, a Federal Legislative Council was formed, comprising 100 seats. 52 would be elected, and the rest would be appointed by the British High Commissioner. The Alliance demanded that 60 of the seats be elected, but despite the Tunku flying out to London to negotiate, the British held firm. Elections for the council were held in 1955, and the Alliance, which had now expanded to include the [[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malayan Indian Congress]], issued a manifesto stating its goals of achieving independence by 1959, requiring a minimum of primary school education for all children, protecting the rights of the Malay rulers as constitutional monarchs, ending the Communist emergency, and reforming the civil service through the hiring of more Malayans as opposed to foreigners.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 137–140.</ref><ref>[http://www.mic.org.my/history.php "About MIC: History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220052725/http://www.mic.org.my/history.php |date=20 February 2006 }}. Retrieved 28 January 2006.</ref>

When the results were released, it emerged that the Alliance had won 51 of the 52 seats contested, with the other seat going to [[Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)|PAS]] (the Pan-Malayan Islamic Party, a group of Islamists that split from UMNO). The Tunku became the first Chief Minister of Malaya.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 140.</ref>

Throughout this period, the [[Malayan Emergency]] had been on-going. The [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA), the armed wing of the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP), committed sabotage campaigns against the British by disrupting transportation and communication networks, attacking police stations, burning down factories, with the goal of gaining independence for Malaya by making British rule in Malaya too expensive to maintain. The colonial government declared the MCP, along with several left-wing political groups, illegal in 1948. In 1955, the Alliance government together with the British High Commissioner declared an amnesty for the communist insurgents who surrendered. Representatives from the Alliance government also met with leaders of the MCP in an attempt to resolve the conflict peacefully, as their manifesto in the election stated. [[Chin Peng]], the MCP Secretary-General, insisted that the MCP be allowed to contest elections and be declared a legal political party as a pre-condition to laying down arms. However, the Tunku rejected this, leading to an impasse.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 103–107.</ref>

In 1956, the Tunku led a group of negotiators, comprising Alliance politicians and representatives of the Malay rulers, to London. There, they brokered a deal with the British government for independence. The date of independence was set as 31 August 1957 on the condition that an independent commission is set up to draft a constitution for the country. The Alliance government was also required to avoid seizing British and other foreign assets in Malaya. A defence treaty would also be signed.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 148, 151.</ref>

The [[Reid Commission]], led by [[James Reid, Baron Reid|Lord Reid]], was formed to draft the constitution. Although enshrining concepts such as [[federalism]] and a constitutional monarchy, the proposed constitution also contained provisions protecting special rights for the Malays, such as [[Racial quota|quotas]] in admission to higher education and the civil service, and making [[Islam]] the official religion of the federation. It also made [[Malay language|Malay]] the official language of the nation, although the right to vernacular education in Chinese and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] would be protected. Although the Tunku and the Malay rulers had asked the Reid Commission to ensure that "''in an independent Malaya all nationals should be accorded equal rights, privileges and opportunities and there must not be discrimination on grounds of race and creed''," the Malay privileges, which many in UMNO backed, were cited as necessary by the Reid Commission as a form of [[affirmative action]] that would eventually be phased out. These measures were included as Articles 3, 152 and [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|153]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]].<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 153–155.</ref><ref>Ooi, Jeff (2005). [http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/08/the_nst_should.php "Social Contract: 'Utusan got the context wrong'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030165436/http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/08/the_nst_should.php |date=30 October 2005 }}. Retrieved 11 November 2005.</ref>

Independence was declared by the Tunku in [[Merdeka Stadium]] on 31 August 1957, marking a transition into a new era of Malayan and Malaysian politics.

=== Independence ===
[[File:Tunku abd rahman.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], first Prime Minister of Malaya]]
In Malaya's first general elections in 1959, the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] coalition led by UMNO won 51.8% of the votes and captured 74 out of 104 seats, enough for a two-thirds majority in [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliament]], which would not only allow them to form the government again but amend the constitution at will. However, for the Alliance, the election was marred by internal strife when MCA leader [[Lim Chong Eu]] demanded his party be allowed to contest 40 of the 104 seats available. When the Tunku rejected this, many of Lim's supporters resigned, and ran in the election as independents, which cost the Alliance some seats.<ref>Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics, p. 18. Pelanduk Publications. {{ISBN|967-978-475-4}}.</ref>

In 1961, the Tunku mooted the idea of forming a federation named "Malaysia", which would consist of the British colonies of [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], and also the British [[Protectorate]] of [[Brunei]]. The reasoning behind this was that this would allow the federal government to control and combat communist activities, especially in Singapore. It was also feared that if Singapore achieved independence, it would become a base for Chinese chauvinists to threaten Malayan sovereignty. To balance out the ethnic composition of the new nation, the other states, whose Malay and indigenous populations would balance out the Singaporean Chinese majority, were also included.<ref>Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). ''Malaysian Studies'', p. 29. Longman. {{ISBN|983-74-2024-3}}.</ref>

After much negotiation, a constitution was hammered out with some minor changes. For instance, the Malay privileges were now made available to all "[[Bumiputra]]", a group comprising the Malays and other indigenous peoples of Malaysia. However, the new states were also granted some autonomy unavailable to the original nine states of Malaya. After negotiations in July 1963, it was agreed that Malaysia would come into being on 31 August 1963, consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Brunei ultimately decided to opt out of the federation due in part to an [[Brunei revolt|armed revolt]] by the People's Party (''Parti Rakyat Brunei'') which objected to the formation of Malaysia,<ref>Shuid & Yunus, p. 31.</ref> and the Sultan of Brunei [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]]'s demand that he be recognised as the most senior Malay ruler—a demand that was rejected.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mathews |first=Philip |title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ |date=February 2014 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=978-967-10617-4-9 |pages=29}}</ref>

The [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]] strenuously objected to this development, with Indonesia claiming Malaysia represented a form of [[neocolonialism]] and the Philippines [[North Borneo dispute|claiming Sabah as its territory]]. The United Nations sent a commission to the region which approved the merger after having delayed the date of Malaysia's formation to investigate. Despite further protests from the Indonesian President, [[Sukarno]], the formation of Malaysia was proclaimed on 16 September 1963. Indonesia then declared a "[[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|confrontation]]" with Malaysia, sending [[commando]]s to perform guerilla attacks in East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak). The confrontation was ended when [[Suharto]] [[Transition to the New Order|replaced]] Sukarno as president. The Philippines, which had withdrawn diplomatic recognition from Malaysia, also recognised Malaysia around the same time.<ref>Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 214, 217, 220, 222, 223.</ref>

To reflect the change of name to Malaysia, UMNO's coalition partners promptly altered their names to the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] and the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]]. Several political parties in East Malaysia, especially Sarawak, also joined the Alliance to allow it to contest elections there.

====Relations with Singapore====
{{see also|PAP–UMNO relations}}
In the [[1963 Singapore general election|1963 Singapore state elections]], the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] sought to challenge [[Lee Kuan Yew]]'s governing [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) through the [[Singapore Alliance Party]]. UMNO politicians campaigned actively in Singapore for the Singapore Alliance, alleging that [[Malay Singaporeans]] were treated as "second-class citizens" under what they described as a Chinese-dominated PAP administration. Despite these claims, all UMNO-backed Malay candidates were decisively defeated by PAP candidates, including in constituencies with a Malay majority. Following the losses, UMNO Secretary-General [[Syed Jaafar Albar]] travelled to Singapore to address the Malay community. At one rally, he denounced PAP Malay politicians such as [[Othman Wok]] as "un-Islamic" and accused them of "[[race traitor|betraying the Malay race]]", which sharply strained relations. PAP leaders viewed this as a breach of an earlier understanding with the Alliance that neither side would contest elections in the other's territories. In response, the PAP entered the [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964 general election]] in [[Peninsular Malaysia]], winning the parliamentary seat of [[Bangsar (federal constituency)|Bangsar]] out of the nine contested and drawing large and enthusiastic crowds at its rallies. The political rivalry, conducted increasingly along communal lines, deepened tensions and contributed to the outbreak of the [[1964 race riots in Singapore|1964 race riots]].

Alliance leaders grew increasingly uneasy with Lee's political style, which they regarded as unsuitable for a state leader within the federation. Some extremists within UMNO even wanted him arrested. Under the [[Malaysia Agreement]], Singapore retained the title of "[[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]", reflecting the state's higher degree of autonomy compared to other states such as [[Penang]], where the head of government was called the [[Chief Minister of Penang|Chief Minister]]. Some Malaysian leaders perceived Lee as behaving like the head of a [[sovereign state]] rather than a state within the federation. Finance Minister [[Tan Siew Sin]] of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] called Lee "the greatest disruptive force in the entire history of Malaysia and Malaya". Lee, committed to advancing a multi-racial vision, expanded his political reach beyond Singapore by forming the [[Malaysian Solidarity Council]], a coalition advocating a "[[Malaysian Malaysia]]", an idea first championed by [[Onn Jaafar]], ironically the founder of UMNO himself.

On 7 August 1965, the [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965]] was signed by both Singaporean and Malaysian leaders. On that day, Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], judging that separation was the only viable means to prevent further violence and preserve stability, urged the [[Parliament of Malaysia]] to vote in favour of Singapore's departure from Malaysia. On 9 August 1965, the Parliament voted 126 to 0 in favour of separation with no Members of Parliament from Singapore present.

Tunku began his address to Parliament with the words, "In all the ten years of my leadership of this House I have never had a duty so unpleasant as this to perform. The announcement which I am making concerns the separation of Singapore from the rest of the Federation."<ref name="tunku_speech">Rahman, Tunku Abdul (1965). [http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/headline/mdream.html "A dream shattered"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208025332/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/headline/mdream.html |date=8 February 2006}}. Retrieved 5 February 2006.</ref><ref name="sitting_duck">Ooi, Jeff (2005). [http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/11/i_went_into_act.php "Perils of the sitting duck"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228132802/http://www.jeffooi.com/archives/2005/11/i_went_into_act.php |date=28 December 2005}}. Retrieved 11 November 2005.</ref> That same day, [[Lee Kuan Yew]] [[Proclamation of Singapore|proclaimed]] Singapore as a sovereign and independent nation and continued in office as Prime Minister. Following the separation, the Singapore branch of UMNO was reorganised and renamed the [[Singapore Malay National Organisation]] (''Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura''), with little to no relevance in the Singaporean political scene post-independence.

=== Post-separation ===
After the separation of Singapore from the federation, the Alliance leaders focused on continuing its policies. One involved the Malay language, which was the official language of Malaysia. UMNO sought to reduce the reliance on English in government affairs. In this, it was aided by PAS, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, which backed special rights for the Bumiputra, and the strengthening of Islam's position in public affairs. However, the PAP's Malaysian branch, which had now become [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP), took a very strong stance against this, and continued the expelled PAP's call for a "Malaysian Malaysia". In 1968, the newly formed [[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia]] or Gerakan, led by Lim Chong Eu, also adopted the DAP's stance.<ref>Means, Gordon P. (1991). ''Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation'', pp. 3, 5, 29. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-588988-6}}.</ref>

Matters came to a head in the [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969 general election]]. When polling closed on the mainland peninsula (West Malaysia) on 10 May, it emerged the Alliance had won less than half of the popular vote, although it was assured of 66 out of 104 Parliamentary seats available. Much of the losses came from the MCA, thus straining relations between the two parties.{{clarify|date=March 2020}} However, the Alliance was dealt an even larger blow on the state level, losing control of [[Kelantan]], [[Perak]], and [[Penang]].<ref>Means, p. 6, 7.</ref>

A [[13 May incident|major riot]] broke out in the aftermath of the election on 13 May 1969.  The [[King of Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) declared a national emergency after being advised by the national government to do so. Parliament was suspended, with a [[National Operations Council]] (NOC) led by [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Abdul Razak Hussein]] of UMNO, taking over the government. Further polling in [[East Malaysia]] as a continuation of the general election was also postponed indefinitely. Although the Cabinet still met under the Tunku as Prime Minister, his role was largely symbolic, with Abdul Razak taking over the role of chief executive.<ref>Means, p. 8.</ref>

UMNO backbencher [[Mahathir Mohamad]], who had lost his Parliamentary seat in the election, wrote a letter to the Tunku criticising his leadership. Mahathir organised a campaign with [[University of Malaya]] lecturer Raja Muktaruddin Daim, circulating his letter among the student bodies of local universities. Mass demonstrations broke out calling for "Malay sovereignty" and the Tunku's ousting. After the riot, Home Affairs Minister [[Ismail Abdul Rahman]] and Abdul Razak agreed to expel Mahathir and former Executive Secretary of UMNO [[Musa Hitam]] from the party for breaching party discipline.

The suspended elections in East Malaysia were held in 1970, and restored the Alliance government's two-thirds majority in parliament. On 31 August that year, the Tunku announced the national ideology of [[Rukun Negara]] and his planned retirement as Prime Minister in favour of Abdul Razak. He also stated Parliament would be restored the following year.<ref>Means, pp. 11, 12.</ref>

=== The New Economic Policy ===
After Abdul Razak succeeded the Tunku in 1970, he began asserting UMNO's leadership in the Alliance more strongly. When the Tunku led the coalition, he had always consulted Alliance leaders regarding policy—if an Alliance leader objected, the policy was not passed. Under Abdul Razak, UMNO was the base of the Alliance and thus the government. The NOC which he led until Parliament reconvened consisted of 7 Malays, one Chinese and one Indian.<ref>Means, pp. 20, 21.</ref>

In Abdul Razak's cabinet, the two most powerful men other than him were Ismail Abdul Rahman and [[Ghazali Shafie]], who had declared the [[Westminster system|Westminster-style Parliamentary system]] inappropriate for Malaysia. Abdul Razak also readmitted to the party "[[Ultra (Malaysia)|ultras]]" who had been expelled, like Mahathir and Musa Hitam. Mahathir gained notoriety after his expulsion from UMNO by authoring ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', a book promptly banned from Malaysia, which posited that the Malays are the definitive people of Malaysia and thus deserved special rights as the sovereign people of the nation. It also controversially argued that the Malays needed affirmative action to overcome deficiencies in their genetic stock.<ref>Means, pp. 20–22.</ref>

The Abdul Razak government announced the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] in 1971. Its stated goal was to "eventually eradicate poverty... irrespective of race" through a "rapidly expanding economy" which emphasised to increase the Malays' share in the national economy to a reasonable portion between all the races. The NEP targeted a 30 per cent Malay share of the economy by 1990. The government contended that this would lead to a "just society" ("''Masyarakat Adil''"), the latter slogan being used to promote acceptance of the policy. Quotas in education and the civil service that the Constitution had explicitly provided for were expanded by the NEP, which also mandated government interference in the private sector. For instance, 30% of all shares in [[initial public offering]]s would be disbursed by the government to selective [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputeras]]. The old civil service hiring quota of 4 Malays for every non-Malay's was effectively disregarded in practice; between 1969 and 1973, 98% of all new government employees were Malay. Five new universities were opened under the NEP, two of which were targeted to focus on the poor Malays and Muslim citizens.<ref>Means, pp. 23–27.</ref>

Abdul Razak also began shoring up the government by bringing in several former opposition parties into the fold of the Alliance. Gerakan, PPP, PAS, and several former opposition parties in East Malaysia joined the coalition, which was renamed as [[Barisan Nasional]]. Barisan was formally registered as an organisation in 1974, the same year in which a general election was held.<ref>Means, pp. 29, 30.</ref>

There had been much internal conflict in the National Front regarding the election; in 1973, [[Lim Keng Yaik]] and several supporters of his aggressive pro-Chinese stance left the MCA for Gerakan. This contributed to internal strife, as the MCA was no longer the sole representative of Chinese interests in the National Front.<ref>Means, p. 31.</ref>

Discontent among student organisations in Malaysian universities soon posed a new problem for the UMNO-led government. After stories that children of rubber tappers had died after consuming poisonous wild yam due to poverty, university students reacted by staging the 1974 Baling demonstrations. The demonstrations resulted in the arrest of over 1,000 students, including [[Anwar Ibrahim]] who was detained under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]]. In 1975, parliament passed amendments to the Universities and University Colleges Act which banned students from expressing support of or holding positions in any political party or trade union without written consent from the university's Vice-Chancellor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/kl/news/story-behind-some-malaysias-biggest-street-rallies/|title=The story behind some of Malaysia's biggest street rallies|date=27 August 2015|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The act also banned political demonstrations from being held on university campuses. In 1976, however, mass demonstrations were held at the MARA Institute of Technology, protesting the UUCA.<ref>Means, pp. 36, 37.</ref>

BN was also challenged in Sarawak after the 1974 election, which saw the [[Sarawak National Party]] led by [[James Wong Kim Min|James Wong]] become tied with the DAP as the largest opposition party in Parliament, both of them holding nine seats each. SNAP had campaigned against BN on a platform of opposing Chief Minister [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]]'s pro-Malay policies, charging them with alienating the rural indigenous natives of Sarawak, such as the [[Iban people|Ibans]]. SNAP had been expelled from the Alliance in 1965 for supporting increased autonomy for Sarawak. In the aftermath of the election, Abdul Rahman ordered the detention of James Wong under the Sedition Act. SNAP elected a new leader, [[Leo Moggie|Leo Moggie Irok]], who secured the release of Wong and the entry of SNAP into BN in 1976.<ref>Means, pp. 39, 40.</ref>

In Sabah, BN controlled the state government through the [[United Sabah National Organisation]] (USNO), which strongly backed UMNO's pro-Malay and pro-Islam policies. In 1973, Islam was made the official Sabah state religion (the official religion of Sabah was originally [[Christianity]], as permitted by the agreement signed before the merger), and usage of indigenous languages such as those of the [[Kadazan people|Kadazan]] people was discontinued in favour of the Malay language. The USNO Chief Minister, [[Datu Mustapha Datu Harun|Mustapha Harun]], was also known for favouring [[Patronage#Politics|political patronage]] as a means of allocating valuable timber contracts, and living an extravagant lifestyle, being ferried to his A$1 million [[Queensland]] home by jets provided with Sabahan public funds.<ref>Means, pp. 41, 42.</ref>

In 1978, UMNO planned for a new headquarters on a site at Jalan Tun Dr Ismail, initially as a twin tower with one of the towers being 40 stories high, costing a total of RM200 million.<ref name="glut">{{cite news |title=KL shopspace glut |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19781005-1.2.24?qt=puduraya&q=puduraya |work=The Straits Times |date=5 October 1978}}</ref>

===Mahathir era===
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad addressing the United Nations General Assembly (September 25 2003).jpg|thumb|Mahathir Mohamad]]
{{Further|First premiership of Mahathir Mohamad|1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election}}

On 24 April 1987, UMNO held its Annual General Assembly and triennial Party election. The then Prime Minister and party President, [[Mahathir Mohamad]], faced his first party election in 12 years, having been elected unopposed since the 1975 UMNO election.

The politics of the Malays, particularly UMNO politics, had undergone a sea change in the first few years of the Mahathir stewardship, and the party presidency was challenged for the second time in 41 years. In fact, in the early 1950s, Tunku Abdul Rahman's presidency had also been challenged by [[Chik Mohamad Yusuf|C. M. Yusof]], who later became the [[Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat]], but Tunku was not properly considered an incumbent then, being only a care-taker president.

The 1987 contest was a vastly different matter. Mahathir was opposed by his very popular former Finance Minister, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. The press took to referring to Mahathir and his supporters as Team A, and Razaleigh's camp as Team B. Team B included then Deputy Prime Minister Musa Hitam, who was also the incumbent Deputy President of UMNO seeking re-election, as well as [[Suhaimi Kamaruddin]], the former head of UMNO Youth and president of the Belia 4B youth organisation.<ref>Means, p. 201.</ref>

Team B was critical of Mahathir's policies, arguing that the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] had failed to benefit the poor Malays. It also criticised Mahathir's leadership style, alleging he acted unilaterally without consulting other leaders in UMNO and the Barisan Nasional. Team B was also perceived as less Islamist than Mahathir's faction.<ref name="means_202">Means, p. 202.</ref>

Mahathir claimed that the charges against him were groundless, and suggested that his opponents were fracturing Malay unity and were only motivated by greed.<ref name="means_202"/>

Eventually, Mahathir was returned to office. However, he was elected with such a small majority of 43 (761 against 718 votes) that questions were immediately raised about his mandate. Team B supporters, many of whom had been anticipating a victory of similar margins, suspected that the election had been fixed. The Team B candidate for Deputy President, Musa Hitam, had also been defeated by [[Abdul Ghafar Baba]] of Team A, while two of the three Vice Presidents were Team A candidates. The Supreme Council comprised 16 Team A candidates and 9 Team B candidates.<ref>Means, p. 204.</ref>

Allegations were made that several delegates who had voted were drawn from UMNO branches not properly registered. There were also several unproved allegations being bandied about that the balloting process had not been above board.<ref name="means_206">Means, p. 206.</ref>

Nevertheless, Razaleigh pledged to support Mahathir, provided that a "witch hunt" was not launched. However, Mahathir promptly purged the government cabinet of all Team B members, and launched similar reshuffles in state and local governments.<ref>Means, p. 205.</ref>

On 25 June 1987, an appeal was filed by 12 of the UMNO delegates to have the assembly and the election of April 1987 declared null. After one of the delegates, Hussain bin Manap, withdrew unexpectedly in August from filing the appeal, the remaining litigants have since become famous as the "UMNO 11." Although Razaleigh and Musa Hitam were not among the plaintiffs, it was widely believed that Razaleigh was funding the appeal.<ref name="means_206"/>

After a series of interlocutory hearings over the discovery of documents that took more than seven months, the matter finally came before Justice Harun Hashim in the Kuala Lumpur High Court on 4 February 1988. The judge ruled that under the existing law he had no option but to find the party, UMNO, to be an unlawful society due to the existence of several unregistered branches—an illegal act under the Societies Act of 1966. The question of the Assembly itself being illegal therefore became academic.<ref name="means_218">Means, pp. 218, 219.</ref>

"'It is a very hard decision to declare UMNO unlawful,' said Justice Harun Hashim in his February 4 judgement. 'But the law was made by our Parliament and certainly UMNO was aware [of the Societies Act] because they were in the majority [in Parliament] at all times [when the law was made].' Under the 1966 Act, amended five times over the years, and most recently by Mahathir's government, each of the society's branches has to register separately with the Registrar...."<ref name="means_218"/>

Then, Razaleigh set up a new party called [[Parti Melayu Semangat 46|Semangat 46]], which claimed to be the successor to the old UMNO. UMNO Malaysia was supported mainly by members of the Team B faction from UMNO, but Mahathir was also invited to join the party leadership. However, the party collapsed after the Registrar of Societies refused to register it as a society without providing an explanation.<ref>Means, pp. 224, 225.</ref>

Mahathir showed no interest in reviving UMNO, and instead he set in motion the machinery to form a new surrogate party, and in due course, registered a party formally called Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (Baru) or UMNO (New) a week after UMNO Malaysia's registration was rejected. Eventually the suffix "(New)" was dropped, and UMNO (Baru) became both the ''de facto'' and ''de jure'' successor of original UMNO, dropping the 'Baru' suffix with the old UMNO's assets handed over.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Rencana/20121201/re_09/Terus-fokus-menyatukan-Melayu|title=Terus fokus menyatukan Melayu|publisher=Utusan Online|date=1 December 2012|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206164701/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Rencana/20121201/re_09/Terus-fokus-menyatukan-Melayu|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of its leaders, however, were selected from Team A of the old UMNO, with Team B ignored.<ref>Means, pp. 224, 225, 230......</ref>

In [[1999 Malaysian general election|10th general election]] in 1999, rocked by the arrest and trial of former UMNO Deputy President Anwar Ibrahim and the subsequent formation of the [[Barisan Alternatif]] opposition coalition, UMNO's share dipped to 54% of the vote, winning 102 out of 144 seats.

=== Post-Mahathir ===
[[File:Abdullah Badawi in April 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An official photo of former prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.|[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] served as the 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009.]]
[[File:Najib Razak 2008-08-21.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An official photo of former prime minister Najib Tun Razak.|[[Najib Razak]] served as the 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2009 to 2018, but his tenure was marred by allegations of corruption, most notably the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal|1MDB scandal]].]]
After Mahathir stepped down as President of UMNO in 2003, he was replaced by his designated successor, [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], who became the 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia. [[Najib Razak]], the son of Abdul Razak Hussein, took over as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia.

In the [[Malaysian General Election, 2004|11th general election]] in 2004, Barisan Nasional, under Abdullah's leadership, enjoyed a landslide victory. However, in the [[Malaysian General Election, 2008|12th general election]] in 2008, the coalition for the first time fell short of a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. UMNO Chief Ministers were ousted in the states of [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], [[Penang]] and [[Kedah]]. As a result, Abdullah resigned as President of UMNO and Prime Minister in 2009. He was succeeded by Najib.

Under Najib's leadership, UMNO gained a total of 9 seats in the [[2013 Malaysian general election|13th general election]] and retook the state of [[Kedah]]. Mahathir's son [[Mukhriz Mahathir]] became [[Menteri Besar of Kedah|Kedah Menteri Besar]]. However, in 2015, the [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal|1MDB scandal]] emerged, implicating Najib and leading to widespread controversy. The scandal severely affected UMNO's reputation, causing internal divisions and public backlash.

In 2018, UMNO was required to hold an leadership election 19 April by the requirements of the Registry of Societies (RoS), to hold a leadership election within five years of the last leadership election, as the last leadership election was in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hanipa Maidin |date=19 April 2018 |title=Umno – apa selepas hari ini, 19 Apr 2018? |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/420525 |access-date=11 May 2018 |publisher=Malaysiakini |language=ms}}</ref> In April, some UMNO members filed a suit to declare UMNO illegal but was dismissed by the High Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2018-05-19 |title=Malaysia's Umno party elections to be held by April 2019 but dissent over top posts {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-umno-party-elections-to-be-held-by-april-2019-but-dissent-over-top-posts |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> UMNO announced in May that the RoS had in 2017 allowed UMNO to postpone the election until 19 April 2019.<ref name=":0" />

On 9 May 2018, Mahathir and the [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) coalition won the [[2018 Malaysian general election|14th General Election]] ending UMNO's 61 year long rule as part of the Alliance and later Barisan Nasional coalition.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178 |access-date=11 May 2018 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> UMNO experienced a mass exodus of rank-and-file members, state chiefs, as well as Members of Parliament in favour of Mahathir's [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]] and regionalist parties such as [[Heritage Party (Malaysia)|Parti Warisan Sabah]] in the months after the election.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2018 |title=Three Johor Umno reps jump to Pribumi |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/12/three-johor-umno-reps-jump-to-pribumi/ |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2018 |title=Kelantan Wanita Umno info chief, 50 others, jump to Pribumi |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/13/kelantan-wanita-umno-info-chief-50-others-jump-to-pribumi/ |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2018 |title=Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/12/sabah-umno-exodus-begins-with-nine-of-10-assemblymen-leaving-party/ |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Star}}</ref>

After the general election defeat, UMNO held the [[2018 United Malays National Organisation leadership election|UMNO leadership election]] in June 2018 instead of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak steps down as Umno president and Barisan Nasional chairman |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-malaysia-pm-najib-razak-steps-down-as-umno-president |accessdate=12 May 2018 |website=The Straits Times|date=12 May 2018 }}</ref> Former Deputy Prime Minister [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] was elected the 8th UMNO president in a three-way contest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zahid to contest Umno president's post, Negeri Sembilan chief eyes deputy's seat |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/zahid-to-contest-umno-presidents-post-negeri-sembilan-chief-eyes-deputys-seat |accessdate=2 June 2018 |website=The Straits Times|date=2 June 2018 }}</ref> He defeated former [[UMNO Youth]] chief [[Khairy Jamaluddin]] and veteran leader [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-01 |title=Umno elections historic, ensure party remains relevant, says Zahid |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/01/umno-elections-historic-ensure-party-remains-relevant-says-zahid/ |access-date=2018-07-01 |work=The Star}}</ref> The outcome was regarded by political observers as a defining moment in UMNO's post-defeat trajectory, setting the tone for its strategies in opposition and in subsequent coalition governments.

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] called [[National Concord|Muafakat Nasional]]. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/09/18/whats-next-for-piagam-muafakat-nasional/ |title= What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional? |date=18 September 2019 |work=The Malaysian Reserve }}</ref>  There is however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there are calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2019/11/543468/mcas-future-muafakat-nasional-remains-unclear |title=MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear |date=30 November 2019|work=New Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/calls-in-umno-for-barisan-nasional-to-migrate-to-muafakat-nasional |title=Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional |date=5 December 2019 |work=The Straits Times |author=Reme Ahmad}}</ref>  Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and [[United Sabah People's Party|PBRS]], but aligned themselves with [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2020/03/571665/perikatan-nasional-coalition-set-joint-secretariat |title=Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat |work=New Straits Times |author=Adib Povera|date=4 March 202 }}</ref>

In February 2020, in the leadup to the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis]], UMNO leaders Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], along with BERSATU President [[Muhyiddin Yassin]], [[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]] President [[Abdul Hadi Awang]] and [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]] defector members led by [[Azmin Ali|Mohamed Azmin Ali]], collectively convened at the Sheraton Petaling Jaya hotel to initiate a change in government, thus causing political instability by depriving the elected Pakatan Harapan government of a majority within the [[Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament|Members of the Dewan Rakyat in the 14th Malaysian Parliament]]. As a result, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (along with the [[Seventh Mahathir cabinet]]) tendered their resignation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Yiswaree Palansamy |date=23 February 2020 |title=Azmin arrives at Sheraton Hotel, first sighting since rumoured new coalition |work=Malay Mail |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/23/azmin-arrives-at-sheraton-hotel-first-sighting-since-rumoured-new-coalition/1840150 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sadho Ram |date=23 February 2020 |title=PAS, UMNO, Bersatu, Amanah And 10 PKR MPs Said To Be Forming A New Coalition Govt |work=SAYS |url=https://says.com/my/news/pas-umno-bersatu-amanah-and-10-pkr-mps-said-to-be-forming-a-new-coalition-govt |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=24 February 2020 |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir Mohamad resigns amid political turmoil |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/24/anwar-ibrahim-decries-traitors-amid-cracks-in-deal-to-make-him-malaysias-next-pm |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, after the [[King of Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] [[Abdullah of Pahang|Al-Sultan Abdullah]] consulted all members of the Dewan Rakyat. Muhyiddin Yassin, with the support of UMNO and other non-PH & Warisan parties, was deemed to have the greatest support within Parliament and was selected as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 February 2020 |title=Muhyiddin Yassin is Malaysia's next prime minister: Palace statement |work=[[CNA (TV network)]] |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-muhyiddin-yassin-malaysia-next-prime-minister-palace-781571 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2020 |title=Muhyiddin Yassin sworn in as Malaysian PM |work=[[CNA (TV network)]] |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-muhyiddin-yassin-swearing-in-prime-minister-781516 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

In [[Muhyiddin cabinet|Muhyiddin's cabinet]], which formed on 10 March 2020, six UMNO MPs became Ministers & eight UMNO MPs became Deputy Ministers, but excluded UMNO's top 2 positions. President Ahmad Zahid had court cases and Deputy President [[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]] was not a member of Dewan Rakyat (but could have been appointed as a member of [[Dewan Negara]]).

In July 2021, further political instability ensued when UMNO, at the direction of its President Ahmad Zahid, withdrew support for the government led by Muhyiddin along with his [[Muhyiddin cabinet|cabinet]]. Zahid claimed that as Muhyiddin failed to spearhead economic recovery and effectively handle the Covid-19 pandemic, therefore Zahid claimed Muhyiddin failed to fulfil the conditions underlined by UMNO when it backed Muhyiddin to become prime minister in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Vincent |date=2021-07-08 |title=UMNO withdraws support for Muhyiddin Yassin's government, urges the Malaysian PM to step down |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-umno-withdraws-support-pm-muhyiddin-urges-resign-1986466 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[CNA (TV network)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Vincent |last2=Tho |first2=Xin Yi |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ahmad Zahid claims sufficient UMNO MPs have withdrawn support for PM Muhyiddin; energy minister quits Cabinet |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-umno-zahid-statutory-declaration-muhyiddin-majority-2086391 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[CNA (TV network)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ram |date=2021-07-08 |title=Umno withdraws support for Malaysia PM Muhyiddin, calls for his resignation {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/umno-withdraws-support-for-malaysias-pm-muhyiddin-calls-for-his-resignation |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong required all members of the Dewan Rakyat to submit a [[statutory declaration]] (SD) indicating their preference of Prime Minister,. Vice President Ismail Sabri Yaakob possessed the greatest support within Parliament (with 114 affirmative SDs out of a possible 222) and was selected as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia, thus created history by the being the only non-coalition party leader to be elected as Prime Minister. Additionally, history was also made as three Prime Ministers took office in a single parliamentary term.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 election]], UMNO, as a part of BN, faced the worst-ever result in Malaysian history, with only winning 26 out of 222 seats.<ref name="worst">{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= 'End of an era' for Malaysia's Barisan Nasional, after corruption issues hurt candidates at GE15: Analysts|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-ge15-end-era-barisan-nasional-3087531|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> Several key figures including [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]], [[Mahdzir Khalid]], [[Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim|Azeez Rahim]], [[Tengku Zafrul Aziz]], [[Khairy Jamaluddin]], lost to either PN or PH candidates.<ref name="worst" /><ref>{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PRU15: Nama besar antara yang tewas|url= https://mediavariasi.com/2022/11/pru15-nama-besar-antara-yang-tewas/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PRU15: BN kecundang di Tanjong Karang|url= https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/pru15-bn-kecundang-di-tanjong-karang-392569|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= [Rasmi] Azeez Rahim kalah kepada calon PN di Baling|url= https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2022/11/rasmi-azeez-rahim-kalah-kepada-calon-pn-di-baling/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> UMNO was also defeated at several state elections held in [[Pahang]] and [[Perak]], and lost all seats in [[Perlis]].<ref>{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PN brings BN to its knees in Perlis|url= https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2022/11/20/pn-brings-bn-to-its-knees-in-perlis/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> President Ahmad Zahid was re-elected with a slim majority.<ref>{{cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= GE15: Zahid retains Bagan Datuk with slim majority|url= https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/11/852833/ge15-zahid-retains-bagan-datuk-slim-majority|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
{{See also|Malay Islamic identity}}
[[File:UMNO (8412857789).jpg|thumb|(L-R) [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi|Zahid Hamidi]], [[Muhyiddin Yassin]], [[Najib Razak]] and [[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor|Tengku Adnan]] at the 2012 UMNO General Assembly]]
UMNO overtly represents the [[Malays of Malaysia]], although any [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] (indigenous Malaysian, a category which includes people such as the non-Malay and usually non-Muslim [[Kadazan people|Kadazan]], [[Iban people|Iban]], [[Dayak people|Dayak]], etc. of East Malaysia) may join the party. The party propagates ''[[Ketuanan Melayu]]'', the concept that the Bumiputera, including ethnic Malays, enjoy a special status within the country by virtue of their earlier perceived settlement of the lands that now form Malaysia and as a result of the recognition of Malays in [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Daljit|last2=Smith|first2=Anthony|title=Southeast Asian Affairs 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ8qP3iwKOQC|isbn=9789812301628|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies }}</ref>

UMNO is largely seen as [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=mohamad |first=zailan |date=2021-01-02 |title=UMNO : Kembali Kepada Realiti, Bangunkan Ketumbukan Politik Sederhana, Progresif, Inklusif – Khaled {{!}} UMNO |url=https://umno.org.my/language/ms/2021/01/02/umno-kembali-kepada-realiti-bangunkan-ketumbukan-politik-sederhana-progresif-inklusif-khaled/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |language=ms-MY}}</ref> and in most cases [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] with [[authoritarian]] tendencies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Juego |first=Bonn |date=2018-06-30 |title=The Institutions of Authoritarian Neoliberalism in Malaysia: A Critical Review of the Development Agendas Under the Regimes of Mahathir, Abdullah, and Najib |url=https://aseas.univie.ac.at/index.php/aseas/article/view/2683 |journal=Advances in Southeast Asian Studies |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=53–79 |doi=10.14764/10.ASEAS-2018.1-4 |issn=2791-531X}}</ref>

=== ''Bumiputera'' policies ===
{{Conservatism in Malaysia|Parties}}
In 2018, Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] announced the [[Seventh Mahathir cabinet|cabinet]]'s decision for the government to "ratify all remaining core UN instruments related to the protection of human rights", including [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (ICERD) and other five previously unratified conventions at a [[United Nations General Assembly]], UMNO, PAS along with various non-governmental organisations, staged an [[2018 anti-ICERD rally|anti-ICERD rally]] that was held at the [[Dataran Merdeka]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], to protest against the ratifications of the relevant international conventions, due to their perception that these human rights instruments contravene with the special position of the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] and [[Islam]] within the country; all of which are enshrined within the Malaysian Constitution.<ref name="icerdfigure">{{cite web |title=Anti ICERD rally: So, what's the estimate? |date=8 December 2018 |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/438588/anti-icerd-rally-so-whats-estimate |accessdate=8 December 2018 |publisher=New Straits Times}}</ref><ref name="malaysiakini">{{cite web |title=PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 - Malaysiakini |date=17 November 2018 |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368 |accessdate=17 November 2018 |publisher=Malaysiakini}}</ref><ref name="notratify">{{cite web |title=Govt not ratifying ICERD - The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/24/govt-not-ratifying-icerd-we-will-continue-to-defend-federal-constitution-says-pms-office/ |accessdate=24 November 2018 |work=The Star Online |date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>

On 23 November 2018, the Prime Minister's Office announced they would not ratify the convention and would continue defending the Federal Constitution, which they said represents a social contract that was agreed upon by all races during the formation of the country.<ref name="notratify2">{{cite web |title=Govt not ratifying ICERD - The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/24/govt-not-ratifying-icerd-we-will-continue-to-defend-federal-constitution-says-pms-office/ |accessdate=24 November 2018 |work=The Star Online |date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>

In 2021, a new equity policy for ''Bumiputeras'' in the [[Twelfth Malaysia Plan]] (12MP) attracted controversy which were announced by [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]]. It is said to ensure sustainable equity holdings by Bumiputeras, an equity safety net would be launched to guarantee that the sale of shares or Bumiputera-owned firms would only be sold solely to Bumiputera-owned companies, consortium or individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-28 |title=Rave reviews for 12MP, but Ismail Sabri's Bumi focus splits opinions |url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/42842/rave-reviews-for-12mp-but-ismail-sabris-bumi-focus-splits-opinions |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Vibes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Ram |date=2021-09-29 |title=Malaysian PM Ismail's push on bumiputera equity faces criticism in country |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ismails-push-on-bumiputera-equity-faces-criticism-in-malaysia |access-date=2021-10-04 |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Syed Saddiq]] said that the new rulings were unfair as they would be tantamount to taking equity from the non-Bumiputeras and giving them to Bumiputeras. Former Health Minister, [[Dzulkefly Ahmad]] had also described the policy as "suicidal" and claimed that the new policy would only kill the Bumiputera companies economically if that is their intention. He also said that based on the feedback from Malay businessmen, most were against the idea of the new Bumiputera-only policy being implemented.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 12th Malaysia Plan and what people think of it |work=Free Malaysia Today |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/10/01/the-12th-malaysia-plan-and-what-people-think-of-it/ |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Ismail Sabri announced it after revealing that the government’s target to raise Bumiputera equity ownership to 30% had yet to be achieved. He also announced funding to improve Bumiputera businesses’ sustainability to hit 15% contribution in [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) by Bumiputera micro, small and medium enterprises by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former minister calls govt's Bumi equity safety net 'suicidal', claims Malay businessmen not keen |url=https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/former-minister-calls-govt-bumi-083357557.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=malaysia.news.yahoo.com |date=28 September 2021 |language=en-MY}}</ref>

==List of leaders==

===President===
{{Further|President of the United Malays National Organisation}}

===Women Chief===
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://umno.org.my/en/sejarah-wanita-umno/|title=History of Wanita UMNO|website=UMNO Malaysia|date=19 June 2019|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
|-
!1
|[[:ms:Putih Mariah Ibrahim Rashid|Putih Mariah Ibrahim Rashid]]
|1947
|1949
|-
!2
|[[Zainon Munshi Sulaiman]]
|1950
|1953
|-
!3
|[[Khadijah Sidek]]
|1954
|1956
|-
!4
|[[Fatimah Hashim]]
|1957
|1972
|-
!5
|[[Aishah Ghani]]
|1972
|1986
|-
!6
|[[Rafidah Aziz]]
|1987
|1996
|-
!7
|[[Siti Zaharah Sulaiman]]
|1996
|2000
|-
!8
|[[Rafidah Aziz]]
|2000
|2009
|-
!9
|[[Shahrizat Abdul Jalil]]
|26 March 2009
|24 June 2018
|-
!10
|[[Noraini Ahmad]]
|24 June 2018
|''Incumbent''
|}

===Youth Chief===
{{Further|UMNO Youth}}

===Puteri Chief===
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://umno.org.my/en/sejarah-puteri-umno/|title=History of Puteri UMNO|website=UMNO Malaysia|date=19 June 2019|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
|-
!1
|[[Azalina Othman Said]]
|2001
|2004
|-
!2
|[[Noraini Ahmad]]
|2004
|2009
|-
!3
|[[Rosnah Shirlin]]
|26 March 2009
|12 October 2013
|-
!4
|[[Mas Ermieyati Samsudin]]
|12 October 2013
|24 June 2018
|-
!5
|[[:ms:Zahida Zarik Khan|Zahida Zarik Khan]]
|24 June 2018
|11 March 2023
|-
!6
|Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi
|12 March 2023
|''Incumbent''
|}

== Structure and membership ==
=== Current office bearer ===
[https://umno-online.my/mkt/ Official source]

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Permanent Chairperson:'''
** [[Badruddin Amiruldin]]
* '''Deputy Permanent Chairperson:'''
** Abdul Fattah Abdullah
* '''President:'''
** [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]
* '''Deputy President:'''
** [[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]]
* '''Vice Presidents:'''
** [[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]]
** [[Mohamed Khaled Nordin]]
** [[Johari Abdul Ghani]]
* '''Women's Chief:'''
** [[Noraini Ahmad]]
* '''Youth Chief:'''
** [[Muhamad Akmal Saleh]]
* '''Women's Youth Chief:'''
** Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi
* '''Secretary-General:'''
** [[Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki]]
* '''Treasurer:'''
** [[Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor]]
* '''Information Chief:'''
** [[Azalina Othman Said]]
* '''Executive Secretary:'''
** Mohd Sumali Reduan
* '''Election Director:'''
** [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]]
* '''State Chairman:'''
** Perlis: [[:ms:Rozabil Abd Rahman|Rozabil Abd Rahman]] 
** Kedah: [[Mahdzir Khalid]]
** Kelantan: [[Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub]]
** Terengganu: [[Rozi Mamat]]
** Penang: [[:ms:Musa Sheikh Fadzir|Musa Sheikh Fadzir]]
** Perak: [[Saarani Mohamad]]
** Pahang: [[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]] 
** Selangor: [[Megat Zulkarnain Omardin]]
** Federal Territories: [[Johari Abdul Ghani]]
** Negeri Sembilan: [[Jalaluddin Alias]]
** Malacca: [[Ab Rauf Yusoh]]
** Johor: [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]]
** Sabah: [[Bung Moktar Radin]]
* '''State Deputy Chairman:'''
** Perlis: [[Fathul Bari Mat Jahya]]
** Kedah: [[Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim]]
** Kelantan: [[Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh]]
** Terengganu: Nik Dir Nik Wan Ku
** Penang: [[:ms:Shaik Hussein Mydin|Shaik Hussein Mydin]]
** Perak: [[:ms:Azian Osman|Azian Osman]]
** Pahang: Abdul Hamid Mohd Nazahar
** Selangor: [[Johan Abd Aziz]]
** Federal Territories: [[:ms:Mohd Shafei Abdullah|Mohd Shafei Abdullah]]
** Negeri Sembilan: [[Hasim Rusdi]]
** Malacca: [[Rais Yasin]]
** Johor: [[Ahmad Maslan]]
** Sabah: [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]]
{{col-2}}
* '''Supreme Council Members (elected):'''
** [[Shamsul Anuar Nasarah]]
** [[Zambry Abdul Kadir]]
** [[Ahmad Maslan]]
** [[Bung Mokhtar Radin]]
** [[Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub]]
** [[Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim]]
** [[Shahaniza Shamsuddin]]
** [[:ms:Azian Osman|Azian Osman]]
** [[Md Alwi Che Ahmad]]
** [[:ms:Shaik Hussein Mydin|Shaik Hussein Mydin]]
** [[:ms:Zahida Zarik Khan|Zahida Zarik Khan]]
** [[:ms:Mohd Razlan Rafii|Mohd Razlan Muhammad Rafii]]
** [[Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin]]
** [[Abdul Rahman Mohamad]]
** [[Mohd Puad Zarkashi]]
** [[Jamil Khir Baharom]]
** [[Johan Abd Aziz]]
** [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]]
** [[Lokman Noor Adam]]
** [[Ahmad Said (politician)|Ahmad Said]]
** [[Rosnah Shirlin]]
** Mohd Rafi Alli Hassan
** [[Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman]]
* '''Supreme Council Members (appointed):'''
** [[Shahrizat Abdul Jalil]]
** [[Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh]]
** [[Ahmad Ismail (Malaysian politician)|Ahmad Ismail]]
** [[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]]
** [[:ms:Mohd Shafei Abdullah|Mohd Shafei Abdullah]]
** Hasmuni Hassan
** Mohd Hasnol Ayub
** [[Mohd Faizal Ramli]]
** Mohd Arrif Abdul Majid
** [[Jailani Johari]]
** [[:ms:Norliza Abdul Rahim|Norliza Abdul Rahim]]
** [[Mohd Hairi Mad Shah]]
** Siti Sokhleha Nordin 
* '''Supreme Council Members (in attendance):'''
** [[Mohamad Alamin]]
** [[Siti Aminah Aching]]
** [[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]]
** [[Yakubah Khan]]
** [[Ahmad Shabery Cheek]]
** [[Ramli Mohd Nor]]
** [[:ms:Othman Desa|Othman Desa]]
* '''Political Secretary to the President:'''
** Abdul Halim Mohamad{{col-end}}

== Elected representatives ==
=== Dewan Negara (Senate) ===
==== Senators ====
{{main|Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* '''[[King of Malaysia|His Majesty's]] appointee:'''
** [[Zambry Abdul Kadir]]
** [[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]]
** [[Rosni Sohar]]
* '''[[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]:'''
** [[:ms:Shamsuddin Abd Ghaffar|Shamsuddin Abd Ghaffar]]
* '''[[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]]:'''
** [[:ms:Mustafa Musa|Mustafa Musa]]
* '''[[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]:'''
** [[:ms:Abdul Halim Suleiman|Abdul Halim Suleiman]]
* '''[[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]]:'''
** [[Norhasmimi Abdul Ghani]]
** [[:ms:Shahrol Wizan Sulong|Shahrol Wizan Sulong]]
}}

=== Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) ===
==== Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament ====
{{main|Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

UMNO has 26 MPs in the [[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives]].

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| State/Federal Territory
! style="width:30px;"| No.
! style="width:150px;"|Parliament Constituency
! style="width:240px;"|Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Perak}} ||P055 || [[Lenggong (federal constituency)|Lenggong]]|| [[Shamsul Anuar Nasarah]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P075 || [[Bagan Datuk (federal constituency)|Bagan Datuk]] || [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| rowspan="5" | {{Flag|Pahang}} || P078 || [[Cameron Highlands (federal constituency)|Cameron Highlands]] || [[Ramli Mohd Nor]]|| bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}" | ||UMNO
|-
| P079 || [[Lipis (federal constituency)|Lipis]] || [[Abdul Rahman Mohamad]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P084 || [[Paya Besar (federal constituency)|Paya Besar]] || [[Mohd Shahar Abdullah]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P085 || [[Pekan (federal constituency)|Pekan]] || [[Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P090 || [[Bera (federal constituency)|Bera]] || [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| rowspan="1" | {{Flag|Kuala Lumpur}}|| P119 || [[Titiwangsa (federal constituency)|Titiwangsa]]|| [[Johari Abdul Ghani]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| rowspan="5" | {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}} || P126 || [[Jelebu (federal constituency)|Jelebu]]|| [[Jalaluddin Alias]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P127 || [[Jempol (federal constituency)|Jempol]]|| [[Shamshulkahar Mohd Deli]]|| bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}" | ||UMNO
|-
|P129
|[[Kuala Pilah (federal constituency)|Kuala Pilah]] 
|[[Adnan Abu Hassan (politician)|Adnan Abu Hassan]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P131 || [[Rembau (federal constituency)|Rembau]] || [[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P133
|[[Tampin (federal constituency)|Tampin]]
| [[Mohd Isam Mohd Isa]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| rowspan="7" | {{Flag|Johor}} || P147 || [[Parit Sulong (federal constituency)|Parit Sulong]] || [[Noraini Ahmad]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P151
|[[Simpang Renggam (federal constituency)|Simpang Renggam]]
|[[Hasni Mohammad]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P153 || [[Sembrong (federal constituency)|Sembrong]] || [[Hishammuddin Hussein|<s>Hishammuddin Hussein</s>]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P155 || [[Tenggara (federal constituency)|Tenggara]] || [[Manndzri Nasib]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P156 || [[Kota Tinggi (federal constituency)|Kota Tinggi]] || [[Mohamed Khaled Nordin]]|| bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P157 || [[Pengerang (federal constituency)|Pengerang]] || [[Azalina Othman Said]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P164 || [[Pontian (federal constituency)|Pontian]] || [[Ahmad Maslan]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |{{Flag|Sabah}}
|P173
|[[Putatan (federal constituency)|Putatan]]
|[[Shahelmey Yahya|<s>Shahelmey Yahya</s>]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P176 || [[Kimanis (federal constituency)|Kimanis]] || [[Mohamad Alamin]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P177
|[[Beaufort (federal constituency)|Beaufort]]
|[[Siti Aminah Aching]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P184
|[[Libaran]]
|[[Suhaimi Nasir]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| P187 || [[Kinabatangan (federal constituency)|Kinabatangan]] || [[Bung Moktar Radin]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
|P191
|[[Kalabakan (federal constituency)|Kalabakan]]
|[[Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy|<s>Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy</s>]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO
|-
| Total || colspan="6" style="width:30px;" | {{small|'''[[Perak]]''' (2), '''[[Pahang]]''' (5),  '''[[Kuala Lumpur|F.T. Kuala Lumpur]]''' (1), '''[[Negeri Sembilan]]''' (5), '''[[Johor]]''' (7),  '''[[Sabah]]''' (6)}}
|}

=== Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly) ===
{{main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
[[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|33|56|hex=#E62020}}
[[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|17|28|hex=#E62020}}
[[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|17|47|hex=#E62020}}
[[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|14|36|hex=#E62020}}
{{col-4}}
[[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|11|79|hex=#E62020}}
[[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|8|59|hex=#E62020}}
[[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|2|45|hex=#E62020}}
[[Penang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#E62020}}
[[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|2|56|hex=#E62020}}
{{col-4}}
[[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|36|hex=#E62020}}
[[Perlis State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|15|hex=#E62020}}
[[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|33|hex=#E62020}}
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;" | State
! style="width:30px;" |No.
! style="width:150px;" |Parliament Constituency
! style="width:30px;" |No.
! style="width:150px;" |State Constituency
! style="width:240px;" |Member
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Kelantan}} 
| rowspan="2" |P032
| rowspan="2" |Gua Musang
| N43 || [[Nenggiri]] || [[Mohd Azmawi Fikri Abdul Ghani]] 
|-
| N45 || [[Galas (state constituency)|Galas]] || [[Mohd Syahbuddin Hashim]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Penang}} 
| P041
|Kepala Batas|| N02 || [[Bertam]] ||[[Reezal Merican Naina Merican]]
|-
|P047
|Nibong Tebal
| N21 || [[Sungai Acheh (state constituency)|Sungai Acheh]] || [[Rashidi Zinol]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |{{Flag|Perak}}
|P054
|Gerik
|  N02 || [[Temenggor (state constituency)|Temenggor]] ||[[Salbiah Mohamed]]
|-
|P055
|Lenggong
|  N04 || [[Kota Tampan (state constituency)|Kota Tampan]] ||[[Saarani Mohamad]]
|-
|P062
|Sungai Siput
|  N21 || [[Lintang (state constituency)|Lintang]] ||[[Mohd Zolkafly Harun]]
|-
|P068
|Beruas
|  N36 || [[Pengkalan Baharu (state constituency)|Pengkalan Baharu]] || [[Azman Noh]]
|-
|P069
|Parit
|  N39 || [[Belanja (state constituency)|Belanja]] ||[[Khairudin Abu Hanipah]]
|-
|P072
|Tapah
|  N48 || [[Ayer Kuning (state constituency)|Ayer Kuning]] || [[Mohamad Yusri Bakir]]
|-
|P075
|Bagan Datuk
|  N53 || [[Rungkup]]||[[Shahrul Zaman Yahya]]
|-
|P077
|Tanjong Malim
|  N59 || [[Behrang (state constituency)|Behrang]]||[[:ms:Salina Samsudin|Salina Samsudin]]
|-
| rowspan="17" | {{Flag|Pahang}} 
|P078
|Cameron Highlands|| N02 || [[Jelai]] ||[[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P079
| rowspan="2" |Lipis
|  N03 || [[Padang Tengku (state constituency)|Padang Tengku]] ||[[:ms:Mustapa Long|Mustapa Long]]
|-
|  N05 || [[Benta (state constituency)|Benta]] ||[[Mohd Soffi Abd Razak]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P080
| rowspan="2" |Raub
|  N06 || [[Batu Talam (state constituency)|Batu Talam]] ||[[Abd. Aziz Mat Kiram]]
|-
|  N08 || [[Dong (state constituency)|Dong]] ||[[Fadzli Mohamad Kamal]]
|-
|P083 
|Kuantan
|  N16 || [[Inderapura (state constituency)|Inderapura]] ||[[Shafik Fauzan Sharif]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |P085
| rowspan="3" |Pekan
|  N21 || [[Peramu Jaya]]||[[Nizar Najib]]
|-
|  N22 || [[Bebar (state constituency)|Bebar]] ||[[Mohd. Fakhruddin Mohd. Arif]]
|-
|  N23 || [[Chini (state constituency)|Chini]] ||[[Mohd Sharim Md Zain]]
|-
|P086
|Maran
|  N27 || [[Jenderak (state constituency)|Jenderak]]||[[:ms:Rodzuan Zaaba|Rodzuan Zaaba]]
|-
|P087
|Kuala Krau
|  N28 || [[Kerdau (state constituency)|Kerdau]] ||[[Syed Ibrahim Syed Ahmad]]
|-
|P089
|Bentong
|  N36 || [[Pelangai]]||[[Amizar Abu Adam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P090
| rowspan="2" |Bera
|  N37 || [[Guai]] ||[[Sabariah Saidan]]
|-
|  N39 || [[Kemayan (state constituency)|Kemayan]] ||[[:ms:Khaizulnizam Mohd Zuldin|Khaizulnizam Mohd Zuldin]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P091
| rowspan="2" |Rompin
|  N41 || [[Muadzam Shah (state constituency)|Muadzam Shah]]||[[:ms:Razali Kassim|Razali Kassim]]
|-
|  N42 || [[Tioman (state constituency)|Tioman]] ||[[Mohd Johari Hussain]]
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | -|| Nominated Member || [[:ms:Haris Salleh Hamzah|Haris Salleh Hamzah]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Selangor}} 
|P092
|Sabak Bernam|| N01 || [[Sungai Air Tawar (state constituency)|Sungai Air Tawar]] ||[[Rizam Ismail]]
|-
|P101
|Hulu Langat
|  N23 || [[Dusun Tua (state constituency)|Dusun Tua]] ||[[Johan Abd Aziz]]
|-
| rowspan="14" | {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}} 
| rowspan="2" |P126
| rowspan="2" |Jelebu|| N02 || [[Pertang (state constituency)|Pertang]] || [[Jalaluddin Alias]]
|-
|  N03 || [[Sungai Lui]] || [[Mohd Razi Mohd Ali]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P127 
| rowspan="2" |Jempol
|  N06 || [[Palong (state constituency)|Palong]] || [[Mustapha Nagoor]]
|-
|  N07 || [[Jeram Padang]] || [[Mohd Zaidy Abdul Kadir]]
|-
|P128
|Seremban
|  N09 || [[Lenggeng (state constituency)|Lenggeng]] || [[Mohd Asna Amin]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |P129
| rowspan="4" |Kuala Pilah
|  N15 || [[Juasseh (state constituency)|Juasseh]] || [[Bibi Sharliza Mohd Khalid]]	
|-
|  N16 || [[Seri Menanti (state constituency)|Seri Menanti]] ||[[:ms:Muhammad Sufian Maradzi|Muhammad Sufian Maradzi]]
|-
|  N17 || [[Senaling]] ||[[Ismail Lasim]]
|-
|  N19 || [[Johol (state constituency)|Johol]] || [[Saiful Yazan Sulaiman]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |P131
| rowspan="3" |Rembau
|  N26 || [[Chembong (state constituency)|Chembong]] ||[[Zaifulbahri Idris]]
|-
|  N27 || [[Rantau (state constituency)|Rantau]] ||[[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]]
|-
|  N28 || [[Kota (state constituency)|Kota]] || [[Suhaimi Aini]]
|-
|P132
|Port Dickson
|  N32 || [[Linggi (state constituency)|Linggi]] || [[Mohd Faizal Ramli]]
|-
| P133
| Tampin
|  N35 || [[Gemencheh (state constituency)|Gemencheh]] || [[Suhaimizan Bizar]]	
|-
| rowspan="17" | {{Flag|Malacca}} 
| rowspan="5" |P134
| rowspan="5" |Masjid Tanah|| N01 || [[Kuala Linggi]] ||[[Rosli Abdullah]]
|-
|  N02 || [[Tanjung Bidara (state constituency)|Tanjung Bidara]] ||[[Ab Rauf Yusoh]]
|-
|  N03 || [[Ayer Limau]] ||[[Hameed Mytheen Kunju Basheer]]
|-
|  N04 || [[Lendu (state constituency)|Lendu]] ||[[Sulaiman Md Ali]]
|-
|  N05 || [[Taboh Naning]] ||[[Zulkiflee Mohd Zin]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P135
| rowspan="2" |Alor Gajah
|  N09 || [[Durian Tunggal (state constituency)|Durian Tunggal]] ||[[Zahari Abd Khalil]]
|-
|  N10 || [[Asahan (state constituency)|Asahan]] ||[[Fairul Nizam Roslan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P136
| rowspan="2" |Tangga Batu
|  N12 || [[Pantai Kundor]] ||[[Tuminah Kadi]]
|-
|  N13 || [[Paya Rumput (state constituency)|Paya Rumput]] ||[[Rais Yasin]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P137
| rowspan="2" |Hang Tuah Jaya
|  N15 || [[Pengkalan Batu (state constituency)|Pengkalan Batu]] ||[[Kalsom Noordin]]
|-
|  N18 || [[Ayer Molek (state constituency)|Ayer Molek]] ||[[Rahmad Mariman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P138
| rowspan="2" |Kota Melaka
|  N21 || [[Duyong (state constituency)|Duyong]] ||[[Mohd Noor Helmy Abdul Halem]]
|-
|  N23 || [[Telok Mas (state constituency)|Telok Mas]] ||[[Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |P139
| rowspan="4" |Jasin
|  N25 || [[Rim (state constituency)|Rim]] ||[[Khaidirah Abu Zahar]]
|-
|  N26 || [[Serkam (state constituency)|Serkam]] ||[[Zaidi Attan]]
|-
|  N27 || [[Merlimau (state constituency)|Merlimau]] ||[[Muhamad Akmal Saleh]]
|-
| N28||[[Sungai Rambai (state constituency)|Sungai Rambai]]||[[:ms:Siti Faizah Abdul Azis|Siti Faizah Abdul Azis]]
|-
| rowspan="33" | {{Flag|Johor}} 
|P140
|Segamat|| N01 || [[Buloh Kasap (state constituency)|Buloh Kasap]] ||[[Zahari Sarip]] 
|-
|P141
|Sekijang|| N03 || [[Pemanis]] ||[[Anuar Abdul Manap]]
|-
|P142
|Labis|| N05 || [[Tenang (state constituency)|Tenang]] ||[[:ms:Haslinda Salleh|Haslinda Salleh]]
|-
|P143
|Pagoh|| N08 || [[Bukit Pasir (state constituency)|Bukit Pasir]] ||[[Mohamad Fazli Mohamad Salleh]] 
|-
| rowspan="2" |P144
| rowspan="2" |Ledang 
|  N09 || [[Gambir (state constituency)|Gambir]] ||[[:ms:Sahrihan Jani|Sahrihan Jani]]
|-
|  N11 || [[Serom]] ||[[Khairin Nisa|Khairin Nisa Ismail]]
|-
|P145
|Bakri|| N14 || [[Bukit Naning (state constituency)|Bukit Naning]] ||[[:ms:Mohd Fuad Tukirin|Mohd Fuad Tukirin]]
|-
|P146
|Muar
|  N16 || [[Sungai Balang (state constituency)|Sungai Balang]] ||[[:ms:Selamat Takim|Selamat Takim]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P147
| rowspan="2" |Parit Sulong 
|  N17 || [[Semerah (state constituency)|Semerah]] ||[[Mohd Fared Mohd Khalid]]
|-
|  N18 || [[Sri Medan (state constituency)|Sri Medan]] ||[[Zulkurnain Kamisan]]
|-
|P148
|Ayer Hitam
|  N20 || [[Semarang (state constituency)|Semarang]] ||[[Samsolbari Jamali|Samsol Bari Jamali]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P149
| rowspan="2" |	Sri Gading
|  N21 || [[Parit Yaani (state constituency)|Parit Yaani]] ||[[:ms:Mohamad Najib Samuri|Mohamad Najib Samuri]]
|-
|  N22 || [[Pasir Raja (state constituency)|Pasir Raja]] ||[[Nor Rashidah Ramli]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | P150
| rowspan="2" | Batu Pahat
|  N24 || [[Senggarang (state constituency)|Senggarang]] ||	[[:ms:Mohd Yusla Ismail|Mohd Yusla Ismail]] 
|-
|  N25 || [[Rengit (state constituency)|Rengit]] || [[Mohd Puad Zarkashi]] 
|-
| rowspan="2" |P151
| rowspan="2" |Simpang Renggam
|  N26 || [[Machap (state constituency)|Machap]] || [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] 
|-
|  N27 || [[Layang-Layang (state constituency)|Layang-Layang]] ||[[Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim]]
|-
|P152
|Kluang
|  N29 || [[Mahkota (state constituency)|Mahkota]] || [[Syed Hussien Syed Abdullah]] 
|-
| rowspan="2" |P155
| rowspan="2" |Tenggara
|  N34 || [[Panti (state constituency)|Panti]] ||[[Hahasrin Hashim]]
|-
|  N35 || [[Pasir Raja (state constituency)|Pasir Raja]] ||[[:ms:Rashidah Ismail|Rashidah Ismail]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P156
| rowspan="2" |Kota Tinggi
|  N36 || [[Sedili (state constituency)|Sedili]] ||	[[:ms:Muszaide Makmor|Muszaidi Makmor]]
|-
|  N37 || [[Johor Lama (state constituency)|Johor Lama]] ||[[Norlizah Noh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P157
| rowspan="2" |Pengerang
|  N38 || [[Penawar]] ||[[:ms:Fauziah Misri|Fauziah Misri]]
|-
|  N39 || [[Tanjung Surat]] ||[[Aznan Tamin]]
|- 
|P158
|Tebrau
|  N40 || [[Tiram (state constituency)|Tiram]] ||[[:ms:Azizul Bachok|Azizul Bachok]]
|-
|P159
|Pasir Gudang
|  N43 || [[Permas (state constituency)|Permas]] ||[[:ms:Baharudin Mohamed Taib|Baharudin Mohamed Taib]]
|-
|P160
|Johor Bahru
|  N44 || [[Larkin (state constituency)|Larkin]] ||[[Mohd Hairi Mad Shah]]
|-
|P161
|Pulai
|  N47 || [[Kempas (state constituency)|Kempas]] ||[[:ms:Ramlee Bohani|Ramlee Bohani]]
|-
|P162
|Iskandar Puteri
|  N49 || [[Kota Iskandar (state constituency)|Kota Iskandar]] ||[[:ms:Pandak Ahmad|Pandak Ahmad]]
|-
|P163
|Kulai
|  N50 || [[Bukit Permai]] ||[[Mohd Jafni Md Shukor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P164
| rowspan="2" |Pontian
|  N53 || [[Benut (state constituency)|Benut]] ||[[Hasni Mohammad]]
|-
|  N54 || [[Pulai Sebatang]] ||[[:ms:Hasrunizah Hassan|Hasrunizah Hassan]]
|-
|P165
|Tanjung Piai
|  N56 || [[Kukup (state constituency)|Kukup]] ||[[Jefridin Atan]]
|-
| rowspan="13" | {{Flag|Sabah}} 
|P167
|Kudat|| N02 || [[Bengkoka]] || [[Harun Durabi]] 
|-
| P169
| Kota Belud
| N10 || [[Usukan]] || [[Salleh Said Keruak]] 
|-
|P171
|Sepanggar
| N16 || [[Karambunai]] || [[Yakubah Khan]] 
|-
|P173
|Putatan
| N24 || [[Tanjung Keramat]] || [[Shahelmey Yahya]] 
|-
|P175
|Papar
| N29 || [[Pantai Manis]] || [[Mohd Tamin Zainal]]
|-
|P184
|Libaran
| N51 || [[Sungai Manila]] || [[Mokran Ingkat]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |P187
| rowspan="2" |Kinabatangan
|  N58 || [[Lamag]] || [[Bung Mokhtar Radin]] 
|-
|  N59 || [[Sukau]] || [[Jafry Ariffin]]
|-
|P188
|Lahad Datu
|  N61 || [[Segama]] || [[Mohamaddin Ketapi]]
|-
|P191 
|Kalabakan
|  N71 || [[Tanjung Batu (Sabah state constituency)|Tanjung Batu]] || [[Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy]] 
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | -|| Nominated Member || [[Raime Unggi]] 
|-
| Nominated Member || [[Suhaimi Nasir]]
|-
| Total 
| colspan="5" |{{small|'''[[Kelantan]]''' (2), '''[[Penang]]''' (2), '''[[Perak]]''' (8), '''[[Pahang]]''' (17), '''[[Selangor]]''' (2), '''[[Negeri Sembilan]]''' (14), '''[[Malacca]]''' (17), '''[[Johor]]''' (33),  '''[[Sabah]]''' (12)}}
|}

== UMNO state governments ==
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| State
! style="width:90px;"| Leader type 
! style="width:180px;"|Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2|Party
! style="width:150px;"|State Constituency
|-
| {{Flag|Johor}}  || [[List of Menteris Besar of Johor|Menteri Besar]]  || [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO || [[Machap (state constituency)|Machap]]
|-
| {{Flag|Malacca}}  || [[Chief Minister of Malacca|Chief Minister]]  || [[Ab Rauf Yusoh]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO || [[Tanjung Bidara (state constituency)|Tanjung Bidara]]
|-
| {{Flag|Pahang}} || [[List of Menteris Besar of Pahang|Menteri Besar]] || [[Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail]] || bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}"| ||UMNO || [[Jelai]]
|-
| {{Flag|Perak}} || [[List of Menteris Besar of Perak|Menteri Besar]] || [[Saarani Mohamad]]|| bgcolor="{{United Malays National Organisation/meta/shading}}" | ||UMNO || [[Kota Tampan (state constituency)|Kota Tampan]]
|-
|}

== General election results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Total seats won 
! Seats contested
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Outcome of election
! Election leader
|-
![[1955 Malayan general election|1955]]
| {{Composition bar|34|52|hex=#E62020}}
| 35
| 589,933
| 58.90%
| {{increase}}34 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
![[1959 Malayan general election|1959]]
| {{Composition bar|52|104|hex=#E62020}}
| 70
| 553,160
| 35.75%
| {{increase}}18 seats;  '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
![[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]
| {{Composition bar|59|104|hex=#E62020}}
| 70
| 458,854
| 38.10%
| {{increase}}7 seats;  '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
![[1969 Malaysian general election|1969]]
| {{Composition bar|52|144|hex=#E62020}}
| 70
|
|
| {{decrease}}7 seats;  '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
|-
![[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]
| {{Composition bar|62|144|hex=#E62020}}
|80
|
|
| {{increase}}10 seats;  '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]
|-
![[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
| {{Composition bar|70|154|hex=#E62020}}
| 80
|
|
| {{increase}}8 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Hussein Onn]]
|-
![[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
| {{Composition bar|70|154|hex=#E62020}}
| 100
|
|
| {{nochange}};  '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|-
![[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
| {{Composition bar|83|177|hex=#E62020}}
| 100
| 1,474,063
| 31.06%
| {{increase}}13 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|-
![[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
| {{Composition bar|71|180|hex=#E62020}}
| 100 
|
|
| {{decrease}}12 seat; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|-
![[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
| {{Composition bar|89|192|hex=#E62020}}
| 100
|
|
| {{increase}}18 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|-
![[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
| {{Composition bar|72|193|hex=#E62020}}
| 120
|
|
| {{decrease}}17 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|-
![[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|109|219|hex=#E62020}}
| 120
| 2,483,249
| 35.9%
| {{increase}}37 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
|-
![[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
| {{Composition bar|79|222|hex=#E62020}}
| 120
| 2,381,725
| 29.33%
| {{decrease}}30 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]
|-
![[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
| {{Composition bar|88|222|hex=#E62020}}
| 120
| 3,252,484
| 29.45%
| {{increase}}9 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Najib Razak]]
|-
![[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| {{Composition bar|54|222|hex=#E62020}}
| 120
| 2,548,251
| 21.10%
| {{decrease}}34 seats; '''Opposition coalition''', <br/> later '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}} 
| [[Najib Razak]]
|-
![[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|26|222|hex=#E62020}}
| 119
| 2,549,341
| 16.43%
|{{decrease}}28 seats; '''Governing coalition''' <br/>{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
|[[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]]
|-
|}

== State election results ==
<div style="height: px; overflow: auto;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!rowspan=2| State election !!colspan=14|State Legislative Assembly
|-
! [[Perlis State Legislative Assembly|Perlis]] !! [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly|Kedah]] !! [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly|Kelantan]] !! [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly|Terengganu]] !! [[Penang State Legislative Assembly|Penang]] !! [[Perak State Legislative Assembly|Perak]] !! [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly|Pahang]] !! [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly|Selangor]] !! [[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly|Negeri Sembilan]] !! [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|Malacca]] !! [[Johor State Legislative Assembly|Johor]] !! [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly|Sabah]] !! [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Singapore]] (until 1965) !! Total won / Total contested
|-
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-
|2/3 majority||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||
|-
|1955|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|1|25|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|1|25|hex=#E62020}}
|-
|1959||{{Composition bar|10|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|1|30|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|5|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|21|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|17|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|14|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|11|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}||||{{Composition bar|3|51|hex=#E62020}}||
|-
|1964||{{Composition bar|9|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|8|30|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|17|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|14|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|20|hex=#E62020}}||||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}||
|-
|1969||{{Composition bar|9|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|30|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|4|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|16|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|11|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|11|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|32|hex=#E62020}}|||| ||{{Composition bar|54|68|hex=#E62020}}
|-
|1974||{{Composition bar|8|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|26|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|9|27|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|23|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|15|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||
|-
|1978||{{Composition bar|10|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|14|26|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|27|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|9|27|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|23|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|15|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||
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|1982||{{Composition bar|9|12|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|26|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|27|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|15|24|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||
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|1986||{{Composition bar|12|14|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|28|39|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|29|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|46|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|25|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|36|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||<!--{{Composition bar|230| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|1990||{{Composition bar|12|14|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|0|39|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|27|46|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|25|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|20|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|21|36|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||<!--{{Composition bar|197| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|1994|| || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|19|48|hex=#E62020}}||||{{Composition bar|19|48|hex=#E62020}}
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|1995||{{Composition bar|13|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|6|43|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|30|52|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|28|38|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|30|48|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|16|25|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|25|40|hex=#E62020}}|| ||||<!--{{Composition bar|230| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|1999||{{Composition bar|10|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|16|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|2|43|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|4|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|33|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|52|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|21|38|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|26|48|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|20|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|16|25|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|25|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|48|hex=#E62020}}||||<!--{{Composition bar|176| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|2004||{{Composition bar|12|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|23|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|21|45|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|27|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|14|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|34|59|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|31|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|35|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|22|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|33|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|32|60|hex=#E62020}}||||<!--{{Composition bar|269| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|2008||{{Composition bar|12|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|6|45|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|23|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|11|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|27|59|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|29|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|32|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|32|60|hex=#E62020}}||||<!--{{Composition bar|239| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|2013||{{Composition bar|12|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|19|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|45|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|17|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|30|59|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|28|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|12|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|21|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|17|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|32|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|31|60|hex=#E62020}}||||<!--{{Composition bar|241| |hex=#E62020}}-->
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|2018||{{Composition bar|9|15|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|3|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|8|45|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|10|32|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|25|59|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|24|42|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|4|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|15|36|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|13|28|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|14|56|hex=#E62020}}||{{Composition bar|17|60|hex=#E62020}}||||<!--{{Composition bar|241| |hex=#E62020}}-->{{Composition bar|145|587|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2020 Sabah state election|2020]]|| || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|14|73|hex=#E62020}}||||{{Composition bar|14|73|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2021 Malacca state election|2021]]|| || || || || || || || || || {{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}} || || || ||{{Composition bar|18|28|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2022 Johor state election|2022]]
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|{{Composition bar|33|56|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|0|15|hex=#E62020}}
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|{{Composition bar|8|59|hex=#E62020}}
|{{Composition bar|17|42|hex=#E62020}}
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|{{Composition bar|25|85|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2023 Malaysian state elections|2023]]
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|{{Composition bar|0|36|hex=#E62020}}
|{{Composition bar|1|45|hex=#E62020}}
|{{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#E62020}}
|{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#E62020}}
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|{{Composition bar|2|56|hex=#E62020}}
|{{Composition bar|14|36|hex=#E62020}}
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|{{Composition bar|19|108|hex=#E62020}}
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|[[2025 Sabah state election|2025]]|| || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|73|hex=#E62020}}||||{{Composition bar|0|41|hex=#E62020}}
|}
</div>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==See also==
* [[Conservatism in Malaysia]]
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]
== References ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Chin, J (2018) From [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332974659_From_Ketuanan_Melayu_to_Ketuanan_Islam_UMNO_and_the_Malaysian_Chinese_and_Final_Breakup_UMNO_and_the_Chinese_in_GE14_2018_James_Chin Ketuanan Melayu to Ketuanan Islam]: UMNO and the Malaysian Chinese
* Welsh, B (ed). (2016) The End of UMNO?: Essays on Malaysia's dominant party
* Chin, James. (1999) "Going East: UMNO's entry into Sabah Politics". Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol 7, No 1 (June) 1999, pp.&nbsp;20–40.
* Goh, Jenny (23 July 1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060325194847/http://sam11.moe.gov.sg/racialharmony/teachers_03.html "Small spark can create big mess"]. ''[[Straits Times]]''.
* Kamarudin, Raja Petra (7 November 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123213754/http://www.malaysia-today.net/MMblues/2005/11/stuff-politicians-are-made-of.htm "The stuff politicians are made of"]. ''Malaysia Today''.
* Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616184702/http://www.malaysia-today.net/columns/pillai/2005/11/national-front-parties-were-not-formed.htm "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence"]. ''Malaysia Today''.
* Ibrahim Mahmood (1981) Sejarah Perjuangan UMNO, Penerbitan Antara Kuala Lumpur
* {{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/-malay-pride--rally-heightens-race-sensitivities-in-malaysia/41663850 |title=Pro-government Malaysian rally raises worry about ethnic tension – SWI swissinfo.ch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205907/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/-malay-pride--rally-heightens-race-sensitivities-in-malaysia/41663850 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|UMNO}}
* {{Library resources about|onlinebooks=no|others=yes}}
* {{official website|http://www.umno-online.my/}}

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[[Category:Right-wing politics in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]
[[Category:Anti-communist parties]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Asia]]
[[Category:United Malays National Organisation| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1946]]
[[Category:Political parties in Malaysia]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Ethnic political parties]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Singapore]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:National conservative parties]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]