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{{Short description|American television network (1995–2006)}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|text=the present-day cable network, the [[Paramount Network]], or the defunct terrestrial network, the [[United Network]]}} {{Other uses}}
}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = United Paramount Network
| logo = [[File:UPN logo.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_upright = .75
| logo_caption = Final logo used from 2002 to 2006
| type = Defunct broadcast [[television network]]
| country = [[United States]]
| affiliates = [[List of former UPN affiliates]]
| headquarters = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* 
* [[Paramount Pictures]] (1995–2005)
* [[CBS Corporation]] (2005–06)
}}
| founded = {{Start date|1993|10|27}}<br/>({{Age in years and days|1993|10|27}})
| launch_date = {{Start date|1995|1|16}}<br/>({{Age in years and days|1995|1|16}})
| closed_date = {{End date|2006|9|15}}<br/>({{Age in years and days|2006|9|15}})
| founder = United Television (a subsidiary of [[Chris-Craft Industries]]) and Paramount Television (a subsidiary of Viacom)
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20060916012432/http://www.upn.com/|upn.com}}
| replaced_by = [[The CW]]<!--Do not add MyNetworkTV. There's no common ownership. Inheriting some affiliates does not make it a successor.-->
}}
The '''United Paramount Network''' ('''UPN''') was an American [[terrestrial television|broadcast]] [[television network]]. It was founded on October 27, 1993, and launched on January 16, 1995 before closing on September 15, 2006, when it [[2006 United States broadcast television realignment|merged]] with [[The WB]] to form [[The CW]].

UPN was originally a joint venture between [[Chris-Craft Industries]] (later sold to [[News Corporation]])'s subsidiary, [[United Television]], and [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]]'s then-recently acquired subsidiary, [[Paramount Television]] (which produced most of UPN's programming), then became solely owned by Viacom in 2000 after subsequently purchasing Chris-Craft's remaining stake. On December 31, 2005, UPN was kept by [[CBS Corporation]], which was the new name for Viacom when [[Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom|it split into two separate companies]]. On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and [[Time Warner]] jointly announced that the companies would shut down UPN and competitor [[The WB]] to launch a new joint venture network later that year.<ref name="UPN, WB merge">{{cite news |title = UPN, WB to Merge Into CW Network |url = https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/upn-wb-merge-cw-network-83687/ |last = Crupi |first = Anthony |work = [[AdWeek]] |date = January 24, 2006 |access-date = February 12, 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064454/http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising/upn-wb-merge-cw-network-83687 |archive-date = March 4, 2016 }}</ref> UPN ceased broadcasting on September 15, 2006, with The WB following two days later. Select programs from both networks moved to the new network, [[The CW]], when it launched on September 18, 2006.<ref name="UPN, WB merge" /><ref>{{cite web |title = 'Gilmore Girls' Meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to Combine WB, UPN in CBS-Warner Venture Beginning in September |url = https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/cbs_warner/ |last = Seid |first = Jessica |work = [[CNN Money]] |date = January 24, 2006 |access-date = February 12, 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170316043531/http://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/cbs_warner/ |archive-date = March 16, 2017 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{For|a year-by-year chronological history of the network and its programming|History of UPN}}

=== 1948–1994: Origins of the network ===
[[Paramount Pictures]] had played a pivotal role in the development of network television. It was a partner in the [[DuMont Television Network]], and the Paramount Theaters chain, which was spun off from the corporate/studio parent and merged with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in a deal that helped cement that network's status as a major network. The [[Paramount Television Network]] was launched in 1948, but dissolved in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Schatz |first1 = Thomas |title = Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s |date = 1999 |publisher = University of California Press |isbn = 978-0-520-22130-7 |page = 433 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dwf5SUcfousC&pg=PA433 |language = en |quote = In 1948, Television Productions, Inc., formed the Paramount Television Network }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last = White |first = Timothy R. |title = Hollywood's Attempt to Appropriate Television: The Case of Paramount Pictures |type = PhD dissertation |publisher = University of Wisconsin-Madison |year = 1990 |pages = 107–131 }}</ref>

Paramount had long had plans for its own television network with the [[Paramount Television Service]]. Set to launch in early 1978, it would have run its programming for only one night a week. Thirty "Movies of the Week" would have followed ''[[Star Trek: Phase II]]'' on Saturday nights. Plans for the new network were scrapped when sufficient advertising slots could not be sold, though Paramount would contribute some programs to [[Operation Prime Time]], such as the mini-series ''[[A Woman Called Golda]]'', and the weekly pop music program, ''[[Solid Gold (TV series)|Solid Gold]]''. ''Star Trek: Phase II'' was reworked as the theatrical film, ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', absorbing the costs already incurred from the aborted television series.

Paramount, and its eventual parent [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]] (which bought the studio's then-parent, Paramount Communications, in 1994), continued to consider launching their own television network. [[Independent station (North America)|Independent station]]s, even more than [[network affiliate]]s, were feeling the growing pressure of audience erosion to [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s; there were unaffiliated commercial [[television station]]s in most of the major television markets, even after the foundation of [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] in 1986. Meanwhile, [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], which had long been successful in syndication with repeats of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'', launched several first-run syndicated series by the 1990s, including ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'', ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'', ''[[Friday the 13th: The Series]]'', ''[[War of the Worlds (1988 TV series)|War of the Worlds]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', and ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]''.

In 1993, [[Time Warner]] and [[Chris-Craft Industries]] entered into a [[joint venture]] to distribute programs via a [[prime time]] programming service, the [[Prime Time Entertainment Network]] (PTEN), which is UPN's partial parent. Chris-Craft later became a partner in UPN, and Time Warner launched The WB in a joint venture with the [[Tribune Media|Tribune Company]] at roughly the same time.

=== 1994–1999: Launch and early years ===
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | align = right
 | width = 175
 | image1 = Upn1995.png
 | caption1 = The original UPN logo, used from 1995 to 1999, and in various iterations from 1997 to 2002 (though the "primary colors" variant continued on some affiliates and in print advertising until 2002).
 | image2 = UPN Logo 1998.svg
 | caption2 = Silver variant of UPN logo, used from 1997 to 2002.
}}
Paramount formed the [[Paramount Stations Group]] in 1991 when it purchased the assets of the [[TVX Broadcast Group]], which owned several independent stations in major markets. This was not unlike the purchase of the [[Metromedia]] stations by [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]] five years earlier, which were used as the nucleus for Fox. In another parallel, [[20th Century Fox]] (the News Corporation subsidiary behind the Fox network, which was spun off with the company's other entertainment assets to [[21st Century Fox]] on June 28, 2013 before [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney|acquired]] them on March 20, 2019), like Paramount, had long been a powerhouse in television syndication. All indicators suggested that Paramount was about to launch a network of its own.

In April 1993, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] ended the [[fin-syn]] rules that prohibited networks from owning the rerun rights to programs they broadcast. Fear that networks would stop buying programs from independent studios was another reason for Paramount to start a network.<ref name="lowry19991226">{{Cite news |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=1999-12-26 |title=The Whims of War |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-26-ca-47501-story.html |access-date=May 25, 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

On October 27, 1993, Viacom and Chris-Craft announced the formation of a new television network, later to be named the '''United Paramount Network''', with initial plans to run two hours of programming in prime time for two nights per week.<ref>{{cite news |title = Paramount Plans a TV Network |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/27/business/paramount-plans-a-tv-network.html |first = Bill |last = Carter |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = October 27, 1993 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094915/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/27/business/paramount-plans-a-tv-network.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> The new network would be co-owned by United & Paramount Television, while most of its shows were to be produced by Paramount Television.

Initially, the network was to simply be called "U", but the "U Network" trademark was held by the now-defunct [[National Association of College Broadcasters]] (NACB), which had been operating a satellite television programming network featuring programs largely produced by college students since 1991. The founder and first head of UPN, [[Lucie Salhany]], approached NACB with an offer of US$50,000 to transfer the name. Due to the costs related to rebranding the student network, and under the advice of its then-volunteer legal counsel, Cary Tepper, the non-profit association countered with a request of $100,000, which Salhany refused. At one point, the network was set to be titled the '''U/P Network'''<ref>{{Cite news |last = Coe |first = Steve |date = October 10, 1994 |title = U/P Network Unveils Launch Lineup |pages = 7–8 |work = Broadcasting & Cable |url = https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-10-10-Page-0007.pdf }}</ref> before its current name was decided. Ultimately, the "U" in UPN stood for Chris-Craft subsidiary [[BHC Communications#United Television|United Television]], which owned the network's two largest stations, [[WWOR-TV]] in [[New York City]] and [[KCOP-TV]] in [[Los Angeles]]; the "P" represented Paramount Television, the studio that formed a programming partnership with Chris-Craft to create the network. Chris-Craft and Paramount/Viacom each owned independent stations in several large and mid-sized U.S. cities, and these stations formed the nuclei of the new network.

[[Warner Bros.]] announced plans to launch a similar network, which would become known as [[The WB]], in close proximity to UPN. The belief that a new broadcast network could grow to be competitive was predicated on the idea that the network in question would not have a fledgling rival to contend with. With the change in landscape, the joint understanding of assured defeat prompted executives from [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]] and Time Warner (at the time, UPN and The WB's respective owners, with the latter owning most of The WB) to discuss the prospect of [[Mergers and acquisitions|merging]] the networks together.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Season Finale: The Unexpected Rise and fall of the WB and UPN |last1 = Daniels |first1= Susanne |date = 2007 |publisher = HarperCollins e-books |last2 = Littleton |first2 = Cynthia. |isbn = 9780061542268 |location = Pymble, New South Wales |oclc = 191702277 }}</ref> Both sides reached an agreement on the division of affiliates, but Chris-Craft expressed extreme skepticism and declined to proceed with the merger. A merger would ultimately come in 2006 with the creation of [[The CW]].

UPN launched on January 16, 1995, initially carrying programming only on Monday and Tuesday nights from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]].<ref>{{cite news |title = The Media Business: 2 Would-Be Networks Get Set for Prime Time |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/09/business/the-media-business-2-would-be-networks-get-set-for-prime-time.html |first = Bill |last = Carter |newspaper = The New York Times |date = January 9, 1995 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094720/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/09/business/the-media-business-2-would-be-networks-get-set-for-prime-time.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> The first telecast, the [[Caretaker (Star Trek: Voyager)|two-hour pilot episode]] of ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'', was an auspicious start, with 21.3 million viewers; however, ''Voyager'' would neither achieve such viewership levels again, nor would any of the series premiering on UPN's second night of broadcasting survive the season. In contrast, The WB debuted one week earlier, on January 11, with four series – only one of which, ''[[Muscle (TV series)|Muscle]]'', would not survive its first season. The first comedy series to premiere on UPN were ''[[Platypus Man]]'', starring [[Richard Jeni]], and ''[[Pig Sty]]'', with both shows airing Monday nights in the 9:00&nbsp;p.m. hour; both received mixed reviews. Neither lasted long.<ref>{{cite news |title = UPN Network Cancels 3 of Its 4 Programs |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/18/arts/upn-network-cancels-3-of-its-4-programs.html |first = Lawrie |last = Mifflin |newspaper = The New York Times |date = May 18, 1995 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094847/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/18/arts/upn-network-cancels-3-of-its-4-programs.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

Other early UPN programs included the action series ''[[Nowhere Man (American TV series)|Nowhere Man]]'', starring [[Bruce Greenwood]] and ''[[Marker (TV series)|Marker]]'', starring [[Richard Grieco]]; the comic western ''[[Legend (TV series)|Legend]]'' starring [[Richard Dean Anderson]]; the sci-fi themed action series, ''[[The Sentinel (TV series)|The Sentinel]]''; and ''[[Moesha]]'', a sitcom starring R&B musician [[Brandy (entertainer)|Brandy Norwood]]. Of the network's early offerings, only ''Star Trek: Voyager'', ''Moesha'' and ''The Sentinel'' would last longer than one season. As a result of the lack of viewership, UPN operated on a loss and had lost $800&nbsp;million by 2000.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Why Won't Anyone Pull the Plug on UPN? |url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/04/03/why-wont-anyone-pull-the-plug-on-upn |first = James |last = Surowiecki |magazine = [[The New Yorker]] |date = April 3, 2000 |access-date = January 17, 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218170110/https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2000/04/03/2000_04_03_032_TNY_LIBRY_000020545 |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }}</ref>

Within nearly two years of the network's launch, on December 8, 1996, Paramount/Viacom purchased a 50% stake in UPN from Chris-Craft for approximately $160&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title = Viacom Buys 50 Percent Stake in UPN Network |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/05/business/viacom-buys-50-percent-stake-in-upn-network.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 5, 1996 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094516/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/05/business/viacom-buys-50-percent-stake-in-upn-network.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Viacom to Buy Half of UPN: Is Investing $160 Million in Fledgling Network |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18935896.html |first1 = Steve |last1 = McClellan |first2 = Lynette |last2 = Rice |periodical = [[Broadcasting & Cable]]|date = December 9, 1996 |access-date = June 22, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131011162936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18935896.html |archive-date = October 11, 2013 }}</ref> Like Fox had done nine years earlier, UPN started with a few nights of programming each week, with additional nights of primetime shows gradually being added over the course of several seasons. Because of this, UPN's affiliates were basically independent stations for all intents and purposes during the network's early years, with these stations airing either syndicated programs or movies during primetime on nights when the network did not provide programming. The first expansion of its primetime lineup came with the addition of programming on Wednesday nights on March 6, 1996 (during the second half of the 1995–96 season); that expansion also saw UPN assume the broadcast rights to the [[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]], which aired its inaugural broadcast on CBS the year before.

UPN ordered 36 sci-fi films to air as part of its weekly movie presentations beginning in 1998; the films were supplied by four production companies, with most of the titles coming from Paramount. Some titles would be shown on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] first, which allowed the [[pay television|premium cable channel]] to cooperate in advertising the movies.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Segrave |first1 = Kerry |title = Movies at Home : How Hollywood Came to Television |date = 1999 |publisher = McFarland |location = Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn = 0786406542 |page = 144 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZTehB3M1_kC&pg=PA144 |access-date = January 8, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624054459/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZTehB3M1_kC&lpg=PA146&pg=PA144 |archive-date = June 24, 2016 }}</ref>

UPN completed its prime time expansion in the 1998–99 season, with Thursdays and Fridays as the last nights of programming to be added to the network's evening slate. That season saw the debut of ''[[The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer]]'', a sitcom set during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] that centered on a black English nobleman who becomes the valet to [[Abraham Lincoln]]; even before its premiere, the series was riddled by controversy and protests from several African American activist groups (including the Los Angeles chapter of the [[NAACP]], who picketed outside [[Paramount Studios]] one week before the originally scheduled [[television pilot|pilot episode]]) and some advertisers for its perceived lighthearted take on [[Slavery in the United States|American slavery in the 19th century]]. Despite the publicity ''Desmond'' received from the controversial approach it applied to its topic, the series suffered from low ratings (with the first episode on October 5, 1998, placing 116th out of 125 programs aired that week on network television) and was canceled after four episodes.<ref>{{cite news |title = Racism Is Not 'Diary's' Crime |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-02-ca-28389-story.html |first = Howard |last = Rosenberg |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = October 2, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094649/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/02/entertainment/ca-28389 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Candy Maker Pulls Its Ads from Controversial Comedy |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-13-fi-32006-story.html |first = Greg |last = Braxton |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = October 13, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094959/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/13/business/fi-32006 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 300 Protest at Studio Against TV Comedy Set in Slavery Era |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-01-me-28286-story.html |first = Greg |last = Braxton |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = October 1, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094615/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/01/local/me-28286 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = They Vote by Remote: As UPN debuts 'Desmond Pfeiffer,' Viewers Tune in Other Channels |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-07-ca-29945-story.html |first = Greg |last = Braxton |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = October 7, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094510/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/07/entertainment/ca-29945 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 'Desmond Pfeiffer' Is Deep-Sixed |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-07-ca-40123-story.html |first = Greg |last = Braxton |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = November 7, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094549/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/nov/07/entertainment/ca-40123 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

=== 1999–2005: Viacom era and decline ===
[[Image:Paramount networklogo.jpg|225px|thumb|Proposed logo for the scrapped Paramount Network.|class=skin-invert]]
Six months before Viacom announced its $36&nbsp;billion merger with (the original) [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|CBS Corporation]], in March 1999, Viacom applied a contractual clause that would – within a 45-day grace period – force Chris-Craft to either buy Viacom out of UPN, or have Chris-Craft sell its ownership stake in UPN to Viacom. Three days later on February 8, Chris-Craft subsequently filed a lawsuit against Viacom in the [[New York Supreme Court]] to block Viacom's merger with CBS, claiming that a pact signed between the two partners in 1997 had prevented either from owning "any interest, financial or otherwise" in "any competing network," including CBS, for a four-year period through January 2001. On March 17, New York Supreme Court judge Herman Cahn ruled against Chris-Craft's move for a permanent [[injunction]] to curtail the Viacom-CBS merger and the enforcement of Viacom's ultimatum.<ref>{{cite news |title = Viacom Makes 2 Offers to BHC on TV Venture |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/04/business/viacom-makes-2-offers-to-bhc-on-tv-venture.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = February 4, 2000 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171103205351/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/04/business/viacom-makes-2-offers-to-bhc-on-tv-venture.html |archive-date = November 3, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = BHC Sues UPN Partner Viacom over CBS Deal |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-09-fi-62554-story.html |first = Sallie |last = Hofmeister |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = February 9, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095028/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/feb/09/business/fi-62554 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Chris-Craft Loses UPN Ruling |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/17/business/chris-craft-loses-upn-ruling.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 17, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095032/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/17/business/chris-craft-loses-upn-ruling.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

Unable to find a suitable partner, on March 20, Chris-Craft allowed Viacom to buy out its 50% stake for $5&nbsp;million, giving Viacom full control of UPN.<ref>{{cite news |title = Viacom Buys Chris-Craft's Stake in UPN for $5 Million |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/21/business/viacom-buys-chris-craft-s-stake-in-upn-for-5-million.html |first = Bill |last = Carter |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 21, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117102355/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/21/business/viacom-buys-chris-craft-s-stake-in-upn-for-5-million.html |archive-date = November 17, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Viacom Wins UPN so Let the Digestion Begin |url = http://www.medialifemagazine.com:8080/news2000/mar00/news20321.html |periodical = [[Media Life Magazine]] |date = March 2000 |access-date = May 4, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130617235807/http://www.medialifemagazine.com:8080/news2000/mar00/news20321.html |archive-date = June 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = UPN Deal Done; Viacom Buys out Chris-Craft Share |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62239976.html |first1 = Melissa |last1 = Grego |first2 = Joe |last2 = Schlosser |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable   |date = April 10, 2000 |access-date = June 22, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140611025706/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62239976.html |archive-date = June 11, 2014 }}</ref> This gave UPN the rare distinction of being one of the only broadcast networks to not have had [[owned-and-operated station]]s (O&O) in the three largest media markets, New York City, Los Angeles, and [[Chicago]] (with The WB – the only network that never have had an O&O – being the only other, as minority owner [[Tribune Broadcasting]] owned most of its charter affiliates including those in [[WPIX|all]] [[KTLA|three]] [[WGN-TV|markets]], while majority owner Time Warner only owned [[WPCH-TV|WTBS-TV]], an independent station that originated then-[[superstation]] [[TBS (TV network)|TBS]]). With Viacom taking full ownership control of UPN, KCOP-TV and WWOR-TV lost their statuses as O&Os and automatically became affiliates of UPN, with UPN's ''[[de facto]]'' owned-and-operated flagship stations becoming [[Philadelphia]] outlet [[WPSG]] (now an independent station) and [[San Francisco]] outlet [[KPYX|KBHK-TV]] (now KPYX, also an independent). In addition, neither Chris-Craft or Viacom had ever held ownership of Chicago affiliate [[WPWR-TV]], which had been the largest UPN station that was not owned-and-operated by UPN before the Viacom buyout.

Shortly afterward, Viacom shortened UPN's official name from the "United Paramount Network" to the three-letter initialism, "UPN". Viacom also proposed a rebranding of UPN into the "'''Paramount Network'''", using a prototype logo based on Paramount's mountain logo, which served as the basis for the "P" triangle in UPN's original logo that was used until September 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title = Media Talk: UPN Will Become Paramount Network |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/31/business/media-talk-upn-will-become-paramount-network.html |first = Jim |last = Rutenberg |newspaper = The New York Times |date = July 31, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094613/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/31/business/media-talk-upn-will-become-paramount-network.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = UPN Network Will Carry On Without Its 'U' |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jul-26-ca-59125-story.html |first = Greg |last = Braxton |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = July 26, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094628/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/26/entertainment/ca-59125 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = UPN's Name in 2001: Paramount Network |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jul-26-fi-59235-story.html |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = July 26, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095147/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/26/business/fi-59235 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> This idea was abandoned after many affiliates protested, citing that the rebranding might confuse viewers and result in ratings declines, alongside the costs of rebranding their stations with a new image and new network (and possible call sign changes). Several years later, cable television network Spike (part of Viacom) rebranded as [[Paramount Network]].

Viacom's purchase of [[CBS]] a few months before (which resulted in the merger of that network's owned-and-operated stations into Viacom's Paramount Stations Group unit), created duopolies between CBS and UPN stations in Philadelphia ([[KYW-TV]] and WPSG), [[Boston]] ([[WBZ-TV]] and [[WSBK-TV]]), [[Miami]] ([[WFOR-TV]] and [[WBFS-TV]]), [[Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth]] ([[KTVT]] and [[KTXA]]), [[Detroit]] ([[WWJ-TV]] and [[WKBD-TV]]), and [[Pittsburgh]] ([[KDKA-TV]] and [[WPKD-TV|WNPA]]). Viacom's purchase of CBS was said to be the "death knell" for the [[Federal Communications Commission]]'s longtime ban on [[Duopoly (broadcasting)|television station duopolies]]. Further transactions added [[San Francisco]] ([[KPIX-TV]] and [[KPYX|KBHK-TV]], the latter of which was traded to Viacom/CBS by [[Fox Television Stations]]) and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] ([[KOVR]] and [[KMAX-TV]], the former of which was sold to Viacom/CBS by the [[Sinclair Broadcast Group]]) to the mix.

At the time of UPN's launch, the network's ''[[de jure]]'' [[Flagship (broadcasting)|flagship station]]s were Chris-Craft-owned WWOR-TV in [[Secaucus, New Jersey]] (which serves the New York City market) and KCOP-TV in [[Los Angeles]] (which serves the Los Angeles market). Even after Chris-Craft sold its share in the network to Viacom, WWOR and KCOP were still commonly regarded as the ''de jure'' flagship stations of the network since it had long been common practice for this status to be associated with a network's station in the East Coast and West Coast. For this reason, some doubt was cast on UPN's future after Fox Television Stations bought most of Chris-Craft's television stations for $5.5&nbsp;billion on August 12, 2000, which included several UPN affiliates (including WWOR and KCOP).<ref>{{cite news |title = Fox in the UPN house |url = https://www.nexttv.com/news/fox-upn-house-87627 |first = Steve |last = McClellan |periodical = [[Broadcasting & Cable]] |date = August 21, 2000 |access-date = May 4, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112714/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/fox-upn-house/87627 |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref> Fox later bought the third-largest UPN affiliate, Chicago's WPWR-TV, through a separate deal with [[Newsweb Corporation]] for $450 million in June 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title = Fox Duops in Chicago |url = https://www.nexttv.com/news/fox-duops-chicago-93050 |first = Steve |last = McClellan |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable |date = June 30, 2002 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112703/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/fox-duops-chicago/93050 |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Fox Takeover to Bring Changes to Chicago-Area Television Station |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-90412674.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165032/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-90412674.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = September 24, 2015 |first = Kathy |last = Bergen |agency = Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News   |date = August 16, 2002 |access-date = September 2, 2015 }}</ref> Despite the uncertainty of the network's future following the Fox purchases, UPN reached four-year affiliation agreements with Fox Television Stations' nine UPN affiliates on September 24, 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title = Company News: Nine Fox-Owned Stations Will Remain UPN Affiliates |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/business/company-news-nine-fox-owned-stations-will-remain-upn-affiliates.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = September 25, 2003 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094741/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/business/company-news-nine-fox-owned-stations-will-remain-upn-affiliates.html |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

In 2001, UPN entered into a public bidding war to acquire two series from The WB – ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' and ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'' – from producing studio [[20th Century Fox Television]]. UPN eventually outbid The WB for the shows and aired them together on Tuesday nights until ''Roswell'' ended its run in 2002; ''Buffy'' ended its run the following year. In January 2002, Viacom President and COO, [[Mel Karmazin]] restructured UPN, resulting in UPN being taken out of the ownership of [[Paramount Television]], and being placed under the oversight of CBS Television, with CBS President [[Leslie Moonves]] being given responsibility for UPN. Under CBS, new shows began to breathe life into UPN starting in Fall 2003 with ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'' and sitcom ''[[All of Us]]'' (which was produced by [[Will Smith|Will]] and [[Jada Pinkett Smith]]), followed up by the Fall 2004 premiere of the mystery series ''[[Veronica Mars]]'' and the Fall 2005 premiere of the sitcom ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'', produced and narrated by [[Chris Rock]].

=== 2005–2006: CBS Corporation era and network closure ===
{{see also|2006 United States broadcast television realignment}}
On June 14, 2005, Viacom announced that it would be [[Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom|split]] into two companies due to declining performance of the company's stock; both the original Viacom – which was renamed [[CBS Corporation]] – and a new company that took the [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] name would be controlled by the original Viacom's parent [[National Amusements]] (controlled by [[Sumner Redstone]]). UPN was kept by CBS Corporation, while the new Viacom took Paramount Pictures among other holdings each company acquired in the deal.<ref>{{cite news |title = Viacom Board Agrees to Split of Company |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/15/business/media/15viacom.html |first = Geraldine |last = Fabrikant |newspaper = The New York Times |date = June 15, 2005 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306130603/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/15/business/media/15viacom.html |archive-date = March 6, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = SpongeBob or Survivor? |url = https://money.cnn.com/2005/12/19/news/fortune500/viacom/index.htm |first = Paul R. |last = La Monica |publisher = CNN |date = December 19, 2005 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404101820/http://money.cnn.com/2005/12/19/news/fortune500/viacom/index.htm |archive-date = April 4, 2013 }}</ref> The split took effect on January 1, 2006.

On January 24, 2006, UPN parent CBS Corporation and [[Time Warner]], the majority owner of The WB, announced that they would shut down the two respective networks and launch a new broadcast network that would be operated as a joint venture between both companies, [[The CW]], which incorporated UPN and The WB's higher-rated programs with newer series produced exclusively for The CW. The new network immediately signed 10-year affiliation agreements with 16 stations affiliated with The WB (out of 19 stations that were affiliated with the network) that were owned by that network's part-owner, the [[Tribune Media|Tribune Company]] – including stations in the coveted markets of [[WPIX|New York City]], [[KTLA|Los Angeles]] and [[WGN-TV|Chicago]] – and 11 UPN stations that were owned by CBS Corporation.<ref name="UPN, WB merge"/><ref>{{cite news |title = UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl |first = Bill |last = Carter |newspaper = The New York Times |date = January 24, 2006 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017035638/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl |archive-date = October 17, 2015 }}</ref> Fox Television Stations' nine UPN affiliates were passed over for affiliations as a result, and two days later, those stations removed all UPN branding and ceased promotion of the network's programs. One month later on February 22, Fox announced the formation of [[MyNetworkTV]], a new network that would also launch in September 2006 that would use the company's soon-to-be former UPN affiliates as the nucleus.<ref>{{cite news |title = News Corp. to Launch New Mini-Network for UPN Stations |url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-02-22-fox-my-network_x.htm |agency = [[Associated Press]] |newspaper = [[USA Today]] |date = February 22, 2006 |access-date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref> Over the next eight months, determinations were made as to which shows from the two networks would cross over to The CW, as well as which of UPN and The WB's affiliate stations would be selected to become affiliates of the new network. Programming-wise, six UPN shows – ''America's Next Top Model'' (which was the last surviving series from UPN that remained on The CW's schedule until it moved to [[VH1]] in 2016), ''Veronica Mars'', ''Everybody Hates Chris'', ''[[Girlfriends (American TV series)|Girlfriends]]'', ''All of Us'', and ''[[WWE SmackDown|WWE SmackDown!]]'' – were chosen to move to The CW for its inaugural 2006–07 fall schedule.

With the exception of ''WWE SmackDown!'', all of the programs that aired during the network's final three months were reruns. Unlike The WB, which closed its operations two days later with ''[[The Night of Favorites and Farewells]]'' (a special night of programming paying tribute to the network's most popular series), UPN closed with little to no fanfare on September 15, 2006, fading to black after that night's ''WWE SmackDown!.'' The Fox-owned UPN stations had disaffiliated from the network on August 31; as a result, UPN's last two weeks of programming did not air in 10 markets where Fox owned a UPN affiliate that was set to become an owned-and-operated station of MyNetworkTV, when that network launched on September 5, alongside other markets where the local UPN station affiliated with MyNetworkTV or terminated their UPN affiliation during the summer. Shortly after the network's closure, UPN's website was redirected to The CW's website, and then to CBS's website.

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programs broadcast by UPN}}
At the time of its shutdown, UPN ran only two hours of primetime network programming on Monday through Fridays from 8:00 to 10:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]] (compared to the three primetime hours on Monday through Saturdays and four hours on Sundays offered by the [[Big Three television networks|Big Three networks]], ABC, NBC and CBS). UPN never carried any weekend primetime programming throughout the network's run (though it did offer children's programming on weekend mornings until 2003, and a movie package to its affiliates on weekend afternoons until 2000, when the latter was replaced with a two-hour repeat block of UPN programs); as a result, affiliates held the responsibility of programming their Saturday and Sunday evening schedules with syndicated programs, sports, movies or network programs that were preempted from earlier in the week due to special programming, in the 8:00–10:00&nbsp;p.m. ([[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]]) time period. This primetime scheduling allowed for many of the network's affiliates to air local newscasts during the 10:00–11:00&nbsp;p.m. (Eastern and Pacific Time) time period.

Most of UPN's programming through the years was produced by [[Paramount Television]] or a Viacom-owned sister company ([[Viacom Productions]], [[Big Ticket Television]], [[Spelling Television]] or [[CBS Productions]]). UPN's first official program was ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'', with the first comedy shows to debut being two short-lived series: the [[Richard Jeni]] [[Star vehicle|starring vehicle]] ''Platypus Man'' and ''Pig Sty''.

Other notable UPN programs during the network's existence included ''[[The Sentinel (TV series)|The Sentinel]]'', ''[[Moesha]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'', ''[[WWE SmackDown]]'', ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', ''[[Girlfriends (2000 TV series)|Girlfriends]]'', the ''Moesha'' spin-off ''[[The Parkers]]'', ''[[Veronica Mars]]'', ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'', [[Home Movies (TV series)|''Home Movies'']], and the animated adaptation of ''[[Dilbert (TV series)|Dilbert]]''. In Summer 2005, UPN aired ''[[R U the Girl]]'', in which [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] group [[TLC (music)|TLC]] (not with Left Eye) searched for a woman to join them on a new song. The network also produced some special programs, including 2001's ''[[Iron Chef USA]]''. Much of UPN's comedy programming between 1996 and 2006 (particularly those that aired as part of the network's Monday evening lineup) was largely aimed at [[African American]] audiences, with minor exceptions in shows such as ''[[Clueless (TV series)|Clueless]]'', ''Realitycheck'' and ''[[Head over Heels (American TV series)|Head Over Heels]]''.

UPN occasionally acquired series canceled by the other broadcast networks, including former WB series ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' and ''Roswell'' (both of which moved to UPN in 2001, ''Buffy'' was picked up after The WB chose not to renew it due to issues with license fees while ''Roswell'' joined UPN after that same network also canceled the series),<ref>{{cite web |title = UPN Makes Bid for 'Buffy' |url = https://variety.com/2001/tv/news/upn-makes-bid-for-buffy-1117795697/ |first1 = Josef |last1 = Adalian |first2 = Michael |last2 = Schneider |periodical = Variety |date = March 21, 2001 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094820/http://variety.com/2001/tv/news/upn-makes-bid-for-buffy-1117795697/ |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> and former ABC series ''[[Clueless (TV series)|Clueless]]'' and ''[[The Hughleys]]''. The first program that UPN acquired from another network was ''[[In the House (TV series)|In the House]]'', which moved to the network from [[NBC]] (which canceled the [[LL Cool J]] sitcom after its second season) in 1996. In its later years, as part of the network's desire to maintain its own identity with its own unique shows, UPN instituted a policy of "not picking up other networks' scraps", which was a strong argument when fan pressure was generated in 2004 for them to pick up ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'', the [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' which had been dropped from The WB.

UPN aired only one regular sports event program: the much-hyped [[XFL (2001)|XFL]] in 2001, airing Sunday evening games as part of a package from co-creator and [[WWE]] founder [[Vince McMahon]], which also included what was then ''[[WWE SmackDown|WWF SmackDown!]]'', and the only time the network carried programming officially outside of weeknights.<ref>{{cite web |title = UPN Kicks off Sundays with Extreme Football |url = https://variety.com/2000/tv/news/upn-kicks-off-sundays-with-extreme-football-1117781880/ |first1 = Paula |last1 = Bernstein |first2 = Michael |last2 = Schneider |website = Variety |date = May 19, 2000 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095006/http://variety.com/2000/tv/news/upn-kicks-off-sundays-with-extreme-football-1117781880/ |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> UPN had planned to air a second season of the XFL in 2002, but it also demanded that ''SmackDown!'' be reduced by 30 minutes; McMahon did not agree to the change and the football league folded not long afterward.<ref>{{cite web |title = It's Sudden Death for XFL |url = https://variety.com/2001/tv/news/it-s-sudden-death-for-xfl-1117799155/ |first = John |last = Dempsey |website = Variety |date = May 12, 2001 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095130/http://variety.com/2001/tv/news/it-s-sudden-death-for-xfl-1117799155/ |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

=== News programming ===
Like Fox and The WB, UPN never aired national morning or evening [[newscast]]s; however, several of its affiliates and owned-and-operated stations did produce their own local news programs. Several UPN affiliates ran a local newscast in the 10:00–11:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastern and Pacific (9:00–10:00&nbsp;p.m. Central and Mountain Time) timeslot at some point during or throughout their affiliations with the network; there were also a few stations that produced a weekday morning newscast, although early evening newscasts were largely absent on most of these stations. The UPN affiliate body had fewer news-producing stations in comparison to stations aligned with the Big Three television networks (NBC, ABC and CBS) and considerably fewer than Fox and especially The WB. In several markets, the local UPN affiliate either outsourced news programming to an NBC, ABC or CBS station in the market (either due to insufficient funds or studio space for production of their own newscasts, or in later years after the FCC permitted duopolies in markets with at least eight unique station owners in 2000, the station being operated through a legal duopoly or [[local marketing agreement|management agreement]] with a major network affiliate); other affiliates opted to carry syndicated programming in the hour following UPN's primetime programming lineup. For example, one of the largest O&O UPN affiliates in the country, [[WPWR-TV]], never aired news programming in its 11-year run. This is mainly due to Viacom and [[Chris-Craft Corporation|Chris Craft]]'s non-affiliation with the Chicago station.

When the network launched in January 1995, UPN automatically added six affiliates with functioning news departments through Chris-Craft/United Television and Viacom's respective affiliation deals with the network; all of those stations started their news operations as either [[Independent station (North America)|independent stations]] or during prior affiliations with other networks: WWOR-TV/Secaucus, New Jersey (New York City), KCOP-TV/Los Angeles, [[WKBD-TV]]/[[Detroit]], [[KPTV]]/[[Portland, Oregon]], [[KMSP-TV]]/[[Minneapolis]] and [[WTOG]]/[[Tampa, Florida]]. Two more stations would join them later on: [[KSTW]]/[[Seattle]], also owned by Viacom at the time, after it affiliated with UPN in 1997 through the reversal of a 1995 affiliation switch with CBS affiliate [[KIRO-TV]] (which also kept its news department as a UPN affiliate), and KMAX-TV/Sacramento, which joined UPN after being acquired by Viacom in 1998 and began producing newscasts shortly after its 1995 affiliation with The WB. KSTW and WTOG's news departments were shut down in 1998 due to cost-cutting measures mandated by Viacom; newscasts would briefly return to KSTW via a news sharing agreement with KIRO-TV between 2003 and 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title = News not Paramount |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53395671.html |first = Dan |last = Trigoboff |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable |date = December 7, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53395671.html |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = WTOG to Shutter News Operation |url = https://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/1998/07/06/daily5.html |newspaper = [[American City Business Journals|Tampa Bay Business Journal]] |date = July 7, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040723143446/http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/1998/07/06/daily5.html |archive-date = July 23, 2004 }}</ref>

Not all of UPN's news-producing stations were owned by the two companies that formed the nuclei of the network's affiliate group; [[WUAB]]/[[Cleveland]], which started its news department in 1988, also continued its 10:00&nbsp;p.m. newscast as a UPN affiliate (it would begin producing newscasts for sister station [[WOIO|WOIO-TV]] in February 1995, after that station became a CBS affiliate; though WOIO eventually took over production of the newscast by 2002). [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] affiliate [[WXBU|WLYH-TV]] briefly continued its newscasts after switching to UPN from CBS in 1995, until [[WHP-TV]] began operating the station under a [[local marketing agreement]] that fall. [[WFTC]]/Minneapolis continued to produce a late evening newscast after [[Fox Television Stations]] (which acquired KMSP-TV through the Chris-Craft purchase, and converted it into a Fox O&O) acquired the station from [[Clear Channel Communications]] and switched the station to UPN – it was moved to 10:00&nbsp;p.m. to avoid competing with KMSP's 9:00&nbsp;p.m. newscast until the WFTC newscast was canceled in June 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title = WFTC Drops Newscast at 10; KMSP Adds It |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-146555564.html |first = Deborah |last = Caulfield Rybak |newspaper = [[Star Tribune]] |location = Minneapolis |date = June 2, 2006 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135521/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-146555564.html |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref>

With the exception of KPTV and KMSP, both of which are now Fox stations, none of the former UPN affiliates that produced newscasts during their affiliation with the network continue to maintain an independent news department – despite license requirements imposed by the station's 1983 transfer of its license to Secaucus, New Jersey from New York City to cover New Jersey issues, WWOR-TV, which continued to produce news programming after coming under common ownership with Fox O&O [[WNYW]], shut down its news department in July 2013 and replaced its lone 10:00&nbsp;p.m. newscast with an outside produced program called ''Chasing New Jersey'', a move that resulted in calls by state politicians for the FCC to revoke Fox's license to operate the station.<ref>{{cite news |title = Fox Ends MY9 News, Will Replace it with an Interview Show |url = https://www.nj.com/business/2013/07/fox_ends_my9_news_will_replace.html |first = Alexi |last = Friedman |newspaper = [[The Star-Ledger]] |location = Newark, New Jersey |date = July 3, 2013 |access-date = July 4, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130705174357/http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2013/07/fox_ends_my9_news_will_replace.html |archive-date = July 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Criticism Continues over WWOR's Cancellation of N.J. Newscast |url = https://www.nj.com/news/2013/07/criticism_continues_over_wwors_cancellation_of_nj_newcast.html |first = Peggy |last = McGlone |newspaper = The Star-Ledger |location = Newark, New Jersey |date = July 9, 2013 |access-date = July 11, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 'Chasing New Jersey' News Show Fails to Win over Channel 9 Critics |url = https://www.mycentraljersey.com/article/20130709/NJNEWS/307090041/-Chasing-New-Jersey-news-show-fails-win-over-Channel-9-critics?nclick_check=1 |first = Sergio |last = Bichao |newspaper = [[Courier News]] |location = Somerville, New Jeersey |date = July 9, 2013 |access-date = July 10, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141229235444/http://www.mycentraljersey.com/article/20130709/NJNEWS/307090041/-Chasing-New-Jersey-news-show-fails-win-over-Channel-9-critics?nclick_check=1 |archive-date = December 29, 2014 }}</ref> [[KTTV]] took over production of sister station KCOP's newscasts in 2007, before discontinuing news programming on that station in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title = KCOP Cutting News from its Lineup |url = https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/kcop-cutting-news-from-its-lineup/101140/ |first = Kevin |last = Eck |website = [[AdWeek|TVSpy]] |date = August 9, 2013 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150922183955/http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/kcop-cutting-news-from-its-lineup/101140 |archive-date = September 22, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = KCOP to Drop News from the Lineup |url = http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2013/08/kcop_to_drop_news_from_th.php |first = Kevin |last = Roderick |newspaper = LA Observed |date = August 10, 2013 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131010103647/http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2013/08/kcop_to_drop_news_from_th.php |archive-date = October 10, 2013 }}</ref> KMAX's news department has since been merged with that of KOVR although it still produces a morning newscast separate from that station. WKBD shut down its news department (which was later shared with [[WWJ-TV]]) in December 2002, with its 10:00&nbsp;p.m. newscast continuing to be produced by ABC affiliate [[WXYZ-TV]] until its eventual cancellation in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title = CBS Drops News in Detroit |url = https://www.nexttv.com/news/cbs-drops-news-detroit-94621 |first = Dan |last = Trigoboff |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable |date = November 24, 2002 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111804/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/cbs-drops-news-detroit/94621 |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref> CBS re-launched a news operation for both WWJ and WKBD under the umbrella title of ''CBS News Detroit'' in January 2023.

=== Children's programming ===
{{Main|UPN Kids|Disney's Animation Weekdays}}
When the network launched in January 1995, UPN introduced a weekend morning cartoon block called ''[[UPN Kids]]'' (later called "The UPN Kids Action Zone" during the 1998–99 season). Prior to the commencement of broadcast, UPN signed a content deal with [[Saban Entertainment]], who produced the animated shows ''[[Bureau of Alien Detectors]]'', ''[[The Mouse and the Monster]]'' and ''[[Space Strikers]]'' for UPN Kids during the 1995-96 and 1996-97 television seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 5, 1994|title=UPN introduces itself to affiliates|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-12-05-Page-0014.pdf|access-date=October 15, 2021|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165102/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-12-05-Page-0014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Space Strikers'' was wholly owned by Saban Entertainment,<ref>Copyright notice in the credits for ''Space Strikers'', 1995.</ref> although the ownership for ''Bureau of Alien Detectors'' and ''The Mouse and the Monster'' was jointly split between Saban and UPN.<ref>Copyright notice in the credits for ''Bureau of Alien Detectors'', 1996.</ref><ref>Copyright notice in the credits for ''The Mouse and the Monster'', 1996.</ref><ref>[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1023186/0000944209-96-000334.txt 1996 fiscal report for Saban Entertainment] September 27, 1996.</ref> In late 1997, UPN added two teen-oriented series by Saban to the lineup; ''[[Sweet Valley High (TV series)|Sweet Valley High]]'' (based on the young adult book series by [[Francine Pascal]]) and ''[[Breaker High]]'' (which co-starred a then-unknown [[Ryan Gosling]]). Both shows filled the weekday morning block for the 1997–98 season, while they were also included alongside the animated series on Sunday mornings. ''Sweet Valley High'' had previously aired in [[first-run syndication]] between 1994 and mid-1997, before moving to UPN Kids. Unlike other networks, UPN gave its affiliates the option of running its weekend children's program block on either Saturdays or Sundays. In January 1998, the network entered into a deal with Saban Entertainment to program the Sunday morning block with Fox Kids programs which had recently ended, such as ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series|X-Men]]'' and ''[[Spider-Man (1981 TV series)|Spider-Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title = Marvel, Saban Set Kids Shows for UPN |url = https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/marvel-saban-set-kids-shows-for-upn-1117467216/ |last = Katz |first = Richard |work = Variety |date = January 29, 1998 |access-date = August 21, 2009 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212115808/http://variety.com/1998/tv/news/marvel-saban-set-kids-shows-for-upn-1117467216/ |archive-date = December 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = UPN Serves up Superheroes |url = https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/upn-serves-up-superheroes-1117468038/ |last = Katz |first = Richard |work = Variety |date = February 24, 1998 |access-date = August 21, 2009 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094918/http://variety.com/1998/tv/news/upn-serves-up-superheroes-1117468038/ |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

In the mid to late 1990s, local affiliates of UPN were among some of the first stations in the United States to air dubbed animes such as ''[[Dragon Ball (anime)|Dragon Ball]]'', ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'', ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' and ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon]]''. At the time, the dubs of these animes  were airing in first-run syndication (also often appearing on Fox and WB affiliates), with ''Pokémon'' later moving from syndication to [[Kids' WB]] in 1999, and the former moving to [[Cartoon Network]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | title=25 Years Ago, Dragon Ball Z Hit American TV for the First Time | date=September 11, 2021 | url=https://au.pcmag.com/news/89425/25-years-ago-dragon-ball-z-hit-american-tv-for-the-first-time }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=(December 12, 1999) WKBD-TV UPN 50 Detroit Kids Commercials | website=[[YouTube]] | date=July 4, 2019 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JetM7k7PB_Q }}</ref> The syndicated anime dubs were never officially part of the national UPN Kids block.

In 1998, there were rumors that UPN then entered into discussions with then-corporate sister [[Nickelodeon]] (both networks were owned by [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]]) to produce a new block.<ref name="Disney talks called off">{{cite news |title = UPN Kids Pick Nick, not Mouse |url = https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/upn-kids-pick-nick-not-mouse-1117467104/ |first = Jenny |last = Hontz |work = Variety |date = January 27, 1998 |access-date = February 19, 2022 }}</ref>

In 1999, UPN contracted the rights to the network's children's programming lineup to [[The Walt Disney Company]]; as a result, the teen-oriented and animated series were replaced with a new block called ''[[Disney's One Too]]'', which debuted on September 6, 1999, and featured select programs seen on ABC's ''[[ABC Kids (TV programming block)#Disney's One Saturday Morning|Disney's One Saturday Morning]]'' lineup (such as ''[[Recess (TV series)|Recess]]'' and ''[[Sabrina: The Animated Series]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title = Mouse Brands UPN Kidvid |url = https://variety.com/1999/tv/news/mouse-brands-upn-kidvid-1117743063/ |last = Pursell |first = Chris |work = Variety |date = July 19, 1999 |access-date = August 17, 2009 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212916/http://variety.com/1999/tv/news/mouse-brands-upn-kidvid-1117743063/ |archive-date = April 2, 2015 }}</ref> Many UPN affiliates at the network's launch were already airing [[The Disney Afternoon]], a block supplied by Disney-owned syndication distributor [[Disney–ABC Domestic Television|Buena Vista Television]]; however, that block would be discontinued in August 1997. The addition of ''Disney's One Too'' expanded UPN's children's program block back to two hours, running on Sunday mornings and weekday afternoons. In September 2002, ''[[Digimon: Digital Monsters]]'' moved to UPN from [[Fox Kids]], due to Disney's acquisition of Fox's children's program inventory as well as the Fox Family Channel, which was renamed [[History of Freeform (TV channel)#ABC Family|ABC Family]] (now Freeform) the past year. At the same time, the "One Too" branding was dropped from on-air usage due to the rebranding of ABC's Saturday morning lineup from ''One Saturday Morning'' to ''ABC Kids'' (although the block was unofficially referred to as ''Disney's Animation Weekdays'' outside the network). UPN subsequently chose not to renew its contract with Disney, with the network dropping all children's programming after August 31, 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title = Disney Drops UPN Programming Deal |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-feb-14-fi-rup14.6-story.html |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |date = February 14, 2003 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094902/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/feb/14/business/fi-rup14.6 |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = UPN to Ax Disney Kids Shows in Fall |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1473784.html |newspaper = [[Chicago Sun-Times]]   |date = February 15, 2003 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184808/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1473784.html |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref> This left UPN as one of only two major broadcast networks that did not air a children's programming block, the other being Pax TV, which discontinued its ''Pax Kids'' lineup in 2000, before returning children's programming as [[Ion Television]] through the 2006 launch of [[Qubo]] (as a 24/7 network, it was pulled off the air in 2021). Incidentally, UPN's successor The CW carried over the [[Kids' WB]] Saturday morning lineup from fellow predecessor The WB, resulting in UPN affiliates that joined The CW in September 2006 carrying network-supplied children's programming for the first time since the ''One Too'' block ended.

Some Fox stations that declined to carry [[4Kids TV]] passed on that block to an affiliate of UPN or The WB, or an [[Independent station (North America)|independent station]], in order for the Fox affiliate to air general entertainment programming or local newscasts on Saturday mornings (for example, [[WFLD]] in [[Chicago]] moved the 4Kids TV schedule to co-owned then-UPN affiliate [[WPWR-TV]], while WFLD aired infomercials).

=== Television films ===
{{Main|List of television films produced for UPN}}
During the late 1990s, UPN produced a number of [[television film]]s under the umbrella brand ''Blockbuster Shockwave Cinema'', in conjunction with sponsor (and then-sister company) [[Blockbuster LLC|Blockbuster Video]], almost all of which were [[science fiction film|sci-fi film]]s.

From UPN's inception until 2000, the network also offered a hosted movie series called the ''UPN Movie Trailer'' to its stations. The weekend block featured mostly older theatrically released action and comedy films, often those from the [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] film library. The ''Movie Trailer'' block was discontinued in 2000 to give stations that opted for them room for a two-hour block of select UPN series that aired in primetime during the past week. There were also three Paramount-branded blocks that aired on Viacom's UPN owned-and-operated stations between 1995 and 2000: the ''Paramount Teleplex'' as the main brand for movies at any given timeslot, the ''Paramount Prime Movie'' for primetime features, and the ''Paramount Late Movie'' for films airing in late night timeslots. From 2002 to 2006, UPN offered a movie block (airing on Saturdays or Sundays depending on the affiliates) called ''Hot Weekend Movie'', which carried movies (theatrical, made-for-TV and direct-to-video) from the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) library.

== Affiliates ==
{{Main|List of former UPN affiliates}}
UPN had approximately 143 full-power owned-and-operated or primary affiliate stations in the United States, and another 65 stations aired some UPN programming as secondary affiliates. Although it was considered a major network by [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]] for [[Nielsen ratings|ratings]] purposes, UPN was not available in every American [[media market|television market]]. In some areas, UPN programming was shown off-pattern by affiliates of other networks (airing immediately after programming from their primary network on some Fox and WB stations, or during overnight timeslots on major network affiliates) or by otherwise independent stations, such as in the case of [[KIKU|KIKU-TV]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]]. Some affiliates were also known to extensively preempt network programming in order to broadcast local sporting events.

By 2003, UPN had an estimated audience reach of 85.98% of all U.S. households (equivalent to 91,689,290 households with at least one television set). In contrast, The WB was viewable in 91.66% of all U.S. television homes. This is mainly because UPN did not have wide distribution in areas ranked below the top 100 Nielsen-designated media markets, whereas The WB operated [[The WB 100+ Station Group]] – a [[cable television|cable]]-only station group that was launched by the network in September 1998 – to provide broad coverage to those markets (from January 1995 to October 1999, The WB's programming was carried over the [[WGN America|superstation feed]] of the network's Chicago affiliate [[WGN-TV]] through a programming agreement with its owner Tribune Broadcasting). Despite the fact that UPN would not be able to have extensive small-market coverage at launch due to a lack of commercial television stations in those areas, Paramount Television denied [[Advance Publications|Advance Entertainment Corporation]] permission from distributing the network's programming over the [[WWOR EMI Service]], the [[superstation]] feed of New York City affiliate WWOR-TV, preventing the network from reaching markets without an exclusive or secondary UPN affiliate. The network proposed launching a cable-originated service to increase its distribution to markets without an over-the-air affiliate in July 1998; however, the service, which was to have been named UPN Plus, ultimately never launched.<ref>{{cite web |title = UPN Working on 24-Hour Cable Channel |url = https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/upn-working-on-24-hour-cable-channel-1117478702/ |first1 = John |last1 = Dempsey |first2 = Jenny |last2 = Hontz |periodical = Variety |date = July 22, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015094526/http://variety.com/1998/tv/news/upn-working-on-24-hour-cable-channel-1117478702/ |archive-date = October 15, 2015 }}</ref> UPN did have one cable-only affiliate in its station form, [[WNFM-TV]] in [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]], [[Florida]], which joined the network in 1998.

In markets where Viacom had a CBS/UPN [[Duopoly (broadcasting)|duopoly]] after its 2000 merger with CBS, the UPN station was used to air CBS network programs if local sporting events or extended [[breaking news]] coverage would air on the CBS station, sometimes resulting in UPN programs being pre-empted outright, as the CBS-owned outlets were usually the senior partner in the duopolies (an exception being [[Detroit]], where [[WKBD-TV]] is considered the senior partner to [[WWJ-TV]] due to WKBD being longer-established). One such event occurred on September 26, 2004, when [[Hurricane Jeanne]] forced a scheduled [[National Football League|NFL]] game between the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] and [[Miami Dolphins]] in [[Miami]] to be postponed from its scheduled start time of 1:00&nbsp;p.m. to 8:30&nbsp;p.m. ET; the game aired locally on [[KDKA-TV]] and [[WFOR-TV]] while their respective UPN sister stations, [[WPKD-TV|WNPA-TV]] and [[WBFS-TV]], aired CBS's regular Sunday night programming instead.

These factors led to the network struggling in the ratings over much of UPN's existence, with its later ''Star Trek'' franchise, ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', perhaps suffering the most and ultimately being canceled by the network in a controversial decision in February 2005. The most consistent ratings performer for the network was ''[[WWE SmackDown]]''. During the 2004–2005 season, the network was getting consistently better ratings than The WB, much of this thanks to its carriage of the WWE.<ref>{{cite news |title = UPN's Start-of-Week Blues |first = John |last = Consoli |work = Mediaweek |date = October 23, 2004 }}</ref>

=== Station standardization ===
When the network launched, UPN began having most of its stations branded using a combination of "UPN" or "Paramount" (the latter having been used only by the network's Viacom-owned stations, some of whom adopted the "Paramount" branding prior to UPN's launch), and the affiliated station's channel number. By the late 1990s, affiliates were simply branded under the "UPN (channel number or city)" scheme (for example, Chicago affiliate WPWR-TV called itself "UPN Chicago" and New York City O&O-turned-affiliate WWOR-TV was referred to as "UPN 9", until The CW's launch was announced in January 2006).

However, most of the UPN owned-and-operated stations under Viacom/CBS Corporation branded themselves by the network/city conventions (for example, [[KPYX|KBHK-TV]]/[[San Francisco]] was branded as "UPN Bay Area", [[WKBD-TV|WKBD]]/[[Detroit]] was branded as "UPN Detroit", [[WUPA]] was branded as "UPN Atlanta" and [[WUPL]]/[[New Orleans]] was branded as "UPN New Orleans"). That type of branding did not always apply though, as for example, [[WSBK-TV]]/[[Boston]] was branded "UPN 38" and [[KMAX-TV]]/[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] was branded "UPN 31". [[WPKD-TV|WNPA]]/[[Pittsburgh]] originally branded itself as "UPN 19", but rebranded itself as "UPN Pittsburgh" soon after the network introduced its second and final logo in September 2002, making it one of the few that had carried both standardization styles. Many UPN-affiliated stations followed the same branding scheme (for example, [[KHII-TV|KFVE]]/[[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] used the brand "UPN Hawaii").

This would be a continuation of the trend of networks using such naming schemes, which originated at Fox (and even earlier by the Canadian [[CBC Television|CBC]]), and was also predominately used at CBS (which has most of its owned-and-operated stations, with a few exceptions, brand using a combination of the network's name and over-the-air channel number) and The WB (with the exception of its Tribune Broadcasting-owned affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago, and certain other stations); NBC and ABC also use similar branding schemes, but not to the same broad level outside their O&Os. While the "Big Three" networks do not require their affiliates to have such naming schemes (though some affiliates choose to adopt it anyway) and only on the network's O&Os is the style required, UPN mandated it on all stations – though in one case, [[Milwaukee]] affiliate [[WCGV-TV|WCGV]] branded as "Channel 24" from 1998 to 2001, excluding UPN imagery from its station branding (WCGV, which previously branded as "UPN 24", had disaffiliated from the network for eight months in 1998 due to a compensation dispute; it received a rare waiver from the network to air a marathon of the last half of [[Star Trek: Voyager (season 4)|season four of ''Star Trek: Voyager'']] which it had not aired in August 1998, before the fifth season's premiere in September.<ref>{{cite web |title = Sinclair Pulling More UPN Affiliations |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20115938.html |first = Joe |last = Schlosser |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable   |date = January 5, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151246/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20115938.html |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = UPN, Sinclair Make Up |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-50228020.html |first = Steve |last = McClellan |periodical = Broadcasting & Cable   |date = August 3, 1998 |access-date = September 2, 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155249/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-50228020.html |archive-date = September 24, 2015 }}</ref>).

One Chris-Craft/United Television-owned station, [[KMSP-TV]] in [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]], only branded as "UPN 9" for its entertainment and network programming. Due to the station's circumstances of holding full cable carriage across the state of [[Minnesota]] and into [[The Dakotas]] as a [[superstation]], local management preferred to retain their pre-UPN "Minnesota 9" branding in some manner, as most of the UPN schedule was of low appeal to the station's rural viewers, and it was building a successful and competitive news department that did not depend on the success or failure of UPN. KMSP's news division success despite UPN affiliation was one of the pushes for Fox Television Stations to acquire United Television overall, then convert KMSP-TV to a Fox owned-and-operated station in Fall 2002. The UPN affiliation thus moved to new sister station [[WFTC]], which followed all UPN branding guidelines until Fox pulled their support for the network in January 2006.

== See also ==
* [[List of United States over-the-air television networks]]
* [[2006 United States broadcast TV realignment]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.retrojunk.com/commercial/show/26351/upn-united-paramount-network-coming-january-1995 An ad promoting UPN on RetroJunk.com]

{{American broadcast television}}
{{The CW}}
{{UPN}}
{{Paramount Global}}
{{Authority control}}

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