View source for USS Kansas (BB-21)

{{Short description|United States Navy battleship}}
{{other ships|USS Kansas}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image   = USS Kansas (BB-21).jpg
| Ship caption = USS ''Kansas'' (BB-21) {{circa}} 1910–1915
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = United States
| Ship flag = {{USN flag|1921}}
| Ship name = ''Kansas''
| Ship namesake = State of [[Kansas]]
| Ship ordered =3 March 1903
| Ship builder =[[New York Shipbuilding Company]]
| Ship laid down = 10 February 1904
| Ship launched = 12 August 1905
| Ship commissioned = 18 April 1907
| Ship decommissioned = 16 December 1921
| Ship struck =10 November 1923
| Ship fate = Broken up, 1924
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|Connecticut|battleship}}
| Ship displacement = 
*[[normal displacement|Normal]]: {{convert|16000|LT|lk=on}}
*[[Full load]]: {{convert|17666|LT}}
| Ship length = {{convert|456|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|76|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship draft = {{convert|24|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship power=
*12 [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s
*{{convert|16500|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| Ship propulsion=
*2 × [[triple-expansion steam engine]]s
*2 × screw [[propeller]]s
| Ship speed = {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}
| Ship range = 
| Ship complement = 827&nbsp;officers and men
| Ship armament =*  4 × [[12"/45 caliber Mark 5 gun|{{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/45 caliber Mark 5 gun]]s
*  8 × [[8"/45 caliber gun|{{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/45 caliber guns]]
* 12 × [[7"/44 caliber gun|{{convert|7|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/45 caliber guns]]
* 20 × [[3-inch/50-caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/50 caliber guns]]
* 12 × [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#American service|3-pounder]] guns
*  4 × [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom#United States|1-pounder]] guns
*  4 × [[American 21-inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s
  
| Ship armor =* [[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|6|-|11|in|abbr=on|0}}
* [[Barbette]]s: {{convert|6|-|10|in|abbr=on|0}}
* [[Gun turret#Warships|Turret]] Main: {{convert|8|-|12|in|abbr=on|0}}
* Turret secondary: {{convert|7|in|abbr=on|0}}
* [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|9|in|abbr=on|0}}
  
}}
|}

'''USS ''Kansas''''' ([[Hull number|hull number]] '''BB-21)''' was a US {{sclass|Connecticut|battleship|0}} [[pre-dreadnought battleship]], the fourth of six ships in the [[ship class|class]]. She was the second ship of the [[United States Navy]] named Kansas, but the only one named in honor of the state of [[Kansas]].{{efn|The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] era [[gunboat]] {{USS|Kansas|1863|2}} was named for the [[Kansas River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kansas-i.html|title=Kansas I (Gunboat)|website=NHHC}}</ref>}} The ship was launched in August 1905 and commissioned into the fleet in April 1907. ''Kansas'' was armed with a [[main battery]] of four {{convert|12|in|adj=on|0}} guns and was capable of a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|abbr=on}}.

Shortly after she entered service, ''Kansas'' joined the [[Great White Fleet]] for its circumnavigation of the globe in 1908–1909. She made trips to Europe in 1910 and 1911 and after 1912, became involved in suppressing unrest in several Central American countries, including the [[United States occupation of Veracruz]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]]. After the United States entered [[World War I]] in April 1917, ''Kansas'' was employed as a [[training ship]] for new personnel. In September 1918, she began escorting convoys to Europe. After the war ended in November, she then began a series of trips to France to bring American soldiers home.

The ship's postwar career was short. She conducted training cruises for [[US Naval Academy]] cadets in 1920 and 1921, the first to the Pacific and the second to Europe. During this period she served briefly as the [[flagship]] of the 4th [[BatDiv|Battleship Division]]. After returning from the second cruise, ''Kansas'' was decommissioned and sold for scrap in August 1923 according to the terms of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]].

==Design==
{{main|Connecticut-class battleship|l1=''Connecticut''-class battleship}}

The {{sclass|Connecticut|battleship|4}} followed the {{sclass|Virginia|battleship|1}}s, but corrected some of the most significant deficiencies in the earlier design, most notably the [[:wikt:superpose|superposed]] arrangement of the main and some of the secondary guns. A heavier tertiary battery of {{cvt|7|in|0}} guns replaced the {{cvt|6|in|0}} guns that had been used on all previous US designs. Despite the improvements, the ships were rendered obsolescent by the revolutionary British battleship {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}, completed before most of the members of the ''Connecticut'' class.{{sfn|Friedman|pp=42–44}}

[[File:Connecticut-class battleship line-drawing.png|thumb|left|Line-drawing of the ''Connecticut'' class]]

''Kansas'' was {{convert|456.3|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[length overall|long overall]] and had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|76.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} and a [[draft (nautical)|draft]] of {{convert|24.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|16000|LT|lk=on|-1}} as designed and up to {{convert|17666|LT}} at [[full load]]. The ship was powered by two-shaft [[triple-expansion steam engine]]s rated at {{convert|16500|ihp|lk=in}}, with steam provided by twelve coal-fired [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s ducted into three [[funnel (ship)|funnels]]. The propulsion system generated a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}. As built, she was fitted with heavy [[military mast]]s, but these were quickly replaced by [[lattice mast]]s in 1909. As completed, she had a crew of 827&nbsp;officers and men, though this increased to 881 and later to 896.{{sfn|Campbell|p=144}}

The ship was armed with a [[main battery]] of four [[12"/45 caliber Mark 5 gun|12&nbsp;inch/45 Mark 5]]{{efn|/45 refers to the length of the gun in terms of [[Caliber (artillery)|calibers]]. A /45 gun is 45 times long as it is in bore diameter.}} guns in two twin [[gun turret]]s on the [[Centerline (nautical)|centerline]], one forward and aft. The [[secondary armament|secondary battery]] consisted of eight [[8"/45 caliber gun|{{convert|8|inch|adj=on|0}}/45 guns]] and twelve [[7"/44 caliber gun|{{convert|7|in|adj=on|0}}/45 guns]]. The 8-inch guns were mounted in four twin turrets [[amidships]] and the 7-inch guns were placed in [[casemates]] in the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]. For close-range defense against [[torpedo boat]]s, she carried twenty [[3-inch/50-caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|adj=on|0}}/50]] guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and twelve [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#American service|3-pounder]] guns. She also carried four {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom#United States|1-pounder]] guns. As was standard for [[capital ship]]s of the period, ''Kansas'' carried four [[American 21-inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s, submerged in her hull on the [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]].{{sfn|Campbell|p=144}}

''Kansas''{{'}}s main [[armored belt]] was {{convert|11|in|abbr=on|0}} thick over the [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and the propulsion machinery spaces and {{convert|6|in|abbr=on|0}} elsewhere. The main battery gun turrets had {{convert|12|in|adj=on|0}} thick faces, and the supporting [[barbette]]s had {{convert|10|in|abbr=on|0}} of armor plating. The secondary turrets had {{convert|7|in|abbr=on|0}} of frontal armor. The [[conning tower]] had {{convert|9|in|abbr=on|0}} thick sides.{{sfn|Campbell|p=144}}

==Service history==

===Construction and the Great White Fleet===
[[File:USS Kansas (BB-21) on trials.jpg|thumb|''Kansas'' on trials in 1906; note the 7-inch guns have not been installed]]

The [[keel]] for ''Kansas'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]] of [[Camden, New Jersey]]. She was [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 12 August 1905. After completing [[fitting-out]] work, the ship was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the fleet on 18 April 1907 in Philadelphia. [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Charles E. Vreeland]] was the ship's first commanding officer. She began a [[shakedown cruise]] on 17 August off [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]], that revealed the need for modifications, which began at Philadelphia on 24 September. On 9 December, she joined the ships that would be assigned to the [[Great White Fleet]] in [[Hampton Roads]].{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

On 16 December, ''Kansas'' steamed out of Hampton Roads with the Great White Fleet for a circumnavigation of the globe.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}} The cruise of the Great White Fleet was conceived as a way to demonstrate American military power, particularly to Japan. Tensions had begun to rise between the United States and Japan after the latter's victory in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1905, particularly over racist opposition to Japanese immigration to the United States. The press in both countries began to call for war, and Roosevelt hoped to use the demonstration of naval might to deter Japanese aggression.{{sfn|Hendrix|pp=XIII, XIV}} The cruise was also intended to assert the United States' status as a global naval power and to convince [[United States Congress|Congress]] of the need to support increased naval expenditures.{{sfn|DANFS Minnesota}} The fleet cruised south to the [[Caribbean]] and then to South America, making stops in [[Port of Spain]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Punta Arenas]], and [[Valparaíso]], among other cities. After arriving in Mexico in March 1908, the fleet spent three weeks conducting gunnery practice{{sfn|Albertson|pp=41–46}} The fleet then resumed its voyage up the Pacific coast of the Americas, stopping in [[San Francisco]] and [[Seattle]] before crossing the Pacific to Australia, stopping in Hawaii on the way. Stops in the South Pacific included [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]], and [[Auckland]]. {{sfn|Albertson|pp=47–56}}

The fleet then turned north for the Philippines, stopping in [[Manila]], before continuing on to Japan where a welcoming ceremony was held in [[Yokohama]]. Three weeks of exercises followed in [[Subic Bay]] in the Philippines in November. The ships passed [[Singapore]] on 6 December and entered the Indian Ocean; they coaled in [[Colombo]] before proceeding to the [[Suez Canal]] and coaling again at [[Port Said]], Egypt. The fleet called in several Mediterranean ports before stopping in [[Gibraltar]], where an international fleet of British, Russian, French, and Dutch warships greeted the Americans. The ships then crossed the Atlantic to return to Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909, having traveled {{convert|46729|nmi}}. There, they conducted a [[naval review]] for President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].{{sfn|Albertson|pp=57–66}}

===Peacetime activities===
[[File:USS Kansas (BB-21) 1907.jpg|thumb|left|''Kansas'' c. 1907]]

A week after returning from the voyage, ''Kansas'' steamed to the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] for an overhaul after the lengthy period at sea. The work was completed on 17 June, and ''Kansas'' thereafter began a peacetime routine of maneuvers and various training exercises that continued throughout the following year. On 15 November 1910, she joined the 2nd Battleship Division for a cruise to Europe, stopping in [[Cherbourg, France]], and [[Isle of Portland|Portland]], England. The ships then recrossed the Atlantic, stopping in [[Santo Domingo]] and Cuba before continuing on to Hampton Roads. A second trip to Europe took place in mid-1911; this time, the division steamed into the [[Baltic Sea]], visiting several ports in the region, including [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, [[Stockholm]], Sweden, [[Kronstadt]], Russia, and [[Kiel]], Germany. The ships arrived back in Provincetown on 13 July and thereafter joined fleet training exercises off the [[Virginia Capes]]. ''Kansas'' steamed to the [[Norfolk Navy Yard]] on 3 November for another overhaul.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

''Kansas'' began a series of extensive maneuvers in early 1912, based out of [[Guantánamo Bay]], Cuba. She returned to Hampton Roads to greet a squadron of German warships—the [[battlecruiser]] {{SMS|Moltke}} and the [[light cruiser]]s {{SMS|Bremen||2}} and {{SMS|Stettin||2}}—that visited the port from 28 May to 8 June. ''Kansas'' then embarked on a training cruise along the east coast of the United States for [[midshipmen]] from the [[US Naval Academy]] on 21 June. She returned the midshipmen to Annapolis on 30 August. On 15 November, she began a training cruise to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], arriving back in Philadelphia for an overhaul on 21 December. She returned to duty on 5 May 1913 and cruised the east coast for the next several months. On 25 October, she crossed the Atlantic and cruised the [[Mediterranean Sea]], which included a stop in [[Genoa, Italy]]. After returning to Guantánamo Bay, she was sent to the coast of Mexico to protect US interests during the [[Mexican Revolution]]. The ship was back in Norfolk on 14 March 1914, and another overhaul at Philadelphia followed on 11 April. On 1 July, ''Kansas'' steamed out of Norfolk to carry the remains of the recently deceased Venezuelan ambassador to the United States back to his home country. She arrived in [[La Guaira]] on 14 July before returning to the Mexican coast to support the forces [[United States occupation of Veracruz|occupying Veracruz]]. She left the area on 29 October to respond to unrest in [[Port au Prince]], Haiti, arriving on 3 November. She remained there for a month before departing on 1 December for Philadelphia. The ship then resumed the normal peacetime routine of training exercises off the east coast and off Cuba until 30 September 1916, when she underwent another overhaul in Philadelphia.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

===World War I===
[[File:USS Kansas in Brest, France.tif|thumb|''Kansas'' in [[Brest, France]], in 1919; {{USS|New Hampshire|BB-25|2}} (left) and {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|2}} (right) are visible in the distance]]
She was still in dry dock when the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. On 10 July, she was assigned to the 4th Battleship Division (4th [[BatDiv]]) and was tasked primarily with training naval personnel in the [[Chesapeake Bay]].{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}} In September 1918, she was assigned to [[convoy]] escort duty, with the first such mission on 6 September. The ship departed with her [[sister ship]] {{USS|New Hampshire|BB-25|6}} and the [[dreadnought]] {{USS|South Carolina|BB-26|6}} to protect a fast HX troopship convoy. On 16 September, the three battleships left the convoy in the Atlantic and steamed back to the United States, while other escorts brought the convoy into port. On the 17th, ''South Carolina'' slipped her [[starboard]] propeller, which forced her to reduce speed to {{convert|11|kn}} using only the port shaft. ''Kansas'' and ''New Hampshire'' remained with ''South Carolina'' to escort her back to port.{{sfn|Jones|pp=117–118}} Convoy duty did not last long, as the Germans signed the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] that ended the war on 11 November.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

Following the end of the war in November 1918, she joined the effort to return American soldiers from France, making five trips to [[Brest, France]].{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}} The first of these took place in December; ''Kansas'' and the battleship {{USS|Georgia|BB-15|2}} departed on 10 December and arrived in Brest on the 22nd. The two ships embarked a total of 2,732&nbsp;soldiers between them over the course of four days before departing for the return trip.{{sfn|Jones|p=122}} A major overhaul at Philadelphia followed from 29 June 1919 to 17 May 1920. She then proceeded to Annapolis, arriving on the 20th and embarking midshipmen for another training cruise, this time to the Pacific Ocean. She passed through the [[Panama Canal]] and visited a number of ports on the west coast, including [[Honolulu]], Seattle, San Francisco, and [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]]. She left San Pedro on 11 August bound for the Panama Canal and crossed into the Caribbean for a stop at Guantánamo Bay. ''Kansas'' arrived back in Annapolis on 2 September, where she disembarked the midshipmen. Rear Admiral [[Charles Frederick Hughes]] raised his flag aboard ''Kansas'' in Philadelphia as the [[flagship]] of the 4th BatDiv.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

The ship departed on 27 September for a cruise to the Caribbean. While in [[Grassey Bay, Bermuda]] on 2 October, [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]], visited the ship. On the 4th, she passed through the Panama Canal and steamed to [[American Samoa]], stopping in [[Pago Pago, Samoa]] on 11 November. ''Kansas'' then visited Hawaii before crossing back through the Panama Canal and eventually returning to Philadelphia on 7 March 1921. Another midshipmen training cruise followed on 4 June; three other battleships joined her for a visit to European waters. Stops included [[Oslo]], Norway, [[Lisbon]], Portugal, and Gibraltar. They passed through Guantánamo Bay before returning to Annapolis on 28 August. A visit to New York followed from 3 to 19 September. She arrived back at Philadelphia the following day, where she was decommissioned on 16 December. ''Kansas'' was stricken from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 24 August 1923 in accordance with the terms of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] and was subsequently [[ship breaking|broken up]] for scrap.{{sfn|DANFS Kansas}}

==Footnotes==
===Notes ===

{{notelist}}

===Citations===

{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book
  | last = Albertson
  | first = Mark
  | title = U.S.S. Connecticut: Constitution State Battleship
  | location = Mustang
  | publisher = [[Tate Publishing & Enterprises|Tate Publishing]]
  | year = 2007
  | isbn = 978-1-59886-739-8
  | ref={{sfnRef|Albertson}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Campbell
  | first = N. J. M.
  | chapter = United States of America
  | pages = 114–169
  | editor1-last = Chesneau
  | editor1-first = Roger
  | editor2-last = Kolesnik
  | editor2-first = Eugene M.
  | year = 1979
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = Greenwich
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-133-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Campbell}}
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2
  | name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | year = 1985
  | title = U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]]
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-715-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Friedman}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Hendrix
  |first=Henry
  |title=Theodore Roosevelt's Naval Diplomacy: The U.S. Navy and the Birth of the American Century
  |year=2009
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |ref={{sfnRef|Hendrix}}
  |isbn=978-1-61251-831-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Jones
  |first=Jerry W.
  |title=U.S. Battleship Operations in World War I
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |year=1998
  |isbn=978-1-55750-411-1
  |ref={{sfnRef|Jones}}
  }}
* {{cite web
  |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kansas-ii.html
  |title=Kansas (BB-21) ii
  |work=[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]
  |publisher=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]]
  |date=5 January 2015
  |access-date=7 May 2015
  |ref={{sfnRef|DANFS Kansas}}
  }}
* {{cite web
  |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/minnesota-ii.html
  |title=Minnesota ii (Battleship No. 22)
  |work=[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]
  |publisher=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]]
  |date=5 May 2014
  |access-date=6 May 2015
  |ref={{sfnRef|DANFS Minnesota}}
  }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
  | last = Alden
  | first = John D.
  | year = 1989
  | title = American Steel Navy: A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]]
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-248-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Reilly
  | first1 = John C.
  | last2 = Scheina
  | first2 = Robert L.
  | year = 1980
  | title = American Battleships 1886–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-524-7
  }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.navsource.net/archives/01/21a.htm NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive BB-21 USS ''KANSAS'']

{{Connecticut class battleship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kansas (BB-21)}}
[[Category:Connecticut-class battleships]]
[[Category:Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
[[Category:1905 ships]]
[[Category:World War I battleships of the United States]]