View source for USS Swordfish (SS-193)

{{Short description|Sargo-class submarine}}
{{other ships|USS Swordfish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Swordfish (SS193). Port side, 09-29-1939 - NARA - 513034.tif
|Ship caption=''Swordfish'' in 1939
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1945}}
|Ship builder=[[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]], [[Vallejo, California]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">{{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
  | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
  | year = 1995
  | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
  | pages = 285–304
  | isbn = 1-55750-263-3 }}</ref>
|Ship laid down=27 October 1937<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship launched=1 April 1939<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship sponsor=Miss Louise Shaw Hepburn
|Ship commissioned=22 July 1939<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship fate=Probably sunk by Japanese vessels in the [[Ryukyu Islands]], 12 January 1945
|Ship struck=19 May 1945
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Sargo|submarine}}<ref name="Register">{{cite book
  | last = Bauer
  | first = K. Jack
  |author2=Roberts, Stephen S.
   | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants
  | publisher = Greenwood Press
  | year = 1991
  | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
  | pages = 269–270
  | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref>
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1450|long ton|t}} standard, surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305–311</ref>
*{{convert|2350|long ton|t}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship length={{convert|310|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|26|ft|10|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|16|ft|7+1/2|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship propulsion=*4 × [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors]] Model 16-248 [[V16 engine|V16]] [[diesel engine]]s<ref name="Register"/><ref name="FriedmanSubs1-composite-drive">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 202–204</ref>
*2 × 126-[[Electrochemical cell|cell]] [[USS Sargo (SS-188)#Sargo batteries|''Sargo'']] [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*4 × high-speed [[General Electric]] [[electric motor]]s with [[Reduction drive|reduction gears]]<ref name="Register"/>
*two shafts<ref name="Register"/>
*5,500&nbsp;[[Horsepower#Shaft horsepower|shp]] (4.1&nbsp;MW) surfaced<ref name="Register"/>
*2,740&nbsp;shp (2.0&nbsp;MW) submerged<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship speed=*{{convert|21|kn|km/h|0}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*{{convert|8.75|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi|km}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=48 hours at {{convert|2|kn|km/h}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship test depth={{convert|250|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=5 officers, 54 enlisted<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*8 × [[American 21 inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s
*&nbsp;(four forward, four aft)
*&nbsp;24 torpedoes<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*1 × [[3"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}}]] / 50 [[Caliber#Caliber as measurement of length|caliber]] deck gun<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*four machine guns
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''USS ''Swordfish'' (SS-193)''', a [[Sargo class submarine|''Sargo''-class submarine]], was the first submarine of the [[United States Navy]] named for the [[swordfish]], a large fish with a long, swordlike beak and a high dorsal fin. She was the first American submarine to sink a Japanese ship during [[World War II]].

==Construction and commissioning==

''Swordfish''′s [[keel]] was [[Keel-laying|laid down]] on 27 October 1937 by the [[Mare Island Navy Yard]] at [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[California]]. She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 3 April 1939 sponsored by Miss Louise Shaw Hepburn, and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 22 July 1939 with [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] (later [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]]) Chester C. Smith in command.

==Operational history==
=== 1937–1941 ===

Following [[shakedown (testing)|shakedown]] and post-shakedown repairs at Mare Island, ''Swordfish'' operated out of [[San Diego, California]], until early 1941, when she set sail for [[Pearl Harbor]]. On 3 November ''Swordfish'', in company with three other U.S. submarines, under the command of Cdr. Keats Edmund Montross, she departed Pearl, and on 22 November arrived at [[Manila]], [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]]. The submarine remained at Manila until the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941. The following day, she set sail on her first war patrol, conducted off the coast of [[Hainan]], [[China]]. After damaging several enemy vessels on the 9th, 11th, and 14th (''Kashii Maru''),<ref>[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2929.html U.Boat.net]</ref> ''Swordfish'' sank her initial victim of the war on 16 December. Hit amidships by one of three torpedoes, the cargo ship ''Atsutasan Maru'' erupted in a cloud of smoke and flames and disappeared beneath the waves. On 27 December ''Swordfish'' embarked the organizational staff of the Submarine Asiatic Command Staff at Manila and headed for [[Surabaya|Soerabaja]], [[Java]], arriving on 7 January 1942.

=== 1942 ===
''Swordfish'' departed Soerabaja on 16 January for her second war patrol, conducted in the [[Celebes Sea]] and in the Philippines. On 24 January, she torpedoed and sank the cargo ship ''Myoken Maru'' (4,124 tons) off Kema, [[Sulawesi|Celebes Islands]]. On 20 February, she submerged in the entrance of [[Mariveles, Bataan|Mariveles]], [[Luzon]], only to surface after dark to take on board the [[President of the Philippines]] [[Manuel L. Quezon]], his family, [[Vice President of the Philippines]] [[Sergio Osmeña]], [[Chief Justice of the Philippines]] [[José Abad Santos]], and three Philippine Army officers.<ref>Diary of Philippine Basilio J. Valdes linked [http://philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com/tag/manuel-l-quezon-jr/ here], reads General MacArthur with General Sutherland arrived at 10:25 p.m. As per schedule we left the tunnel in three cars at 10:30 p.m. Car N-1 carried the Vice-President, The Chief Justice and Colonel Huff. Car N-2 carried Baby and Nini Quezon and myself. Car N-3 carried General MacArthur, General Sutherland, the President, Mrs. Quezon and Nonong. We went to the dock and boarded a launch that took us to the Submarine Swordfish, one of the large ones the U.S Navy has. We left Mariveles at about 11:30 p.m. I read and talked until 1 a.m. when I went to sleep on top of the dining table.</ref><ref name="jw">{{cite book |last1=Whitman |first1=John |title=Bataan: Our Last Ditch |date=1990 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |location=New York |isbn=0870528777 |pages=416}}</ref> She departed on the surface about 11:30pm and sailed through a minefield.  She submerged during the day of 21 February, between 06:20 and 18:20 which caused it to be quite warm, 94F and 92% humidity.  She arrived off the coast of [[San Jose, Antique|San Jose]], [[Panay]], Philippine Islands on 22 February at 10pm and they stopped at 2:30am on 23 February about a mile off the coast of San Jose de Buenavista, Antique.  Fifteen minutes later they were advised that their launch was approaching.  The passengers debarked the sub around 3am on 23 February.  The President and his party were transferred to a motor tender. ''Swordfish'' then returned to Manila Bay and embarked the [[High Commissioner of the Philippines]], arriving [[Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]], [[Western Australia]], on 9 March.

''Swordfish'' got underway from Fremantle on 1 April for her third war patrol, with her primary mission being to deliver 40&nbsp;tons of provisions to the besieged island of [[Corregidor]]. The island fell to the Japanese before the mission could be carried out and the submarine was ordered to patrol in the vicinity of [[Ambon Island]]. The only ships sighted were beyond effective range, and the submarine returned to Fremantle on 1 May.

Departing Fremantle for her fourth war patrol on 15 May, ''Swordfish'' was in the [[Makassar Strait]] on 23 May when she damaged the ''Asakaze Maru'';<ref name="U boat.net">[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2929.html U boat.net]</ref> in the [[South China Sea]] on 29 May where she sank a 1900-ton transport ship ''Tatsufuku Maru''<ref name="Uboat.net">[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2929.html Uboat.net]</ref> and was in the [[Gulf of Siam]] on 12 June, where she torpedoed and sank a 4585-ton cargo ship ''Burma Maru''.<ref name="U boat.net"/> The submarine returned to Fremantle on 4 July.

Her fifth war patrol, conducted in the [[Sulu Sea]], and her sixth war patrol, conducted in the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]], were unproductive. During her sixth patrol, she possibly was involved in an accidental "[[friendly fire]]" attack in [[Misima Island]] harbor on {{HMAS|Fauro Chief}}, which was damaged on 12 November 1942.<ref>[http://www.j-aircraft.org/smf/index.php?topic=17342.0 J. Aircraft forum query]</ref> She was involved in another friendly fire incident at 02:30 on 26 November 1942, when a [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[North American B-25 Mitchell]] [[bomber]] mistook ''Swordfish'' for a Japanese submarine and attacked her while she was on the surface off [[Cape Ward Hunt]], [[New Guinea]]. She [[Crash dive|crash-dived]], and had reached a depth of {{convert|120|ft|0}} when four [[Aerial bomb|bombs]] detonated across her [[stern]], inflicting no damage or casualties.<ref>Hnman & Campbell, p. 288.</ref>

=== 1943 ===
On her seventh war patrol, ''Swordfish'' sank the 4,122-ton cargo ship ''Myoho Maru''<ref name="U boat.net"/> on 19 January 1943. She again was the target of a friendly fire incident when at 09:25 on 7 February 1943 what her crew identified as a U.S. Army Air Forces [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 Flying Fortress]] bomber mistakenly attacked her while she was on the surface {{convert|240|nmi|0}} north-northeast of [[Kavieng]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], at {{coord|00|12|N|152|00|E}}.<ref name= hinmanpp288289>Hinman & Campbell, pp. 288–289.</ref> Her crew heard [[Machine gun|machine-gun]] bullets striking her [[conning tower]] as she crash-dived, followed by an explosion, and she descended to a depth of {{convert|170|ft|0}} before her crew regained control of her and stabilized her at a depth of {{convert|90|ft|0}}.<ref name= hinmanpp288289/> Her damage was significant enough to force her to terminate her patrol early and head to Pearl Harbor for repairs.<ref name= hinmanpp288289/> Returning to Pearl Harbor on 23 February 1943, she underwent overhaul.

On 29 July 1943, ''Swordfish'' got underway from Pearl Harbor for her eighth war patrol. On 22 August 1943, she sighted her first target of the patrol, and quickly sent the 3,016-ton cargo ship ''Nishiyama Maru'' to the bottom, the victim of two torpedo hits.<ref name="Uboat.net"/> She intercepted a Japanese convoy on 5 September 1943 and damaged a large tanker before sinking a 3,203-ton transport ship ''Tenkai Maru''.<ref name="Uboat.net"/> She concluded the patrol at [[Brisbane]], Australia, on 20 September.

''Swordfish''{{'}}s ninth war patrol lasted only three weeks. Shortly after reaching her assigned patrol area, her crew discovered material defects, and she had to return to port.

=== 1944 ===
[[File:Deli Maru Scan10018.JPG|thumb|right|Deli Maru]]
On the day after Christmas 1943, ''Swordfish'' departed for her tenth war patrol, in the hands of one of the Submarine Force's oldest commanders, 42-year-old Karl G. Hensel (Class of 1923), formerly commanding [[Submarine Division 101]].<ref>Blair, pp.533, 941.</ref> The patrol was conducted in [[Tokyo Bay]]. It was plagued with equipment casualties in old ''Swordfish'', including radar trouble and electrical fires.<ref name="Blair, p.534">Blair, p.534.</ref> On 13 January 1944, she sank 6921-ton freighter ''Yamakuni Maru'', while surviving "heavy—and close—depth charges".<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> The depth charging caused her to lose power in her electrical systems, and when she dived at dawn the next day, she suffered two separate fires and nearly went right to the bottom; her captain managed to bring her back up, where she wallowed on the surface, only to have a Japanese patrol boat close on her.<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> She regained power in the nick of time and dived.<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> At around 2200 on 14 January, ''Swordfish'' detected another ship, and made radar contact at {{convert|7|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} on the Japanese navy's first genuine [[Q-ship]],<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> the 2182-ton [[Cargo ship|merchantman]] ''[[Delhi Maru]]'', on her maiden voyage.<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> She had been outfitted with sonar (which ''Swordfish'' had heard pinging), new watertight bulkheads, depth charge throwers, and concealed guns, specially to destroy submarines. At midnight, ''Swordfish'' fired three bow [[torpedo tube]]s, scoring three hits<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> with the recently corrected [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mark XIV]] torpedo.<ref name="Blair, p.534"/> ''Delhi Maru'' blew up, and the two patrol boats of her escort kept ''Swordfish'' down with depth charges for three hours before she evaded.<ref>Blair, pp.534–535.</ref>

17 January, ''Swordfish'' was detailed to intercept {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}} and her escort.<ref name="Blair, p.535">Blair, p.535.</ref> In the dark, it was impossible to see the carrier, but radar made contact on the force at {{convert|16000|yd|m}} ({{convert|8|nmi|mi|abbr=on}}), making {{convert|27|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Blair, p.535"/> To avoid being detected, ''Swordfish'' dived, only to end up {{convert|2000|yd|m}} in front of one of ''Shōkaku''{{'}}s escorting destroyers, which practically ran right over her.<ref name="Blair, p.535"/> ''Shōkaku'' came on so fast, ''Swordfish'' could barely get off a shot from her four stern tubes, with the carrier going away; all missed.<ref name="Blair, p.535"/> On 27 January, ''Swordfish'' fired two torpedoes at a 3140-ton auxiliary gunboat ''Kasagi Maru''<ref name="Uboat.net"/> which broke in half and sank. She completed her tenth patrol at Pearl Harbor on 7 February. Her total score was claimed to be two ships for 15,200 tons; the tonnage was reduced by JANAC to 12,543 tons postwar, but the number of ships was raised to three.<ref>Blair, p.941.</ref>

''Swordfish'' put to sea on 13 March for her eleventh war patrol, conducted in the [[Mariana Islands]]. Although several enemy ships were damaged during this patrol, no sinkings could be confirmed; and the submarine returned to [[Majuro]] on 29 April.

''Swordfish''{{'}}s twelfth war patrol was conducted in the area of the [[Bonin Islands]]. On 9 June, the submarine found Japanese destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Matsukaze|1923|2}} clearly illuminated against the horizon and sank the enemy ship with two torpedoes from her bow tubes. On 15 June, she torpedoed and sank a 4804-ton transport ship ''Kanseishi Maru''.<ref>[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2929.html U.boat.net]</ref> The remainder of the patrol was unproductive; on 27 June the ''Swordfish'' heavily damaged two enemy trawlers near Chici Jima and on 30 June sank or heavily damaged a Japanese picket boat in the Northern Pacific,<ref>[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2929.html U/boat.net]</ref> and the submarine terminated her twelfth patrol at Pearl Harbor on 30 June.

On 22 December, ''Swordfish'' departed Pearl Harbor to conduct her thirteenth war patrol, in the vicinity of [[Nansei Shoto]]. She topped off with fuel at [[Midway Atoll]] in the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]] on 26 December and left that day for her area. In addition to her regular patrol, ''Swordfish'' was to conduct [[photographic reconnaissance]] of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], for preparation for the upcoming [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa campaign]].

=== 1945 ===
On 2 January, ''Swordfish'' was ordered to delay carrying out her assigned tasks in order to keep her clear of the Nansei Shoto area until completion of carrier-based air strikes which were scheduled. She was directed to patrol the general vicinity of {{coord|30|N|132|E}} until further orders were received. Her acknowledgement of those orders on 3 January was the last communication received from ''Swordfish''.

On 9 January 1945, ''Swordfish'' was directed to proceed to the vicinity of Okinawa to carry out her special mission. It was estimated that the task would not take more than seven days after arrival on station, which she should have reached on 11 January. Upon completion of her mission, ''Swordfish'' was to proceed to Saipan, or to Midway if she was unable to transmit by radio. Since neither place had seen her by 15 February, and repeated attempts to raise her by radio had failed, she was reported as presumed lost on that date.

In the report of her loss, mention was made that {{USS|Kete|SS-369|3}}, which at the time was patrolling the vicinity of Okinawa, reported that on the morning of 12 January she contacted a submarine by radar. It was believed that contact was with ''Swordfish''. Four hours later ''Kete'' heard heavy depth charging from this area, and it was believed that this attack might have been the cause of ''Swordfish''{{'}}s loss.

Japanese information on antisubmarine attacks does not mention the attack heard by ''Kete'' on 12 January, and records no attacks in which ''Swordfish'' is likely to have been the victim. However, it is now known that there were many mines planted around Okinawa, since the Japanese were expecting an Allied invasion of that island. The majority of the mines were planted close in. It is considered about equally likely that ''Swordfish'' was sunk by depth charge attack before she reached Okinawa for her special mission or that she was lost to a mine at that place. Japanese sources sometimes credit her with sinking ''Shoto Maru'' on 4 January and being sunk in return by her escort, [[Kaibokan CD-4]], since no claims for ''Shoto Maru'' match her sinking time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/CD-4_t.htm|title=Japanese Escorts}}</ref>

[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[William S. Pye|William S. Pye's]] son, [[Lieutenant Commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] John Briscoe Pye, was among those lost with ''Swordfish'' on her 13th and final war patrol.

==Honors and awards==
[[File:USSSwordfishMemorial.JPG|thumb|right|''Swordfish'' Memorial at Como Park, St. Paul, Minnesota]]

*[[File:Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|106px]] [[Navy Unit Commendation]] for the period of her first, second, and fourth war patrols
*{{ribbon devices|number=8|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with eight [[battle star]]s for [[World War II]] service

==Commemoration==
A memorial to ''Swordfish'' exists in [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], [[Minnesota]], near the [[Como Park Zoo and Conservatory]], just off Churchill Street on a rise a short walk south of Hamm Falls. It consists of a [[torpedo]] on a stand. On one side of the base is a [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] listing the names of her crew and giving a brief history of the vessel. On the other is a roll of U.S. submarines lost in World War II.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/sword-fish-i.html}}
{{Refend}}

===Bibliography===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkupDwAAQBAJ&dq=LApon+raton&pg=PA181 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. ''The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II''. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019.] {{ISBN|978-0-359-76906-3}}.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030608081737/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-s/ss193.htm navy.mil]
* [http://www.oneternalpatrol.com/uss-swordfish-193.htm On Eternal Patrol: USS ''Swordfish'']
* [http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/swordfish.html Kill record: USS ''Swordfish''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219194745/http://pigboats.com/ww2/swordfish.html |date=19 February 2009 }}

{{Sargo class submarine}}
{{November 1942 shipwrecks}}
{{February 1943 shipwrecks}}
{{January 1945 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swordfish (Ss-193)}}
[[Category:Sargo-class submarines]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Ships built in Vallejo, California]]
[[Category:1939 ships]]
[[Category:Friendly fire incidents of World War II]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1942]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in February 1943]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1945]]
[[Category:Lost submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Missing submarines of World War II]]
[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]