View source for Ulm

{{Short description|City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox German place
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 08 4 21 000
|type               = Stadt
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
  | total_width      = 280
  | border           = infobox
  | perrow           = 1/2/2/2
  | caption_align    = center
  | image1           = Ulm Panorama 01.jpg
  | caption1         = Ulm on the banks of the [[Danube]]
  | image2           = Ulm Münster NW 2011 08 30.JPG
  | caption2         = [[Ulm Minster]]
  | image3           = Rathaus Ulma.jpg
  | caption3         = city hall
  | image4           = Winter scene with Ulmer Münster.jpg
  | caption4         = wintry Ulm
  | image5           = Ulmer Münster Rooftop.jpg
  | caption5         = view from the minster
  | image6           = Kloster Wiblingen Bibliothekssaal 01.jpg
  | caption6         = [[Wiblingen Abbey]]
  | image7           = Fischerviertel winter scene.jpg
  | caption7         = Fishermen's Quarter
  }}
|image_flag         = Flag of Ulm.svg
|image_coa          = DEU Ulm COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|48|24|N|09|59|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan         =
|state              = Baden-Württemberg
|region             = Tübingen
|district           = urban
|elevation          = 478
|area               = 118.69
|postal_code        = 89073–89081
|area_code          = 0731, 07304,<br />07305, 07346
|licence            = UL
|divisions          = 18 {{lang|de|[[Stadtteil]]e}}
|website            = [http://www.ulm.de/ www.ulm.de]
|mayor              = [[Martin Ansbacher]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ulm.de/aktuelle-meldungen/z%C3%B6a/februar-2024/amtseinfuehrung-2024-02|title=Martin Ansbacher im Amt als Oberbürgermeister|first=Stadt|last=Ulm|date=29 February 2024|website=Stadt Ulm - Martin Ansbacher im Amt als Oberbürgermeister}}</ref>
|leader_term        = 2024&ndash;32
|party              = SPD
|year_of_first_mention = 854 CE
}}

'''Ulm''' ({{IPA|de|ʊlm|-|De-Ulm.ogg}}) is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]], and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's [[List of cities in Germany by population|60th-largest city]].

Ulm is located on the eastern edges of the [[Swabian Jura]] mountain range, on the upper course of the [[River Danube]], at the confluence with the small [[Blau (Danube)|Blau Stream]], coming from the [[Blautopf]] in the west. The mouth of the [[Iller]] also falls within Ulm's city limits. The Danube forms the border with [[Bavaria]], where Ulm's twin city [[Neu-Ulm]] lies. The city was part of Ulm until 1810, and Ulm and Neu-Ulm have a combined population of around 190,000. Ulm forms an urban district of its own (''Stadtkreis Ulm''), and is the administrative seat of the [[Alb-Donau-Kreis]], the district that surrounds it on three sides, but which the city itself is not a part of. Ulm is the overall 11th-largest [[List of cities and towns on the river Danube|city on the river Danube]], and the third-largest German Danubian city after [[Regensburg]] and [[Ingolstadt]].

Founded around 850, Ulm is rich in history and traditions as a former [[free imperial city]]. Ulm is an economic centre due to its varied industries, and is the seat of the [[University of Ulm]] (''Universität Ulm''), and of the Ulm University of Applied Sciences (''{{ill|Technische Hochschule Ulm|de}}'', THU). The city lies on the international railway corridor "[[Main Line for Europe]]", from [[Paris]] to [[Bratislava]] and [[Budapest]], via [[Strasbourg]], [[Karlsruhe]], [[Stuttgart]], Ulm, [[Augsburg]], [[Munich]], [[Salzburg]], [[Linz]] and [[Vienna]]. The [[Ulm Minster]] (''Ulmer Münster'') is the second tallest church in the world ({{convert|161.53|m|abbr=on|2|disp=or}}).

In 1927, the then tiny village of Wiblingen was incorporated into Ulm, which led to that [[Wiblingen Abbey]] with its monastic library and its True Cross reliquary (''Heilig-Kreuz-Reliquie''), that allegedly contains wood particles from the [[True Cross]], is now part of Ulm.

Famous personalities born in Ulm include {{ill|Johann Georg Niederegger|de}} (1777–1859), {{ill|Karl Heinrich Kässbohrer|de}} (1864–1922), [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955), [[Otto Kässbohrer]] (1904–1989), [[Hildegard Knef]] (1925–2002) and [[Ursula Karven]] (b.1964).

== Geography ==

[[File:Ulm Fußgängerzone.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|View from [[Ulm Minster]] towards Hirschstraße]]
Ulm lies at the point where the rivers [[Blau (Danube)|Blau]] and [[Iller]] join the [[Danube]], at an altitude of {{convert|479|m|2|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. Most parts of the city, including the old town, are situated on the northern bank of the Danube; only the districts of Wiblingen, Gögglingen, Donaustetten and Unterweiler lie on the southern bank. Across from the old town, on the other side of the river, lies the [[twin cities|twin city]] of [[Neu-Ulm]] in the state of [[Bavaria]], smaller than Ulm and, until 1810, a part of it (population c. 50,000).

Except for the Danube in the south, the city is surrounded by forests and hills which rise to altitudes of over {{convert|620|m|2|abbr=off}}, some of them part of the [[Swabian Alb]]. South of the Danube, plains and hills finally end in the northern edge of the [[Alps]], which are approximately {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}} from Ulm and are visible from the city on clear days.

The city of Ulm is situated in the northern part of the North Alpine [[Foreland basin]], where the basin reaches the Swabian Alb. The [[Turritellenplatte]] of Ermingen ("Erminger Turritellenplatte") is a famous palaeontological site of [[Burdigalian]] age.

== Neighboring communes ==

[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 190v191r 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Ulm in the 1493 ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'']]
On the right (south-eastern) side of Danube and Iller there is the Bavarian district town [[Neu-Ulm]]. On the left (north-western) side Ulm is almost completely surrounded by the Alb-Danube district. The neighbouring communes of Baden-Württemberg are the following: [[Illerkirchberg]], [[Staig]], [[Hüttisheim]], [[Erbach (Donau)]], [[Blaubeuren]], [[Blaustein]], [[Dornstadt]], [[Beimerstetten]] and [[Langenau]] as well as the eastern neighbouring community [[Elchingen]].

== Town subdivisions ==

The&nbsp;city&nbsp;is&nbsp;divided into 18 districts ({{langx|de|{{ill|Stadtteile|de|vertical-align=sup}}}}): Ulm-Mitte, Böfingen, Donaustetten, Donautal, Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Eselsberg, Gögglingen, Grimmelfingen, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen, Oststadt, Söflingen (with Harthausen), Unterweiler, Weststadt, and Wiblingen.

Nine districts were integrated during the latest municipality reform in the 1970s: Eggingen, Einsingen, Ermingen, Gögglingen-Donaustetten, Jungingen, Lehr, Mähringen und Unterweiler. They have their own local councils which acquire an important consulting position to the whole city council concerning issues that are related to the prevailing districts. But at the end, final decisions can only be made by the city council of the entire city of Ulm.

== History ==
{{See also|Free Imperial City of Ulm}}
[[File:Braun Ulm UBHD.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Ulm in 1572 by [[Georg Braun|Frans Hogenberg]]]]
The oldest traceable settlement of the Ulm area began in the early [[Neolithic]] period, around 5000 BC. Settlements of this time have been identified at the villages of Eggingen and Lehr, today districts of the city. In the city area of Ulm proper, the oldest find dates from the late Neolithic period. The earliest written mention of Ulm is dated 22 July 854 AD, when King [[Louis the German]] signed a document in the King's palace of "Hulma" in the [[Duchy of Swabia]].<ref name="500px">{{cite web|title=ulm-by-michael-vogt|url=http://500px.com/photo/9821081/ulm-by-michael-vogt|work=500px.com|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> The city was declared an [[Imperial Free City|Imperial City]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Reichsstadt}}) by [[Friedrich Barbarossa]] in 1181.

At&nbsp;first,&nbsp;Ulm's significance was due to the privilege of a ''[[Königspfalz]]'', a place of accommodation for the medieval German kings and emperors on their frequent travels. Later, Ulm became a city of traders and craftsmen. One of the most important legal documents of the city, an agreement between the Ulm patricians and the trade guilds ({{langx|de|link=no|Großer Schwörbrief}}), dates from 1397. This document, considered an early city constitution, and the beginning of the construction of an enormous church ([[Ulm Minster]], 1377), financed by the inhabitants of Ulm themselves rather than by the church, demonstrate the assertiveness of Ulm's medieval citizens. Ulm blossomed during the 15th and 16th centuries, mostly due to the export of high-quality textiles. The city was situated at the crossroads of important trade routes extending to Italy. These centuries, during which many important buildings were erected, also represented the zenith of art in Ulm, especially for painters and sculptors like [[Hans Multscher]] and [[Jörg Syrlin the Elder]]. During the [[Reformation]], Ulm became Protestant (1530). With the establishment of new trade routes following the discovery of the [[New World]] (16th century) and the outbreak and consequences of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), the city began to decline gradually. During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714), it was alternately invaded several times by French and [[Bavaria]]n soldiers.

[[File:Charles Thévenin - Reddition de la ville d'Ulm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|The capitulation of Ulm. General Mack and 23,000 Austrian troops surrendered to [[Napoleon]].]]
In the wars following the [[French Revolution]], the city was alternately occupied by French and Austrian forces, with the former ones destroying the city fortifications. In 1803, it lost the status of Imperial City and was absorbed into [[Bavaria]]. During the campaign of 1805, [[Napoleon]] managed to trap the invading Austrian army of [[Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich|General Mack]] and forced it to surrender in the [[Battle of Ulm]]. In 1810, Ulm was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] and lost its districts on the other bank of the Danube, which came to be known as [[Neu-Ulm]] (New Ulm).

In the mid-19th century, the city was [[Fortresses of the German Confederation|designated a fortress]] of the [[German Confederation]] with huge military construction works directed primarily against the threat of a French invasion. The city became an important centre of industrialisation in southern Germany in the second half of the 19th century, its built-up area now being extended beyond the medieval walls. The construction of the huge minster, which had been interrupted in the 16th century for economic reasons, was resumed and eventually finished (1844–1891) in a wave of German national enthusiasm for the [[Middle Ages]].

From 1933 to 1935, a [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] primarily for political opponents of the regime was established on the Kuhberg, one of the hills surrounding Ulm. The Jews of Ulm, around 500 people, were first discriminated against and later persecuted; their synagogue was torn down during {{lang|de|[[Kristallnacht]]}} in November 1938. Of 116 Jews deported from Ulm during World War II (45 were sent to [[Theresienstadt]] on 22 August 1942), only four returned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ulm|title=Ulm|website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Approximately 25 Jews were living in Ulm in 1968.

[[Bombing of Ulm in World War II|The sole RAF strategic bombing during World War II against Ulm]] occurred on 17 December 1944, against the two large [[Transportation Plan|lorry factories]] of [[Meillerwagen|Magirus]]-Deutz and [[Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke|Kässbohrer]], as well as other industries, barracks, and depots in Ulm. The Gallwitz Barracks and several military hospitals were among 14 [[Wehrmacht]] establishments destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html |title=RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary |publisher=Raf.mod.uk |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> The raid killed 707 Ulm inhabitants and left 25,000 homeless and after all the bombings, over 80% of the medieval city centre lay in ruins. The [[Magirus]] factory hosted a subcamp of the [[Dachau concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=554|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>

Some parts of the city were rebuilt in the plain and simple style of the 1950s and 1960s, but most parts of the historic old town have been restored.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ulm.uno/index.php/ulm-city/altstadt-nord-ulm | title=Altstadt Ulm - Gassen nördlich des Münsters | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203001008/https://www.ulm.uno/index.php/ulm-city/altstadt-nord-ulm | archive-date=2020-12-03}}</ref> Due to its almost complete destruction in 1944, the Hirschstraße part of the city primarily consists of modern architecture. Ulm experienced substantial growth in the decades following World War II, with the establishment of large new housing projects and new industrial zones. In 1967, [[Ulm University]] was founded, which proved to be of great importance for the development of the city. Particularly since the 1980s, the transition from classical industry towards the high-tech sector has accelerated, with, for example, the establishment of research centres of companies like [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Siemens]] and [[Nokia]] and a number of small applied research institutes near the university campus. The city today is still growing, forming a [[twin cities|twin city]] of 170,000 inhabitants together with its neighbouring Bavarian city of [[Neu-Ulm]], and seems to benefit from its central position between the cities of [[Stuttgart]] and [[Munich]] and thus between the cultural and economic hubs of southern Germany.

{{wide image|Ulm360.jpg|1000px|Panorama of Ulm from the Ulm Minster}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="float:center;"
|+ Significant minority groups
|-
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Population (2018)
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 4,782
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} || 2,009
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}} || 1,557
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia & Herzegovina}} || 1,532
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || 1,319
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}|| 959
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}|| 823
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||783
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||740
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}||678
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||626
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1300|4,000|1400|9,000|1550|19,000|1750|15,000|1818|13,000|1871|26,290|1900|42,982|1910|56,109|1919|56,020|1925|57,278|1933|62,472|1939|75,503|1946|58,087|1950|71,132|1956|90,530|1961|92,705|1970|92,943|1987|103,494|2011|117,541|2017|125,596|2018|125,805|2019|126,329|align=middle|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
source:<ref>[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Ulm|Link]]{{Circular reference|date=January 2025}}</ref>}}

==Climate==
Ulm has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''; [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Dcbo''). Compared with the plains, the temperature fluctuates greatly, with the average temperature ranging from {{Convert|-1|C}} in winter to {{Convert|18|C}} in summer, and precipitation is concentrated from May to August.

The Lübeck weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<ref name=sklima/>
* Highest Temperature {{convert|37.4|C|F}} on 27 July 1983.
* Warmest Minimum {{convert|20.6|C|F}} on 1 July 1950.
* Coldest Maximum {{convert|-16.8|C|F}} on 7 January 1985.
* Lowest Temperature {{convert|-25.5|C|F}} on 10 February 1956.<ref name=wetterzentrale/>
* Highest Daily Precipitation {{convert|77.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} on 2 July 1956.
* Wettest Month {{convert|237.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} in July 1956.
* Wettest Year {{convert|928.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 2002.
* Driest Year {{convert|501.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 1949.<!--
* Earliest Snowfall: 4 November 1966.
* Latest Snowfall: 28 April 1985.-->
* Longest annual sunshine: 2,211.5 hours in 2022.
* Shortest annual sunshine: 1,401.5 hours in 1995.

{{Weather box	
|location = Ulm (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present{{efn|Temperature data for Ulm have been recorded since 1944. The weather station data used from 1 January 1944 to 31 August 2014 came from Ulm weather station, and temperature data from 1 September 2014 to the present are from {{ill|Mähringen|de|Mähringen (Ulm)}}.}})	
|metric first = Y	
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 16.0
|Feb record high C = 19.6
|Mar record high C = 24.3
|Apr record high C = 29.7
|May record high C = 29.9
|Jun record high C = 33.8
|Jul record high C = 37.4
|Aug record high C = 35.4
|Sep record high C = 31.5
|Oct record high C = 27.3
|Nov record high C = 19.6
|Dec record high C = 15.1
|year record high C = 37.4
|Jan avg record high C = 10.0
|Feb avg record high C = 12.8
|Mar avg record high C = 18.0
|Apr avg record high C = 22.8
|May avg record high C = 26.5
|Jun avg record high C = 29.7
|Jul avg record high C = 31.3
|Aug avg record high C = 30.8
|Sep avg record high C = 26.0
|Oct avg record high C = 21.2
|Nov avg record high C = 14.5
|Dec avg record high C = 10.6
|year avg record high C = 32.4
|Jan high C = 1.9
|Feb high C = 3.8
|Mar high C = 8.9
|Apr high C = 13.7
|May high C = 18.2
|Jun high C = 21.4
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 23.2
|Sep high C = 18.2
|Oct high C = 12.5
|Nov high C = 6.1
|Dec high C = 2.3
|year high C = 12.7
|Jan mean C = -0.6
|Feb mean C = 0.3
|Mar mean C = 4.5
|Apr mean C = 8.8
|May mean C = 13.2
|Jun mean C = 16.4
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 17.9
|Sep mean C = 13.5
|Oct mean C = 8.6
|Nov mean C = 3.4
|Dec mean C = 0.0
|year mean C = 8.6
|Jan low C = -3.0
|Feb low C = -2.8
|Mar low C = 0.6
|Apr low C = 4.1
|May low C = 8.2
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 13.2
|Aug low C = 12.9
|Sep low C = 9.2
|Oct low C = 5.3
|Nov low C = 1.0
|Dec low C = -2.2
|year low C = 4.8
|Jan avg record low C = -11.0
|Feb avg record low C = -10.4
|Mar avg record low C = -5.7
|Apr avg record low C = -2.4
|May avg record low C = 2.0
|Jun avg record low C = 5.6
|Jul avg record low C = 7.9
|Aug avg record low C = 7.3
|Sep avg record low C = 3.3
|Oct avg record low C = -1.0
|Nov avg record low C = -5.0
|Dec avg record low C = -10.0
|year avg record low C = -14.2
|Jan record low C = -24.6
|Feb record low C = -25.5
|Mar record low C = -17.5
|Apr record low C = -8.2
|May record low C = -2.8
|Jun record low C = 0.4
|Jul record low C = 4.0
|Aug record low C = 3.0
|Sep record low C = -1.0
|Oct record low C = -6.6
|Nov record low C = -14.2
|Dec record low C = -20.2
|year record low C = -25.5
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 42.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 35.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 47.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.5
|May precipitation mm = 81.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 82.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 88.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 85.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 57.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 50.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 57.6
|year precipitation mm = 731.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.3
|Feb precipitation days = 14.1
|Mar precipitation days = 15.0
|Apr precipitation days = 13.8
|May precipitation days = 15.8
|Jun precipitation days = 15.4
|Jul precipitation days = 15.8
|Aug precipitation days = 14.4
|Sep precipitation days = 13.7
|Oct precipitation days = 16.2
|Nov precipitation days = 15.8
|Dec precipitation days = 17.9
|year precipitation days = 182.9
|Jan sun = 54.7
|Feb sun = 84.0
|Mar sun = 134.5
|Apr sun = 175.9
|May sun = 209.1
|Jun sun = 221.1
|Jul sun = 233.9
|Aug sun = 218.6
|Sep sun = 151.2
|Oct sun = 94.1
|Nov sun = 47.4
|Dec sun = 43.5
|year sun = 1652.8
|Jan snow depth cm = 10.9
|Feb snow depth cm = 11.0
|Mar snow depth cm = 4.6
|Apr snow depth cm = 1.9
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0.1
|Oct snow depth cm = 0.3
|Nov snow depth cm = 2.8
|Dec snow depth cm = 8.6
|year snow depth cm = 17.2
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 89.7
|Feb humidity = 84.4
|Mar humidity = 76.3
|Apr humidity = 70.0
|May humidity = 71.3
|Jun humidity = 71.8
|Jul humidity = 71.9
|Aug humidity = 72.9
|Sep humidity = 79.5
|Oct humidity = 87.1
|Nov humidity = 91.0
|Dec humidity = 91.2
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174404/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Ulm_10838.csv
|archive-date = 12 October 2023
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Ulm_10838.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
|work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = 13 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = DWD Open Data<ref name=wetterzentrale>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=15444&maand=1&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX
|title = Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw.
|publisher = DWD
|language = de
|access-date = 18 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=sklima>{{cite web 
|url = http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2
|title = Monatsauswertung 
|website = sklima.de 
|publisher = SKlima 
|language = de 
|access-date = 1 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

===Note===
{{notelist}}

== Economy ==

[[File:Kirche St Georg Ulm.jpg|thumb|[[Saint George]]'s Catholic church, Ulm]]
The city has very old trading traditions dating from medieval times and a long history of industrialisation, beginning with the establishment of a railway station in 1850. The most important sector is still classical industry (machinery, especially motor vehicles; [[electronics]]; [[pharmaceuticals]]). The establishment of the [[University of Ulm]] in 1967, which focuses on [[biomedicine]], the sciences, and engineering, helped support a transition to high-tech industry, especially after the crisis of classical industries in the 1980s. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

Companies with headquarters in Ulm include:
* [[Britax]] (child safety products) European headquarters in nearby [[Leipheim]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Ebner & Spiegel|de}} (book printing)
* [[Gardena (company)|Gardena]] (gardening tools)
* [[Krieghoff]] (weapons for hunting and sports since 1886)
* [[Iveco Magirus]]
* [[J. G. Anschütz]] (firearms for sports and hunting)
* [[Liqui Moly]] (additives, oils, car care products)
* [[Müller (German trade company)|Müller]] (major German trade company)
* [[Ratiopharm]] ([[pharmaceuticals]])
* {{Interlanguage link|Seeberger (company)|de|Seeberger (Unternehmen)|lt=Seeberger}} (dried fruits, coffee, tea)
* [[Uzin Utz]] (construction materials)
* [[Walther Arms]] (firearms, especially pistols)
* [[Wieland Group]] (non-ferrous semi-finished products)
* [[Zwick Roell Group]] www.zwick.de (Materials Testing Machines)

Companies with important sites in Ulm include:
* [[AEG (German company)|AEG]]
* [[Atmel]]
* BMW Car IT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bmw-carit.com/|title=Homepage – BMW Car IT|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014029/http://www.bmw-carit.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Continental AG|Continental]]
* [[Daimler AG|Daimler]]: Daimler Forschungszentrum (research centre) and Daimler TSS (car IT specialist)
* [[Deutsche Telekom]]
* Elektrobit Automotive
* [[EADS]], European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
* [[Nokia Networks]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://networks.nokia.com/de/standorte-und-kontakt|title=Homepage – Nokia Networks in Germany}}</ref>
* [[Nuance Communications]] Speech Recognition (research departments)
* [[Siemens]]
* [[Harman International Industries]]

== Ecology ==
In 2007 the City of Ulm was awarded the European Energy Award for its remarkable local energy management and its efforts to [[combat climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulm.de/ulm_erhaelt_european_energy_award.44870.3076,.htm|title=Stadt Ulm – Ulm erhält 'European Energy Award'|author=Stadt Ulm|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035120/http://www.ulm.de/ulm_erhaelt_european_energy_award.44870.3076,.htm|archive-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> Examples of these efforts are a [[biomass]] power plant operated by the ''Fernwärme Ulm GmbH'' (10 [[Megawatt|MW]] electrical output), and the world's biggest [[passive house]] office building, the so-called ''Energon'', located in the "Science City" near the university campus. Moreover, the city of Ulm boasts the second largest [[solar power]] production in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lars Schulz |url=http://www.solarbundesliga.de |title=Solarbundesliga |publisher=Solarbundesliga.de |date=27 March 2010 |access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref> For all new buildings, a strict energy standard (German KFW40 standard) has been mandatory since April 2008. Ulm Minster has been fully powered by renewables since January 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080503052308/http://www.swu-fakten.de/fakten/swu/ ''SWU Fakten''], Stadtwerke Ulm, visited 15. Mai 2008.</ref> Until the end of 2011 as a European pilot project a self-sustaining [[data-centre]] will be constructed in the west-city of Ulm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruene-it.de/index.php/2009/03/05/scanplus-plant-null-energie-rechenzentrum/|title=Press release at Gruene-IT.de}}</ref> There is a solar-powered ferry that crosses the Danube 7 days a week in summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solarboot-ulm.de/ |title=Solarstiftung Ulm/Neu-Ulm – Home |publisher=Solarboot-ulm.de |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040136/http://www.solarboot-ulm.de/ |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}</ref> The "Bündnis 100% Erneuerbare Energien" was founded in February 2010 with the aim of bringing together the people and organisations seeking to promote the transition to [[100% renewable energy]] in Ulm and Neu-Ulm by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |author=Roland Fuchs |url=http://www.100ee.de |title=Home – Bündnis 100% Erneuerbare Energien |publisher=100ee.de |access-date=20 March 2010}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:Strassenbahn ulm stadion.JPG|thumb|Tram in Ulm]]
Ulm is situated at the crossroads of the [[Bundesautobahn 8|A8 motorway]] (connecting the principal cities of southern Germany, [[Stuttgart]] and [[Munich]]), and the [[Bundesautobahn 7|A7 motorway]] (one of the motorways running from northern to southern Europe).

[[Ulm Hauptbahnhof|The city's railway station]] is served, among other lines, by one of the European train routes (Paris – [[Strasbourg]] – [[Stuttgart]] – Ulm – [[Munich]] – [[Vienna]] – [[Budapest]]). Direct connections to [[Berlin]] are also available.

Ulm's public transport system is based on several bus lines and [[Trams in Ulm|two tram lines]]. Several streets in the old town are for the use of pedestrians and cyclists only. Ulm was the first area to be served by the [[Daimler AG]]'s [[Car2Go]] [[carsharing]] service in 2008. However, the service in Ulm was discontinued at the end of 2014.

The nearest airports to Ulm are [[Memmingen Airport]], located {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} to the south and [[Stuttgart Airport]], located {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} to the north west. [[Munich Airport]] is also at a reasonable distance located {{convert|162|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Ulm.

== Education and culture ==
[[File:Ulm public library above.jpg|thumb|The Ulm Public Library]]
The [[University of Ulm]] was founded in 1967 and focuses on the sciences, medicine, engineering, and mathematics / economics. With about 10,000 students, it is one of the smaller universities in Germany.<ref>{{cite web | title = The University of Ulm | url = https://www.uni-ulm.de/en/universitaet.html | access-date = 9 March 2011 | archive-date = 10 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220410101412/https://www.uni-ulm.de/en/universitaet.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ulm is also the seat of the city's [[Fachhochschule|University of Applied Sciences]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Fachhochschule}}), founded in 1960 as a public school of engineering. The school also houses numerous students from around the world as part of an international study abroad programme.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

In 1953, [[Inge Scholl|Inge Aicher-Scholl]], [[Otl Aicher]] and [[Max Bill]] founded the [[Ulm School of Design]] (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm), a design school in the tradition of the [[Bauhaus]], which was, however, closed in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | title = HfGArchiv Ulm – History | publisher = HfG-Archiv Ulm | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de/english/the_hfg_ulm/history.html | access-date = 9 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719101706/http://www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de/english/the_hfg_ulm/history.html | archive-date = 19 July 2011 }}</ref>

Ulm's public library features over 480,000 print media. The city has a public theatre with drama, opera and ballet,<ref>{{cite web | title = Theatre Ulm | url = http://www.tourismus.ulm.de/tourismus/en/erlebenswert/theater_und_buehnen/theater_ulm/theater_ulm.php | access-date = 9 March 2011}}</ref> several small theatres,<ref>{{cite web | title = Theatres & Stages | url = http://www.tourismus.ulm.de/tourismus/en/erlebenswert/theater_und_buehnen/theater_und_buehnen.php | access-date = 9 March 2011}}</ref> and a professional philharmonic orchestra.<ref>{{cite web | title = Theater Ulm – Konzerte | url = http://theater.ulm.de/content/section/5/26/ | access-date = 9 March 2011 | language = de | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126145621/http://theater.ulm.de/content/section/5/26/ | archive-date = 26 January 2011 }}</ref>

== Sport ==
[[File:Ulm Donaustadion 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Donaustadion]] is the stadium of football club [[SSV Ulm 1846]].]]
*[[SSV Ulm 1846]], multi-sports club, playing in the 3. Liga for football clubs
*[[Ratiopharm Ulm]], basketball club, [[Basketball Bundesliga]]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | Founded
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Capacity
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[SSV Ulm 1846]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | 1846
| scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[3. Liga]]
| scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Association football|Football]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Donaustadion]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | 19,500
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Ratiopharm Ulm]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | 2001
| scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Basketball Bundesliga]]
| scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Basketball]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Arena Ulm/Neu-Ulm|Ratiopharm arena]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | 6,000
|}

== Sights ==
[[File:Ulm Marktplatz.jpg|thumb|Ulm {{lang|de|Marktplatz}} (market square) with town hall (right) and public library (center)]]
[[File:Rathaus Ulm.jpg|thumb|Town hall]]
[[File:Ulm Rabengasse.jpg|thumb|Ulm: View through Rabengasse towards the [[Ulm Minster|minster]]]]
[[File:Uni Ulm See Nordeingang.jpg|thumb|Sculpture by [[Niki de Saint Phalle]] (''The poet and his muse'') in front of Ulm University]]
[[File:Museum_Ulm.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Ulm]], home of the [[Lion-man]], oldest sculpture in the world]]

=== Historic ===
* [[Ulm Minster]] (German: {{lang|de|Ulmer Münster}}, built 1377–1891) with the world's second highest church [[steeple]] ({{convert|161.53|m|2|abbr=on}} high and 768 steps). Choir stalls by Jörg Syrlin the Elder (1469–1474), famous sculpture {{lang|de|[[Schmerzensmann]]}} ([[Man of Sorrows]]) by Hans Multscher (1429).
* The old {{lang|de|Fischerviertel}} (fishermen's quarter) on the [[Blau (Danube)|River Blau]], with [[half-timbered houses]], cobblestone streets, and picturesque footbridges. Interesting sights here are the {{lang|de|{{Interlanguage link|Schiefes Haus Ulm|de|3=Schiefes Haus Ulm}}}} (crooked house), a 16th-century house today used as a hotel, and the {{lang|de|Alte Münz}} (Old Mint), a mediaeval building extended in the 16th and 17th centuries in [[Renaissance]] style.
* The remaining section of the city walls, along the river, with the 14th-century {{lang|de|Metzgerturm}} (butchers' tower) ({{convert|36|m|2|abbr=on}} high).
* The {{lang|de|[[Seat of local government|Rathaus]]}} ([[Town Hall]]), built in 1370, featuring some brilliantly coloured murals dating from the mid-16th century. On the gable is an astronomical clock dating from 1520. Restored after serious damage in 1944.
* The {{lang|de|Krone}} inn, a medieval complex of several houses (15th / 16th century, extensions from the 19th century), where German kings and emperors were accommodated during their travels.
* Several large buildings from the late Middle Ages / renaissance used for various purposes (especially storage of food and weapons), e.g. {{lang|de|Schwörhaus, Kornhaus, Salzstadel, Büchsenstadel, Zeughaus, Neuer Bau}}.
* Ulm Federal Fortifications are the largest preserved fortifications and were built from 1842 to 1859 to protect from attacks by France.
* The historic district {{lang|de|Auf dem Kreuz}}, a residential area with many buildings from before 1700.
* [[Wiblingen Abbey]], a former [[Benedictine]] abbey in the suburb of Wiblingen in the south of Ulm. The church shows characteristics of late [[baroque]] and early [[classicism]]. Its library is a masterpiece of [[rococo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelgermanyinenglish.com/wiblingen.html|title=Page with photos of Wiblingen Abbey's Baroque library|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717093407/http://www.travelgermanyinenglish.com/wiblingen.html|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
* Building of the [[Ulm School of Design]] (German: {{lang|de|Hochschule für Gestaltung}} – HfG Ulm), an important school of design (1953–1968) in the succession of the [[Bauhaus]].
* {{lang|de|Stadthaus}}, a house for public events built by [[Richard Meier]], directly adjacent to the minster.
* {{lang|de|Stadtbibliothek}}, the building of the [[public library]] of Ulm was erected by [[Gottfried Böhm]] in the form of a glass pyramid and is situated directly adjacent to the town hall.
* [[Kunsthalle Weishaupt]] is the highlight in Ulm's New Centre.

=== Museums ===
* The [[Kunsthalle Weishaupt]], whose private collection shows modern art from 1945.
* [[Museum Ulm]] houses a significant collection of art and craftwork from the Middle Ages, the [[Löwenmensch figurine]] – a 40,000-year-old lion-headed figurine which is the oldest known human/animal shaped sculpture in the world – and various European and American art from the years after 1945. The museum has alternating exhibitions.
* The {{Interlanguage link|Museum of Bread Culture|de|3=Museum der Brotkultur}} offers a permanent exhibition about the history of grain, baking, milling and bread culture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum-brotkultur.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=59 |title=Museum der Brotkultur in Ulm - - english content |access-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031082353/http://museum-brotkultur.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=59 |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref>
* The exhibitions in the {{Interlanguage link|Danube Swabian Museum|de|3=Donauschwäbisches Zentralmuseum}} follow the varied history of the [[Danube Swabians]] (Donauschwaben) emigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dzm-museum.de/english/dzm_en.html |title=Donauschwäbisches Zentralmuseum Ulm – ENG |website=www.dzm-museum.de |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017200546/http://www.dzm-museum.de/english/dzm_en.html |archive-date=17 October 2003 }}</ref>

=== Memorials ===
* Albert Einstein Memorial – A small memorial at the site of the house where [[Albert Einstein]] was born in {{lang|de|Bahnhofstraße}}, between the present-day newspaper offices and the bank. The house itself and the whole district were destroyed in the [[firebombing]] of 1944.
* Memorial to [[Hans Scholl|Hans]] and [[Sophie Scholl]] – A small memorial on the Münsterplatz in memory of these two members of the {{lang|de|italic=no|[[Weiße Rose]]}} (White Rose, a resistance group opposed to the Nazi regime), who spent their youth in Ulm. Their family's house near the memorial was destroyed in the firebombing of 1944.
* The Memorial to Deserters – Located near the university's botanical garden, it commemorates those who deserted from the {{lang|de|italic=no|Wehrmacht}} during World War II. It was originally erected on 9 September 1989, and was moved to its current location in July 2005. The Monument represents the idea: "Desertion is not reprehensible, war is".

=== Other landmarks ===
* The {{lang|de|[[Botanischer Garten der Universität Ulm]]}}, the university's [[botanical garden]]
* Silo tower of the mill company {{lang|de|Schapfenmühle}} ([[Schapfen Mill Tower]])
* {{lang|de|italic=no|{{Interlanguage link|Sender Ulm-Ermingen|de}}}}, television and radio tower
* Medium wave transmission mast Ulm-Jungingen
* FM and TV mast Ulm-Kuhberg
* The {{lang|de|italic=no|Tiergarten}} Ulm, the zoo. It was opened in 1935, closed in 1944 and reopened in 1966.

== Notable people ==
=== Born in Ulm ===
[[File:Einstein patentoffice.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Albert Einstein]], 1904, age 25]]
[[File:Piscator-Portrait.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Erwin Piscator]], ca.1929]]
[[File:Hildegard Knef 254-8439.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Hildegard Knef]], 1969]]
* [[Jörg Syrlin the Elder]] (ca.1425–1491), sculptor of the carvings for the [[choir stall]]s of the [[Ulm Minster]].
* [[Jerome Emser]] (1477–1527), a German theologian and antagonist of Luther.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Emser, Jerome|volume=9|last1= Pollard |first1= Albert Frederick |author1-link= Albert Pollard |page=362|short=1}}</ref>
* [[Hans Maler zu Schwaz]] (1480/1488 – 1526/1529), painter, active as portraitist at [[Schwaz]] near Innsbruck. 
* [[Nikolaus Federmann]] (1505–1542), [[conquistador]] in today's [[Venezuela]] and [[Colombia]], co-founder of [[Bogotá]].<ref>{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle= Federmann, Nicholas |volume = II |last= | first= |pages= 425-426 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Agatha Streicher]] (1520–1581), physician, referred to as ''the first female physician in Germany''
* [[Johann Faulhaber]] (1580–1635), mathematician, inventor of [[Faulhaber's formula]].
* [[Johann Freinsheim]] (1608–1660), a German classical scholar and critic.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Freinsheim, Johann | volume= 11 | page = 95 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johann Christoph Heilbronner]] (1706–1745) [[History of mathematics|mathematical historian]] and theologian.
* [[Albrecht Berblinger]] (1770–1829), flight pioneer.
* [[Mathilde Planck]] (1861–1955), teacher, the first female member of the ''[[Landtag]]'' of Württemberg.
* [[Eugen Haile]] (1873–1933), composer, singer and accompanist.
* [[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955), physicist, philosopher, scientist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], 1921
* [[Anna Essinger]] (1879–1960) educator; co-founder and headmistress of [[Bunce Court School]].
* [[Karl Kimmich]] (1880–1945), banker, chairman of [[Deutsche Bank]], 1942 to 1945 
* [[Erwin Piscator]] (1893–1966), theatre director and innovator.
* [[Robert Lusser]] (1899–1969), German engineer, aircraft designer and developed ski bindings 
* {{ill|Hellmuth Laegeler, (DE Wiki)|de|Hellmuth Laegeler|vertical-align=sup}} (1902–1972), major general in the Wehrmacht.
* [[Otto Kässbohrer]] (1904–1989), entrepreneur and vehicle constructor.
* [[Leo Hepp]] (1907–1987), officer of the Wehrmacht and General of the Bundeswehr.
* [[Max Bentele]] (1909–2006), mechanical engineer, jet-engine pioneer, father of the [[Wankel rotary engine]].
* {{ill|Helmut Ensslin, (DE Wiki)|de|Helmut Ensslin|vertical-align=sup}} (1909–1984), Protestant parson and father of [[Red Army Faction|RAF]]-member [[Gudrun Ensslin]].
* [[Wilhelm Schuler]] (1914–2010), chemist, inventor and entrepreneur in the second half of the 20th century.
* {{ill|Ernst Bauer, (DE Wiki)|de|Ernst Bauer (Widerstandskämpfer)|vertical-align=sup}} (1916–1991), resistance fighter and publisher.
* [[Fritz Hartnagel]] (1917–2001), officer and jurist, fiancé of [[Sophie Scholl]].
* [[Peter Ury]] (1920–1976), Jewish composer, moved to England in 1939
* [[Otl Aicher]] (1922–1991), graphic designer, co-founder of [[Ulm School of Design]], and creator of [[Rotis]] font.
* [[Franz Josef Müller]] (1924–2015), member of the WWII-era [[White Rose]] resistance group
* [[Hildegard Knef]] (1925–2002), actress, singer and writer.
* [[Otto Eckstein]] (1927–1984), economist, advisor to [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], co-founder of [[Data Resources Inc]].
* [[Annemarie Huste]] (1943–2016), chef to Jackie Kennedy, executive chef Gourmet Magazine, author of 6 cookbooks.
* [[Wolfgang Schuster]] (born 1949), politician (CDU), former Lord Mayor of [[Stuttgart]], 1997 to 2013.
* [[Hellmut Hattler]] (born 1952), jazz and rock bass player ([[Kraan]].)
* [[Claudia Roth]] (born 1955), politician, chairman of the [[German Green Party]].
* [[Ursula Karven]] (born 1964), actress, writer, model and yoga instructor.
* [[Max Hattler]] (born 1976) artist and film-maker.
* [[Simone Schürle-Finke]] (born 1985), biomedical engineer, pioneer in magnetic [[Servomechanism|servoing]] technologies.
* [[Katharina Sophia Volz]] (born 1987), a medical researcher, develops drugs for brain diseases and entrepreneur.
* [[Rudolf Rahn]] (1900–1975), a high ranking German diplomat and [[Plenipotentiary]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].
* [[Sam Rosen (sportscaster)|Sam Rosen]] (born 1947), a German-born American sportscaster and [[Hockey Hall of Fame|Hockey Hall of Famer]].

=== Sport ===
[[File:Ruder-EM 2016 74 (cropped).JPG|thumb|140px|[[Maximilian Reinelt]], 2016]]
* [[Hermann Duckek]] (1936–2001), riding master and Olympic equestrian arena designer.
* [[Dieter Braun]] (born 1943), [[Motorcycle Grand Prix]] racer.
* [[Uli Hoeneß]] (born 1952), former footballer, president of [[Bayern Munich]] FC, for whom he played 239 games
* [[Dieter Hoeneß]] (born 1953), former footballer & manager of [[Hertha BSC]] and [[VfL Wolfsburg]]; played 432 games.
* [[Raimund Hörmann]] (born 1957), a retired German rower and gold medallist at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Dieter Wiedenmann]] (1957–1994), a German rower and gold medallist at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Nico Frommer]] (born 1978), a German former footballer who played 336 games
* [[Matthias Lehmann]] (born 1983), a German former footballer who played 524 games
* [[Alper Bagceci]] (born 1984), a German footballer who has played over 420 games
* [[Maximilian Reinelt]] (1988–2019), a German rower and physician; gold medallist at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and silver medal at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Sandro Sirigu]] (born 1988), an Italian-German footballer who has played over 325 games
* [[Sebastian Griesbeck]] (born 1990), a German footballer who has played over 390 games
* [[Maxim Rehm]] (born 2007), racing driver who currently competes in the [[Italian F4 Championship]] and the [[GB3 Championship]]

=== Otherwise associated with Ulm ===
[[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|thumb|140px| portrait of [[René Descartes]]]]
* [[Ulrich Ensingen]] (1350/60 – 1419), master builder, helped construct [[Ulm Minster]] and [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle= Ulrich Ensingen |volume= 5 |last= Sauer |first= Joseph |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hans Multscher]] (ca.1400 – 1467 in Ulm), a German sculptor and painter, became a free citizen of Ulm in 1427.
* {{ill|Matthäus Böblinger, (DE Wiki)|de|Matthäus Böblinger|vertical-align=sup}} (1450–1505), stonemason and master builder, helped construct [[Ulm Minster]]
* [[Leonhard Hutter]] (1563 in [[Nellingen]] – 1616), a German Lutheran theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hutter, Leonhard | volume= 14 | page = 15 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Johannes Kepler]] (1571–1630), a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer; lived in Ulm.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Kepler, Johann |volume= 15 | last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke |pages=749-751 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650), philosopher, experienced a powerful vision near Ulm in 1619.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Descartes, René | volume= 8 |last1= Wallace |first1= William |author1-link= William Wallace| pages = 79&ndash;90 |short=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X6_0jJbcy0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/8X6_0jJbcy0| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=Terence McKenna ~ Science Was Founded by an Angel|date=2 January 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Robert Bosch]] (1861 in Albeck – 1942), industrialist, engineer and inventor, founder of [[Robert Bosch GmbH]].
* [[Carl Teike]] (1864–1922), composed the military march ''[[Alte Kameraden]]'' in Ulm in 1889
* [[Erwin Rommel]] (1891 in [[Heidenheim an der Brenz|Heidenheim]] – 1944 at [[Herrlingen]]), a German field marshal in WWII.
* [[Gerhard Klopfer]] (1905–1987), senior Nazi official, SS General. attended the [[Wannsee Conference]]
* [[Herbert von Karajan]], (1908–1989), conductor, [[Kapellmeister]] in Ulm, 1929–1934.
* [[Max Bill]] (1908–1994), architect and artist, co-founder and director of the [[Ulm School of Design]]
* [[Hans Scholl]] (1918–1943) & [[Sophie Scholl]] (1921–1943), founded the [[White Rose]], spent their youth in Ulm
* [[Ivo Gönner]] (born 1952 in [[Laupheim]]), politician (SDP), Lord Mayor of Ulm, 1992 to 2016.
* [[Ludwig Merckle]] (born 1965), billionaire businessman.
* MacGlumphers, The (1994-1996), Influential Scottish Folk/Rock band.

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}

Ulm is a member city of the [[Eurotowns network]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurotowns.org/|title=Eurotowns – The future's city network in Europe (2019)|website=Eurotowns}}</ref>

Ulm is officially not [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]]. But there are relations with:
{{div col |colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], Romania
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], Slovakia <ref name="Bratislava twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava|access-date=5 August 2013|work=Bratislava-City.sk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Cluj-Napoca]], Romania
*{{flagicon|NCA}} [[Jinotega]], Nicaragua
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kladovo]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Ulm, Minnesota]], United States <ref name="City of Ulm">{{cite web|url=http://www.ulm.de/ueber_ulm_hinaus/europa_international/internationale_kontakte.57385.3076,4082,3836,57385.htm|title=Ulm – International Contacts (in German)|publisher=City of Ulm|access-date=22 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719101659/http://www.ulm.de/ueber_ulm_hinaus/europa_international/internationale_kontakte.57385.3076,4082,3836,57385.htm|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novi Sad]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Sibiu]], Romania
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Silistra]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Subotica]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Timișoara]] in Romania
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Tulcea]], Romania
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Vidin]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Vukovar]], Croatia <ref name="City of Ulm" />
{{div col end}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Johannes Baier: ''Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum.'' In: ''Documenta Naturae.'' 168; München, 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-86544-168-3}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ulm}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ulm}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ulm}}
* [http://www.ulm.de/ Official website of the city]
* [http://www.tourismus.ulm.de/tourismus/en/index.php Official Tourism Website of Ulm and Neu-Ulm]
* [https://www.uni-ulm.de/en/ Official website of the University of Ulm]
* [http://www.ulm.de/kultur_tourismus/bibliotheken_und_literatur/stadtbibliothek.30713.3076,3963,3669,30713.htm Ulm public library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170114/http://www.ulm.de/kultur_tourismus/bibliotheken_und_literatur/stadtbibliothek.30713.3076,3963,3669,30713.htm |date=21 February 2015 }} (in German)

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[[Category:1803 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1181]]
[[Category:Tübingen (region)]]
[[Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Danube]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Baden-Württemberg]]