View source for Umbria

{{Short description|Region of Italy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| settlement_type    = [[Region of Italy|Region]]
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| coordinates        = {{Coord|43|06|43.56|N|12|23|19.68|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_name   = [[Italy]]
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| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Perugia]]
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| leader_party       = [[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
| leader_title       = President
| leader_name        = [[Stefania Proietti]]
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| area_footnotes     = <ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224|title=Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011|language=it|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 8464.33
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| population_total   = 851954
| population_as_of   = 2025
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = {{langx|en|Umbrian}}<br />{{langx|it|Umbro}} (man)<br />{{langx|it|Umbra}} (woman)
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| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en|website=www.ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = €22.859 billion (2021)
| timezone1          = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1        = +1
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +2
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| area_code_type     = [[ISO 3166 code]]
| area_code          = IT-55
| blank2_name_sec1   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank2_info_sec1   = 0.900<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=Hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Italian regions by Human Development Index|12th of 21]]
| blank_name_sec2    = [[First-level NUTS of the European Union#Italy|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2    = ITE
| website            = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Umbria''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|m|b|r|i|ə}} {{respell|UM|bree|ə}}; {{IPA|it|ˈumbrja|lang}}) is a [[Regions of Italy|region]] of [[central Italy]]. It includes [[Lake Trasimeno]] and [[Cascata delle Marmore|Marmore Falls]], and is crossed by the [[Tiber]]. It is the only landlocked region on the [[Italian Peninsula|Apennine Peninsula]]. The capital is [[Perugia]]. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.<ref name="population" />

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of [[Perugia]], [[Assisi]] (a [[World Heritage Site]] associated with [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]]), [[Terni]], [[Norcia]], [[Città di Castello]], [[Gubbio]], [[Spoleto]], [[Orvieto]], [[Todi]], [[Castiglione del Lago]], [[Narni]], [[Amelia, Umbria|Amelia]], [[Spello]] and other small cities.

==History==
{{See also|List of museums in Umbria}}

===Antiquity===
The region is named for the [[Umbri]] people, an [[Italic people]] which was absorbed by the expansion of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The Umbri, unlike the Etruscans, with few exceptions did not live in an urban society, but occupied small dwellings located in the Apennines.<ref name =ron>Roncalli (1988), p.397</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] recounted a fanciful derivation for the tribal name from the Greek ὄμβρος (''ombros'', "a shower"), which led to the idea that they had survived the Deluge familiar from Greek mythology, allowing them to claim to be the most ancient race in Italy.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''The Natural History'', 3.6; 3.19.</ref> In fact, they belonged to a broader family of neighbouring peoples with similar roots. Their language was [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]], one of the [[Italic languages]], related to [[Latin]] and [[Oscan language|Oscan]]. The town of [[Gubbio]] houses today the longest and most important document of any of the [[Osco-Umbrian]] group of languages, the [[Iguvine Tablets]], written in Umbrian at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.<ref name=tci243>AA. VV. (2004), p. 243</ref> The northern part of the region was occupied by [[Gauls|Gallic]] tribes.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The Umbri probably sprang, like neighbouring peoples, from the creators of the [[Terramara]], and [[Proto-Villanovan culture]] in northern and central Italy, who entered north-eastern Italy at the beginning of the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name=EB1911/>

The [[Etruscans]] were the chief enemies of the Umbri. The Etruscan invasion extended from the western seaboard towards the north and east from about 700 to 500 BC. They eventually drove the Umbrians towards the [[Apennines|Apennine]] uplands and captured 300 Umbrian towns. Nevertheless, the Umbrian population does not seem to have been eradicated in the conquered districts.<ref name=EB1911/> The border between Etruria and Umbria was the Tiber river,<ref name=tci44>AA. VV. (2004), p. 44</ref> as testified by the ancient name of Todi, ''Tular'' ("border").<ref name=tci493>AA. VV. (2004), p. 493</ref>

After the downfall of the Etruscans, Umbrians aided the [[Samnium|Samnite]]s in their [[Samnite Wars|struggle]] against [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] (308 BC). Later communications with [[Samnium]] were impeded by the Roman fortress of [[Narni]]a (founded 229 BC on the place of the umbrian ''Nequinum'', conquered in 299 BC).<ref name=tci550>AA. VV. (2004), p. 550</ref><ref name=tci34/><ref name=EB1911/> Romans defeated the Samnites and their Gallic allies in the [[battle of Sentinum]] (295 BC).<ref name=tci34>AA. VV. (2004), p. 34</ref> Allied Umbrians and Etruscans had to return home and defend each of their territories against simultaneous Roman attacks, leaving the Samnites without their help at Sentinum.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The Roman victory at Sentinum initiated a period of integration under the Roman rulers, who established some colonies, such as [[Spoletium]], and built the [[via Flaminia]] (219 BC).<ref name=tci34/> The via Flaminia became a principal vector for Roman development in Umbria.<ref name=tci34/> During [[Hannibal]]'s invasion during the [[Second Punic War]], the [[battle of Lake Trasimene]] was fought inside the borders of today's Umbria,<ref name=tci34/> but the local people did not aid the invader.

During the [[Roman Civil War]] between [[Mark Antony]] and [[Octavian]] (40 BC), the city of Perugia supported Antony and was almost completely destroyed by Octavian. In [[Pliny the Elder]]'s time, 49 independent communities still existed in Umbria, and the abundance of inscriptions and the high proportion of recruits in the [[Roman Army|imperial army]] attest to its population.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Umbria|inline=1}}</ref> Under Augustus, Umbria became [[Roman Umbria|the Regio VI]] of Roman Italy.<ref name=tci34/>

Modern Umbria is different from [[Roman Umbria]]. Roman Umbria extended through most of what is now the northern Marche to [[Ravenna]], but excluded the west bank of the Tiber, which belonged to Etruria.<ref name=tci34/> Thus [[Perusia|Perugia]] was an Etruscan city and the area around Norcia was in the [[Sabine]] territory.<ref name=tci464>AA. VV. (2004), p. 464</ref>

After the collapse of the [[Roman Empire]], [[Ostrogoths]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] struggled for supremacy in the region, and the [[Battle of Taginae|decisive battle]] of the war between these two peoples took place near modern [[Gualdo Tadino]].<ref name=tci405>AA. VV. (2004), p. 405</ref>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Perugia Piazza IV Novembre.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Medieval city centre of [[Perugia]].]]
Soon after the end of the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic war]], the [[Lombards]] invaded Italy and founded the [[duchy of Spoleto]], covering much of today's southern Umbria, but the Byzantine were able to keep in the region a corridor along the Via Flaminia linking Rome with the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] and the [[Duchy of the Pentapolis|Pentapolis]].<ref name=tci34/> The Lombard king controlled also the northern part of the region ruled directly by Pavia. When [[Charlemagne]] conquered most of the Lombard kingdoms, some Umbrian territories were given to the Pope, who established temporal power over them.<ref name=tci35>AA. VV. (2004), p. 35</ref> Some cities acquired a form of autonomy named ''[[Medieval commune|comune]]''.<ref name=tci35/> These cities were frequently at war with each other, often in a context of more general conflicts, either between the [[Church State|Papacy]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] or between the [[Guelphs]] and the [[Ghibellines]].

In the early 14th century, the ''[[signoria|signorie]]'' arose and the most important of them were those of the [[Vitelli]] in [[Città di Castello]],<ref name=tci218>AA. VV. (2004), p. 218</ref> of the Baglioni in Perugia<ref name=tci108>AA. VV. (2004), p. 108</ref> and of the [[Trinci]] in [[Foligno]],<ref name=tci380>AA. VV. (2004), p. 380</ref> but the region was subsumed by the middle of the same century into the [[Papal States]] by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Albornoz]],<ref name=tci39>AA. VV. (2004), p. 39</ref> who in this way prepared the return of the pope from [[Avignon]] to Rome. Città di Castello was subsumed later into the Papal States by [[Cesare Borgia]].<ref name=tci218>AA. VV. (2004), p. 218</ref> During the 15th century Renaissance spread in the northern part of the region. It was in this period that humanists started to use again the ancient denomination of "Umbria" to name the area,<ref name=tci37>AA. VV. (2004), p. 37</ref> which until then had been named "Ducato", after the [[Duchy of Spoleto]] in the southern part of it. The supremacy of the pope on Umbria was reinforced in 16th century through the erection of a fortress in Perugia by Pope [[Paul III]], named after him ''Rocca Paolina''. The papacy ruled the region uncontested until the end of the 18th century.<ref name=tci39/>

===Modern history===
After the [[French Revolution]] and the French conquest of Italy, Umbria became part of the ephemeral [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]] (1798–1799) and later, part of the [[Napoleonic Empire]] (1809–1814) under the name of department of [[Trasimène]].<ref name=tci39>AA. VV. (2004), p. 39</ref>

After Napoleon's defeat, the Pope regained Umbria and ruled it until 1860.<ref name=tci41>AA. VV. (2004), p. 41</ref> In that year, during Italian [[Risorgimento]], Umbria with Marche and part of Emilia Romagna were annexed by [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia|Piedmontese]] King [[Victor Emmanuel II]], and the people of Perugia destroyed in the same year the Rocca Paolina, symbol of the papal oppression.<ref name=tci41/> The region of Umbria, with capital Perugia, became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in the following year.<ref name=tci41/> The region, whose economy was mainly based on agriculture, experienced a dramatic economic shift at the end of the 19th century with the founding of the ''Acciaierie di Terni'', a major steelwork placed in Terni because of its abundance of electric power due to the [[Marmore]] waterfall and its secluded position.<ref name=tci522>AA. VV. (2004), p. 522</ref>

The region of Umbria at the time was somewhat larger than today, comprising [[province of Rieti|Rieti]] to the south, now part of [[Lazio]].<ref name=tci41/> Rieti was detached and added to the province of Rome (Lazio) in 1923.<ref name=tci41/> In 1927, the region of Umbria was divided into the provinces of Perugia and Terni.<ref name=tci41/>

During WWII, the industrial centers of the region like Terni and Foligno were heavily bombed and in 1944 became a battlefield between the allied forces and the Germans retreating towards the [[Gothic Line]].<ref name=tci43>AA. VV. (2004), p. 43</ref> In 1946, Umbria was incorporated into the [[Italian Republic]] as a [[regions of Italy|region]], comprising the two provinces of Perugia and Terni.<ref name=tci43/>

== Geography ==
[[File:Cascata delle Marmore (24).jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Cascata delle Marmore|Marmore Falls]].]]
[[File:Gole Nera Mole.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Gole del Nera in [[Narni]].]]
Umbria is bordered by [[Tuscany]] to the west and the north, [[Marche]] to the east and [[Lazio]] to the south. Partly hilly and mountainous, and partly flat and fertile owing to the valley of the [[Tiber]], its topography includes part of the central [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], with the highest point in the region at [[Monte Vettore]] on the border of Marche, at {{convert|2476|m|0|abbr=off}}; the lowest point is [[Attigliano]], {{convert|96|m|0|abbr=off}}. It is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a common border with other countries. The ''[[comune]]'' of Città di Castello has an exclave named ''Monte Ruperto'' within Marche. Contained within Umbria is the hamlet of [[Cospaia]], which was a tiny republic from 1440 to 1826, created by accident.

Umbria is crossed by two valleys: the Umbrian valley ("Valle Umbra"), stretching from Perugia to Spoleto, and the [[Tiber Valley]] ("Val Tiberina"), north and west of the first one, from Città di Castello to the border with Lazio. The Tiber River forms the approximate border with Lazio, although its source is just over the Tuscan border. The Tiber's three principal tributaries flow southward through Umbria. The [[Chiascio]] basin is relatively uninhabited as far as [[Bastia Umbra]]. About {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} farther on, it joins the Tiber at [[Torgiano]]. The [[Topino River|Topino]], cleaving the Apennines with passes that the [[Via Flaminia]] and successor roads follow, makes a sharp turn at [[Foligno]] to flow NW for a few kilometres before joining the Chiascio below [[Bettona]]. The third river is the [[Nera (Italy)|Nera]], flowing into the Tiber further south, at Terni; its valley is called the ''Valnerina''. The upper Nera cuts ravines in the mountains; the lower, in the {{ill|Tiber basin|qid=Q125054480}}, has created a wide floodplain.

In antiquity, the plain was covered by a pair of shallow, interlocking lakes, the Lacus Clitorius and the Lacus Umber. They were drained by the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] over several hundred years. An earthquake in the 4th&nbsp;century and the political collapse of the Roman Empire resulted in the refilling of the basin. It was drained a second time, almost a thousand years later, during a 500-year period: [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] monks started the process in the 13th century, and the draining was completed in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soldati |first=Mauro |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Landscapes_and_Landforms_of_Italy/rfokDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lake+umber+draining+foligno&pg=PA324 |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Italy |last2=Marchetti |first2=Mauro |date=2017-05-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-26194-2 |language=en}}</ref>

The eastern part of the region, being crossed by many [[Fault (geology)|faults]], has been often hit by earthquakes: the last ones have been [[1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake|that of 1997]] (which hit [[Nocera Umbra]], [[Gualdo Tadino]], Assisi and Foligno) and those of [[August 2016 Central Italy earthquake|August]] and [[October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes|October 2016]] (which struck [[Norcia]] and the Valnerina).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Casalini|first1=Simona|title=Terremoto in Centro Italia|url=http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/10/30/news/terremoto_rieti-150898762/?ref=HREA-1|access-date=30 October 2016|work=Repubblica|date=30 October 2016|language=it}}</ref>

In literature, Umbria is referred to as ''Il cuore verde d'Italia'' or ''The green heart of Italy''. The phrase is taken from a poem by [[Giosuè Carducci]], the subject of which is the source of the [[Clitunno River]] in Umbria.

== Government ==
{{Main|Politics of Umbria}}

Umbria was a former stronghold of the [[Italian Communist Party]], forming with Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Marche what was then known as Italy's "[[Red belt (Italy)|Red Regions]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-26|title=Green, White And Lots of Red: How Italy Got The West's Biggest Communist Party|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/green-white-lots-red-how-italy-got-wests-biggest-communist-party-1360089|access-date=2020-07-22|website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Umbria was considered a stronghold of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] and left-leaning parties for over 50 years, however in 2019 the candidate of the centre-right coalition [[Donatella Tesei]] won the [[2019 Umbrian regional election|region's presidential election]] against her centre-left rival Vincenzo Bianconi, garnering 57.5% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2019 |last1=Albertazzi|first1=Daniele|last2=Zulianello|first2=Mattia|title=The Italian right sweeps to victory in Umbria: What now for the second Conte government?|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/10/29/the-italian-right-sweeps-to-victory-in-umbria-what-now-for-the-second-conte-government/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=EUROPP|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
Umbria is divided into two [[Provinces of Italy|provinces]]:
{{Image label begin|image=Umbrian Provinces Blank.png|width=200|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.4|y=0.6|scale=200|text=[[Province of Perugia|Perugia]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.4|y=1.0|scale=200|text=[[Province of Terni|Terni]]}}
{{Image label end}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="background:#ccf;"|Province
! style="background:#ccf;"|Population
(2025)<ref name="population" />
! style="background:#ccf;"|Area
(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="area" />
! style="background:#ccf;" |Density
! style="background:#ccf;" |Municipalities
|-
| [[Province of Perugia]]
| 636,531
|6,337.15
|100.4
|59
|-
| [[Province of Terni]]
| 215,423
|2,127.18
|101.3
|33
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1861|442417|1871|479149|1881|496769|1901|578769|1911|613695|1921|657952|1931|695663|1936|722544|1951|803918|1961|794745|1971|775783|1981|807552|1991|811831|2001|825826|2011|884268|2021|858812|cols=1|align=right|source=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Popolazione residente e presente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1971|trans-title=Resident and present population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1971|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/PUV0027177Pop_res_pres_cens_1861_1971_Tomo1.pdf|date=1971-10-24|language=it|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
As of 2025, the region has 90,587 foreigners, about 10.6% of the total population of 851,954.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January |url=https://esploradati.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/dw/categories/IT1,POP,1.0/POP_FOREIGNIM/DCIS_POPSTRRES1/IT1,29_7_DF_DCIS_POPSTRRES1_23,1.0 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref name="population" />

== Economy ==
[[File:I Piani di Castelluccio durante la fioritura della lenticchia (4).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Piano Grande]] in [[Castelluccio (Norcia)|Castelluccio]] with lentil fields in flower.]]

The present economic structure emerged from a series of transformations which took place mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, there was rapid expansion among small and medium-sized firms and a gradual retrenchment among the large firms which had hitherto characterised the region's industrial base. This process of structural adjustment is still going on.<ref name="circa.europa.eu">{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/ite2_eco.htm |title=Eurostat |website=Circa.europa.eu |access-date=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721131757/http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/ite2_eco.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

Economically the most important region is the upper Tiber valley with [[Città di Castello]]. [[Terni]] steelworks (stainless steel, titanium, alloy steel) and processing companies (automotive, stainless steel tubes, industrial food facility) account for 20 to 25% of Umbria's GDP. In Terni there are also many multinational companies in the fields of chemistry, hydroelectric power, renewable sources of energy, and textiles ([[Alcantara (material)|Alcantara]], [[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]]). In the rest of the region the ornamental ceramics industry is much esteemed.<ref name="circa.europa.eu"/>

Umbrian agriculture is noted for its tobacco, [[olive oil]] and vineyards, which produce wines. Regional varietals include the white [[Orvieto]], which draws agri-tourists to the vineyards in the area surrounding the medieval town of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intowine.com/sagrantino-di-montalfalco-umbria-comes-best-red-wine-you-never-tasted|title=Sagrantino di Montefalco: From Umbria Comes The Best Red Wine You Never Tasted!|website=IntoWine.com|date=2 July 2007}}</ref> A notable wine is the Grechetto<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umbriatourism.it/en_US/-/grechetto-di-todi|title=Grechetto di Todi|website=umbriatourism.it|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> of [[Todi]]. Other noted wines produced in Umbria are [[Torgiano#Torgiano DOC|Torgiano]] and Rosso di [[Montefalco]]. The Umbrian wineries are at the center of the "Cantine Aperte" or "Open Cellars" event, when local wine makers open their wineries to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stradadeivinidelcantico.it/en/page.asp?idarticolo=1318|title=Open Wineries Umbria 2019 – May 25th/26th|website=stradadeivinidelcantico.it|language=EN|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> Another typical Umbrian product is the [[black truffle]] found in Valnerina, an area that produces 45% of this product in Italy.<ref name="circa.europa.eu"/>

The food industry in Umbria produces processed pork-meats, confectionery, pasta and the traditional products of Valnerina in preserved form (truffles, lentils, cheese).

The unemployment rate stood at 8.2% in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfst_r_lfu3rt&lang=en|title=Unemployment NUTS 2 regions Eurostat|language=en}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Umbria has many small and picturesque villages, 31 of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|The most beautiful Villages of Italy}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/|title=Umbria|date=9 January 2017 |access-date=1 August 2023|language=it}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/ |title = I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it}}</ref>

=== Umber ===
{{infobox color|title=Umber|hex=635147|source={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170730190624/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-u.htm ISCC-NBS]}}|isccname=Dark grayish yellowish brown}}{{Main|Umber}}
Umbria is the region where the [[Umber]] pigment was originally extracted.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last1=Trumble|first1=William R.|url=https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles|last2=Stevenson|first2=Angus|last3=Brown|first3=Lesley|last4=Judith Siefring|date=2002|publisher=Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive| isbn=978-0-19-860457-0 }}</ref> The name comes from ''terra d'ombra'', or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. The word also may be related to the Latin word ''umbra'', meaning "shadow".<ref>{{Cite book|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|title=The secret lives of colour|date=2016|publisher=John Murray (Publishers) |isbn=978-1-4736-3081-9|language=en|oclc=936144129}}</ref> Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown [[earth pigment]] that contains [[iron oxide]] and [[manganese oxide]].<ref name=":02" />

In the 20th century, natural umber pigments began to be replaced by pigments made with synthetic iron oxide and manganese oxide. Natural umber pigments are still being made, with [[Cyprus]] as a prominent source.

==Transport==
===Air===
The region is served by [[Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria International Airport]] which provides direct routes to other parts of Italy, UK and Europe. However, [[Rome Fiumicino Airport]] is often used by air travellers from the region as the airport provides more domestic and international destinations.

==Culture==
=== Main artistic centres ===
[[File:Perugia - panoramio (3).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Perugia]].]]
In the [[province of Perugia]]:
* [[Perugia]]
* [[Città di Castello]]
* [[Spoleto]]
* [[Assisi]]
* [[Gubbio]]
* [[Todi]]
* [[Foligno]]
* [[Castiglione del Lago]]
* [[Città della Pieve]]
* [[Spello]]
In the [[province of Terni]]:
* [[Orvieto]]
* [[Narni]]

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Assisi-from-Subasio.jpg|[[Assisi]]
File:1 orvieto aerial pano 2024.jpg|[[Orvieto]]
File:Gubbio veduta 05.jpg|[[Gubbio]]
File:Narni con Drone.jpg|[[Narni]]
File:Il centro storico dalla torre.jpg|[[Todi]]
File:Foligno 6.jpg|[[Foligno]]
File:CastiglioneDelLagoMar302024 05.jpg|[[Castiglione del Lago]]
File:CittaDellaPieveMar302024 01.jpg|[[Città della Pieve]]
File:SpelloDec122023 01.jpg|[[Spello]]
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Duomo 02 D.jpg|[[Orvieto Cathedral]]
File:Basilica San Francesco din Assisi.jpg|[[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]]
File:Spoleto - Duomo di Spoleto - 2023-09-19 10-47-25 001.jpg|[[Spoleto Cathedral]]

</gallery>

=== Festivals ===
[[File:Gubbio Corsa Ceri.jpg|thumb|In [[Gubbio]] each year takes place the ''Corsa dei Ceri'', or race of the "candles", which are symbolized by these tall wooden poles]]
One of the most important festivals in Umbria is "the festival of the Ceri (Candles)", also known as [[Saint Ubaldo Day]] in [[Gubbio]]. The race has been held every year since 1160, on the 15th day of May. The festival is focused around a race consisting of three teams of ''cerioli'', carrying large symbolic "candles" topped by saints, including St. [[Ubald]] (the patron saint of Gubbio), S. Giorgio ([[St. George]]), and S. Antonio ([[Anthony the Great]]), and run through throngs of cheering supporters.  The cerioli are clad in the distinctive colors of yellow, blue or black, according to the saint they support, with white trousers and red belts and neckbands. They travel up much of the mountain from the main square in front of the ''Palazzo dei Consoli'' to the basilica of St. Ubaldo, each team carrying a statue of their saint mounted on a wooden octagonal prism, similar to an hour-glass shape 4 metres tall and weighing about 280&nbsp;kg (617&nbsp;lb).

The race has strong devotional, civic, and historical overtones and is one of the best-known folklore manifestations in Italy, and therefore the Ceri were chosen as the heraldic emblem on the coat of arms of Umbria as a modern administrative region.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Umbria is not only known for its historical recollections such as the festival of the Ceri, ''Calendimaggio'' in Assisi and the ''[[giostra della Quintana]]'' in Foligno, but also for one of the biggest jazz music festivals called ''Umbria Jazz''. ''Umbria Jazz'' was born as a festival in 1973 and since 2003 has been held in July in the Umbrian capital Perugia; it has become the fixed appointment of all jazz and good music lovers. Another important festival is the ''[[Festival dei Due Mondi]]'' (Festival of the Two Worlds), an annual summer music and opera festival which is held each June to early July in [[Spoleto]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== See also ==

* [[Lake Arezzo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author=Francesco Roncalli|chapter=Gli Umbri|editor=Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli|title=Italia: omnium terrarum alumna|location=Milano|publisher=Scheiwiller|year=1988|language=it}}
*{{cite book |author=AA.VV.|title=Umbria|series=Guida d'Italia|publisher=Touring Club Italiano|location=Milano |year=2004|language=it}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Umbria}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{osmrelation|42004}}
*{{Cite web |first=Lynda |last=Evans |title=Key to Umbria|access-date=7 August 2024 |url=https://www.keytoumbria.com/Umbria/Home.html}}
*{{Cite web |first=William P. |last=Thayer |title=Umbria: the 92 Comuni | year=1995 |access-date=12 July 2024 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Umbria/map.html}}

{{Umbria}}
{{regions of Italy}}
{{Italy topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Umbria| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Italy]]